Stairs are designed to provide passage between different levels of a building. They consist of steps divided into smaller vertical distances. Stairs should be located for easy access and be well-lit and ventilated. There are various technical terms used in stair construction like baluster, handrail, newel post, soffit, and tread. Stairs can be straight, turning, circular, or geometrical. Straight stairs run in one direction while turning stairs change direction. Circular stairs have winder steps radiating from the center. Geometrical stairs have non-rectangular shapes with continuous handrails. Proper stair design and construction is important for safety and accessibility.
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
This document provides information about stairs, including definitions of key stair parts and types of stairs. It defines a stair as a set of steps leading from one level to another inside a building. The main parts of a stair are identified as the step, tread, riser, handrail, baluster, newel post, run, and nosing. Six common types of stairs are described: straight stairs, doglegged stairs, quarter turn stairs, open newel stairs, three quarter turn stairs, and bifurcated stairs. Spiral or circular stairs are also introduced as a type that is useful when space is limited.
This document discusses doors and windows used in buildings. It covers the locations of doors and windows and how they should be placed to allow for ventilation and passage. It also defines various technical terms used for door and window components. Finally, it describes different types of doors and windows, including their sizes and constructions. The types of doors covered include paneled, glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, and collapsible doors. Window types include fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, louvered, bay, dormer, gable and skylight windows.
The document defines and describes various technical terms related to stairs, including types of steps, components of stairs, and classifications of stairs. It provides definitions for 21 technical terms such as baluster, handrail, newel post, soffit, tread, and rise. It also describes 5 common types of steps - bull nose, round ended, filer, commode, and winder. Stairs are classified as straight, turning, and geometrical. Turning stairs include quarter turn, half turn (dog-legged and open well), and three quarter turn stairs. Geometrical stairs include circular, spiral, and helical stairs.
This document discusses various aspects of stair design and construction. It defines key stair terminology and describes different stair types including straight flights, quarter turn, half turn, open well, circular and geometric stairs. It also covers common materials used like brick, stone, metal, reinforced concrete and timber. Modern stair designs are mentioned along with uses of stairs and fire escape requirements.
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
This document provides information about stairs, including definitions of key stair parts and types of stairs. It defines a stair as a set of steps leading from one level to another inside a building. The main parts of a stair are identified as the step, tread, riser, handrail, baluster, newel post, run, and nosing. Six common types of stairs are described: straight stairs, doglegged stairs, quarter turn stairs, open newel stairs, three quarter turn stairs, and bifurcated stairs. Spiral or circular stairs are also introduced as a type that is useful when space is limited.
This document discusses doors and windows used in buildings. It covers the locations of doors and windows and how they should be placed to allow for ventilation and passage. It also defines various technical terms used for door and window components. Finally, it describes different types of doors and windows, including their sizes and constructions. The types of doors covered include paneled, glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, and collapsible doors. Window types include fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, louvered, bay, dormer, gable and skylight windows.
The document defines and describes various technical terms related to stairs, including types of steps, components of stairs, and classifications of stairs. It provides definitions for 21 technical terms such as baluster, handrail, newel post, soffit, tread, and rise. It also describes 5 common types of steps - bull nose, round ended, filer, commode, and winder. Stairs are classified as straight, turning, and geometrical. Turning stairs include quarter turn, half turn (dog-legged and open well), and three quarter turn stairs. Geometrical stairs include circular, spiral, and helical stairs.
This document discusses various aspects of stair design and construction. It defines key stair terminology and describes different stair types including straight flights, quarter turn, half turn, open well, circular and geometric stairs. It also covers common materials used like brick, stone, metal, reinforced concrete and timber. Modern stair designs are mentioned along with uses of stairs and fire escape requirements.
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather.
Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous.
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind.
