This document discusses bolted connections. It outlines advantages like quick fabrication and load transfer when bolts are tightened. Disadvantages include reduced strength under vibration if bolts loosen. Bolted connections are classified based on resultant force, bolt force type, and force transfer mechanism. Failure can occur via bolt shear, bearing, or tension, or plate bearing or tearing. Key terminology includes pitch (bolt spacing), gauge (row spacing), end and edge distances. Design considers bolt shear, bearing and tension strengths versus plate tensile strength.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
The document discusses bolted connections, describing different types of bolts according to material, strength, shear type, fit, pitch, and head shape. It outlines advantages like strength, speed of installation, and easy removal compared to rivets. Disadvantages include reduced strength in axial tension and from loosening under vibration. Types of bolted joints include lap, butt, shop, and field joints. Analysis and design of bolted connections is similar to rivets, accounting for bolt strength based on nominal diameter. Design of bolted shear connections uses laws of friction to calculate load capacity based on number of interfaces and clamping force. An example problem is given to design a doubly bolted lap joint.
Mechanical fasteners hold machine or structural parts together and come in many forms. They are classified as either detachable or non-detachable. Detachable fasteners include threaded and non-threaded types. Threaded fasteners can be externally or internally threaded, while non-threaded types include pins, clips, and snaps. Proper fastener selection depends on factors like strength, security, cost, and ease of installation. Common threaded fasteners are screws, bolts, and nuts, which vary in size, shape, and application. Proper terminology and specifications ensure fasteners are correctly identified and applied.
Threaded fasteners such as bolts and nuts are used to join machine parts. They allow parts to be dismantled without damage. Threaded joints provide clamping force through wedge action of threads. They are reliable, have small dimensions, and can be positioned vertically, horizontally, or inclined. However, they require holes which cause stress concentrations and can loosen under vibration. Bolts have heads and threaded shanks, while nuts have internal threads. Washers distribute load and prevent marring. Bolts are subjected to both tension and shear stresses, and standard nuts have a height of 0.8 times the bolt diameter to prevent shear failure. Eccentric loads on bolts cause additional stresses.
The document discusses design requirements for bolted and welded structural connections. Key points include:
1) Connections must be designed for both strength and serviceability limit states. Slip-critical bolted connections resist shear through friction and must not slip under service loads.
2) Bolted connections can be designed as either slip-critical or bearing-type depending on loading conditions. Slip-critical connections rely on pretensioned bolts while bearing connections transmit load through bolt bearing and shear strength.
3) Proper bolt pretension, hole size, edge and end distances must be provided to develop the full strength of slip-critical and bearing-type bolted connections. Weld quality is important for
The document discusses design requirements for bolted and welded structural connections. Key points include:
1) Connections must be designed for both strength and serviceability limit states. Slip-critical bolted connections resist shear through friction and must not slip under service loads.
2) Bolted connections can be designed as either slip-critical or bearing-type depending on loading conditions. Slip-critical connections rely on pretensioned bolts while bearing connections transmit load through bolt bearing and shear strength.
3) Proper bolt pretension, hole size, edge and end distances must be considered for bolted connection design according to specifications. Welded connections require quality control due to potential subsurface defects.
The document discusses design considerations for bolted and welded connections. For bolted connections, it describes requirements for slip-critical and bearing-type bolted connections. It provides equations for calculating the nominal shear and bearing resistances of bolts. For welded connections, it describes fillet and groove welds. It provides the equation for calculating the shear strength of a fillet weld and notes limitations on weld sizes.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
The document discusses bolted connections, describing different types of bolts according to material, strength, shear type, fit, pitch, and head shape. It outlines advantages like strength, speed of installation, and easy removal compared to rivets. Disadvantages include reduced strength in axial tension and from loosening under vibration. Types of bolted joints include lap, butt, shop, and field joints. Analysis and design of bolted connections is similar to rivets, accounting for bolt strength based on nominal diameter. Design of bolted shear connections uses laws of friction to calculate load capacity based on number of interfaces and clamping force. An example problem is given to design a doubly bolted lap joint.
