This document provides information about vertical transportation in buildings, focusing on stairs and elevators. It defines stairs and their key components such as treads, risers, and handrails. It describes different types of stairs including straight, dog-legged, and spiral. Design considerations for stairs like width, headroom, and dimensional standards are covered. Common materials for stair construction like timber, stone, concrete, and their properties are discussed. Elevator components like the machine room, hoistway, cabs, and controllers are defined. The main types of elevator systems - traction and hydraulic - are outlined.
There are four main types of vertical transportation: stairs, lifts, escalators, and ramps. Stairs can be straight, dog-legged, geometric, circular, or involve quarter or full turns. Escalators are powered continuous moving stairways used to transport people between floors in places like malls and airports. Ramps provide a sloped surface for transportation between floors, especially for large numbers of people or vehicles. Elevators use guided cars or platforms to lift people and materials vertically between levels in buildings over four stories tall, and can be traction, hydraulic, roped hydraulic, or holeless hydraulic.
building services -Lift's and escalatorsKethees Waran
1. The document discusses the history and development of elevators and escalators. It traces elevators back to 236 BC and discusses improvements like Elisha Otis' safety elevator in 1852.
2. It then covers various types of lifts according to function, including trade lifts, hospital lifts, high residential lifts, and others. It discusses characteristics, components, selection factors, and installation considerations for lifts.
3. The document also examines lift design considerations like population, handling capacity, interval, categories according to function, and installation by zone systems for tall buildings.
The document discusses different types of lifts used in buildings. It describes traction lifts, hydraulic lifts, hospital lifts, high residential lifts, and store lifts. Traction lifts are most commonly used for mid-rise and high-rise buildings due to their higher speeds. Hydraulic lifts are used for low-rise buildings up to 8 stories. Hospital lifts are designed to transport large equipment and have wider doors. Residential lifts require regular maintenance. Store lifts transport heavy goods. Proper lift planning considers passenger volume, capacity, and wait times.
The document defines and discusses elevators and escalators. It provides definitions of lifts/elevators as vertical transport equipment that moves people between floors of buildings efficiently. Escalators are defined as moving stairs that transport people on an inclined track. The document discusses the need for elevators in tall buildings and their various types based on use and function. It also summarizes key components of elevators like the lift car, doors, and design considerations for passenger flow and service quality. Design standards for elevators and escalators are also outlined.
The document discusses various types of floor finishes that can be used for commercial, residential and industrial settings. It describes different flooring materials like tiles, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass and natural stones. For each material, it provides details on types, finish, durability, usage, installation process, costs and maintenance requirements. The document also provides specifications and laying procedures for ceramic tiles and stone flooring.
An escalator consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the steps to remain horizontal. Escalators are used to efficiently move large numbers of people between floors in places where elevators would be impractical, such as in department stores and airports. The main components of an escalator include the landing platforms that house the drive gears and motors, a truss that bridges the platforms, and tracks that guide the endless chain of steps in their continuous loop. Escalators are designed to have a step width of 600mm, 800mm, or 1000mm and a standard transportation speed between 0.5 to 0.65m/s.
The document provides information on different types of lifts/elevators. It begins with an introduction to lifts, describing their basic function of transporting people or goods between floors. It then discusses the history and development of lifts. The bulk of the document categorizes lifts according to their hoisting mechanism, building height, building type, location, and special uses. It provides examples and descriptions for each category. The document concludes by discussing lift components, electrical components, typical designs, and lift shafts.
This document provides information on lifts, escalators, and the differences between the two. It defines a lift as a type of vertical transport equipment that moves people or goods between floors of a building powered by electric motors. It then discusses the basic components and terminology of lifts, including the different types of lifts such as passenger, goods, vehicle, and dumbwaiter lifts. The document also defines escalators as a moving staircase that transports people between floors using motor-driven linked steps. It describes the components and mechanics of both traction lifts and hydraulic lifts. Finally, it summarizes the key differences between lifts and escalators in terms of their function, speed, and space usage.
There are four main types of vertical transportation: stairs, lifts, escalators, and ramps. Stairs can be straight, dog-legged, geometric, circular, or involve quarter or full turns. Escalators are powered continuous moving stairways used to transport people between floors in places like malls and airports. Ramps provide a sloped surface for transportation between floors, especially for large numbers of people or vehicles. Elevators use guided cars or platforms to lift people and materials vertically between levels in buildings over four stories tall, and can be traction, hydraulic, roped hydraulic, or holeless hydraulic.
building services -Lift's and escalatorsKethees Waran
1. The document discusses the history and development of elevators and escalators. It traces elevators back to 236 BC and discusses improvements like Elisha Otis' safety elevator in 1852.
2. It then covers various types of lifts according to function, including trade lifts, hospital lifts, high residential lifts, and others. It discusses characteristics, components, selection factors, and installation considerations for lifts.
3. The document also examines lift design considerations like population, handling capacity, interval, categories according to function, and installation by zone systems for tall buildings.
The document discusses different types of lifts used in buildings. It describes traction lifts, hydraulic lifts, hospital lifts, high residential lifts, and store lifts. Traction lifts are most commonly used for mid-rise and high-rise buildings due to their higher speeds. Hydraulic lifts are used for low-rise buildings up to 8 stories. Hospital lifts are designed to transport large equipment and have wider doors. Residential lifts require regular maintenance. Store lifts transport heavy goods. Proper lift planning considers passenger volume, capacity, and wait times.
The document defines and discusses elevators and escalators. It provides definitions of lifts/elevators as vertical transport equipment that moves people between floors of buildings efficiently. Escalators are defined as moving stairs that transport people on an inclined track. The document discusses the need for elevators in tall buildings and their various types based on use and function. It also summarizes key components of elevators like the lift car, doors, and design considerations for passenger flow and service quality. Design standards for elevators and escalators are also outlined.
The document discusses various types of floor finishes that can be used for commercial, residential and industrial settings. It describes different flooring materials like tiles, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass and natural stones. For each material, it provides details on types, finish, durability, usage, installation process, costs and maintenance requirements. The document also provides specifications and laying procedures for ceramic tiles and stone flooring.
An escalator consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the steps to remain horizontal. Escalators are used to efficiently move large numbers of people between floors in places where elevators would be impractical, such as in department stores and airports. The main components of an escalator include the landing platforms that house the drive gears and motors, a truss that bridges the platforms, and tracks that guide the endless chain of steps in their continuous loop. Escalators are designed to have a step width of 600mm, 800mm, or 1000mm and a standard transportation speed between 0.5 to 0.65m/s.
The document provides information on different types of lifts/elevators. It begins with an introduction to lifts, describing their basic function of transporting people or goods between floors. It then discusses the history and development of lifts. The bulk of the document categorizes lifts according to their hoisting mechanism, building height, building type, location, and special uses. It provides examples and descriptions for each category. The document concludes by discussing lift components, electrical components, typical designs, and lift shafts.
This document provides information on lifts, escalators, and the differences between the two. It defines a lift as a type of vertical transport equipment that moves people or goods between floors of a building powered by electric motors. It then discusses the basic components and terminology of lifts, including the different types of lifts such as passenger, goods, vehicle, and dumbwaiter lifts. The document also defines escalators as a moving staircase that transports people between floors using motor-driven linked steps. It describes the components and mechanics of both traction lifts and hydraulic lifts. Finally, it summarizes the key differences between lifts and escalators in terms of their function, speed, and space usage.
