This document discusses jet weaving processes. In jet weaving, a fluid such as air or water is used to insert the weft yarn through the shed. For air jet weaving, compressed air is accelerated through a nozzle to provide the force to insert the weft. For water jet weaving, water is pressurized using pumps. Key factors that influence the tractive force on the weft include the velocity and viscosity of the fluid, the roughness of the weft yarn, and temperature. Modern jet looms can operate at high speeds up to 1500 picks per minute for water jet and even higher for air jet looms.
Rapier weaving is a shuttleless weaving technique where rigid or flexible rapiers carry the weft yarn through the shed. There are single and double rapier systems, with double being more common. In double systems, one rapier (giver) brings the yarn to the center and transfers it to the other rapier (taker) to carry to the other side. Dewas and Gabler systems differ in how the transfer occurs. Rapier machines are versatile and efficient with minimal stress on the weft yarn, resulting in high quality fabrics and low yarn breakage. Factors like machine speed, yarn properties, and shed formation affect yarn stresses.
Dref system is Dref 3000
which was introduced in
2003.It has higher
production capacity than
Dref 2000.
This document discusses friction spinning, also known as Dref spinning. It is a textile technology suitable for spinning coarse yarn counts and technical core-wrapped yarns. Dref yarns have low tensile strength, making them suitable for blankets, mops, and filters. The technology was developed in 1975 and allows yarns like rayon and Kevlar to be spun. Friction spinning uses two friction surfaces to roll fibers into yarn with very little tension applied. This makes it more productive than other spinning methods like ring and rotor spinning. Developments
This presentation summarizes the important parts of a ring frame machine. It discusses the main operations of the ring frame as creeling, drafting, twisting, winding and doffing. It then describes the main parts of the ring frame such as the roving bobbin, roving, creel, guide rail, drafting arrangement, yarn, yarn guide, spindle, traveler and ring. Diagrams are included to illustrate the condenser, apron, ring and traveler, spindle and lappet. The presentation provides an overview of the key components and processes involved in ring frame spinning.
The document discusses the key components and processes of a speed frame machine. It describes the functions of creeling, drafting, twisting, building, and winding processes to attenuate sliver and produce roving. The drafting system and its roller configuration is explained. Common issues like irregular roving, breakages, and machine faults are also summarized.
This document discusses the rotor spinning process. It begins by describing the basic principle of open-end yarn formation and the different types of open-end spinning processes. It then provides details on the specific features, principles, and settings of rotor spinning machines. This includes descriptions of the feed, sliver opening, fiber transport, yarn formation, and winding processes. It discusses the raw material requirements and preparation for rotor spinning. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the rotor spinning process from fiber preparation through yarn formation and winding.
The document discusses the draw frame process and its components. A draw frame is used to improve the quality and evenness of carded sliver by straightening fibers, increasing parallelization and reducing weight variations. It works by drafting (attenuating) multiple input slivers through roller pairs to produce a single, more uniform output sliver. Key components include the drafting arrangement, which applies different levels of draft, and an auto-leveling system to compensate for input weight variations and maintain consistent output. The document provides details on draw frame components, working principles, objectives and the influence of drafting and doubling on sliver quality.
The document provides information about circular knitting machines. It defines knitting as transforming yarn into interlocking loops. Circular knitting creates seamless tubes using circular needles or machines. Machine parts include the frame, power supply, yarn feeding system, and quality control components. Circular knitting machines are used to produce fabrics for various garments and other materials. Modern machines feature computer controls to monitor functions like speed and stops.
Rapier weaving is a shuttleless weaving technique where rigid or flexible rapiers carry the weft yarn through the shed. There are single and double rapier systems, with double being more common. In double systems, one rapier (giver) brings the yarn to the center and transfers it to the other rapier (taker) to carry to the other side. Dewas and Gabler systems differ in how the transfer occurs. Rapier machines are versatile and efficient with minimal stress on the weft yarn, resulting in high quality fabrics and low yarn breakage. Factors like machine speed, yarn properties, and shed formation affect yarn stresses.
Dref system is Dref 3000
which was introduced in
2003.It has higher
production capacity than
Dref 2000.