Mechanical fasteners hold machine or structural parts together and come in many forms. They are classified as either detachable or non-detachable. Detachable fasteners include threaded and non-threaded types. Threaded fasteners can be externally or internally threaded, while non-threaded types include pins, clips, and snaps. Proper fastener selection depends on factors like strength, security, cost, and ease of installation. Common threaded fasteners are screws, bolts, and nuts, which vary in size, shape, and application. Proper terminology and specifications ensure fasteners are correctly identified and applied.
Threaded fasteners such as bolts and nuts are used to join machine parts. They allow parts to be dismantled without damage. Threaded joints provide clamping force through wedge action of threads. They are reliable, have small dimensions, and can be positioned vertically, horizontally, or inclined. However, they require holes which cause stress concentrations and can loosen under vibration. Bolts have heads and threaded shanks, while nuts have internal threads. Washers distribute load and prevent marring. Bolts are subjected to both tension and shear stresses, and standard nuts have a height of 0.8 times the bolt diameter to prevent shear failure. Eccentric loads on bolts cause additional stresses.
The document discusses design requirements for bolted and welded structural connections. Key points include:
1) Connections must be designed for both strength and serviceability limit states. Slip-critical bolted connections resist shear through friction and must not slip under service loads.
2) Bolted connections can be designed as either slip-critical or bearing-type depending on loading conditions. Slip-critical connections rely on pretensioned bolts while bearing connections transmit load through bolt bearing and shear strength.
3) Proper bolt pretension, hole size, edge and end distances must be provided to develop the full strength of slip-critical and bearing-type bolted connections. Weld quality is important for
The document discusses design requirements for bolted and welded structural connections. Key points include:
1) Connections must be designed for both strength and serviceability limit states. Slip-critical bolted connections resist shear through friction and must not slip under service loads.
2) Bolted connections can be designed as either slip-critical or bearing-type depending on loading conditions. Slip-critical connections rely on pretensioned bolts while bearing connections transmit load through bolt bearing and shear strength.
3) Proper bolt pretension, hole size, edge and end distances must be considered for bolted connection design according to specifications. Welded connections require quality control due to potential subsurface defects.
The document discusses design considerations for bolted and welded connections. For bolted connections, it describes requirements for slip-critical and bearing-type bolted connections. It provides equations for calculating the nominal shear and bearing resistances of bolts. For welded connections, it describes fillet and groove welds. It provides the equation for calculating the shear strength of a fillet weld and notes limitations on weld sizes.
Unit 5 Design of Threaded and Welded JointsMahesh Shinde
1) The document discusses different types of threaded and welded joints. It describes various threaded fasteners like bolts, studs, screws and their characteristics.
2) For threaded joints subjected to eccentric loads, it explains how to calculate the primary and secondary shear forces on each bolt. This involves finding the center of gravity of the bolt system and determining the forces based on the load direction.
3) Sample problems are included to demonstrate how to select the bolt size based on the maximum resultant shear force and required factor of safety. Calculations are shown for eccentrically loaded bolted joints with the load in the plane of bolts.
This presentation is on design of welded and riveted connections in steel structures. in this presentation we learn briefly about these connections and design terminology about these connections.
This document discusses various sheet metal forming processes and related topics. It begins by outlining some key metal characteristics that affect sheet metal processing, such as elongation, anisotropy, grain size, and residual stress. It then describes basic sheet metal processes like cutting, bending, drawing, and various specific processes like roll forming, spinning, and super plastic forming. The document provides details on processes like shearing, punching, bending, deep drawing, and stretch forming. It also discusses topics such as formability tests, springback, necking, and methods for measuring strain in sheet metal.
Metal forming processes like extrusion, drawing, bending and shearing are discussed. Extrusion involves compressing metal inside a chamber and forcing it through a die. Direct and indirect extrusion are described. Drawing involves pulling metal through a die to reduce its cross-section. Deep drawing forms cylindrical or box shapes from sheet metal. Shearing uses a punch and die to cut sheet metal. Bending forms shapes by curving sheet metal around a bend line without failure. Defects like surface cracking and piping in extrusion are also summarized.