This document provides information about special types of elevators. It begins with a basic introduction to elevators and their functions. It then discusses the history of elevator development. Key developments included early screw drive systems, safety brakes to prevent falls, and the introduction of electric power. The document outlines various elevator designs and components. These include the cab, doors, hoist mechanisms, and control systems. It also discusses different types of elevators for passengers, goods, automobiles, and more. Standards and regulations for elevator design are also reviewed.
Escalators are moving staircases that transport people between floors. They were invented in the late 19th century and have since been widely adopted. Escalators come in different configurations like parallel or crisscross and can include multiple escalators. They consist of key components like steps, handrails, tracks, and landing platforms. Escalators are designed within standard dimensions and inclines to efficiently move large volumes of people while prioritizing safety.
This document discusses and compares cable-stayed and suspension bridge structures. It defines cables as flexible structural components that can only support tensile loading. There are two main types of cable structures: suspension and stayed cables. Suspension bridges hang the deck below suspension cables on vertical suspenders, while cable-stayed bridges support the deck with cables running directly from towers. Cable-stayed bridges have advantages like faster construction and higher stiffness compared to more flexible suspension bridges.
This document discusses natural lighting and daylighting in buildings. It defines daylighting as the controlled admission of natural light to reduce electric lighting and energy usage. An effective daylighting system includes building orientation, windows, skylights, and interior design elements. Daylighting provides benefits like occupant satisfaction and reduced costs but also requires considerations like glare, heat gain, and adequate illumination levels. Principles of effective daylighting design are orientation, building form, glazing specifications, window placement, and daylight redirection devices. Daylight factors are used to calculate interior lighting levels from exterior conditions. Simulation software can model daylighting performance.
This document discusses natural ventilation and factors that affect air flow in and around buildings. It covers topics like the functions of natural ventilation including supplying fresh air and removing contaminants. Thermal stack effect and convective cooling are natural ventilation methods driven by temperature differences. Wind flow patterns are impacted by various building configurations and elements like wing walls, chimneys and wind catchers. Factors that influence indoor air flow include window openings, atria, and wind speed and direction.
False ceilings, also known as dropped ceilings or suspended ceilings, were initially developed in the 14th century in Japan for aesthetic purposes. They later became popular in modern construction as a way to conceal wiring, ductwork, and other building elements above the ceiling. There are various types of false ceilings depending on the material used, such as wood, gypsum, thermocol, or PVC. False ceilings provide benefits like reducing room height, cooling rooms, and allowing for decorative lighting features. However, they also have disadvantages like reduced headroom, concealing functional building elements, and making maintenance and repairs more difficult. Common false ceiling installation methods involve setting up a framework to support ceiling tiles or panels made of various
High-rise commercial buildings are icons of modern society that symbolize the power of commerce. They add a third dimension to cities. For businesses, having an office in an attractive high-rise building provides advantages like better customer confidence and corporate identity. A high-rise is defined as a building over 35 meters tall, constructed using a structural frame and elevators. High-rises are classified by style and have various structural forms determined by factors like human scale, climate and cost. Their loads come from gravity, weather, and human use. Core elements include stairs, elevators, and utilities that provide vertical circulation and access.
The document discusses guidelines for different types of roads and parking facilities for vehicles. It outlines that primary, secondary, and access roads should follow a hierarchical pattern. Dimensions are provided for carriageways, ramps, and different types of vehicles including cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles, rickshaws. Guidelines are given for parking layout, stall dimensions, ramp gradients, and headroom clearances. Diagrams illustrate road patterns, vehicle turning radii, and efficient parking configurations.
Trusses are triangular frameworks that use members in axial compression and tension to support loads. They are commonly used for roofs, floors, and bridges to span long distances. The main types are Pratt, Warren, Fink, and North Light trusses. Pratt trusses have diagonal members that slant down toward the middle, while Warren trusses have alternating compression and tension diagonals. Fink and North Light trusses are typically used for shorter roof spans. Truss members can be made of structural steel with standard cross sections like boxes, rectangles, and HEA shapes.
This document provides an introduction to building services and mechanical and electrical systems in buildings. It defines building services as everything inside a building that makes it safe and comfortable, including energy supply, heating/cooling, plumbing, lighting, transportation systems, security, and more. Mechanical and electrical systems are critical to modern buildings, providing features like lighting, temperature control, power, and life safety systems. The document outlines various mechanical systems like HVAC, plumbing, and fire protection, and electrical systems like power, lighting, and special systems. It provides checklists to help determine building requirements and scope M&E systems.
Parking facilities include indoor and outdoor areas for vehicles belonging to buildings, roads, parking lots, multi-level structures, and facilities for specific vehicle types. Different outdoor parking patterns include parallel parking along roads, 90 degree parking, and oblique parking. Indoor parking includes multi-storey parking structures. Multi-storey parking facilities are designed specifically for automobile parking and have multiple floors for parking. They are typically limited to 5-6 stories with a capacity of around 500 vehicles. Parking standards and laws dictate the minimum requirements for parking spaces, ramps, and accessibility.
This document discusses lifts (elevators) and their importance in buildings. It covers the basic components and types of lifts, including traction and hydraulic elevators. It describes performance criteria for ideal lift operation and categories of lifts according to their function, such as for trade, hospitals, residences and stores. Key lift components are outlined for both traction and hydraulic systems. Design considerations for lift installation and sizing are also summarized.
Lifts, also known as elevators, are appliances that transport people or materials vertically between floors of a building. There are two main types of lifts based on power supply: hydraulic lifts, which use hydraulic fluid pressure, and traction lifts (also called machine lifts), which use electric motors and ropes to raise and lower the elevator car. Lifts can also be classified based on their intended use as passenger lifts for transporting people, goods lifts for heavy items, vehicle lifts for cars, scissor lifts for construction work, and dumbwaiters for transporting small loads between floors. Proper maintenance including lubrication, cleaning, and safety inspections is important to ensure safe operation of lifts over time.
High Rise the most common word in Modern Architecture. Here we made a Report on Vertical Circulation and Services of a High rise. Hope this will help you to Design a High rise.
Shell structures are lightweight constructions that use curved shell elements, like those seen in aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and large building roofs. A thin shell is defined as a structure with thickness small compared to other dimensions, where deformations are not large relative to thickness. Concrete shells are a common type of thin shell structure that provides open, unobstructed interiors through curved concrete forms without internal supports. Concrete shells can be made in single or double curvature designs and require centering during construction to support their curved shapes until the concrete cures.
Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in a geometric pattern. They were independently developed in the early 1900s and 1950s to span large areas with few interior supports. Space frames transfer loads through a three-dimensional arrangement of linear elements subjected only to axial tension or compression. Common materials used include steel and timber. Connections are made through various joint types, and space frames can be single, double or triple layered grids. They provide advantages like light weight, stiffness and versatility compared to other structures.
The document discusses different types of building core configurations and their advantages and disadvantages. The main types are:
- Central core - Located in the center, allows all windows to be used as office space but limits office depth. Requires perimeter access corridor.
- Off-center core - Provides more flexibility but some offices further from core. Long access corridor required.
- Exterior core - Leaves entire floor for tenant use but core takes up desirable window space.