This document discusses friction spinning, also known as Dref spinning. It is a textile technology suitable for spinning coarse yarn counts and technical core-wrapped yarns. Dref yarns have low tensile strength, making them suitable for blankets, mops, and filters. The technology was developed in 1975 and allows yarns like rayon and Kevlar to be spun. Friction spinning uses two friction surfaces to roll fibers into yarn with very little tension applied. This makes it more productive than other spinning methods like ring and rotor spinning. Developments
This presentation summarizes the important parts of a ring frame machine. It discusses the main operations of the ring frame as creeling, drafting, twisting, winding and doffing. It then describes the main parts of the ring frame such as the roving bobbin, roving, creel, guide rail, drafting arrangement, yarn, yarn guide, spindle, traveler and ring. Diagrams are included to illustrate the condenser, apron, ring and traveler, spindle and lappet. The presentation provides an overview of the key components and processes involved in ring frame spinning.
The document discusses the key components and processes of a speed frame machine. It describes the functions of creeling, drafting, twisting, building, and winding processes to attenuate sliver and produce roving. The drafting system and its roller configuration is explained. Common issues like irregular roving, breakages, and machine faults are also summarized.
This document discusses the rotor spinning process. It begins by describing the basic principle of open-end yarn formation and the different types of open-end spinning processes. It then provides details on the specific features, principles, and settings of rotor spinning machines. This includes descriptions of the feed, sliver opening, fiber transport, yarn formation, and winding processes. It discusses the raw material requirements and preparation for rotor spinning. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the rotor spinning process from fiber preparation through yarn formation and winding.
The document discusses the draw frame process and its components. A draw frame is used to improve the quality and evenness of carded sliver by straightening fibers, increasing parallelization and reducing weight variations. It works by drafting (attenuating) multiple input slivers through roller pairs to produce a single, more uniform output sliver. Key components include the drafting arrangement, which applies different levels of draft, and an auto-leveling system to compensate for input weight variations and maintain consistent output. The document provides details on draw frame components, working principles, objectives and the influence of drafting and doubling on sliver quality.
The document provides information about circular knitting machines. It defines knitting as transforming yarn into interlocking loops. Circular knitting creates seamless tubes using circular needles or machines. Machine parts include the frame, power supply, yarn feeding system, and quality control components. Circular knitting machines are used to produce fabrics for various garments and other materials. Modern machines feature computer controls to monitor functions like speed and stops.
DRAFTING IN SPINNING PROCESS Principle of yarn manufacturing pdfVijay Prakash
Drafting in yarn manufacturing is the process of attenuating loose fibers called slivers by passing them through rollers. This straightens and makes the fibers more parallel. Drafting involves pulling fibers through rollers at different speeds to lengthen and thin them out. There are three types of drafts: mechanical draft from speed differences between rollers, actual/resultant draft accounting for slippage, and tension draft from fiber tension. Drafting arrangements, elements, and settings are important factors that influence yarn evenness and strength.
Picking Mechanism | Beat Up Mechanism | Over Picking Under Picking MechanismMd Rakibul Hassan
The document discusses weaving technology and describes different mechanisms involved. It focuses on picking and beat-up mechanisms. Picking inserts the weft thread through the warp shed and can be bidirectional or unidirectional. Beat-up drives the inserted weft to the fell of the cloth. There are different types of picking (over, under) and beat-up (single, double, cam) mechanisms that are suited to different fabric weights and loom styles. Faults like early/late picking and factors influencing beat-up force are also covered.
The document discusses the roving frame machine, which comes after the draw frame in the spinning process. The roving frame drafts sliver from draw frame cans into a thin roving strand and applies a light twist. It operates by drafting the sliver, guiding it through the flyer to apply twist, and winding the roved strand onto bobbins. While complicated, the roving frame produces packages of roving suitable for input to the ring frame. Efforts to eliminate this step have not succeeded due to the high drafts required in ring frames.
This document provides information on various yarn defects, their causes, effects, and methods for rectification. It discusses 18 different yarn defects including slubs, neps, thin places, kinks, uneven yarn, stained yarn, and more. For each defect, it outlines the potential effects on subsequent processes, common causes such as poor machine maintenance or improper process settings, and recommended actions for rectification. The goal is to identify ways to minimize yarn defects and their impacts further down the textile manufacturing line.
Assignment on parameter of different parts of ring frame machine of yarn iiPartho Biswas
The document discusses key parameters of different parts of a ring frame machine. It describes the functions of the apron, drafting system, ring and traveler. Parameters like roller diameter and pressure, apron and cradle lengths, ring diameter and lift, traveler size and number are discussed in detail for different yarn counts. The ideal twist multiplier for different fiber types and end uses is also covered.
INTRODUCTION
The ring spinning will continue to be the most widely used form of spinning machine in the near future, because it exhibits significant advantages in comparison with the new spinning processes.
Following are the advantages of ring spinning frame
• It is universally applicable, i.e. any material can be spun to any required count
• It delivers a material with optimum characteristics, especially with regard to structure and strength.