1. Sheet metal forming operations include bending, stretching, deep drawing, and other processes where sheets are formed. Bending involves shaping a straight length into a curve and can be done using presses or rolls.
2. Deep drawing uses a die and punch to shape flat sheets into cup-shaped parts. Stretch forming clamps sheet edges and stretches the sheet over a die into the desired shape.
3. Successful forming requires considering the material properties, die and process parameters to avoid defects like cracks, wrinkles, and non-uniform thinning. Minimum bend radii, lubrication, and holding pressure all impact the quality of formed parts.
Proper clearance between the die and punch is important for stamping operations. Too large of a clearance can result in rolled edges or crowning, while too small can cause high stripping forces and secondary shear where the fractures from the die and punch do not meet cleanly.
For cutting operations in ferrous metals, shear strength is typically 70-80% of ultimate tensile strength. Tonnage can be calculated as the ultimate tensile strength multiplied by the perimeter, thickness, and a compensation factor for die wear. Work and energy of cutting is calculated as average force multiplied by the penetration distance.
Bending operations involve applying forces to sheet metal to create bends and folds. The bend radius, bend angle, and
The document discusses the design of bolted and welded structural connections. It covers topics such as:
1) Connections must be designed for strength limit states and be symmetrical about member axes.
2) Slip-critical bolted connections resist shear through pre-tensioned bolts generating friction, while bearing connections transmit load through bolt bearing and shear.
3) Design of bolted connections involves checking the nominal shear and bearing resistances of bolts and connected materials against factored loads.
chapter 4 flexural design of beam 2021.pdfAshrafZaman33
This chapter discusses the flexural analysis and design of beams. It covers fundamental assumptions for bending and shear stresses in beams. It also discusses bending behavior of homogeneous and reinforced concrete beams. The chapter includes analysis of cracked and uncracked beam sections, and design for flexure including underreinforced, overreinforced and balanced conditions. It also covers design of doubly reinforced beams, T-beams and practical considerations like concrete cover and bar spacing.
The Ilizarov external fixator system consists of rings, wires, rods, and other connectors that can be assembled in various configurations. It is used to treat bone deformities by providing compression, distraction, angulation, and rotation. Key components include half rings, olive wires, and telescoping rods. Proper tensioning and fixation of wires and connectors is important for stability during treatment.
Welding is a very commonly used permanent joining process.
A welding joint is a point or edge where two or more pieces of metal or plastic are joined together. They are formed by welding two or more workpieces (metal or plastic) according to a particular geometry. Five types of joints referred to by the American Welding Society: butt, corner, edge, lap, and tee. These configurations may have various configurations at the joint where actual welding can occur.
Welded connections can join metal pieces through a metallurgical bond. Common welded joints include butt joints, fillet welds, slot welds, and plug welds. Fillet welds join surfaces at right angles and have a triangular cross-section. Specifications cover weld sizes, lengths, and stresses. Advantages of welding include increased strength and reduced weight, while disadvantages include potential cracking and distortion during cooling. Design of welded joints involves calculating weld sizes and lengths to transmit required loads based on permissible stresses.
Tension members are structural elements that are designed to carry axial tensile loads. They experience stretching forces that subject their entire cross-section to uniform stress. Common examples include ropes, ties in trusses, and suspenders in bridges. Tension members are most efficient load carriers. They are susceptible to three potential failure modes: gross section yielding, net section rupture, and block shear failure. The design strength of a tension member is the lowest value of its strength under these three failure modes.
The document discusses the design of various types of screw fasteners. It describes screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces. Screw joints are commonly used for assembly and have advantages of being convenient to assemble/disassemble, reliable, and inexpensive due to standardization. The main types of screw fasteners are bolts, screws, studs, tapping screws, and set screws. Stresses in screw joints include tension, torsional shear, shear across threads, crushing stress, and bending stress. Screw joints are also subjected to stresses from initial tightening and external loads. Design considerations are discussed for bolted joints under eccentric loading parallel or perpendicular to the bolt axis.