- Double core - Placed on east and west sides for buffer zones and natural ventilation. Provides more flexibility in floor plan layout. More costly for smaller buildings.
1) Lifts or elevators transport people and goods between floors of buildings using electric motors and cables or hydraulic systems.
2) Different types of lifts exist for different purposes, such as chain and bucket elevators for raising materials continuously.
3) Lifts in the Tekun building utilize a unique system where floor buttons correspond to pairs of levels, saving time for users to travel between floors.
The document discusses different types of stairs and their components. It describes stairs as a means of vertical circulation between floors of a building. The main types of stairs discussed are straight flight, quarter turn, half turn, spiral/elliptical, and winder stairs. Stairs can be made from materials like timber, concrete, steel, and stone. Reinforced concrete and precast concrete are common for multi-story buildings. Stairs must meet requirements for strength, safety, and fire safety.
This document provides information about special types of elevators. It begins with a basic introduction to elevators and their functions. It then discusses the history of elevator development. Key developments included early screw drive systems, safety brakes to prevent falls, and the introduction of electric power. The document outlines various elevator designs and components. These include the cab, doors, hoist mechanisms, and control systems. It also discusses different types of elevators for passengers, goods, automobiles, and more. Standards and regulations for elevator design are also reviewed.
Escalators are moving staircases that transport people between floors. They were invented in the late 19th century and have since been widely adopted. Escalators come in different configurations like parallel or crisscross and can include multiple escalators. They consist of key components like steps, handrails, tracks, and landing platforms. Escalators are designed within standard dimensions and inclines to efficiently move large volumes of people while prioritizing safety.
This document discusses and compares cable-stayed and suspension bridge structures. It defines cables as flexible structural components that can only support tensile loading. There are two main types of cable structures: suspension and stayed cables. Suspension bridges hang the deck below suspension cables on vertical suspenders, while cable-stayed bridges support the deck with cables running directly from towers. Cable-stayed bridges have advantages like faster construction and higher stiffness compared to more flexible suspension bridges.
This document discusses natural lighting and daylighting in buildings. It defines daylighting as the controlled admission of natural light to reduce electric lighting and energy usage. An effective daylighting system includes building orientation, windows, skylights, and interior design elements. Daylighting provides benefits like occupant satisfaction and reduced costs but also requires considerations like glare, heat gain, and adequate illumination levels. Principles of effective daylighting design are orientation, building form, glazing specifications, window placement, and daylight redirection devices. Daylight factors are used to calculate interior lighting levels from exterior conditions. Simulation software can model daylighting performance.
This document discusses natural ventilation and factors that affect air flow in and around buildings. It covers topics like the functions of natural ventilation including supplying fresh air and removing contaminants. Thermal stack effect and convective cooling are natural ventilation methods driven by temperature differences. Wind flow patterns are impacted by various building configurations and elements like wing walls, chimneys and wind catchers. Factors that influence indoor air flow include window openings, atria, and wind speed and direction.
False ceilings, also known as dropped ceilings or suspended ceilings, were initially developed in the 14th century in Japan for aesthetic purposes. They later became popular in modern construction as a way to conceal wiring, ductwork, and other building elements above the ceiling. There are various types of false ceilings depending on the material used, such as wood, gypsum, thermocol, or PVC. False ceilings provide benefits like reducing room height, cooling rooms, and allowing for decorative lighting features. However, they also have disadvantages like reduced headroom, concealing functional building elements, and making maintenance and repairs more difficult. Common false ceiling installation methods involve setting up a framework to support ceiling tiles or panels made of various
High-rise commercial buildings are icons of modern society that symbolize the power of commerce. They add a third dimension to cities. For businesses, having an office in an attractive high-rise building provides advantages like better customer confidence and corporate identity. A high-rise is defined as a building over 35 meters tall, constructed using a structural frame and elevators. High-rises are classified by style and have various structural forms determined by factors like human scale, climate and cost. Their loads come from gravity, weather, and human use. Core elements include stairs, elevators, and utilities that provide vertical circulation and access.
The document discusses guidelines for different types of roads and parking facilities for vehicles. It outlines that primary, secondary, and access roads should follow a hierarchical pattern. Dimensions are provided for carriageways, ramps, and different types of vehicles including cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles, rickshaws. Guidelines are given for parking layout, stall dimensions, ramp gradients, and headroom clearances. Diagrams illustrate road patterns, vehicle turning radii, and efficient parking configurations.
Trusses are triangular frameworks that use members in axial compression and tension to support loads. They are commonly used for roofs, floors, and bridges to span long distances. The main types are Pratt, Warren, Fink, and North Light trusses. Pratt trusses have diagonal members that slant down toward the middle, while Warren trusses have alternating compression and tension diagonals. Fink and North Light trusses are typically used for shorter roof spans. Truss members can be made of structural steel with standard cross sections like boxes, rectangles, and HEA shapes.
This document provides an introduction to building services and mechanical and electrical systems in buildings. It defines building services as everything inside a building that makes it safe and comfortable, including energy supply, heating/cooling, plumbing, lighting, transportation systems, security, and more. Mechanical and electrical systems are critical to modern buildings, providing features like lighting, temperature control, power, and life safety systems. The document outlines various mechanical systems like HVAC, plumbing, and fire protection, and electrical systems like power, lighting, and special systems. It provides checklists to help determine building requirements and scope M&E systems.
Parking facilities include indoor and outdoor areas for vehicles belonging to buildings, roads, parking lots, multi-level structures, and facilities for specific vehicle types. Different outdoor parking patterns include parallel parking along roads, 90 degree parking, and oblique parking. Indoor parking includes multi-storey parking structures. Multi-storey parking facilities are designed specifically for automobile parking and have multiple floors for parking. They are typically limited to 5-6 stories with a capacity of around 500 vehicles. Parking standards and laws dictate the minimum requirements for parking spaces, ramps, and accessibility.
This document discusses lifts (elevators) and their importance in buildings. It covers the basic components and types of lifts, including traction and hydraulic elevators. It describes performance criteria for ideal lift operation and categories of lifts according to their function, such as for trade, hospitals, residences and stores. Key lift components are outlined for both traction and hydraulic systems. Design considerations for lift installation and sizing are also summarized.
Lifts, also known as elevators, are appliances that transport people or materials vertically between floors of a building. There are two main types of lifts based on power supply: hydraulic lifts, which use hydraulic fluid pressure, and traction lifts (also called machine lifts), which use electric motors and ropes to raise and lower the elevator car. Lifts can also be classified based on their intended use as passenger lifts for transporting people, goods lifts for heavy items, vehicle lifts for cars, scissor lifts for construction work, and dumbwaiters for transporting small loads between floors. Proper maintenance including lubrication, cleaning, and safety inspections is important to ensure safe operation of lifts over time.
High Rise the most common word in Modern Architecture. Here we made a Report on Vertical Circulation and Services of a High rise. Hope this will help you to Design a High rise.
Shell structures are lightweight constructions that use curved shell elements, like those seen in aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and large building roofs. A thin shell is defined as a structure with thickness small compared to other dimensions, where deformations are not large relative to thickness. Concrete shells are a common type of thin shell structure that provides open, unobstructed interiors through curved concrete forms without internal supports. Concrete shells can be made in single or double curvature designs and require centering during construction to support their curved shapes until the concrete cures.
Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in a geometric pattern. They were independently developed in the early 1900s and 1950s to span large areas with few interior supports. Space frames transfer loads through a three-dimensional arrangement of linear elements subjected only to axial tension or compression. Common materials used include steel and timber. Connections are made through various joint types, and space frames can be single, double or triple layered grids. They provide advantages like light weight, stiffness and versatility compared to other structures.
The document discusses different types of building core configurations and their advantages and disadvantages. The main types are:
- Central core - Located in the center, allows all windows to be used as office space but limits office depth. Requires perimeter access corridor.
- Off-center core - Provides more flexibility but some offices further from core. Long access corridor required.
- Exterior core - Leaves entire floor for tenant use but core takes up desirable window space.
- Double core - Placed on east and west sides for buffer zones and natural ventilation. Provides more flexibility in floor plan layout. More costly for smaller buildings.
1) Lifts or elevators transport people and goods between floors of buildings using electric motors and cables or hydraulic systems.
2) Different types of lifts exist for different purposes, such as chain and bucket elevators for raising materials continuously.
3) Lifts in the Tekun building utilize a unique system where floor buttons correspond to pairs of levels, saving time for users to travel between floors.
The document discusses different types of stairs and their components. It describes stairs as a means of vertical circulation between floors of a building. The main types of stairs discussed are straight flight, quarter turn, half turn, spiral/elliptical, and winder stairs. Stairs can be made from materials like timber, concrete, steel, and stone. Reinforced concrete and precast concrete are common for multi-story buildings. Stairs must meet requirements for strength, safety, and fire safety.
The document provides an overview of Bangladesh Bank, the central bank of Bangladesh. It was established in 1971 and has a head office in Motijheel with ten other offices. The vision is poverty eradication and the mission includes formulating monetary policy, maintaining price stability, managing currency and foreign exchange, and regulating the financial system. Key functions of Bangladesh Bank include monetary and credit policy, regulation of banks and non-banks, developing domestic markets, managing reserves, issuing currency, acting as the government's banker, and implementing foreign exchange regulation. Credit control methods include the bank rate, open market operations, and reserve requirements. Recent achievements include remaining unharmed in the global crisis and maintaining inflation and growth.
Mechanical ventilation is the process of changing indoor air by withdrawing contaminated air and replacing it with fresh air from outside. There are three main methods for designing ventilation systems: equal velocity, velocity reduction, and equal friction. The equal velocity method selects the same air velocity throughout the system, velocity reduction uses variable velocities, and equal friction selects the same frictional resistance for all sections. Key components of mechanical ventilation systems include fans, filters, ductwork, diffusers, and fire dampers.
This document provides an outline and content for a module on functional planning of buildings. It begins with definitions of functional planning and structures. It then covers occupancy classification of buildings according to the National Building Code of India. Design considerations like plot sizes, ground coverage, open spaces, and parking requirements are discussed for different building types. Dimensional requirements for rooms and human anthropometrics are also presented. The document aims to educate on essential principles and regulations for functional building design in India.
This document discusses ventilation requirements and systems. It defines ventilation as changing the air in an enclosed space to provide fresh air for respiration and control factors like carbon dioxide, moisture, heat, and odors. Ventilation requirements vary by building usage but are often measured in air changes per hour. Systems can be natural (using airflow without fans) or mechanical (using ducts and fans). Natural ventilation provides benefits like improved indoor air quality but requires proper building design. Mechanical systems provide more air flow control and constant fresh air intake. Common mechanical systems include natural inlet/mechanical exhaust, mechanical inlet/natural exhaust, and fully mechanical. The document also discusses fan types, air filters, and design considerations to minimize mechanical ventilation needs.
Specially designed for disabled people.
Wider door width – 900mm minimum.
Button panel at lower level – 800mm from
floor.
1. The document discusses the history and components of lift systems used in buildings. It describes the development of safety elevators in the 1800s and categories of lifts based on their functions.
2. The key components of lift systems are identified as the lift car, shaft, doors, controls, and safety devices. Selection factors for lifts include capacity, speed, type of building, and user requirements.
3. Common types of lifts are electric lifts, which use electric motors and cables, and hydraulic lifts, which use hydraulic fluid pressure. Arrangement and
This document discusses factors to consider when designing lifts, including population, handling capacity, and quality of service. It provides guidelines for calculating population based on building occupancy type and floor area. Handling capacity is calculated using a formula considering average passengers carried per trip, waiting interval, and total peak population. Quality of service is measured by passenger waiting time, with intervals classified as excellent, good, or fair. Round trip time is also calculated, considering time for passenger entry/exit, door operation, acceleration/deceleration, and travel speeds. Recommended lift speeds are provided for different building types.
This document provides information about critical path method (CPM) including:
- An introduction to CPM and examples of projects where it can be applied.
- The differences between CPM and PERT.
- Key terms and definitions used in CPM like activity times, floats, and critical path.
- An example of calculating event times, activity times, floats, and determining the critical path for a sample CPM network diagram.
This document discusses the process of updating a project network diagram based on actual project progress and changes. It provides definitions and explanations of updating, describes the data and steps required for the updating process, and gives an illustrative example of updating the network for a project after 12 days where some activities finished earlier than planned while others were delayed. The example network is updated by assigning completion times, remaining durations and revised estimates based on new information, and recalculating the critical path.
This document provides information on lifts, escalators, and the differences between the two. It defines a lift as a type of vertical transport equipment that moves people or goods between floors of a building. Basic lift components and terminology are explained. The main types of lifts are described as passenger, goods, vehicle, dumbwaiter, and scissor lifts. Escalators are defined as moving staircases that transport people between floors. Escalator components and operating mechanisms are outlined. Applications of lifts and escalators in buildings are listed. The key differences between lifts and escalators are vertical versus horizontal movement, enclosed spaces versus open steps, and relative speeds.
This document discusses different types of vertical transportation methods within buildings, including stairs, elevators, and ramps. It provides detailed information on the components and design considerations for stairs, including common stair types (straight, turning, spiral) and materials (wood, stone, metal). Elevator types are classified based on their hoisting mechanisms, which include hydraulic, traction, pneumatic, and climbing. Ramps are described as sloped surfaces used for continuous wheelchair access between levels, with guidelines provided for ramp inclines, landings, and handrails. Requirements for safe and code-compliant vertical transportation are also summarized.
Types of Stairs & Staircase in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Staircase types & design or geometry of staircase is useful for civil engineering students in 2nd year of building construction subject. with will guide to students for understand requirements of good stairs, design dimensions,types of staircase etc.
Stairs provide access between floors and are a means for fire to spread. The key components of stairs are treads, risers, going, nosing, and handrails. Good staircases are wide enough for comfortable use, have 3-12 steps, and adequate lighting and ventilation. Stair dimensions follow thumb rules regarding the relationship between rise, going, and their product. Common staircases include straight, quarter turn, dog-legged, open well, geometrical, bifurcated, and spiral configurations. Stairs can be constructed from materials like metal, concrete, stone, glass, and timber.
This document provides information about staircases and ramps. It defines stairs as a series of steps connecting different floors, while ramps are sloped surfaces allowing travel between levels. The document discusses technical terms related to stairs like treads, risers, flights, and landings. It also classifies different types of stairs including straight, turning, quarter turn, half turn, geometrical, circular and spiral. Materials used for stairs like concrete, timber, metal and masonry are mentioned. Placement and different kinds of ramps for pedestrian and vehicular use are also summarized.
