The document is a student's certificate, acknowledgements, index, and report on a school science project investigating the dependence of magnetic strength on high temperature. The project involved heating a magnet in an oven and measuring the weight of paperclips attracted at different temperatures. The results showed that magnetic strength initially increased as temperature decreased but then decreased at very low temperatures, as extreme temperatures can destabilize the balance between temperature and magnetic domains in magnetic materials.
Saurav Pandey, a class 12 student, conducted an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the strength of a magnet. He hypothesized that magnetism would decrease with increasing temperature, following an exponential curve. The procedure involved measuring the mass of paperclips attracted to a magnet at various freezer and oven temperatures. Observation showed magnetism increased as temperature decreased from -21C to 0C, and decreased as temperature increased from room temperature to 50C. The conclusion was that cold strengthens magnets by slowing atomic movement and domain alignment, while heat weakens them by increasing movement and disrupting domains.
Physics investigatory project ON MAGNETS CLASS 12Vasu Yadav
Vasu Yadav conducted a physics investigatory project on the effect of temperature on magnetic strength. The project involved measuring the mass of paperclips attracted to a magnet at varying temperatures, from freezing to hot oven temperatures. The results showed that magnetic strength increased as temperature decreased, with the magnet attracting the most paperclips at -21.3°C. Magnetic strength decreased as temperature increased above room temperature. The conclusions were that cold temperatures align magnetic domains to strengthen magnets, while heat causes atomic movement that weakens magnetic alignment and force.
Spoorthi Kulkarni, a class 12 student, conducted an investigatory physics project on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The factors studied were distance between electrodes, area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The results showed that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes, and decreases with increasing area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The project follows the guidelines for the All India Senior Secondary Certificate Examination.
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
Physics investigatory project on different emf of cellmanumishra20
This document is a physics investigatory project report on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. It describes the aim, introduction, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, results, and conclusion of an experiment. The key findings are that the internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the distance between electrodes and inversely proportional to the area of electrodes, temperature of the electrolyte, and concentration of the electrolyte. Precautions taken and potential sources of error in the experiment are also outlined.
Physics investigatory project on Ohm's LawPrakhar Seth
This document describes an experiment to verify Ohm's Law and determine the resistivity of different metal wires. The experiment involves measuring the current through and potential difference across samples of iron, aluminum, manganese and copper wire. Observations are recorded in tables and used to calculate the resistivity of each wire based on its dimensions. The results show the resistivity increases in the order of copper, aluminum, iron and manganese. In conclusion, Ohm's Law held for each metal as the relationship between potential and current was linear.
physics investigatory project for class 12th studentsGaurav Jha
This document appears to be a student's physics investigatory project on electromagnetic induction. It includes sections on the aim of the project, introduction, theory, observation, conclusion, applications, and precautions. The student's name is Gaurav Jha, they are in class 12A, and the project was completed under the guidance of their physics teacher during the 2017-2018 school year at Kendriya Vidyalaya in Chandigarh, India.
Saurav Pandey, a class 12 student, conducted an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the strength of a magnet. He hypothesized that magnetism would decrease with increasing temperature, following an exponential curve. The procedure involved measuring the mass of paperclips attracted to a magnet at various freezer and oven temperatures. Observation showed magnetism increased as temperature decreased from -21C to 0C, and decreased as temperature increased from room temperature to 50C. The conclusion was that cold strengthens magnets by slowing atomic movement and domain alignment, while heat weakens them by increasing movement and disrupting domains.
Physics investigatory project ON MAGNETS CLASS 12Vasu Yadav
Vasu Yadav conducted a physics investigatory project on the effect of temperature on magnetic strength. The project involved measuring the mass of paperclips attracted to a magnet at varying temperatures, from freezing to hot oven temperatures. The results showed that magnetic strength increased as temperature decreased, with the magnet attracting the most paperclips at -21.3°C. Magnetic strength decreased as temperature increased above room temperature. The conclusions were that cold temperatures align magnetic domains to strengthen magnets, while heat causes atomic movement that weakens magnetic alignment and force.
Spoorthi Kulkarni, a class 12 student, conducted an investigatory physics project on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The factors studied were distance between electrodes, area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The results showed that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes, and decreases with increasing area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The project follows the guidelines for the All India Senior Secondary Certificate Examination.