• It is simple and easy to master
• The know-how is well established and accessible for everyone
1. The document describes the components and operation of a modern comber machine. It has single or double sided heads with 8 or 12 heads respectively.
2. Key components include the nippers, which grip the lap and present it to the combing cylinder. The top comb combs the trailing end of the fringe.
3. The combing cylinder and top comb remove short fibers and impurities, forming the noil, while the detaching rollers separate the combed fringe to form a web.
This project studied the effect of different yarn clearer settings on yarn quality and winding productivity. Three yarn clearer settings were tested: close, moderate, and wide. The close setting resulted in the highest number of yarn fault cuts but best yarn quality metrics. The wide setting had the lowest number of cuts but worst quality. The moderate setting produced intermediate quality and productivity results. Productivity was highest for the wide setting and lowest for the close setting, while waste generation followed the opposite trend. In conclusion, the appropriate yarn clearer setting balances yarn quality and productivity, and must be determined through experimentation.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting
The winding process involves transferring yarn from a smaller package to a larger package. There are two main objectives - to convert a smaller package into a larger package containing a long length of yarn, and to remove impurities from the yarn. The basic mechanisms of the winding process are unwinding, tensioning, yarn clearing, package building, and lubrication. Tensioning devices like multiplicative, additive, and disc types are used to provide the required winding tension. Yarn clearer devices remove faults from the yarn like thick and thin places. Package formation involves winding the yarn around the package using either a spindle or drum winder to build the package.
Drafting is the creation of a drawing or other graphical representation of a building, mechanical device or other structure for the purposes of determining how the device should be created. Drafting is used as a part of the design and fabrication processes. Drafting can be done by hand or using specially designed computer programs and mechanical drawings.
Drafting arrangement is the most important part of the machine. It influences mainly evenness and strength The following points are therefore very important
The document discusses the manufacturing process of staple or spun yarn, describing the various processes involved from blow room to ring spinning that transform raw cotton fibers into yarn. It provides an overview of each processing stage including blow room, carding, combing, drawing, roving, and ring spinning. The goal is to produce clean, strong, and uniform yarns through these continuous operations of opening, blending, mixing, cleaning, carding, drawing, roving and spinning.
This document discusses the rapier loom and rapier weaving. It begins by defining a rapier loom as one that uses a rapier to pull the weft yarn across the loom. It can use a single or double rapier system. It then describes the key components and functioning of single and double rigid and flexible rapier systems. It also discusses different weft insertion principles like Dewas and Gabler systems as well as rapier drives, features of modern rapier looms, selvedge formation, weft insertion rates, and equations for calculating weaving production rates.
Presentation on forward feed &backward feed of combingKATHAMAHANTY
Combing is a process that improves fiber quality by removing short fibers and impurities. It produces a clean, parallel sliver. There are two types of combing feeds: forward (concurrent) and backward (counter). Forward feed has a higher production rate but lower quality, while backward feed has a lower production rate but higher quality. The document discusses combing process sequences, important terms, noil elimination theories for both feed types, and how feed length and detaching length impact noil percentage. Backward feed results in more combing action and higher quality sliver and noil than forward feed.
There are three basic elements of knitting: needles, cams, and sinkers. There are three types of needles - latch needles, spring-bearded needles, and compound needles. Cams convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion and come in two types: engineering cams and knitting cams. Sinkers perform three functions: loop formation, holding down loops, and knocking over loops. Sinkers are divided into three groups based on their functions.
A roving frame produces rovings of cotton and synthetic fibers through a process of drafting, twisting, and winding. It attenuates sliver through multiple drafting zones to form rovings of the required count. A flyer inserts twist into the roving as it is wound onto bobbins. Modern roving frames can achieve higher production rates through increased flyer speeds up to 1400 rpm and delivery speeds up to 40 m/min. They also have improved drafting systems and flyer designs for better fiber control and a wider draft range.
This document discusses the development of drawframes in the spinning process. It describes key components and functions of drawframes, including drafting, doubling, and blending of slivers. Recent developments that improve quality, such as autolevellers and automatic break draft setting, are also covered. The document provides specifications for drawframe models from different manufacturers and concludes by discussing the use of new monitoring technologies like cameras and microwave sensors to further enhance sliver quality.