This document provides an overview of various metal forming processes including rolling, extrusion, drawing, forging, bending, punching, blanking, deep drawing, and stretch forming. It discusses the basic mechanisms, types, defects, and forces involved in each process. Key points covered include how rolling reduces thickness through plastic deformation between rolls, the differences between direct and indirect extrusion, how drawing reduces cross-sectional area by pulling metal through a die, and common defects that can occur in deep drawing like wrinkling, tearing, and earing.
This document provides information about bolted connections in steel structures. It defines bolted connections as joints used to connect structural components using bolts. It describes the different types of bolted joints, including butt joints and lap joints. It also outlines the assumptions made in designing bolted connections and defines important terminology used such as pitch distance, gauge distance, edge distance, and end distance.
This document discusses extrusion and drawing manufacturing processes. Extrusion involves forcing a billet through a die to reduce its cross-section into a constant shape. Drawing reduces the cross-section of a round rod or wire by pulling it through a die. Both processes involve controlling variables like temperature, speed, lubrication, and die design to shape the material and minimize defects from stresses, cracking, or non-uniform flow.
Sheet metal bending involves straining flat sheet perpendicular to its length to form a bend. During bending, fibers on the outside of the bend are stretched while fibers on the inside are compressed. At some point within the material lies the neutral bending line where forces cancel out. Common bending operations include V-bending using a V-shaped die, edge bending which clamps and wipes material into a die, and U-bending into channels. Proper consideration of bend allowance, springback, and bending force is required to achieve the desired bend geometry. Other bending operations are flanging, hemming, curling, seaming, and staking.
Connecting technology
What connecting fittings from Hettich join together just doesn't come apart. Solutions for any jointing task, for flexibility in design and construction today and tomorrow. Permitting the choice of classic and many new lightweight materials. Simple to use in production and assembly. Technology that stays put – perfection that's expected. From Hettich.
Unit 5 Design of Threaded and Welded JointsMahesh Shinde
1) The document discusses different types of threaded and welded joints. It describes various threaded fasteners like bolts, studs, screws and their characteristics.
2) For threaded joints subjected to eccentric loads, it explains how to calculate the primary and secondary shear forces on each bolt. This involves finding the center of gravity of the bolt system and determining the forces based on the load direction.
3) Sample problems are included to demonstrate how to select the bolt size based on the maximum resultant shear force and required factor of safety. Calculations are shown for eccentrically loaded bolted joints with the load in the plane of bolts.
This presentation is on design of welded and riveted connections in steel structures. in this presentation we learn briefly about these connections and design terminology about these connections.
This document discusses various sheet metal forming processes and related topics. It begins by outlining some key metal characteristics that affect sheet metal processing, such as elongation, anisotropy, grain size, and residual stress. It then describes basic sheet metal processes like cutting, bending, drawing, and various specific processes like roll forming, spinning, and super plastic forming. The document provides details on processes like shearing, punching, bending, deep drawing, and stretch forming. It also discusses topics such as formability tests, springback, necking, and methods for measuring strain in sheet metal.
Metal forming processes like extrusion, drawing, bending and shearing are discussed. Extrusion involves compressing metal inside a chamber and forcing it through a die. Direct and indirect extrusion are described. Drawing involves pulling metal through a die to reduce its cross-section. Deep drawing forms cylindrical or box shapes from sheet metal. Shearing uses a punch and die to cut sheet metal. Bending forms shapes by curving sheet metal around a bend line without failure. Defects like surface cracking and piping in extrusion are also summarized.
1. Sheet metal forming operations include bending, stretching, deep drawing, and other processes where sheets are formed. Bending involves shaping a straight length into a curve and can be done using presses or rolls.
2. Deep drawing uses a die and punch to shape flat sheets into cup-shaped parts. Stretch forming clamps sheet edges and stretches the sheet over a die into the desired shape.
3. Successful forming requires considering the material properties, die and process parameters to avoid defects like cracks, wrinkles, and non-uniform thinning. Minimum bend radii, lubrication, and holding pressure all impact the quality of formed parts.