Stairs provide access between different floors and levels of a building. They consist of steps arranged in flights with landings between. Stairs can be made of various materials like timber, metal, stone, reinforced concrete, or brick. Common types include straight stairs, quarter turn stairs, half turn stairs, and spiral/circular stairs. Stairs must meet functional requirements of strength, safety, and fire safety to support loads and allow escape. Proper dimensions of treads, risers, headroom, and handrails are important for safe use of stairs in a building.
The document discusses different types and components of staircases. It begins by defining what a staircase is and its functional requirements such as circulation, strength, safety, and ventilation. It then goes on to describe the various components of a staircase including treads, risers, stringers, handrails, and newel posts. The document discusses different types of staircases based on their shape, including straight, quarter turn, u-shaped, continuous and winder stairs. It also covers types based on material used like wooden, glass, metal, stone and concrete stairs. Design parameters for staircase planning such as headroom clearance, flight length, construction material and dimension of steps are outlined. Standards for riser height and tread depth are
date - 06-01-2018
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This document discusses various aspects of stair design and construction. It defines key stair terminology and describes different stair types including straight flights, quarter turn, half turn, open well, circular and geometric stairs. It also covers common materials used like brick, stone, metal, reinforced concrete and timber. Modern stair designs are mentioned along with uses of stairs and fire escape requirements.
This document defines and describes various types of stairs. It provides definitions for stair components like steps, treads, risers, and handrails. It then lists recommended dimensions for residential and public staircases. Finally, it describes 8 common types of stairs: straight, dog-legged, quarter turn, open newel, three quarter turn, bifurcated, geometrical, and spiral/circular. Spiral stairs are suitable for limited space and low traffic areas.
This document provides an introduction to different methods of connecting floors at different levels, including ladders, steps/stairs, escalators, lifts, ramps, and trolley-rope-ways. It then defines various technical terms related to stair design, such as tread, riser, rise, nosing, flight, landing, slope, strings, soffit, balusters, and headroom. Finally, it discusses principles for planning and designing stairs, including recommended widths, lengths, pitches, and step proportions.
The document discusses different types of staircases used in buildings. It describes straight stairs as the simplest form, consisting of steps leading in one direction across one or more flights. Quarter turn stairs make a 90 degree turn, saving space. Half turn stairs rise to a mid-level landing, turn 180 degrees, and continue parallel to the lower flight, allowing construction within a confined stairwell. The document provides technical details on staircase components like steps, risers, landings, and classifications to facilitate vertical movement between floors in an efficient and safe manner.
This document defines and describes various terms and components related to stair construction. It discusses the functional requirements of stairs including providing access between levels, fire escape, and load bearing capacity. Various stair components are defined such as treads, risers, strings, balustrades, and handrails. Stair design requirements include adequate headroom, pitch angle, size, and inclusion of handrails. Stair construction materials and methods are also outlined for wood, reinforced concrete, and prefabricated stairs.
The document defines stairs and describes their technical terms. It explains that stairs are a series of steps that bridge vertical distances between floors. Key terms are defined, including tread, riser, rise, going, and nosing. Different types of stairs are also outlined such as straight, half turn, circular, spiral, and bifurcated stairs. Construction materials for stairs include brick, stone, timber, steel, and reinforced concrete. Design principles note stairs should provide access between floors and exits in emergencies.
Stair design requires consideration of several criteria for comfort, including width, headroom, number of steps per flight, and inclusion of handrails. Stairs are composed of steps, with each step having a tread, riser, and nosing. Common types of stairs include straight runs and quarter turn stairs, and special step types include bullnose, splayed, and winder steps. Proper dimensioning of steps is important for ease of use.
The document discusses different types of stairs and their technical requirements. It describes straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, open-newel stairs, geometrical stairs, circular stairs, and bifurcated stairs. It also defines various stair components like risers, treads, flights, landings, railings, and balusters. The document provides guidelines for locating stairs and requirements like maximum number of steps, uniform rise, adequate headroom and handrails. It includes numerical problems to design stairs for an office building and hospital.
Stairs are designed to span vertical distances by dividing them into smaller steps. Stairs must be stable, fire protected, and suitable for different users. Components include flights, landings, treads, risers, nosings, stringers, and handrails. Dimensions like tread width and riser height are regulated depending on the building type. Staircases can be straight, 180 degree return, L-shaped, spiral, or have winders. Concrete, wood, and metal are common materials used for stair construction. Detailed stair plans specify step numbers, dimensions, and materials.
This document provides information on stair design and construction, including components, terminology, dimensions, and types of staircases. It discusses functional requirements of staircases and describes common stair parts like flights, landings, treads, and handrails. Guidelines are provided for dimensional requirements like tread width and height, as well as pitch angle. Different plan types of staircases like straight run, 180 degree return, and spiral are illustrated along with concrete, wood, and metal stair construction methods.
The document defines and describes various technical terms related to stairs, including types of steps, components of stairs, and classifications of stairs. It provides definitions for 21 technical terms such as baluster, handrail, newel post, soffit, tread, and rise. It also describes 5 common types of steps - bull nose, round ended, filer, commode, and winder. Stairs are classified as straight, turning, and geometrical. Turning stairs include quarter turn, half turn (dog-legged and open well), and three quarter turn stairs. Geometrical stairs include circular, spiral, and helical stairs.
Firefighters must understand ladder design and use for safe access during fires and rescues. Ladders provide the only means to reach elevated locations or escape dangerous situations. Portable ladders like extension, step, and roof ladders are critical fire service tools. The document defines ladder types, hazards, safety controls, and proper construction features to support weight and withstand conditions like heat, chemicals, and impacts. Firefighters must select the right ladder for each task and use proper techniques to work safely at heights.
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
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Vertical Transportation Systems in Buildings by Ramesh Nayaka
1. Mr. Ramesh Nayaka, (M.Tech. - IITM)
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala
India - 673601
Module – 3
Vertical Transportation (Building Services)
CE2007 - Functional Design of Buildings
2. Vertical Transportation ??
• To provide an accessible path, leading from one level to
another by targeting to meet the needs of all target groups.
4. What is a stair and it’s components??
A stair is a series of steps, each elevated a measured distance,
leading from one level of a structure to another.
Stair parts and terms
• Headroom
• Tread
• Riser
• Unit rise
• Unit run
• Total rise
• Stringer
• Stair well
• Total run
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5. Cont’d…
• Platform
• Winding stairs
• Run of stairs or flight
• Straight run
• Winders
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7. Terminologies
1. Headroom: The clear space between the floor line and ceiling.
2. Tread: Horizontal walking surface of a stair
3. Riser: The vertical stair member between two consecutive stair treads.
4. Unit rise: The height of the stair riser; the vertical distance between two treads.
5. Unit run: The width of a stair tread minus the nosing.
6. Total rise: Vertical distance from one floor to another
7. stringer: A stringer to which blocking has been added to form a base for adding treads and risers.
8. Stairwell: The rough opening in the floor above to provide headroom for stairs.
9. Total run: The horizontal distance occupied by the stairs; measured from the foot of the stairs to a point directly
beneath where the stairs rest on a floor or landing above.
1. Platform: A horizontal section between two flights of stairs. Also called a landing.
2. Winding stairs: A curving stairway that gradually changes direction; usually circular or elliptical in shape. Also called
geometrical.