The document defines and describes various components and types of staircases. It begins by defining a staircase and listing its objectives such as applying less effort during climbing and having steps of an ideal size. It then describes the key components of staircases including risers, treads, waists, soffits, balusters, nosings, and landings. The document goes on to explain different types of steps like bullnose, commode, dancing, and splayed steps. It also covers various types of staircases such as straight, turning, and continuous and provides examples and diagrams for each type.
Stairs provide access between different floors and levels of a building. They consist of steps arranged in flights with landings between. Stairs can be made of various materials like timber, metal, stone, reinforced concrete, or brick. Common types include straight stairs, quarter turn stairs, half turn stairs, and spiral/circular stairs. Stairs must meet functional requirements of strength, safety, and fire safety to support loads and allow escape. Proper dimensions of treads, risers, headroom, and handrails are important for safe use of stairs in a building.
Types of Stairs & Staircase in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Staircase types & design or geometry of staircase is useful for civil engineering students in 2nd year of building construction subject. with will guide to students for understand requirements of good stairs, design dimensions,types of staircase etc.
The document discusses various types of flooring materials and floor construction techniques. It provides definitions and descriptions of key flooring terms like subfloor, floor covering, base course, underlayer, and floor finish. Floor types covered include ground floors, suspended floors, and wooden floor systems. Common flooring materials mentioned are tiles, concrete, terrazzo, bamboo, cork, and rubber. The document also notes some issues with floors like squeaking, vibration, and the need for floor protection in high-traffic areas.
The document discusses different types and components of staircases. It begins by defining what a staircase is and its functional requirements such as circulation, strength, safety, and ventilation. It then goes on to describe the various components of a staircase including treads, risers, stringers, handrails, and newel posts. The document discusses different types of staircases based on their shape, including straight, quarter turn, u-shaped, continuous and winder stairs. It also covers types based on material used like wooden, glass, metal, stone and concrete stairs. Design parameters for staircase planning such as headroom clearance, flight length, construction material and dimension of steps are outlined. Standards for riser height and tread depth are
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.
The document defines different types of stairs and their components. It discusses:
1. The basic components of stairs including steps, treads, risers, handrails, and balusters.
2. Different types of stairs such as straight stairs, open newel stairs, circular stairs, dog-legged stairs, and bifurcated stairs.
3. Common materials used in stair construction including wood, stone, metal, and reinforced concrete. Escalators are also mentioned.
4. Brief descriptions and uses of each stair type along with examples.
Staircases are architectural elements that facilitate movement between levels in buildings. Staircases should be centrally located for shortest access and well ventilated. When planning staircases, certain principles must be followed including a minimum width of 1 meter, no more than 12 steps per flight, a pitch between 25-40 degrees, and handrails between 750-850 mm in height. Recommended tread and rise proportions are also provided for different building types. Proper stair geometry and angles are important for safe ascent and descent, with stairs angled between 26.5-45 degrees.
This document provides an overview of different types of flooring materials and their characteristics. It discusses traditional flooring materials like mud, brick, stone and wooden flooring. It also covers modern materials like cement concrete, terrazzo, tile, marble, vinyl and glass flooring. For each type, it provides details on their composition, construction process, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses different structural systems for reinforced concrete floors like simple slab, beam-slab and flat slab flooring, as well as pre-cast concrete floors.
The document discusses different types of stairs used in buildings. It describes the key components of stairs including treads, risers, handrails and stringers. Several types of stairs are covered such as straight stairs, spiral stairs and circular stairs. The suitable materials for constructing stairs including wood, brick, stone and concrete are also mentioned. Design considerations for stairs like required headroom, landing width and tread/riser dimensions are provided.
types of arches in architecture
how did romans build arches
brick arches construction details
arches in building construction
brick arches construction
arch shape
architecture arches
types of arch
type of arch crossword
types of arch bridges
kind of arch crossword
types of arches in architecture
arch crossword
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different types of arches
kind of arch
Reinforced concrete stairs are suitable for construction due to their ability to be molded into any desired form to suit requirements. They have better fire resistance than timber stairs and can be precast or cast-in-place. RCC stairs provide fire protection, durability, strength, and pleasing appearance while allowing for wider widths and longer spans. They are also easy to clean and have low maintenance costs.