Proper clearance between the die and punch is important for stamping operations. Too large of a clearance can result in rolled edges or crowning, while too small can cause high stripping forces and secondary shear where the fractures from the die and punch do not meet cleanly.
For cutting operations in ferrous metals, shear strength is typically 70-80% of ultimate tensile strength. Tonnage can be calculated as the ultimate tensile strength multiplied by the perimeter, thickness, and a compensation factor for die wear. Work and energy of cutting is calculated as average force multiplied by the penetration distance.
Bending operations involve applying forces to sheet metal to create bends and folds. The bend radius, bend angle, and
The document discusses the design of bolted and welded structural connections. It covers topics such as:
1) Connections must be designed for strength limit states and be symmetrical about member axes.
2) Slip-critical bolted connections resist shear through pre-tensioned bolts generating friction, while bearing connections transmit load through bolt bearing and shear.
3) Design of bolted connections involves checking the nominal shear and bearing resistances of bolts and connected materials against factored loads.
chapter 4 flexural design of beam 2021.pdfAshrafZaman33
This chapter discusses the flexural analysis and design of beams. It covers fundamental assumptions for bending and shear stresses in beams. It also discusses bending behavior of homogeneous and reinforced concrete beams. The chapter includes analysis of cracked and uncracked beam sections, and design for flexure including underreinforced, overreinforced and balanced conditions. It also covers design of doubly reinforced beams, T-beams and practical considerations like concrete cover and bar spacing.
The Ilizarov external fixator system consists of rings, wires, rods, and other connectors that can be assembled in various configurations. It is used to treat bone deformities by providing compression, distraction, angulation, and rotation. Key components include half rings, olive wires, and telescoping rods. Proper tensioning and fixation of wires and connectors is important for stability during treatment.
Welding is a very commonly used permanent joining process.
A welding joint is a point or edge where two or more pieces of metal or plastic are joined together. They are formed by welding two or more workpieces (metal or plastic) according to a particular geometry. Five types of joints referred to by the American Welding Society: butt, corner, edge, lap, and tee. These configurations may have various configurations at the joint where actual welding can occur.
Welded connections can join metal pieces through a metallurgical bond. Common welded joints include butt joints, fillet welds, slot welds, and plug welds. Fillet welds join surfaces at right angles and have a triangular cross-section. Specifications cover weld sizes, lengths, and stresses. Advantages of welding include increased strength and reduced weight, while disadvantages include potential cracking and distortion during cooling. Design of welded joints involves calculating weld sizes and lengths to transmit required loads based on permissible stresses.
Tension members are structural elements that are designed to carry axial tensile loads. They experience stretching forces that subject their entire cross-section to uniform stress. Common examples include ropes, ties in trusses, and suspenders in bridges. Tension members are most efficient load carriers. They are susceptible to three potential failure modes: gross section yielding, net section rupture, and block shear failure. The design strength of a tension member is the lowest value of its strength under these three failure modes.
The document discusses the design of various types of screw fasteners. It describes screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces. Screw joints are commonly used for assembly and have advantages of being convenient to assemble/disassemble, reliable, and inexpensive due to standardization. The main types of screw fasteners are bolts, screws, studs, tapping screws, and set screws. Stresses in screw joints include tension, torsional shear, shear across threads, crushing stress, and bending stress. Screw joints are also subjected to stresses from initial tightening and external loads. Design considerations are discussed for bolted joints under eccentric loading parallel or perpendicular to the bolt axis.
This document provides an overview of various metal forming processes including rolling, extrusion, drawing, forging, bending, punching, blanking, deep drawing, and stretch forming. It discusses the basic mechanisms, types, defects, and forces involved in each process. Key points covered include how rolling reduces thickness through plastic deformation between rolls, the differences between direct and indirect extrusion, how drawing reduces cross-sectional area by pulling metal through a die, and common defects that can occur in deep drawing like wrinkling, tearing, and earing.