3. Run of stairs: A series of steps that is a continuous section without breaks formed by landings or other constructions.
Also called a flight of stairs.
4. Straight run: A stairway that does not change direction.
5. Winders: Wedge-shaped treads installed where stairs turn.
6. Handrail: A pole installed above and parallel to stair steps to act as a support for persons using the stairs. also called
a stair rail.
7. Baluster: The vertical member (spindle) supporting the handrails on open stairs.
2. Newel: The main post at the start of a stair and the stiffening post at the landing.
3. Nosing: The part of a stair tread that projects beyond the riser
Balustrade: An assembly with a railing resting on a series of balusters that, in turn, rest on a base, usually the treads
• Wall rail: In closed stairs, the support rail that is
8. Types of Stairs
STRAIGHT STAIRS:-
• All steps lead in one direction
• This may be continuous with two flights
with an intermediate landing
• Adopted when staircase is narrow and
long
• Provided mostly in porch, entrance etc.
DOG-LEGGED STAIRS:-
• Consist of two straight flights running in
opposite directions
• There is no space between the flights in
plan
• Landing is provided at level which
direction of flight changes
9. Types of Stairs
GEOMETRICAL STAIRS :-
• These stairs may have any geometrical
shape and they require no newel post
• This type of stair is similar to open newel
stair except the well formed between
forward and backward flight is curved
• Change of direction in such stairs is
achieved by winders and not by landings
CIRCULAR STAIRS:-
• all the steps are radiate from a
newel post or well hole
• all the steps are winders
• this is provided where space is
limited and traffic is casual
• mostly located at rear of building
10. Types of Stairs
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QUARTER TURN NEWEL:-
• A stair turning through 90° with the
help of level landing
• Used in shops and public buildings
OPEN NEWEL STAIRS:-
• Popularly known as open well
stairs
• A well or opening is left between
forward and backward flight
• The opening is generally used
for installation of lift
• A short flight may or may not
provided in these stairs
11. Design Consideration
Landing
the width of the landing should not be less than the width of stairs
Width of stairs
Residential:-0.8 to 1 m
Public :- 1.8 to 2 m
Tread
Residential:-220-250 mm
Public:- 250-300mm
Not less than 200mm in any case
Riser
residential:-150-180 mm
Public:- 120-150mm
Not more than 200mm in any case
Pitch
Should not be more than 38°
12. Dimensions of a Step
Comfortable ascent and descent
Thumb Rules
(2 x Rise in cm) + (Going (tread) in cm) = 60
(Rise in cm) + (Going in cm) = 40 to 45
(Rise in cm) x (Going in cm) = 400 to 450
Adopt Rise = 14 cm and Going = 30 cm as standard;
then for every 20 mm subtracted from going, add 10 mm to the
rise.
Residential building = 16 cm x 26 cm
Public building = 17 cm x 24 cm
13. Requirements of a Good Stair
Provide easy, quick and safe mode of communication between the floors.
Following are the general requirements which a stair should fulfill.
Location :
It should be so located as to provide easy access to the occupants
building.
It should be so located that it is well lighted and ventilated directly from
the exterior.
It should be so located as to have approaches convenient and
spacious.
Width of Stair:
It should be wide enough to carry the user without much crowd
and in convenience.
14. Cont’d….
Depends upto its location in the building and type of the
building.
In a domestic building, a 90cm wide stair in sufficient while in
public building, 1.5 m to 1.8 m width may be required.
Length of flight:
The number of steps are not more than 12 and not less than 3.
Pitch of stair:
a comfortable slope is achieved when twice rise plus going is
equal to 60 cm approx. pitch should however, be limited to 30o
degree to 45O
Head Room:
Clear space between tread and soffit of the flight immediately
above it should not be less than 2.1 to 2.3 m.
15. Cont’d..
Balustrade:
Open well stair should always be provided with balustrade, to
provide safety to users.
Step dimensions:
the rise and tread should be of such dimensions as to provide
comfort to the users. Their proportion should also be such as
to provide pitch of the stair. The going should not be less than
25 cm, though 30 cm going is quite comfortable. The rise
should be between 10 cm to 15 cm. The width of landing should
not be less than width of stair.
Materials of Construction :
The materials used for stair construction should be such as to
provide a) Sufficient strength and b) fire resistance
16. Stairs of Different Materials
TIMBER
Light in weight and easy construct, but poor fire resistance
Used for small rise residential buildings, unsuitable for high rise
residential and public buildings. Hardwood ( oak, mahogany etc.)
It should be free from fungal decay and insect attack.
STONE
Widely used where ashlar stone is readily available.
Quite strong and rigid, though they are very heavy.
Stone should be hard, strong and resistance to wear and fire
resistance also.
Stone stairs may have following types of steps:
1. Rectangular steps with rebated joint.
17. Cont’d..
2. Spandril steps
3. Tread and riser steps
4. Cantilever tread steps
5. Built – up steps
BRICKS
Very common except at entrance.
It contains either solid wall or arched openings may be left for
obtaining storage space.
Frequent maintenance.
STEEL
Mild steel or cast iron steel are used only as emergency stairs.
Not common, though they are strong and fire resistant.
18. Cont’d..
R.C.C
R.C.C stairs are the one which widely used for residential, public
and industrial buildings.
Strong, hard wearing and fire resisting.
Usually cast in situ, and a variety of finishes can be made on
these.
R.C.C stairs may be divided into two categories
1. Stair with slab spanning horizontally.
2. Stair with slab spanning longitudinally.
19. Design of a staircase.
Plan a dog legged stair for a building in which the vertical
distance between the floor is 3.6 m. the stair hall measures 2.5 m
x 5m.
Shows the plan of a stair hall of a public building, which
measures 4.25 m x 5.25 m. the vertical distance between the floor
is 3.9 m.
21. Elevator
Elevator has been used in buildings having more than 4 stories.
Lift — An appliance designed to transport persons or
materials between two or more levels in a vertical or
substantially vertical direction by means of a guided car or
platform. The word ‘elevator’ is also synonymously used for
‘lift’.
Lift Car — The load carrying unit with its floor or platform,
car frame and enclosing bodywork.
Lift Landing — That’ portion of a building or structure used
for discharge of passengers or goods or both into or from a lift
car.
Lift Machine — The part of the lift equipment comprising the
motor and the control gear therewith, reduction gear (if any),
brake(s) and winding drum or sheave, by which the lift car is
raised or lowered.
22. Elevator
Lift Pit — The space in the lift well below the level of the
lowest lift landing served.
Lift Well — The unobstructed space within an enclosure
provided for the vertical movement of the lift car(s) and any
counterweight(s), including the lift pit and the space for top
clearance.
Lift Well Enclosure — Any structure which separates the lift
well from its surroundings.
Passenger Lift — A lift designed for the transport of
passengers.
Position and/or Direction Indicator — A device which
indicates on the lift landing or in the lift car or both, the
position of car in the lift well or the direction or both in which
the lift car is traveling.
23. Elevator
Rated Load (Lift) — The maximum load for which the lift
car is designed and installed to carry safely at its rated
speed.
Rated Speed (Lift) — The mean of the maximum speed
attained by the lift car in the upward and downward
direction with rated load in the lift car.