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
- Basic blocks are typically 440mm x 215mm x 75-300mm thick and weigh 9.9-30kg. They are manufactured to compressive strength standards of 2.8-7N/mm2.
- Load bearing blocks are dense and strong, made of cement and aggregates. Non-load bearing blocks are lighter using lightweight aggregates.
- Special blocks include coursing blocks, return blocks, and reveal blocks used at openings to maintain bond and insulation.
The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines roofs and their key components like trusses, rafters, purlins, etc. It classifies roofs into pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further classified into single roofs, double roofs, and trussed roofs. Common truss types discussed include king post, queen post, mansard, and composite trusses. Steel trusses are also introduced as alternatives for larger spans.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of stairs and their technical requirements. It describes straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, open-newel stairs, geometrical stairs, circular stairs, and bifurcated stairs. It also defines various stair components like risers, treads, flights, landings, railings, and balusters. The document provides guidelines for locating stairs and requirements like maximum number of steps, uniform rise, adequate headroom and handrails. It includes numerical problems to design stairs for an office building and hospital.
This document provides an introduction to different methods of connecting floors at different levels, including ladders, steps/stairs, escalators, lifts, ramps, and trolley-rope-ways. It then defines various technical terms related to stair design, such as tread, riser, rise, nosing, flight, landing, slope, strings, soffit, balusters, and headroom. Finally, it discusses principles for planning and designing stairs, including recommended widths, lengths, pitches, and step proportions.
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather.
Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous.
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind.
The document defines and describes various components and types of staircases. It begins by defining a staircase and listing its objectives such as applying less effort during climbing and having steps of an ideal size. It then describes the key components of staircases including risers, treads, waists, soffits, balusters, nosings, and landings. The document goes on to explain different types of steps like bullnose, commode, dancing, and splayed steps. It also covers various types of staircases such as straight, turning, and continuous and provides examples and diagrams for each type.
Stairs provide access between different floors and levels of a building. They consist of steps arranged in flights with landings between. Stairs can be made of various materials like timber, metal, stone, reinforced concrete, or brick. Common types include straight stairs, quarter turn stairs, half turn stairs, and spiral/circular stairs. Stairs must meet functional requirements of strength, safety, and fire safety to support loads and allow escape. Proper dimensions of treads, risers, headroom, and handrails are important for safe use of stairs in a building.
Types of Stairs & Staircase in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Staircase types & design or geometry of staircase is useful for civil engineering students in 2nd year of building construction subject. with will guide to students for understand requirements of good stairs, design dimensions,types of staircase etc.
The document discusses various types of flooring materials and floor construction techniques. It provides definitions and descriptions of key flooring terms like subfloor, floor covering, base course, underlayer, and floor finish. Floor types covered include ground floors, suspended floors, and wooden floor systems. Common flooring materials mentioned are tiles, concrete, terrazzo, bamboo, cork, and rubber. The document also notes some issues with floors like squeaking, vibration, and the need for floor protection in high-traffic areas.
The document discusses different types and components of staircases. It begins by defining what a staircase is and its functional requirements such as circulation, strength, safety, and ventilation. It then goes on to describe the various components of a staircase including treads, risers, stringers, handrails, and newel posts. The document discusses different types of staircases based on their shape, including straight, quarter turn, u-shaped, continuous and winder stairs. It also covers types based on material used like wooden, glass, metal, stone and concrete stairs. Design parameters for staircase planning such as headroom clearance, flight length, construction material and dimension of steps are outlined. Standards for riser height and tread depth are
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.
The document defines different types of stairs and their components. It discusses:
1. The basic components of stairs including steps, treads, risers, handrails, and balusters.
2. Different types of stairs such as straight stairs, open newel stairs, circular stairs, dog-legged stairs, and bifurcated stairs.