The comber is a machine that prepares cotton fibers for spinning into yarn by removing short fibers and impurities. It improves the quality characteristics of yarns such as evenness, strength, and cleanliness. To achieve these quality improvements, the comber must eliminate short fibers, remaining impurities, and neps from the fiber material while forming an optimal sliver. Modern comber preparation systems use a draw frame followed by a sliver doubling machine like a UniLap to prepare uniform batts for feeding into rectilinear combers, which have stationary detaching rollers and swinging nippers to further clean and parallelize the fibers.
Air jet looms use compressed air to propel weft yarn across the warp yarn at rates up to 2850 meters per minute, allowing for multicolor weft insertion of up to 6 colors. Air jet looms have advantages like bidirectional computer communication, automatic pick repair, and controls on weft insertion timing, but their main disadvantage is higher power consumption due to compressed air use.
The document discusses water jet looms. It describes how water jet looms work by using a jet of water to insert the weft thread across the warp. This allows the looms to reach high production speeds of up to 2,000 picks per minute. The document outlines the key parts of a water jet loom and discusses their advantages in being quieter and more gentle on warp yarns compared to other loom types. However, it notes that water jet looms are best suited for hydrophobic fibers and cannot produce as wide a variety of fabrics.
DRAFTING IN SPINNING PROCESS Principle of yarn manufacturing pdfVijay Prakash
Drafting in yarn manufacturing is the process of attenuating loose fibers called slivers by passing them through rollers. This straightens and makes the fibers more parallel. Drafting involves pulling fibers through rollers at different speeds to lengthen and thin them out. There are three types of drafts: mechanical draft from speed differences between rollers, actual/resultant draft accounting for slippage, and tension draft from fiber tension. Drafting arrangements, elements, and settings are important factors that influence yarn evenness and strength.
Picking Mechanism | Beat Up Mechanism | Over Picking Under Picking MechanismMd Rakibul Hassan
The document discusses weaving technology and describes different mechanisms involved. It focuses on picking and beat-up mechanisms. Picking inserts the weft thread through the warp shed and can be bidirectional or unidirectional. Beat-up drives the inserted weft to the fell of the cloth. There are different types of picking (over, under) and beat-up (single, double, cam) mechanisms that are suited to different fabric weights and loom styles. Faults like early/late picking and factors influencing beat-up force are also covered.
The document discusses the roving frame machine, which comes after the draw frame in the spinning process. The roving frame drafts sliver from draw frame cans into a thin roving strand and applies a light twist. It operates by drafting the sliver, guiding it through the flyer to apply twist, and winding the roved strand onto bobbins. While complicated, the roving frame produces packages of roving suitable for input to the ring frame. Efforts to eliminate this step have not succeeded due to the high drafts required in ring frames.
This document provides information on various yarn defects, their causes, effects, and methods for rectification. It discusses 18 different yarn defects including slubs, neps, thin places, kinks, uneven yarn, stained yarn, and more. For each defect, it outlines the potential effects on subsequent processes, common causes such as poor machine maintenance or improper process settings, and recommended actions for rectification. The goal is to identify ways to minimize yarn defects and their impacts further down the textile manufacturing line.
Assignment on parameter of different parts of ring frame machine of yarn iiPartho Biswas
The document discusses key parameters of different parts of a ring frame machine. It describes the functions of the apron, drafting system, ring and traveler. Parameters like roller diameter and pressure, apron and cradle lengths, ring diameter and lift, traveler size and number are discussed in detail for different yarn counts. The ideal twist multiplier for different fiber types and end uses is also covered.
INTRODUCTION
The ring spinning will continue to be the most widely used form of spinning machine in the near future, because it exhibits significant advantages in comparison with the new spinning processes.
Following are the advantages of ring spinning frame
• It is universally applicable, i.e. any material can be spun to any required count
• It delivers a material with optimum characteristics, especially with regard to structure and strength.
• It is simple and easy to master
• The know-how is well established and accessible for everyone
1. The document describes the components and operation of a modern comber machine. It has single or double sided heads with 8 or 12 heads respectively.
2. Key components include the nippers, which grip the lap and present it to the combing cylinder. The top comb combs the trailing end of the fringe.
3. The combing cylinder and top comb remove short fibers and impurities, forming the noil, while the detaching rollers separate the combed fringe to form a web.
This project studied the effect of different yarn clearer settings on yarn quality and winding productivity. Three yarn clearer settings were tested: close, moderate, and wide. The close setting resulted in the highest number of yarn fault cuts but best yarn quality metrics. The wide setting had the lowest number of cuts but worst quality. The moderate setting produced intermediate quality and productivity results. Productivity was highest for the wide setting and lowest for the close setting, while waste generation followed the opposite trend. In conclusion, the appropriate yarn clearer setting balances yarn quality and productivity, and must be determined through experimentation.