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
Physics investigatory project on different emf of cellmanumishra20
This document is a physics investigatory project report on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. It describes the aim, introduction, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, results, and conclusion of an experiment. The key findings are that the internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the distance between electrodes and inversely proportional to the area of electrodes, temperature of the electrolyte, and concentration of the electrolyte. Precautions taken and potential sources of error in the experiment are also outlined.
Physics investigatory project on Ohm's LawPrakhar Seth
This document describes an experiment to verify Ohm's Law and determine the resistivity of different metal wires. The experiment involves measuring the current through and potential difference across samples of iron, aluminum, manganese and copper wire. Observations are recorded in tables and used to calculate the resistivity of each wire based on its dimensions. The results show the resistivity increases in the order of copper, aluminum, iron and manganese. In conclusion, Ohm's Law held for each metal as the relationship between potential and current was linear.
physics investigatory project for class 12th studentsGaurav Jha
This document appears to be a student's physics investigatory project on electromagnetic induction. It includes sections on the aim of the project, introduction, theory, observation, conclusion, applications, and precautions. The student's name is Gaurav Jha, they are in class 12A, and the project was completed under the guidance of their physics teacher during the 2017-2018 school year at Kendriya Vidyalaya in Chandigarh, India.
Karthik Premanand completed a physics project on electromagnetic induction. The project aimed to demonstrate Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction using a copper wire wound around an iron rod and a strong magnet. The document provides background on electromagnetic induction, including its discovery by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry. It also explains Faraday's law, defining concepts like magnetic flux and deriving the equation that quantifies the law. The conclusion summarizes that Faraday's law relates an induced electric potential to a changing magnetic field and describes its widespread applications.
Physics investigatory project on RECTIFIERNaveen R
This document describes a student's physics investigatory project to construct a full wave bridge rectifier. The aim is to show that an alternating current (AC) is rectified into a direct current (DC). The materials, circuit diagram, procedure, and working of the rectifier are explained. When tested, the rectifier output 12V of direct current, demonstrating that the AC input was successfully rectified. Common uses of rectifiers are also listed.
This document appears to be a student project report on investigating the relationship between input/output voltage and number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of a transformer. It includes sections on introduction, theory, apparatus, procedure, observations, conclusion, and bibliography. The key points are that the output voltage of a transformer depends on the ratio of turns in the secondary coil to the primary coil, and that there are losses between the input and output resulting in the transformer's efficiency being less than 100%.
Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12 - DrugsShashikals Kp
(1) The document is a 12th grade class project on drug addiction and abuse. It discusses various drugs like tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and others.
(2) It explains how drug addiction begins, often due to curiosity, peer pressure, mental health issues, and a desire to experience different mental states. Regular use can lead to physical and psychological dependence.
(3) Specific drugs like tobacco and alcohol are examined in more depth, covering their sources, modes of use, effects, and health impacts of regular consumption. Overall, the project aims to raise awareness about the dangers of drug use and addiction.
This document describes a student project measuring the solubility of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and sucrose in water. The student followed an experimental procedure that involved adding incremental amounts of each solute to water until saturation was reached. Precautions were taken to ensure consistent temperature and stirring. The results found that sodium chloride had the highest solubility due to its small, dissociated ions, while sucrose had the lowest solubility due to its large molecular structure. Adding heat increased the solubility of all solutes by providing more kinetic energy to molecules. The conclusions and results aligned with chemical theories of solubility.
The document describes an experiment on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It includes an aim to determine the law using a copper wire, iron rod and magnet. It also includes sections on the certificate, acknowledgement, apparatus, introduction explaining the theory behind electromagnetic induction discovered by Faraday and Henry. The theory section defines magnetic flux and describes Faraday's law that the induced electromotive force in a closed circuit is equal to the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. It concludes that Faraday's law has many applications and impacts our lives in powering technologies.
Mrs. Dharani Venkatesh provided guidance and support to help the student successfully complete their physics project. The Principal, Vice Principal, and Correspondent also supported the student by giving them the opportunity to do this mini project. Finally, the student's parents and friends helped finalize the project within the limited time frame.
This document is a project report submitted by Divyanshu Kumar of class 12 for his Physics practical on transformers. It includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind their working, procedures followed to study step-up and step-down transformers designed with different turn ratios of coils. Observations from experiments are recorded in a table. The conclusions drawn are that output voltage depends on the ratio of turns and there is power loss between input and output coils. Precautions taken and possible sources of error are also stated.