3. Common materials used in stair construction including wood, stone, metal, and reinforced concrete. Escalators are also mentioned.
4. Brief descriptions and uses of each stair type along with examples.
Staircases are architectural elements that facilitate movement between levels in buildings. Staircases should be centrally located for shortest access and well ventilated. When planning staircases, certain principles must be followed including a minimum width of 1 meter, no more than 12 steps per flight, a pitch between 25-40 degrees, and handrails between 750-850 mm in height. Recommended tread and rise proportions are also provided for different building types. Proper stair geometry and angles are important for safe ascent and descent, with stairs angled between 26.5-45 degrees.
This document provides an overview of different types of flooring materials and their characteristics. It discusses traditional flooring materials like mud, brick, stone and wooden flooring. It also covers modern materials like cement concrete, terrazzo, tile, marble, vinyl and glass flooring. For each type, it provides details on their composition, construction process, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses different structural systems for reinforced concrete floors like simple slab, beam-slab and flat slab flooring, as well as pre-cast concrete floors.
The document discusses different types of stairs used in buildings. It describes the key components of stairs including treads, risers, handrails and stringers. Several types of stairs are covered such as straight stairs, spiral stairs and circular stairs. The suitable materials for constructing stairs including wood, brick, stone and concrete are also mentioned. Design considerations for stairs like required headroom, landing width and tread/riser dimensions are provided.
types of arches in architecture
how did romans build arches
brick arches construction details
arches in building construction
brick arches construction
arch shape
architecture arches
types of arch
type of arch crossword
types of arch bridges
kind of arch crossword
types of arches in architecture
arch crossword
arch type crossword clue
different types of arches
kind of arch
Reinforced concrete stairs are suitable for construction due to their ability to be molded into any desired form to suit requirements. They have better fire resistance than timber stairs and can be precast or cast-in-place. RCC stairs provide fire protection, durability, strength, and pleasing appearance while allowing for wider widths and longer spans. They are also easy to clean and have low maintenance costs.
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
- Basic blocks are typically 440mm x 215mm x 75-300mm thick and weigh 9.9-30kg. They are manufactured to compressive strength standards of 2.8-7N/mm2.
- Load bearing blocks are dense and strong, made of cement and aggregates. Non-load bearing blocks are lighter using lightweight aggregates.
- Special blocks include coursing blocks, return blocks, and reveal blocks used at openings to maintain bond and insulation.
The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines roofs and their key components like trusses, rafters, purlins, etc. It classifies roofs into pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further classified into single roofs, double roofs, and trussed roofs. Common truss types discussed include king post, queen post, mansard, and composite trusses. Steel trusses are also introduced as alternatives for larger spans.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of stairs and their technical requirements. It describes straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, open-newel stairs, geometrical stairs, circular stairs, and bifurcated stairs. It also defines various stair components like risers, treads, flights, landings, railings, and balusters. The document provides guidelines for locating stairs and requirements like maximum number of steps, uniform rise, adequate headroom and handrails. It includes numerical problems to design stairs for an office building and hospital.
This document provides an introduction to different methods of connecting floors at different levels, including ladders, steps/stairs, escalators, lifts, ramps, and trolley-rope-ways. It then defines various technical terms related to stair design, such as tread, riser, rise, nosing, flight, landing, slope, strings, soffit, balusters, and headroom. Finally, it discusses principles for planning and designing stairs, including recommended widths, lengths, pitches, and step proportions.
This document defines and describes various types of stairs. It provides definitions for stair components like steps, treads, risers, and handrails. It then lists recommended dimensions for residential and public staircases. Finally, it describes 8 common types of stairs: straight, dog-legged, quarter turn, open newel, three quarter turn, bifurcated, geometrical, and spiral/circular. Spiral stairs are suitable for limited space and low traffic areas.