This document provides information about bolted connections in steel structures. It defines bolted connections as joints used to connect structural components using bolts. It describes the different types of bolted joints, including butt joints and lap joints. It also outlines the assumptions made in designing bolted connections and defines important terminology used such as pitch distance, gauge distance, edge distance, and end distance.
This document discusses extrusion and drawing manufacturing processes. Extrusion involves forcing a billet through a die to reduce its cross-section into a constant shape. Drawing reduces the cross-section of a round rod or wire by pulling it through a die. Both processes involve controlling variables like temperature, speed, lubrication, and die design to shape the material and minimize defects from stresses, cracking, or non-uniform flow.
Sheet metal bending involves straining flat sheet perpendicular to its length to form a bend. During bending, fibers on the outside of the bend are stretched while fibers on the inside are compressed. At some point within the material lies the neutral bending line where forces cancel out. Common bending operations include V-bending using a V-shaped die, edge bending which clamps and wipes material into a die, and U-bending into channels. Proper consideration of bend allowance, springback, and bending force is required to achieve the desired bend geometry. Other bending operations are flanging, hemming, curling, seaming, and staking.
Connecting technology
What connecting fittings from Hettich join together just doesn't come apart. Solutions for any jointing task, for flexibility in design and construction today and tomorrow. Permitting the choice of classic and many new lightweight materials. Simple to use in production and assembly. Technology that stays put – perfection that's expected. From Hettich.
The gantry girder is a component of an overhead crane that supports the bridge and trolley. It experiences vertical, lateral, and longitudinal loads from these components as well as impact loads. The document discusses the sections used for gantry girders and factors like limiting deflection that are considered in their design.
This document provides an overview of modern earthquake resistance techniques, focusing on base isolation and seismic dampers. It discusses how base isolation works to isolate the superstructure from ground motion using elastomeric or sliding bearings, increasing the structure's period and reducing response. Seismic dampers also help control seismic damage by absorbing some of the energy through viscous, tuned mass, or friction damping. The document outlines examples of these techniques used successfully in various buildings worldwide.
The document discusses various types of beam sections used in construction. It defines terms like joist, girder, purlin, and lintel. It describes the behavior of beams under loading in the elastic and plastic flexural ranges. It also classifies beam cross sections as class 1 to 4 depending on their width-to-thickness ratio, which determines their resistance to local buckling. Key design considerations for beams include bending moment, shear force, deflection, bearing stress, and buckling. Web buckling and crippling can occur due to high vertical stresses.
There are three main steps to designing a column splice:
1. Determine loads on the splice from axial, bending and shear forces. For axial loads, splices are designed to carry 50% of the load for machined ends or 100% for non-machined ends.
2. Design the splice plates to resist the loads using the yield stress as the design strength. Plate size is calculated based on load and stress.
3. Determine the number and size of bolts required based on the plate load capacity and bolt strengths in shear or bearing. Splice widths match the column and minimum plate thickness is 6mm.
This document outlines the course objectives and outcomes for an Earthquake Engineering course. The course aims to teach students about the behavior of structures during earthquakes, mathematical modeling of structures, dynamic behavior, and earthquake resistant design philosophies. The course contains 6 units that cover topics like seismology, vibration theory, response spectrum analysis, conceptual design principles, masonry structures, and modern earthquake resistant techniques. Students will learn how to mathematically model single degree of freedom systems and design earthquake resistant structures using code provisions. They will also learn about modern techniques like base isolation and seismic dampers.
This document discusses the design of tension members in trusses. It covers common tension member sections like angles, channels, and rods. It describes the three modes of failure for tension members as yielding of the gross cross section, rupture of the critical section, and block shear. It then provides the formulas to calculate the design strength based on these failure modes for different section types like plates and single angle sections. Finally, it provides sample design questions related to calculating the design tension strength of various angle and rod sections connected to gusset plates with bolts or welds.
This document discusses compression members, which are structural elements that experience compressive forces. It defines various terms for compression members like struts, columns, stanchions, and posts. Common cross section shapes used for compression members are listed, along with the main failure modes of crushing and buckling. Key design considerations for compression members mentioned are effective length, slenderness ratio, and selecting an economical cross section.