This document appears to be a biology investigatory project on drug addiction completed by a student. It includes sections on the objective, classification of drugs, how addiction begins, effects of specific drugs like tobacco and alcohol, and conclusions. The project received guidance from the student's biology teacher and utilized several references in its completion.
To Study the earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer Tangent galv...Arjun Kumar Sah
1) The document is a 19 page physics investigatory project submitted by a student on the topic of a tangent galvanometer.
2) A tangent galvanometer is used to measure electric current by comparing the magnetic field generated by an unknown current to the Earth's magnetic field.
3) The student describes the components of a tangent galvanometer and its operating principle. Experiments are conducted to determine the reduction factor of the galvanometer and the horizontal intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at the location.
Physics Investigatory project Class 12 Logic GatesRaghav Rathi
Raghav Rathi, a student of XII Science, completed an investigatory project on logic gates under the guidance of Ma'am Urmila at Bright India Public School during the 2017-2018 academic year. The project report discusses the basic logic gates - OR, AND, NOT, NOR, NAND, EX-OR and EX-NOR - through their truth tables and circuit diagrams. It explains how each gate can be designed using components like diodes, transistors and resistors. The conclusion states that logic gates are essential building blocks of modern electronics and universal gates like NAND and NOR can be used to construct all other basic gates.
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :- 1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :- 1. Input and output voltage. 2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
class 11 Physics investigatory project(cbse)Ayan sisodiya
The document is a physics project report submitted by Pradeep Singh Rathour to his teacher, Mrs. Kalpana Tiwari, on Bernoulli's theorem. The report includes an introduction, acknowledgments, index, and sections explaining key concepts like pressure, Pascal's law, continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation, and applications such as venturi tubes. It discusses how Bernoulli's principle explains lift in airplanes by creating lower pressure above the wing. The report concludes that while Bernoulli's law is often misapplied to explain lift, the accurate explanation requires considering conservation of mass, momentum and energy simultaneously.
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
Study of quantity of caesin present in different samples of milkNeelanjyan Dutta
This document is a chemistry investigatory project report submitted by a student. It examines the quantity of casein present in different milk samples. The introduction provides background on milk composition and casein. The experiment's aim was to study casein quantity in various milks. Samples of cow, goat, buffalo and Amul milk were tested. After precipitating and weighing the casein, observations showed the percentage of casein varied between samples, from 3.00% in cow milk to 4.20% in buffalo milk. The conclusion is that different milk samples contain different percentages of casein.
This document describes the construction and application of a Wheatstone bridge circuit. It begins by introducing Wheatstone bridges and their inventor. It then discusses the key components of a Wheatstone bridge, including four resistors where one has an unknown value. The working principle is explained, where balancing the resistor ratios results in no current through the galvanometer. Example circuits are provided. Applications include measuring light, pressure, strain and more. Limitations include inaccuracies under unbalanced conditions and limited resistance ranges.
cbse class 12th, chemistry investigatory projectNIKHIL DWIVEDI
This document appears to be a chemistry project file submitted by Nikhil Dwivedi, a class 12 science student, on the topic of studying food adulterants. The file includes a certificate, acknowledgements, index, objective, introduction on food adulteration and laws, and details of experiments conducted to detect adulterants in foods like oils, fats, sugar and spices. The introduction provides background on food adulteration issues and legislation in India and other countries to protect consumers from health risks of adulterated foods.
This document is a student lab report on determining the effect of temperature on magnet strength. It includes an introduction, objective, hypothesis, list of materials, background theory on magnetism, procedures for testing magnets under cold and hot conditions, observations of test results, conclusion, and bibliography. The student placed magnets in a freezer and oven at varying temperatures and measured the number of paperclips attracted to determine how temperature affects magnetic strength. The observations showed magnetism increased as temperature decreased, with the strongest attraction occurring at the coldest temperatures tested.
1. The student conducted an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the strength of a magnet. Paperclips were used to measure the magnet's strength by calculating the weight of paperclips attracted at different temperatures.
2. Results showed that magnets attract more paperclips, and thus have stronger magnetic force, at colder temperatures near 0 degrees Celsius compared to hotter temperatures near room temperature.