This document provides information about staircases and ramps. It defines stairs as a series of steps connecting different floors, while ramps are sloped surfaces allowing travel between levels. The document discusses technical terms related to stairs like treads, risers, flights, and landings. It also classifies different types of stairs including straight, turning, quarter turn, half turn, geometrical, circular and spiral. Materials used for stairs like concrete, timber, metal and masonry are mentioned. Placement and different kinds of ramps for pedestrian and vehicular use are also summarized.
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Staircase is a very important interior element which needs meticulous planning and treatment .It is also a visual treat if aesthetics are considered as well.
This document defines and describes various terms and components related to stair construction. It discusses the functional requirements of stairs including providing access between levels, fire escape, and load bearing capacity. Various stair components are defined such as treads, risers, strings, balustrades, and handrails. Stair design requirements include adequate headroom, pitch angle, size, and inclusion of handrails. Stair construction materials and methods are also outlined for wood, reinforced concrete, and prefabricated stairs.
The document defines stairs and describes their technical terms. It explains that stairs are a series of steps that bridge vertical distances between floors. Key terms are defined, including tread, riser, rise, going, and nosing. Different types of stairs are also outlined such as straight, half turn, circular, spiral, and bifurcated stairs. Construction materials for stairs include brick, stone, timber, steel, and reinforced concrete. Design principles note stairs should provide access between floors and exits in emergencies.
This document summarizes a seminar on staircases presented by Dundal Soy, a civil engineering student. It defines various terms related to stairs such as tread, riser, handrail, and baluster. It also describes different types of staircases including straight, doglegged, quarter turn, open newel, three quarter turn, bifurcated, geometrical, and circular stairs. Examples are provided for each type along with diagrams. The materials used for stair construction are also listed.
Stairs consist of vertical and horizontal structural members that provide transportation between floors. Stairs are categorized based on location, material, and intended use. The key components of a stair include steps, stringers, landings, handrails, balusters, and newel posts. Steps contain horizontal treads and vertical risers. Proper stair design considers factors like tread depth, riser height, headroom clearance, and pitch or slope of the stairway. Stairs are an essential architectural element for movement between levels in buildings.
Vertical Transportation Systems in Buildings by Ramesh NayakaMr. Ramesh Nayaka
This document provides information about vertical transportation in buildings, focusing on stairs and elevators. It defines stairs and their key components such as treads, risers, and handrails. It describes different types of stairs including straight, dog-legged, and spiral. Design considerations for stairs like width, headroom, and dimensional standards are covered. Common materials for stair construction like timber, stone, concrete, and their properties are discussed. Elevator components like the machine room, hoistway, cabs, and controllers are defined. The main types of elevator systems - traction and hydraulic - are outlined.
Stair design requires consideration of several criteria for comfort, including width, headroom, number of steps per flight, and inclusion of handrails. Stairs are composed of steps, with each step having a tread, riser, and nosing. Common types of stairs include straight runs and quarter turn stairs, and special step types include bullnose, splayed, and winder steps. Proper dimensioning of steps is important for ease of use.
Stairs provide access between floors and are a means for fire to spread. The key components of stairs are treads, risers, going, nosing, and handrails. Good staircases are wide enough for comfortable use, have 3-12 steps, and adequate lighting and ventilation. Stair dimensions follow thumb rules regarding the relationship between rise, going, and their product. Common staircases include straight, quarter turn, dog-legged, open well, geometrical, bifurcated, and spiral configurations. Stairs can be constructed from materials like metal, concrete, stone, glass, and timber.
This document discusses different types of vertical transportation methods within buildings, including stairs, elevators, and ramps. It provides detailed information on the components and design considerations for stairs, including common stair types (straight, turning, spiral) and materials (wood, stone, metal). Elevator types are classified based on their hoisting mechanisms, which include hydraulic, traction, pneumatic, and climbing. Ramps are described as sloped surfaces used for continuous wheelchair access between levels, with guidelines provided for ramp inclines, landings, and handrails. Requirements for safe and code-compliant vertical transportation are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of stairs and their components. It describes stairs as a means of vertical circulation between floors of a building. The main types of stairs discussed are straight flight, quarter turn, half turn, spiral/elliptical, and winder stairs. Stairs can be made from materials like timber, concrete, steel, and stone. Reinforced concrete and precast concrete are common for multi-story buildings. Stairs must meet requirements for strength, safety, and fire safety.