25. Overview of Types of ElevatorsOverview of Types of Elevators
Generally Two CategoriesGenerally Two Categories
Traction (Electric)
Virtually limitless rise (high & mid rise)
High speeds, but high installation cost
Hydraulic
Limited to heights of about 60 ft. (6 stories)
Lower speeds
Lower initial cost – higher power consumption
The systems are distinguished primarily by their hoisting mechanisms.
26. Overview of Types of Elevators
Generally Two CategoriesGenerally Two Categories
• Traction (Electric)
Geared Traction
Drive shaft is connected to the sheave
by gears in a gear box. Geared traction
systems are designed to operate in the
range of 100 to 500 fpm, which restricts
their use to mid rise buildings.
27. Overview of Types of ElevatorsOverview of Types of Elevators
Generally Two CategoriesGenerally Two Categories
• Traction (Electric)
Geared Traction
Gearless Traction
Gearless traction systems are designed
to operate in the range of 350 to 1200
fpm and typically installed in high-rise
buildings. Greater speeds are also
available.
28. Overview of Types of ElevatorsOverview of Types of Elevators
Generally Two CategoriesGenerally Two Categories
• Hydraulic
Holed Hydraulic
In-ground cylinder extends to a depth
equal to the rise of the elevator cab.
Current codes require double-bottom
cylinders with leak detection and
containment.
29. Overview of Types of Elevators
Generally Two CategoriesGenerally Two Categories
• Hydraulic
Holed Hydraulic
Holeless Hydraulic
Holeless hydraulic elevators use a
telescoping hydraulic piston as the
driving machine, eliminating the need
for an in-ground cylinder. Currently
limited to a height of about 3 stories.
30. Overview of Types of ElevatorsOverview of Types of Elevators
Generally Two CategoriesGenerally Two Categories
• Hydraulic
Holed Hydraulic
Holeless Hydraulic
Roped Hydraulic
Roped holeless hydraulic elevators use
a telescoping hydraulic piston and a
hoist rope and pulley system to increase
speed and travel heights.
31. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Machine RoomMachine Room
•• CabsCabs
•• HoistwayHoistway/Pits/Pits
Major ComponentsMajor Components
Machine rooms for traction elevators generally
located directly above the hoistway. Hydraulic
elevator machine rooms typically located at the
basement or lowest level adjacent to the hoistway.
33. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Hoist MachineHoist Machine
Machine RoomMachine Room
Can be geared traction machines
in which the power from the
motor is transmitted to the drive
sheave through reduction gears,
or a gearless machine in which
the hoist ropes pass over a
traction drive sheave which is an
integral part of the armature.
The grooved wheel of a traction-type hoisting machine over which
the hoist ropes pass, and by which motion is imparted to the car and
counterweight by the hoist ropes.
34. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Hoist MachineHoist Machine
•• Hoist MotorHoist Motor
Machine RoomMachine Room
Also called drive machines and
used for traction elevators.
They are the power units that
apply the energy to the hoist
machines. Can be AC or DC.
35. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Hoist Machine
• Hoist Motor
•• GeneratorGenerator
Machine RoomMachine Room
Generators are electro-
mechanical devices that
convert mechanical energy
to electrical energy (usually
direct current).
36. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• HoistHoist MachineMachine
•• Hoist MotorHoist Motor
•• GeneratorGenerator
•• GovernorGovernor
Machine RoomMachine Room
A mechanical speed control mechanism. Usually a wire-rope driven
centrifugal device used to stop and hold the movement of its driving
rope. This initiates the activation of the car safety device. It opens a
switch which cuts off power to the drive motor and brake if the car
travels at a preset overspeed in the down direction.
37. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Hoist MachineHoist Machine
•• Hoist MotorHoist Motor
•• GeneratorGenerator
•• GovernorGovernor
•• ControllersControllers
Machine RoomMachine Room
A device, or group of devices, which serve to control, in a
predetermined manner, the floor selection, drive speeds, car
selection and general operation of the elevators.
38. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• HoistHoist MachineMachine
•• Hoist MotorHoist Motor
•• GeneratorGenerator
•• GovernorGovernor
•• ControllersControllers
•• DisconnectsDisconnects
Machine RoomMachine Room
Switches to disconnect the power to the controller and cab lights and
located in the machine room.
39. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Roller GuidesRoller Guides
HoistwayHoistway / Pits/ Pits
Roller guides or guide rails are
steel T-section with machined
guiding surfaces installed
vertically in a hoistway to guide
and direct the course of travel
of an elevator car and elevator
counterweights.
40. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Roller GuidesRoller Guides
•• CounterweightsCounterweights
HoistwayHoistway / Pits/ Pits
A weight that counter-balances the
weight of an elevator car plus
approximately 40% of the capacity
load.
41. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Roller GuidesRoller Guides
•• CounterweightsCounterweights
•• Door InterlocksDoor Interlocks
HoistwayHoistway / Pits/ Pits
An electro-mechanical device that prevents operation of an elevator
unless the hoistway doors are in the closed and locked position; and
prevents opening of a hoistway door from the landing side unless the
elevator is in the landing zone and is either stopped or being stopped.
42. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Roller GuidesRoller Guides
•• CounterweightsCounterweights
•• Door InterlocksDoor Interlocks
•• TopTop--ofof--Car StationCar Station
HoistwayHoistway / Pits/ Pits
Controls on the top of the car used by an elevator maintenance
contractor to operate the car at inspection speed. It provides a
means of operating an elevator from on top of the car at slow speed
during adjustment, inspection, maintenance and repair.
43. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Roller GuidesRoller Guides
•• CounterweightsCounterweights
•• Door InterlocksDoor Interlocks
•• Top of Car StationTop of Car Station
•• BuffersBuffers
HoistwayHoistway / Pits/ Pits
A device designed to stop a descending car beyond its normal limit
of travel by storing or by absorbing and dissipating the kinetic
energy of the car. Spring buffers are used for elevators with speeds
less than 200 fpm. Oil buffers (for speeds greater than 200 fpm) use a
combination of oil and spring to cushion the elevator.
44. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Cab FinishesCab Finishes
Elevator CabsElevator Cabs
Decorative features in a
passenger elevator including
carpet or other flooring, wall
panels, door finishes, ceilings
and lighting.
45. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Cab FinishesCab Finishes
•• Cab ControlsCab Controls
Elevator CabsElevator Cabs
A car-operating panel with a
faceplate that is mounted in a fixed
(non-swing) panel or sidewall.
46. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Cab FinishesCab Finishes
•• Cab ControlsCab Controls
•• Safety FeaturesSafety Features
PhonesPhones
Door Safety EdgesDoor Safety Edges
Elevator CabsElevator Cabs
Two way communication devices in the
cab required by ADA and national
elevator codes for safety.
47. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Cab FinishesCab Finishes
•• Cab ControlsCab Controls
•• Safety FeaturesSafety Features
PhonesPhones
Door Safety EdgesDoor Safety Edges
Elevator CabsElevator Cabs
A door protective and automatic door reopening device, used with
automatic power door operators.
48. Elevator Components & DescriptionsElevator Components & Descriptions
•• Cab FinishesCab Finishes
•• Cab ControlsCab Controls
•• Safety FeaturesSafety Features
PhonesPhones
Door Safety EdgesDoor Safety Edges
•• Door OperatorsDoor Operators
Elevator CabsElevator Cabs
The Door Operator monitors the
speed and position of the car
doors and compares performance
against standards. Deviations in
kinetic energy during door travel
is corrected within milliseconds.