3. The strength of magnetism is influenced by temperature because heat can disrupt the alignment of magnetic domains within the material, while cold preserves the alignment and strengthens the magnetic field.
Karthik Premanand completed a physics project on electromagnetic induction. The project aimed to demonstrate Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction using a copper wire wound around an iron rod and a strong magnet. The document provides background on electromagnetic induction, including its discovery by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry. It also explains Faraday's law, defining concepts like magnetic flux and deriving the equation that quantifies the law. The conclusion summarizes that Faraday's law relates an induced electric potential to a changing magnetic field and describes its widespread applications.
Physics investigatory project on RECTIFIERNaveen R
This document describes a student's physics investigatory project to construct a full wave bridge rectifier. The aim is to show that an alternating current (AC) is rectified into a direct current (DC). The materials, circuit diagram, procedure, and working of the rectifier are explained. When tested, the rectifier output 12V of direct current, demonstrating that the AC input was successfully rectified. Common uses of rectifiers are also listed.
This document appears to be a student project report on investigating the relationship between input/output voltage and number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of a transformer. It includes sections on introduction, theory, apparatus, procedure, observations, conclusion, and bibliography. The key points are that the output voltage of a transformer depends on the ratio of turns in the secondary coil to the primary coil, and that there are losses between the input and output resulting in the transformer's efficiency being less than 100%.
Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12 - DrugsShashikals Kp
(1) The document is a 12th grade class project on drug addiction and abuse. It discusses various drugs like tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and others.
(2) It explains how drug addiction begins, often due to curiosity, peer pressure, mental health issues, and a desire to experience different mental states. Regular use can lead to physical and psychological dependence.
(3) Specific drugs like tobacco and alcohol are examined in more depth, covering their sources, modes of use, effects, and health impacts of regular consumption. Overall, the project aims to raise awareness about the dangers of drug use and addiction.
This document describes a student project measuring the solubility of sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and sucrose in water. The student followed an experimental procedure that involved adding incremental amounts of each solute to water until saturation was reached. Precautions were taken to ensure consistent temperature and stirring. The results found that sodium chloride had the highest solubility due to its small, dissociated ions, while sucrose had the lowest solubility due to its large molecular structure. Adding heat increased the solubility of all solutes by providing more kinetic energy to molecules. The conclusions and results aligned with chemical theories of solubility.
The document describes an experiment on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It includes an aim to determine the law using a copper wire, iron rod and magnet. It also includes sections on the certificate, acknowledgement, apparatus, introduction explaining the theory behind electromagnetic induction discovered by Faraday and Henry. The theory section defines magnetic flux and describes Faraday's law that the induced electromotive force in a closed circuit is equal to the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. It concludes that Faraday's law has many applications and impacts our lives in powering technologies.
Mrs. Dharani Venkatesh provided guidance and support to help the student successfully complete their physics project. The Principal, Vice Principal, and Correspondent also supported the student by giving them the opportunity to do this mini project. Finally, the student's parents and friends helped finalize the project within the limited time frame.
This document is a project report submitted by Divyanshu Kumar of class 12 for his Physics practical on transformers. It includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind their working, procedures followed to study step-up and step-down transformers designed with different turn ratios of coils. Observations from experiments are recorded in a table. The conclusions drawn are that output voltage depends on the ratio of turns and there is power loss between input and output coils. Precautions taken and possible sources of error are also stated.
This document appears to be a biology investigatory project on drug addiction completed by a student. It includes sections on the objective, classification of drugs, how addiction begins, effects of specific drugs like tobacco and alcohol, and conclusions. The project received guidance from the student's biology teacher and utilized several references in its completion.
To Study the earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer Tangent galv...Arjun Kumar Sah
1) The document is a 19 page physics investigatory project submitted by a student on the topic of a tangent galvanometer.
2) A tangent galvanometer is used to measure electric current by comparing the magnetic field generated by an unknown current to the Earth's magnetic field.
3) The student describes the components of a tangent galvanometer and its operating principle. Experiments are conducted to determine the reduction factor of the galvanometer and the horizontal intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at the location.