Warp knitting is a family of knitting methods in which the yarn zigzags along the length of the fabric, i.e., following adjacent columns ("wales") of knitting, rather than a single row ("course"). For comparison, knitting across the width of the fabric is called weft knitting
The winding process involves transferring yarn from a smaller package to a larger package. There are two main objectives - to convert a smaller package into a larger package containing a long length of yarn, and to remove impurities from the yarn. The basic mechanisms of the winding process are unwinding, tensioning, yarn clearing, package building, and lubrication. Tensioning devices like multiplicative, additive, and disc types are used to provide the required winding tension. Yarn clearer devices remove faults from the yarn like thick and thin places. Package formation involves winding the yarn around the package using either a spindle or drum winder to build the package.
Drafting is the creation of a drawing or other graphical representation of a building, mechanical device or other structure for the purposes of determining how the device should be created. Drafting is used as a part of the design and fabrication processes. Drafting can be done by hand or using specially designed computer programs and mechanical drawings.
Drafting arrangement is the most important part of the machine. It influences mainly evenness and strength The following points are therefore very important
The document discusses the manufacturing process of staple or spun yarn, describing the various processes involved from blow room to ring spinning that transform raw cotton fibers into yarn. It provides an overview of each processing stage including blow room, carding, combing, drawing, roving, and ring spinning. The goal is to produce clean, strong, and uniform yarns through these continuous operations of opening, blending, mixing, cleaning, carding, drawing, roving and spinning.
This document discusses the rapier loom and rapier weaving. It begins by defining a rapier loom as one that uses a rapier to pull the weft yarn across the loom. It can use a single or double rapier system. It then describes the key components and functioning of single and double rigid and flexible rapier systems. It also discusses different weft insertion principles like Dewas and Gabler systems as well as rapier drives, features of modern rapier looms, selvedge formation, weft insertion rates, and equations for calculating weaving production rates.
Presentation on forward feed &backward feed of combingKATHAMAHANTY
Combing is a process that improves fiber quality by removing short fibers and impurities. It produces a clean, parallel sliver. There are two types of combing feeds: forward (concurrent) and backward (counter). Forward feed has a higher production rate but lower quality, while backward feed has a lower production rate but higher quality. The document discusses combing process sequences, important terms, noil elimination theories for both feed types, and how feed length and detaching length impact noil percentage. Backward feed results in more combing action and higher quality sliver and noil than forward feed.
There are three basic elements of knitting: needles, cams, and sinkers. There are three types of needles - latch needles, spring-bearded needles, and compound needles. Cams convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion and come in two types: engineering cams and knitting cams. Sinkers perform three functions: loop formation, holding down loops, and knocking over loops. Sinkers are divided into three groups based on their functions.
A roving frame produces rovings of cotton and synthetic fibers through a process of drafting, twisting, and winding. It attenuates sliver through multiple drafting zones to form rovings of the required count. A flyer inserts twist into the roving as it is wound onto bobbins. Modern roving frames can achieve higher production rates through increased flyer speeds up to 1400 rpm and delivery speeds up to 40 m/min. They also have improved drafting systems and flyer designs for better fiber control and a wider draft range.
This document discusses the development of drawframes in the spinning process. It describes key components and functions of drawframes, including drafting, doubling, and blending of slivers. Recent developments that improve quality, such as autolevellers and automatic break draft setting, are also covered. The document provides specifications for drawframe models from different manufacturers and concludes by discussing the use of new monitoring technologies like cameras and microwave sensors to further enhance sliver quality.
The comber is a machine that prepares cotton fibers for spinning into yarn by removing short fibers and impurities. It improves the quality characteristics of yarns such as evenness, strength, and cleanliness. To achieve these quality improvements, the comber must eliminate short fibers, remaining impurities, and neps from the fiber material while forming an optimal sliver. Modern comber preparation systems use a draw frame followed by a sliver doubling machine like a UniLap to prepare uniform batts for feeding into rectilinear combers, which have stationary detaching rollers and swinging nippers to further clean and parallelize the fibers.
Air jet looms use compressed air to propel weft yarn across the warp yarn at rates up to 2850 meters per minute, allowing for multicolor weft insertion of up to 6 colors. Air jet looms have advantages like bidirectional computer communication, automatic pick repair, and controls on weft insertion timing, but their main disadvantage is higher power consumption due to compressed air use.