This document defines various parts of a staircase and provides details and standards for their design. It discusses components like steps, treads, risers, stringers and handrails. It also covers types of stairs based on shape, materials used and international standards for dimensions. Staircases can be made of various materials like concrete, wood, brick or metal and standards ensure they are safe and accessible. Precise measurements and formulas help calculate tread depth, riser height and pitch or slope.
This presentation discusses vertical communication in buildings via stairs. It defines vertical communication as the exchange of people and goods between floors. Staircases are described as a series of steps that connect different floors. The key criteria for good stair design are then outlined, including location, width, length, pitch, headroom, and materials. Various types of stairs are classified, such as straight, turning, quarter turn, half turn, and spiral stairs. Finally, common materials used for stair construction, such as timber, metal, and precast concrete, are discussed.
The document discusses different types of staircases used in buildings. It describes straight stairs as the simplest form, consisting of steps leading in one direction across one or more flights. Quarter turn stairs make a 90 degree turn, saving space. Half turn stairs rise to a mid-level landing, turn 180 degrees, and continue parallel to the lower flight, allowing construction within a confined stairwell. The document provides technical details on staircase components like steps, risers, landings, and classifications to facilitate vertical movement between floors in an efficient and safe manner.
Escalators are moving staircases that transport people between floors using conveyor belts and tracks to keep steps horizontal. Jesse Reno built the first escalator in 1896 for an amusement park, while Charles Seeberger later redesigned and named the modern escalator. Escalators play a key role in transporting large numbers of people in places like shopping centers and transportation hubs. Their design considers physical requirements, traffic patterns, safety, aesthetics, and more. Escalators have components like steps, handrails, tracks, and platforms to smoothly move people up and down.
Types of staircases-details-moc3 presentationArindam Roy
Types of staircases
details
methods of construction
Architectural presentation
assignment
Stairs are used to create a pedestrian route between different vertical levels by dividing the height between the levels into manageable steps. Very generally, the word 'stairs' refers to a staircase, whereas the word 'step' refers to the steps that make up the staircase.
The type of stairs suitable for different situations will depend on:
The supporting structure.
The amount and type of usage it is likely to receive.
The space available and its geometry.
The difference in height between the top and bottom.
Materials selection
Stairs may be:
Open tread or closed tread.
Provided with handrails on one or both sides, or in the middle on wide stairs.
Enclosed by walls or open on one or both side.
Different widths and lengths and may have a range of step dimensions.
Different geometries.
Staircase used in Indian Buildings _____
South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre (SAHRDC),New Delhi
Hotel Taj,Mumbai
Mahabat Maqbara ,Junagarh
Indian Institute of Management,Ahmedabad
Om dayal college of architecture
Tacheometric surveying is a method of rapidly determining horizontal and vertical positions of points using optical measurements rather than traditional tape or chain measurements. A tacheometer, which is a transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm, is used to measure the horizontal and vertical angles to a stadia rod or staff held at survey points. Formulas involving the stadia interval, staff intercept readings, and calculated constants are used to determine horizontal distances and elevations from the instrument to points. Measurements can be taken with horizontal lines of sight or inclined lines of sight when the staff is held vertically or normal to the line of sight.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of angle measurement. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of reading angles. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
1. The document discusses various types of construction project tenders and contracting methods. It defines tenders, quotations, earnest money deposits, liquidated damages, and contract documents.
2. Five common types of tenders are described: open, sealed, limited, single, and rate contracts. Contract classification includes lump-sum, cost plus, target, percentage rate (B1 system), and item rate (B2 system).