Physics Investigatory project Class 12 Logic GatesRaghav Rathi
Raghav Rathi, a student of XII Science, completed an investigatory project on logic gates under the guidance of Ma'am Urmila at Bright India Public School during the 2017-2018 academic year. The project report discusses the basic logic gates - OR, AND, NOT, NOR, NAND, EX-OR and EX-NOR - through their truth tables and circuit diagrams. It explains how each gate can be designed using components like diodes, transistors and resistors. The conclusion states that logic gates are essential building blocks of modern electronics and universal gates like NAND and NOR can be used to construct all other basic gates.
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :- 1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :- 1. Input and output voltage. 2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
class 11 Physics investigatory project(cbse)Ayan sisodiya
The document is a physics project report submitted by Pradeep Singh Rathour to his teacher, Mrs. Kalpana Tiwari, on Bernoulli's theorem. The report includes an introduction, acknowledgments, index, and sections explaining key concepts like pressure, Pascal's law, continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation, and applications such as venturi tubes. It discusses how Bernoulli's principle explains lift in airplanes by creating lower pressure above the wing. The report concludes that while Bernoulli's law is often misapplied to explain lift, the accurate explanation requires considering conservation of mass, momentum and energy simultaneously.
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
Study of quantity of caesin present in different samples of milkNeelanjyan Dutta
This document is a chemistry investigatory project report submitted by a student. It examines the quantity of casein present in different milk samples. The introduction provides background on milk composition and casein. The experiment's aim was to study casein quantity in various milks. Samples of cow, goat, buffalo and Amul milk were tested. After precipitating and weighing the casein, observations showed the percentage of casein varied between samples, from 3.00% in cow milk to 4.20% in buffalo milk. The conclusion is that different milk samples contain different percentages of casein.
This document describes the construction and application of a Wheatstone bridge circuit. It begins by introducing Wheatstone bridges and their inventor. It then discusses the key components of a Wheatstone bridge, including four resistors where one has an unknown value. The working principle is explained, where balancing the resistor ratios results in no current through the galvanometer. Example circuits are provided. Applications include measuring light, pressure, strain and more. Limitations include inaccuracies under unbalanced conditions and limited resistance ranges.
cbse class 12th, chemistry investigatory projectNIKHIL DWIVEDI
This document appears to be a chemistry project file submitted by Nikhil Dwivedi, a class 12 science student, on the topic of studying food adulterants. The file includes a certificate, acknowledgements, index, objective, introduction on food adulteration and laws, and details of experiments conducted to detect adulterants in foods like oils, fats, sugar and spices. The introduction provides background on food adulteration issues and legislation in India and other countries to protect consumers from health risks of adulterated foods.
This document is a student lab report on determining the effect of temperature on magnet strength. It includes an introduction, objective, hypothesis, list of materials, background theory on magnetism, procedures for testing magnets under cold and hot conditions, observations of test results, conclusion, and bibliography. The student placed magnets in a freezer and oven at varying temperatures and measured the number of paperclips attracted to determine how temperature affects magnetic strength. The observations showed magnetism increased as temperature decreased, with the strongest attraction occurring at the coldest temperatures tested.
1. The student conducted an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the strength of a magnet. Paperclips were used to measure the magnet's strength by calculating the weight of paperclips attracted at different temperatures.
2. Results showed that magnets attract more paperclips, and thus have stronger magnetic force, at colder temperatures near 0 degrees Celsius compared to hotter temperatures near room temperature.
3. The strength of magnetism is influenced by temperature because heat can disrupt the alignment of magnetic domains within the material, while cold preserves the alignment and strengthens the magnetic field.
The student conducted an experiment to study the effect of temperature on magnetic strength. They hypothesized that magnetic force would decrease with increasing temperature, resembling an exponential curve. Paperclips were used to measure the magnet's strength at different temperatures, from freezing to heating in an oven. Observations confirmed that magnetic strength was highest at cold temperatures like -21°C and decreased as temperatures increased, with the magnet losing strength above 200°C. The conclusion was that too much heat or cold can destabilize magnetic domains and weaken magnetic properties.
This document summarizes a student's science project on the effect of temperature on magnetic strength. The student found that lowering the temperature of magnets in a freezer increased their ability to attract paperclips, while heating magnets in an oven decreased their magnetic strength. Over time as the magnets returned to room temperature, their ability to attract paperclips also returned to normal levels. The student's hypothesis that magnetic strength decreases with increasing temperature was proven correct.
Ferromagnetic materials have three main characteristics:
1) They become spontaneously magnetized in the absence of an external magnetic field due to parallel alignment of magnetic moments.