This document discusses compression members, which include columns, struts, stanchions, and posts. Common cross sections used for compression members are single and double angles, channels, I-sections, rods, composite sections, and tube sections. Compression members can fail due to crushing or buckling. Key terms in the design of compression members are effective length, slenderness ratio, and economical cross section. The document provides examples of calculating the effective length and design compressive strength of a column.
This document contains questions about beams for an assignment. It asks to explain the design procedure for a laterally supported beam, differentiate between laterally supported and unsupported beams, explain web buckling and web crippling with a sketch, and explain the classification of beam sections, behavior of beams under flexure, and what plastic modulus of a section is.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
2. Advantages of Bolted Connections
• Noiseless and quick fabrication
• No special equipment/process needed for installation
• Fast progress of work
• The connection supports loads as soon as the bolts are tightened
• HSFG bolts do not allow any slip between the elements connected
• Due to the clamping action, load is transmitted by friction only and the
bolts are not subjected to shear and bearing
• Due to the smaller number of bolts, the gusset plate sizes are reduced.
• Deformation is minimized
• No heating is required
• Alterations
3. Disadvantages of Bolted Connections
• Bolted connection have lesser strength in axial tension as the net
area at the root of the thread is less.
• Under vibratory loads the strength is reduced if the connections get
loosened.
• Unfinished bolts have lesser strength because of non uniform
diameter.
• Architectural look.
4. Classification of bolted connection
• On the basis of resultant force transferred
• On the basis of type of force experienced by
bolts
• On the basis forced transfer mechanism by
bolts
5. • On the basis of resultant force transferred
– Concentric connections
– Eccentric connections
6.
7. On the basis of type of force experienced by
bolts
• Lap Joint
• Butt Joint
• Bolts in pure tension
• Bolts with tension and shear
Shear Force
13. Failure of Bolted connections
• Failure of bolts due to Shear, bearing and
tension
• Failure of connection plates due to bearing,
tearing or block shear failure
14. Failure of bolts due to Shear, bearing and tension
• Shear failure of bolts
20. • Pitch (P): Pitch is center to center spacing of bolts in a row,
measured along direction of load.
• Gauge Distance (g): It is the distance between the two consecutive
bolts of adjacent rows and is measured at right angles to the
direction of load.
• End Distance (𝑒1): It is the distance in the direction of the from the
center of bolt hole to the end of the plate
• Edge Distance (𝑒2): It is the distance of bolt hole from the
adjacent edge of the plate.
21. • Pitch distance (P):
– Minimum pitch = 2.5X nominal dia. of bolt
– Maximum Pitch
1) Tension member = P ≯ 16 t or 200 mm whichever is less
t= thickness of thinner plate
2) Compression member = P ≯ 12 t or 200 mm whichever is less
3) Tacking bolts = 32t or 300 whichever is less
16t or 200 when exposed to weather
Tension member = P ≯1000mm
Compression member = P ≯ 600mm
22. • Gauge Distance (g) = The distance between the centers
of any two consecutive fasteners in a line adjacent and
parallel to an edge of an outside plate ≯ 100 mm plus 4t
or 200 mm, whichever is less, in compression and
tension members.
t = is the thickness of the thinner outside plate.
23. • Edge Distance (𝑒1)and End Distance (𝑒2)
– Minimum edge and end distance ≮ 1.7 x Hole Dia
(for hand flame cut edges)
– Minimum edge and end distance ≮ 1.5 x Hole Dia
(Rolled steel sections)
– Maximum edge distance and end distance
e≯ 12.t.Ԑ
Where Ԑ=
250
𝑓𝑦
26. Strengths of bolted
connections
Design
strength of
bolts
Shear
strength of
bolts
Bearing
strength
of bolts
Tension
strength
of bolts (If any)
Design
strength of
Plates
Tensile
strength of
plate
27. • Number of bolt required (N) =
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
• Bolt value is minimum of strength of bolt in Shear
, Bearing and Tension
• Efficiency of bolted joint (ƞ)=
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