3. Key elements of contract documents are outlined, including tender notice information, general and special conditions, drawings, specifications, payment terms, completion time, penalties, and dispute resolution process.
Construction project management involves coordinating people, materials, equipment, and money to complete construction projects on time and within budget. The construction project manager is responsible for overseeing all aspects of construction projects from design through completion. Key responsibilities include coordinating with contractors and other stakeholders, managing budgets and schedules, ensuring regulatory compliance, and resolving any issues that arise during construction. The construction project manager must have strong organizational, communication, and problem-solving skills to successfully coordinate all parties and elements involved in construction projects.
This document provides an overview of civil engineering drawings, including their importance and different types. It discusses index maps, key plans, topographical maps, village maps, site plans, layout plans, preliminary drawings, working drawings, large scale drawings and enlarged scale drawings. Symbols, drawing paper sizes, title blocks and guidelines for letter sizes are also covered. The key types of civil engineering drawings summarized are index maps, site plans, and working drawings, which provide location details, plot information and dimensions, and construction details.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
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Natural language processing (NLP) has
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computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
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Ch3 stair cont..
1. What is stairs ?
“A Stair is a system of steps
by which people and
objects may pass from one
level of a building to
another.”
A stair is to be designed to
span large vertical distance
by dividing it into smaller
vertical distances, called
steps.
2. Location of Stairs
It should be so located as to provide easy access to the
occupants of the building.
It should be so located that it is well lighted and
ventilated directly from the exterior.
It should be so located as to have approaches
convenient and spacious.
It public building it should be located near main
entrance and in residential building it should be
placed centrally.
4. The definitions of technical terms used in connection with
the stairs are as follows:
1) Baluster :-
It is vertical member of wood
or metal supporting the hand rail.
2) Handrail :-
The inclined rail over the
string is known as a handrail.
3) Newel post :-
This is the vertical member which is placed at
the ends of flights to connect hand rail.
4) Soffit :-
It is the underside of a stair.
5) Waist :-
The thickness of structural slab in case of an
R.C.C. stair is known as a waist.
5. 6) Nosing :-
It is the projecting part of the tread
beyond the face of the riser.
It is rounded to give good architectural
effect.
7) Scotia :-
It is a moulding provided under the nosing
to improve the elevation of the step.
6. 8) Step :-
It is a portion of stair which permits ascent and
descent.
It is comprised of a tread and riser.
9) Tread :-
It is the upper horizontal portion of a step upon
which the feet is placed while
ascending or descending.
10) Rise :-
It is the vertical distance
between two successive tread faces.
11) Going :-
It is the horizontal distance
between two successive riser faces.
7. 12) Flight :-
A series of steps without any platform, break or
landing in their direction.
13) Landing :-
It is the level platform at the top or bottom of a
flight between the floors.
14) Run :-
It is the total length
of stairs in a horizontal
plane, including landings.
8. 19) Winders :-
These are tapering steps which are provided for
changing the direction of a stair.
20) Strings or stringers :-
These are the sloping wooden members
which support the steps in a stair. They run along the slope of
the stair.
There are two types of string :
i) a cut or open string
ii) a closed or housed string
In the cut or open string , the upper edge is cut away to
receive the ends of steps.
In the closed or housed string, the ends of steps are
housed between straight parallel edges of the string.
9. 21) Balustrade or Barrister :-
The combined framework of
handrail and balusters is known as the balustrade or
barrister.
22) Walking line :-
The approximate line of movement of
people on a stair during ascending or descending is
known as a walking line and it is situated at a distance
of about 450 mm from the centre of handrail.
10. Types Of Steps..
Steps in a stair may be of following types :
1) Bull nose step
2) Round ended step
3) Filer
4) Splayed step Commode step
5) Dancing step or Balancing step
6) Splayed step
7) Winder
11. 1) Bullnose step :-
It is generally provided at the bottom of the flight , projecting in
front of the newel post. Its end near the newel forms the quadrant of a circle.