2) They have a magnetic ordering temperature called the Curie temperature, above which they become paramagnetic.
3) They are used in many devices like transformers, electromagnets, and computer hard drives due to their magnetic properties.
This document provides an overview of magnetism and how it relates to electricity. It discusses how magnets are used in everyday devices like refrigerators and credit cards. It explains that a magnetic field is the space around a magnet where its force can be detected, such as with iron filings. It also describes how magnetic poles attract or repel each other and how the Earth itself acts as a large magnet. Furthermore, it outlines how electricity and magnetism are related through electromagnets and how moving a magnet in and out of a coil can generate electricity.
The document discusses four main types of magnetism:
1) Diamagnetism - a weak form where the magnetization opposes the applied magnetic field. It is found in all materials.
2) Paramagnetism - atoms have magnetic moments that align with an external field, resulting in a small positive susceptibility. It occurs in materials with unpaired electrons.
3) Ferromagnetism - spontaneous alignment of atomic magnetic moments leads to a large net magnetic moment. It is responsible for permanent magnets and occurs below the Curie temperature.
4) Antiferromagnetism - neighboring spins point in opposite directions, resulting in no net magnetic moment. It occurs below the Néel temperature.
Ferromagnetic materials are best for magnetization. They contain small regions called domains that each behave like small magnets. When placed in an external magnetic field, the domains align parallel to the field, making the entire material magnetized. Even after removing the external field, ferromagnetic materials retain some magnetization due to hysteresis, requiring a reverse field to fully demagnetize them. Hard magnetic materials have high retentivity and coercivity, giving a rectangular hysteresis loop, while soft materials have low remanence and a narrow loop. Ferromagnetic materials find applications in data storage, information processing, generators, and more.
Introduction about magnetic material and its propertiesArunkumar Tulasi
This document discusses different types of magnetic materials and their properties. It describes paramagnetic materials as those that are weakly attracted to magnets and align in an applied magnetic field. Diamagnetic materials are repelled by magnets and align opposite to an applied field. Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted to magnets and can be magnetized. They retain magnetization after being placed in a field. Ferrimagnetic materials also retain magnetization like ferromagnets but have antiparallel dipoles of unequal magnitude. Antiferromagnetic materials have antiparallel alignment below a critical temperature.
Magnetism is one aspect of the combined electromagnetic force. It refers to physical phenomena arising from the force caused by magnets, objects that produce fields that attract or repel other objects. The magnetic phenomenon is known since its inception. The ancient Greeks knew about the magnetic force.
Thales of Miletus is considered to have been the first man to study magnetic forces. According to Lucretius, a Roman philosopher in the first century BC, the term magnet was derived from the province of Magnesia.
The present article gives the fundamental properties magnetism, different materials, properties of different magnetic materials like, dia,para and ferro magnetic materials. The notes also explain how magnetism appear in materials, type of magnets and brief applications of magnetic materials. The materials is best for undergraduate science and engineering students and any other people of interest in magnetism
SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETISM (Autosaved).docxZocelynManingo1
Electric Current and Magnetism
The Nature of Magnetism: Electricity’s Silent Partner
Magnetism is a property of a material that enables to attract or repel other materials. The presence and strength of the material’s magnetic properties can be observed by the effect of the forces of attraction and repulsion on other materials.
What makes magnets?
Magnets are actually created by tiny spinning electrons in an atom. The electrons move about the nucleus and spin like a top, creating a tiny magnetic field.
If electrons are spinning in the same direction there is more magnetism, while electrons spinning in opposite directions cancel out each others’ magnetic fields. Magnetic fields are invisible, we can only see the effects of the magnetic force.
Magnetic Field: The space around a magnet in which a magnetic force is exerted
— The shape of a magnetic field is revealed by magnetic field lines
Directed away from north poles and toward south poles
Magnets have two ends or poles, called north and south poles. At the poles of a magnet, the magnetic field lines are closer together.
The magnetic field lines around horse-shoe and disk magnets are closest together at the magnets’ poles. Unlike poles of magnets attract each other and like poles of magnets repel. Magnetic Poles: A region on a magnet which produces magnetic forces
The poles of a suspended magnet will align themselves to the poles of the Earth
Fundamental Rule: Like poles repel; opposite poles attract
If a force of attraction only is possible between an object and a magnet, then the object interacting with the magnet contains a ferromagnetic substance and is considered naturally magnetic.