The document discusses water jet looms. It describes how water jet looms work by using a jet of water to insert the weft thread across the warp. This allows the looms to reach high production speeds of up to 2,000 picks per minute. The document outlines the key parts of a water jet loom and discusses their advantages in being quieter and more gentle on warp yarns compared to other loom types. However, it notes that water jet looms are best suited for hydrophobic fibers and cannot produce as wide a variety of fabrics.
Loom is machine or device which is used to produce woven fabric. It is the central point of whole process of cloth production. In other word, a loom is a mechanism or tool used for weaving yarn and thread into textiles. Looms vary in a wide assortment of sizes. They come in huge free standing hand looms, tiny hand-held frames, to vast automatic mechanical tools. A loom can as well pertain to an electric line construction like that of a wiring loom. The main task of looms is to clutch the twist threads under pressure to enable the progress of interweaving of the woof strands. The loom's system and exact form can differ to some extent; however it still performs the basic application.
The document discusses the rapier loom weaving process. A rapier loom uses a rapier device to pull the weft yarn across the loom. It can use a single rapier or double rapier system. In a single rapier loom, a long rigid rapier extends across the full width. In a double rapier loom, two rapiers enter from opposite sides and transfer the weft between them in the center. The document describes different types of rapier systems including rigid, flexible, telescopic, and their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses weft insertion methods like tip transfer and loop transfer systems.
The document discusses water jet looms, which use jets of water to insert weft threads through the warp. It provides a brief history, explaining they were developed in Czechoslovakia in the 1950s and refined in Japan in the 1960s. It then describes the basic mechanisms of water jet looms, including the pick insertion process where pressurized water propels the weft thread across the shed. Merits include high speeds, energy efficiency, and minimal warp damage compared to other loom types. However, water jet looms are best for hydrophobic fibers and cannot produce heavy fabrics or those as wide as other looms.
This presentation compares conventional and modern looms. Conventional looms operate more slowly with lower production capacity, while modern looms operate faster with higher output. Conventional looms are manually operated, while modern looms use electric power. Modern looms allow for more design variety and improved safety systems compared to conventional looms. Specific modern loom types discussed include rapier, air jet, water jet, and projectile looms, which utilize different automated processes for inserting the weft through the warp shed.
The document summarizes the capabilities and features of Dornier air-jet weaving machines. Key points include:
- The machines offer high economic efficiency for denim and stretch fabrics at widths of 260-540cm and speeds over 2000m/min.
- Features like reliable start mark prevention and patented filling insertion control produce high quality fabrics meeting standards.
- Additional details are provided on selvedge formation devices, shed geometry, electronics, and end-use applications.
- Technical specifications are listed for various components ensuring versatility, quality, and maximum speeds.
Airjet loom are machines used in Fashion Industry
Air-jet weaving is done on an air jet loom,
which propels yarn called “Weft" by using a
jet of air. Weft yarn fills in the lengthwise
pattern set down first by the “Warp" yarn.
This document summarizes experiments conducted to assess the effects of high pressure water jets for rock cutting. Key variables studied included nozzle diameter, water pressure, traverse speed, and number of passes. Results showed that slot depth increased with nozzle diameter and water pressure, while decreasing with higher traverse speeds. Multiple passes increased total slot depth but became inefficient after several passes. The minimum pressure required for cutting, or threshold pressure, was found to be similar to the rock's compressive strength and was only marginally affected by traverse speed.
The document discusses the rapier loom, a type of shuttleless weaving loom. A rapier loom uses finger-like carriers called rapiers to pull the weft yarn across the loom between the warp yarns. There are two main types - single rigid rapier looms, which use one long rapier across the full width, and double rigid rapier looms, which use two rapiers entering from opposite sides to transfer the weft yarn. Rapier looms can operate at high speeds up to 1300 meters of weft per minute. They are flexible and can weave a wide range of fabrics from light to heavy weights.
Working principle of rapier and essential partsGKBaloch
The document discusses the working principle and essential parts of a rapier weaving machine. A rapier loom uses finger-like carriers called rapiers to carry the filling yarn through the shed from one side of the loom to the other without using a shuttle. There are two main types: single rapier machines which use a single rigid rapier, and double rapier machines which use two rapiers - one to carry the yarn to the center and the other to carry it across. The rapier head picks up the filling yarn and carries it through the shed, then returns empty to pick up the next yarn. Essential parts include the motor, crank shaft, bottom shaft, grippers tapes,
The document discusses different types of looms used in weaving fabrics. It describes primitive looms like the vertical loom and pit loom. It then covers the development of powered looms using various energy sources like water, steam, diesel and electricity. The key components and motions of looms are explained, including shedding mechanisms like tappet, dobby and jacquard shedding. Tappet shedding is discussed in detail, outlining its working principle, advantages and limitations.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2011, Textile college BerhamporeSudipta Das
This industrial training report was submitted by six students from the Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology in Berhampore, West Bengal, India, following their training at Gimatex Industries Pvt. Ltd. in Wardha, Maharashtra, India. Gimatex is a textile manufacturer with an annual turnover of approximately 500 crore rupees. The report provides details about the various departments within Gimatex, including the boiler, spinning, weaving, quality control, and human resources departments. It also discusses processes such as warping, sizing, drawing-in, and the roles of different employees who supported the students' training.