49. Preliminary Design or Design ConsiderationPreliminary Design or Design Consideration
P.S: Complete description refer NBCP.S: Complete description refer NBC--2005 (Part2005 (Part –– 8)8)
•• No. of lifts andNo. of lifts and hhandling capacityandling capacity
NumberNumber of floors to be served by theof floors to be served by the lift; Floorlift; Floor toto
floor distance;floor distance;
Population of each floor to be serve~Population of each floor to be serve~ and Maximumand Maximum
peak demand; this demandpeak demand; this demand maybe unidirectionalmaybe unidirectional, as, as
in up and downin up and down peak periodspeak periods, or a two, or a two--way trafficway traffic
movement.movement.
•• Preliminary LiftPreliminary Lift PlanningPlanning
population or the number of peoplepopulation or the number of people who requirewho require liftlift
serviceservice
50. Design ConsiderationDesign Consideration
handlinghandling capacity of the maximum flowcapacity of the maximum flow rate requiredrate required
by these people.by these people.
intervalinterval or the quality of service requiredor the quality of service required..
•• PopulationPopulation
AverageAverage population densitypopulation density can vary from about one person per 4 mcan vary from about one person per 4 m22
to oneto one person per 20 mperson per 20 m22
•• Quantity of serviceQuantity of service
51. Design ConsiderationDesign Consideration
•• Quality of serviceQuality of service
•• Traffic peakTraffic peak
•• CapacityCapacity
The minimum size of car recommended for a single purpose buildingsThe minimum size of car recommended for a single purpose buildings
is one suitable for a duty load of 884 kg. Generally, for large officeis one suitable for a duty load of 884 kg. Generally, for large office
buildings cars with capacities up to 2040 kg are recommendedbuildings cars with capacities up to 2040 kg are recommended
according to the requirements.according to the requirements.
54. The handling capacity is calculated byThe handling capacity is calculated by the following formula:the following formula:
H=(H=(3OOXQX1OO/(3OOXQX1OO/(TxPTxP))
wherewhere
H = Handling capacity as the percentage of theH = Handling capacity as the percentage of the
peak population handled during 5peak population handled during 5 min periodmin period,,
Q = Average number of passengers carried inQ = Average number of passengers carried in a cara car,,
T = Waiting interval in seconds, andT = Waiting interval in seconds, and
P = Total population to be handled during peakP = Total population to be handled during peak
morning period. (It is related to themorning period. (It is related to the area servedarea served by aby a
particular bank ofparticular bank of lifts).lifts).
Preliminary Design of ElevatorPreliminary Design of Elevator
55. ••The waiting interval is calculated by the followingThe waiting interval is calculated by the following
formula:formula:
T= RTT/NT= RTT/N
wherewhere
T = Waiting interval in seconds,T = Waiting interval in seconds,
N = Number of lifts, andN = Number of lifts, and
RTTRTT == RoundRound triptrip time,time, thatthat is,is, thethe averageaverage timetime requiredrequired byby
eacheach liftlift inin takingtaking oneone fullfull loadload ofof passengerspassengers fromfrom groundground
floor,floor, dischargingdischarging themthem inin variousvarious upperupper floorsfloors andand comingcoming
backback toto groundground floorfloor forfor takingtaking freshfresh passengerspassengers forfor thethe nextnext
triptrip
Preliminary Design of ElevatorPreliminary Design of Elevator
58. Escalator
Escalator — A power driven, inclined, continuous stairway
used for raising or lowering passengers.
Named Escalator by Charles
Seeberger in 1897 by combining
the latin word for steps “scala” and
elevator
Charles Seeberger sold rights
to Otis Elevator Company in 1902
which is currently the dominant player in the industry.
Most applications include department stores, airports,
shopping malls, convention centers, hotels, and public
buildings
One of the largest, most expensive machines people use
on a regular basis, but also one of the simplest.
59. Escalator Installation
It includes the escalator, the track, the trusses or girders,
the balustrading, the step treads and landings and all
chains, wires and machinery directly connected with the
operation of the escalator.
60. Features of escalator (Benefits)
Escalators are required to provide continuous mass transport
of people.
Escalators in department stores rise at an angle of between
(30°-35°). The 35° escalator is more economical, as it takes
up less surface area.
Have the capacity to move large numbers of people, and they
can be placed in the same physical space as one might install
a staircase.
Have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic)
They can be used to guide people toward main exits or
special exhibits, and may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.
Escalator speeds vary from 90 – 180 ft per minute, an
escalator moving 145 ft per minute can carry more that 10,000
people in an hour
61. Escalator operation and operating guidelines
As the escalators operate at a constant speed, serve only two levels
and have a known maximum capacity, the traffic study is rather easy.
Provided the population to be handled in a given time is known, it is
easy to predict the rate at which the population can be handled.
Regularly (at least monthly) apply a silicone friction reducer on skirt
panels
Document any unusual noises or vibrations.
Remove any debris
Monitor for broken comb teeth
Always remove the start-up key from the "on” direction.
If an escalator or moving walkway makes an automatic emergency
stop, perform a detailed equipment check before returning to
operation.
Do not permit overloading of passengers or freight.
Do not permit the use of an inoperative escalator as a stairway
62. Design Consideration
For normal peak periods, the recommended handling capacities for
design purposes should be taken as 3200 to 6400 persons per hour
depending upon the width of the escalator.
In accordance with a worldwide standard, the width of the step to be
used is 60 cm (for one person width)80 cm (for one- to two people
width) and 100 cm (for two people width).
The theoretical capacity then is: 3 600x (rated speed in m/s x k)/O.4
K = 1, 1.5 or 2 for 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 m step widths.
67. Ramps
Ramps are sloping surface that can be used to provide an easy
connection from floor to floor especially when large numbers of
people or vehicles are moving from time to time.
Ramps are adopted for buildings, such as stadiums, railroad
stations, exhibition halls, garage buildings, etc.
it is generally built with slopes up to 15% (15 cm in 100 cm) but
10% is preferred. With 10% slope and a storey height of 12 feet
a ramp connecting two floors would have to be 120 feet long.
It can be curved, zigzagged, u-shaped or spiraled and bin all
cases should be constructed with a non-slip surface.
68. Design Consideration
An exterior location is preferred for ramps. Indoor ramps are not
recommended because they take up a great deal of space.
Ideally, the entrance to a ramp should be immediately adjacent
to the stairs.
Ramps configuration
70. Design Consideration
Landings
Ramps should be provided with landings for resting,
maneuvering and avoiding excessive speed.
Landings should be provided every 10.00 m, at every change of
direction and at the top and bottom of every ramp.
Handrail
A protective handrail at least 0.40 m
Surface
The ramp surface should be hard and non-slip.
Tactile marking
A colored textural indication at the top and bottom of the ramp
should be placed to alert sightless people as to the location of the
ramp.
The marking strip width should not be less than 0.60 m.
73. References
B.C. Punmia; Ashok Kumar Jain; Arun Kumar Jain (2005).
“Building Construction." . Lakshmi Publishers Limited, New
Delhi – 110002.
National Building Code (2005) Published By Bureau of
Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar
Marg, NEW DELHI 110002.
http://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en