If a force of repulsion is only between an object and a magnet, then the object interacting with the magnet may also be a permanent magnet or a temporarily magnetized ferromagnetic material.
Materials which are attracted by a magnet are known as magnetic materials. Iron, cobalt, nickel and many alloys of these metals like steel and alnico are magnetic.
Magnetic materials can be used to make permanent or temporary magnets unlike the non-magnetic materials which cannot.
INDUCED MAGNETISM
The process by which the screws become magnets is called Electric/Magnetic Induction. This same process is the reason why magnets attract non-magnetized magnetic substances such as the screw. The screw becomes an induced magnet with the end nearer the magnet having an opposite polarity to that of the permanent magnet. Hence attraction happens after magnetic induction occurs. The quicker way to know the polarity of a permanent or induced magnet is by the use of a magnetic compass. Compass needle is a small magnet that is free to pivot in a horizontal plane about an axis and that the end of the magnet that points to geographic north is called the north (N) pole. Likewise, the opposite end of the magnet is the south (S) pole.What are magnetic domains?
Magnetic substances like iron, cobalt and nickel
The document discusses key concepts relating to electromagnetism and magnetism. It defines ferromagnetic elements as iron, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth metals that can become magnetized. Magnets are made by placing a ferromagnetic material in a strong magnetic field or by striking the material with a hammer while in a magnetic field to align magnetic domains. Magnetic domains are regions within a magnetic material where electron spins are aligned. The Earth has a magnetic field created by electric currents in its liquid outer core, and this field helps protect the planet from solar winds.
1. The document investigates the temperature dependence of magnetostriction in alloys of iron-cobalt (FeCo) and iron-gallium-zinc (FeGaZn).
2. It finds that adding cobalt to iron increases magnetostriction in both the [100] and [111] crystallographic directions of FeCo alloys. FeCo in the [100] direction is temperature independent while FeCo in the [111] direction has a negative magnetostriction that increases with temperature.
3. FeGaZn in the [100] direction shows a peak in magnetostriction around 2.3-2.4% zinc composition. The 4.1%
1) Ferromagnetism is a property of materials like iron that allows them to be spontaneously magnetized and is the strongest form of magnetism.
2) Ferromagnetic materials are divided into tiny magnetic domains where the electron spins are aligned within each domain but the domains point in different directions, canceling out the overall magnetic field.
3) Ferromagnetism is dependent on temperature - heating a ferromagnetic material above its Curie temperature disrupts the electron spin alignment and causes it to lose its magnetism.
This document provides an overview of magnetic particle testing (MPT). It discusses the basic principles of MPT, including how flaws cause magnetic flux leakage which attracts magnetic particles to their location. The document outlines the MPT process, including surface preparation, magnetization, application of particles, viewing, and demagnetization. It also describes different magnetization and particle application methods used in MPT.
E-M Effects and Atomic Physics Y11 Physics Rotation 1 2023-24.pptxKristieCorpus
The document provides an overview of magnetism and electromagnetism, describing the properties of magnets including magnetic materials, poles, attraction and repulsion of poles, and how electromagnets work using coils of wire and electric current. It also discusses magnetic fields and how they can be observed using iron filings or small compasses, as well as different types of magnets such as bar magnets and horseshoe magnets.
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DEPENDENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON STRENGTH OF MAGNET
1. CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENCITY
This is to certify that Gaurav Sharma a student of class
XII has successfully completed project on
“DEPENDENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON
STRENGTH OF MAGNET” under the guidance of
(subject teacher).
The project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in
plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in this project
have been declared at the end.
Signature (Subject teacher) Signature (Examiner)
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel proud to present my Investigatory project in Physics
on the topic “Dependence of high temperature on magnetic
strength”.
This project wouldn’t have been feasible without the proper
and rigorous guidance of my physics teacher who guided me
throughout this project in every possible way. An
investigatory project involves various difficult lab
experiments which have to be carried out by the student to
obtain the observations and conclude the report on a
meaningful note.
Rigorous hard work has been put in this project to ensure that it proves
to be the best. I hope that this project will prove to be a breeding ground
for the next generation of students and will guide them in every possible
way.