This document provides information about different types of modern looms. It begins with introducing the presenters and then defines a loom as a device used for weaving fabrics. It proceeds to describe several types of modern shuttleless looms - rapier, air jet, water jet, and projectile looms. For each loom type, it discusses their key features, mechanisms, advantages, and applications. Multiphase looms, which allow continuous weft insertion through ever-changing warp sheds, are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to picking and beatup mechanisms in weaving looms. It discusses the different types of picking mechanisms, including overpick, underpick, and shuttle picking mechanisms. It describes how the shuttle is propelled across the loom width during picking using picking sticks, and then decelerated on the other side. It also covers beatup mechanisms like crank and cam beatup that use a reed to push the newly inserted weft into the fabric. Diagrams of typical picking and beatup mechanisms are included, along with discussions of loom timing, the forces involved in picking, and how the length of the connecting rod impacts loom movement.
The document discusses the history of the loom. Weaving was introduced to early human societies and major textile developments occurred in England. Traditional looms required at least two people, with later innovations including the horizontal loom, hand loom, power loom, automatic loom, and shuttleless looms which increased efficiency and automation.
Here is a complete discription for students who are studying initial stages of Weaving
Thet may be able to understand the different types of Looms and End product from these Looms
The document discusses various weaving processes and advancements in weft insertion systems. It describes the basic weaving process involving warp let-off, shedding, picking, beating, and fabric take-up. It then summarizes different weft insertion systems including projectile, rapier, air-jet, water-jet, and multiphase weaving machines. Projectile weaving was the first successful shuttleless system. Rapier weaving uses rigid or flexible rapiers to insert the weft. Air-jet and water-jet use compressed fluids to carry the weft yarn. Multiphase weaving forms multiple sheds simultaneously to increase production rates.
This document discusses the development of looms from primitive hand looms to modern automated looms. It outlines the key stages of development including the fly shuttle loom, power looms, semi-automatic looms, and modern shuttle-less looms. The basic mechanisms and motions of weaving are described, including primary, secondary, and tertiary motions. Different parts of a loom and their functions are also summarized.
The document discusses jet weaving machines. It describes how jet weaving uses compressed air or water to propel the weft yarn through the shed using high velocity nozzles. This allows for higher production speeds than solid shuttle looms. Key components discussed include the metered weft insertion, nozzles, compressed air supply, and mechanisms for gripping, cutting and tensioning the weft yarn. Advantages of jet looms are also summarized, such as fewer moving parts and ability to modify warp passage for space savings.
Pumping stations are necessary to lift wastewater in certain situations, such as when sewage needs to be pumped over ridges or into treatment plants at higher elevations. A pumping station contains elements like grit channels, screens, a wet well, dry well housing pumps, and rising mains to transport sewage to higher gravity sewers. Proper design considers flow rates, sediment removal, pump access and reliability, and connections to discharge sewage safely.
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2. General Considerations
• In jet picking, the weft yarn is inserted by means of a fluid
known as jet.
• The fluid used in jet-weaving may be air or water.
• The relative velocity between the jet and the weft thread
produces a force on the weft which results in its insertion in
the shed.
• The air jet weaving machines are supplied with compressed
air from a central compressor in the weave room or are
equipped with individual built -in compressors.
• The water jet weaving machines are equipped with individual
injection pumps to pressurize water supplied from the water
main; waste water is discharged into a drain.
3. General Considerations
• To achieve acceleration of
either compressed air or
pressurized water together
with the leading end of the
weft yarn a nozzle is used.
4. General Considerations
• The mass of insertion medium to be accelerated is very small,
relative to the shuttle, rapier or projectile weaving machines,
which allows high running speeds.
• Mass of the fluid is about 1.5g.
• Unlike the rapier or projectile insertion systems, there are not
many mechanically moving parts to control and insert the
weft yarn.
• Technical requirements of the fluid are important:
temperature, humidity, impurity content,etc.