2) Round ended step :-
A round ended step is similar to a bullnose step except that
it has a semi–circular end which projects out from the stringer.
3) Filer :-
A filer is an ordinary step of uniform width and rectangular shape in
plan.
Round ended step
12. 4) Commode step :-
A commode step has curved tread and riser.
5) Dancing steps or Balancing step:-
Dancing steps are the
winders which do not radiate from a common centre.
13. 6) Splayed step :-
This step has one end or both ends splayed
in plan.
7) Winders :-
Winders are tapering steps, such as those which
radiate from a point usually situated at the centre of a
newel post.
15. STRAIGHT STAIRS All steps lead in one direction.
Simplest form of stair arrangement.
It may consist of one or more flights.
They are used when space
available for staircase is long
but narrow in width.
Plan
Elevation
16. •The width and the length of the landings should be
equal.
Straight-stairs-with-intermediate-landing
18. In case of turning stairs ,flights take turn. The types of
turning stairs are:
1. Quarter turn stairs:
A stair turning through one right angle is known as
Quarter turn stairs. (L-shaped stair)
• If a quarter turn stair is branched into two flights at a landing is
known as a Bifurcated stair.
• This types of stair is commonly used in the public buildings
near the entrance hall .
• The stair has a wider flight at bottom which bifurcates into two
narrower flights at the landing.
19. -one turn into left and the other to the right.
•This staircase has either equal or unequal flights.
20. 2. Half Turn Stairs:
•A stair turning through right angle is known as Half Turn Stairs.
•A half turn star may be of dog-legged type or open newel type .
Dog-legged stair Open newel stair
DOG-LEGGED STAIR
•Two short flights with a half space landing between them.
• In case of dog-legged stair, the flights run in opposite directions
and there is no space between them in plan.
21. • Its name is derived from its appearance in the sectional
elevation.
•This stairs are useful where total width of space available for the
staircase is equal to twice the width of steps.
OPEN NEWEL STAIR
•Space between the upper and lower flights causes half space
landing to be longer.
•In case of open newel stair, there is a well or hole or opening
between flights in plan.
•This well may be rectangular or of any geometrical shape and it
can be used for fixing lift.
•These staircase are useful where available space for staircase has
a width greater than twice the width of steps.
22. 3. Three quarter turn Stair
•A stair turning through three right angles is known as a three
quarter stair.
•In this case ,an open well is formed. This types of stair is used
when the length of the staircase is limited and when the vertical
distance between the two floor is quite large.
23.
24. the steps radiate from the center and they do not have
either any landing or any intermediate newel post…..
Some of the important facts to be noted in connection
with the circular stairs are:
1. flights consist of winders only and may be continued
through any number of turns.
2. may be constructed of a cast iron or mild steel or
concrete. Usually its structural design and construction
of are complicated in nature.
25.
26. 3. For concrete spiral stairs, the steel reinforcement is
heavy and formwork is complicated. These make the
concrete spiral stairs expensive.
4. The core of spiral stair may be solid or hollow and the
stair may be provided with cut or closed strings.
5. The spiral stairs are useful where the space available is
limited and where the traffic is less. Eg., shops
28. which has rounded corners or is
circular or elliptical and that have
the strings and rails arranged upon
geometric principles and running
continuously from top to bottom.”
29. have any geometrical shape and requires no newel
posts.
The handrail continues without interruption and
without any angular turns.
Its construction requires considerable skill and it is
weaker than corresponding open newel stair.
30. (4) The treads and risers are supported on the angles
which are connected to the stringers.
(5) The risers may be totally omitted in some cases.
(6) The spiral stairs of cast-iron consist of a cast-iron
newel fixed in the centre around which the cast-iron
steps are fixed.
(7) For metal stairs the metal balusters with handrail of
pipe are used.
31.
32.
33. Spandril step with moulded
soffit
Spandril step with broken soffit
Tread & riser step
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