4. INTRODUCTION
A magnet is a material or objects that
Producesmagnetic field. This
magnetic field is invisible but is
responsiblefor the most notable
propertyof a magnet: a force that
Pulls on other ferromagnetic materials,
Such as iron, and attracts or repels
Other magnets.
A magnet is any object that producesa magnetic field. Some
magnets, referred to as permanent, hold their magnetism without
an external electric current. A magnet of this nature can be
created by exposing a piece of metal containing iron to a number
of situations (i.e. repeatedlyjarring the metal, heating to high
temperature). Soft magnets, on the other hand, are those that
lose their magnetic charge properties over time. Additionally,
paramagnetic objects are those that can become magnetic only
when in the presence of an external magnetic field.
A magnetic field is the space surroundinga magnet in which
magnetic force is exerted. The motion of negatively charged
electronsin the magnet determines not only the polarity, but also
the strength of the magnet (Cold magnet). Magnets are filled
5. with magnetic lines of force. These lines originate at the north
pole of the magnet and continueto the South Pole. The north
pole is positive. Magnetic lines of force do not intersect one
another.
Magnetism is created by the alignment of small domains within a
specific set of metal. These domains function as all atoms do,
thus the temperatureaffects the movement. The higher the heat,
the greater the energy, and as such the movement of the
particles. In contrast, cold temperatureslows the movement
(magnetic Field Strength and Low Temperatures). Slower
movement leads to more fixed directions in terms of the
domains.
6. Theory
A magnet is a material or object that producesa magnetic field.
This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most
notablepropertyof a magnet: a force that pullson other
ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other
magnets.
A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is
magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An
everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on
a refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are
also the ones that are strongly attractedto a magnet, are called
ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel,
cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals, and some naturally
occurring minerals such as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic
(and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a
magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic,
all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one
of several other types of magnetism.
Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft"
materials like annealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not
tend to stay magnetized, and magnetically "hard" materials,
which do. Permanent magnets are made from "hard"
ferromagnetic materials such as alnico and ferrite that are
subjected to special processing in a powerful magnetic field
during manufacture, to align their internal microcrystalline
structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To
demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be
7. applied, and this threshold dependson coercivity of the
respective material. "Hard" materials have high coercivity,
whereas "soft" materials have low coercivity.
The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic
moment or, alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The
local strength of magnetism in a material is measured by its
magnetization.
8. Experiment
Aim: To determine the effect of increasing
temperature on strength of magnet
Apparatus:
• 1 permanent bar magnet
• Tongs for magnet
• Insulating container
• Three strong bowls
• Burner for heating or oven
• Paper clips(1000)
Theory: A magnet is a material or object that producesa
magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible
for the most notablepropertyof a magnet: a force that pullson
otherferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels
othermagnets.
9. Procedure:
1. Paperclips were placed in a bowl.
2. The magnet was weighed and recorded.
3. The magnet was placed in oven set to highest temperature
possible.
4. The magnet was allowed to reach the temperature of the oven.
5. The magnet was then placed in a bowl filled with paperclips.
6.The amount of paper clips attracted by the magnet was
weighed and recorded.
7.The steps 5 and 6 were repeated after setting the oven at
different temperatures and the quantity of paper clips attracted
was weighed.
10. OBSERVATION
The weight of pins attracted by the magnet at different
temperatures is:
Temperature (◦c) Weight (g) No of pins attracted
by magnet
200 2001 134
180 210 140
160 230 153
140 210 141
120 230 151
100 220 146
24 124 82
11. RESULT
The graph indicates that initially as the temperaturedecreases,
the number of pins attracted by the magnet also increases but up
to a certain limit.
Later as the temperaturedecreases, the number of pins attracted
by the magnet also decreases.
12. CONCLUSION
Magnetic materials should maintain a balance between
temperature and magnetic domains (the atoms’ inclination to
spin in a certain direction). When exposed to extreme
temperatures, however, this balance is destabilized.
Heat can result in the loss of magnetic properties. In otherwords,
too much heat can completelyruin a magnet. Excessive heat
causes atoms to move more rapidly, disturbing the magnetic
domains. As the atoms are sped up, the percentage of magnetic
domains spinning in the same direction decreases. This lack of
cohesion weakens the magnetic force and eventually
demagnetizes it entirely.
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