5. General Considerations
• As the tractive force applied to the weft is not very
high, it must be prepared for picking by a metering
device.
• In the majority of the jet weaving machines the
picking system is fitted only on one side of the
machine (single-sided picking) and
• The picking system is fixed firmly to the machine
frame so that the beat-up mechanism carries only
the reed and/or the air duct.
6. The weaving process
1 cross wound cone, 2 guide eye
and 3 tensioner, 7 metering
device (measures the necessary
pick length of the weft thread). 9
holders to retain the weft thread
after picking, 10 nozzle. The
water or air are supplied to
through tube T
A — the reed, B — the warp
sheet, C — the woven fabric, D
— the weft cutter, E and F — the
leno weave serving to reinforce
the fabric selvedges
7. The weaving process
The passage of the warp through a jet loom (Elitex air-jet loom)
The weft-insertion medium
does not require support.
The passage of the warp
through the machine can be
modified, so that a
substantial saving in floor
space will be achieved.
The cloth roller is situated
under the warp at the back
of the loom as illustrated.
This makes servicing of the
warp, weft, and cloth from
the back alley easier.
8. The tractive force in the weft thread
• If the weft thread was merely surrounded by the air or
liquid during the picking and if its velocity was the
same as that of the picking medium it would be
completely tensionless.
• The weft thread would then curl and snarl on itself
across the shed and its insertion would be rather
uncertain.
• Therefore, a tractive (drag) force is needed to produce
the necessary tension in the weft thread and to maintain
that tension for the whole duration of the pick.
9. The tractive force in the weft thread
• In the jet picking systems this tractive force on the weft thread
results from the friction between the air or liquid and the surface
of the weft thread.
• This explains why the velocity of the picking medium must be
greater than that of the weft thread.
• The level of friction developed in a flowing medium is dependent
on
the square of the velocity difference,
the viscosity of the medium,
the roughness and length of the weft thread and,
in the water jet insertion systems, the wetting property of the weft
yarn.
10. The tractive force in the weft thread
• Initial velocity of air- 200-300 m/s, initial velocity of water- 40-60 m/s,
initial velocity of weft yarn- 20-30 m/s.
• The higher the viscosity the higher the tractive force .
• As the viscosity of the air is very low, high relative velocities must be used
in the air jet picking systems.
• Viscosity is largely dependent on the temperature of the medium. For
example, the viscosity of water at 0 0C is 0.017 g cm-1 s-1 while at 100 0C
it is as low as 0.0028 g cm-1 s-1.
• In the jet picking systems the tractive force on the weft thread is the
higher the rougher the surface of the weft yarn.
• Considering the low viscosity of the employed picking medium, air-jet
picking systems are designed mainly for the spun weft weaving. However,
they have become suitable to insert filament yarns with some
developments in main nozzle design.
11. The water jet picking system
• The weft insertion on a water-jet weaving
machine is divided into three phases:
Acceleration of the water in the pump prior to its
injection into the nozzle.
Jet outlet from the nozzle.
Flow in the free environment in different forms:
Compact
Split
Atomized
12. The injection pump
The water is
incompressible.
When the water is
supplied into a pump
cylinder, it is accelerated
by a spring loaded piston
and the fed through a
piping to the main nozzle.
13. The main nozzle
The advantage of this type of nozzle is its
simplicity. Its disadvantage is a considerably
higher consumption of water and water
leakage between individual picks.
Open nozzle, no
moving parts.
Fv=constant
14. Bernoulli’s equation
• The pressure in a moving fluid depends on its speed.
• In particular, since an incompressible liquid’s flow rate is
greater in a constraint region than the rate in a region of a
larger cross section, the pressure is low in the constraint
region. This produces a vacuum effect to accelerate the weft
yarn.
• Similarly, the pressure exerted by the moving air is less than
the pressure of stationary air. The stationary weft yarn is
pushed towards the moving air.
tconsvghP tan
2
1 2
=++ ρρ
15. Flow in the free environment
A — compact, B — split, C —
atomized. The most suitable for
the weft insertion is the compact
portion of the flow and possibly
also the split portion.
Cp :jet front and Cu :weft front
At tX, the relative speed vR = vp -
vu becomes negative. Beyond
this point tX, the weft thread is
likely to curl and snarl
16. The timing diagram
A water jet is capable of maintaining its concentration and thus its force over
a greater distance than an air jet, but there are no means readily available to
assist the jet as it traverses the loom.
The weft thread is braked by the reed. The axis of the water jet is more or
less parallel with the fabric fell. The reed moving forward towards the
fabric runs into the wet weft thread, which adheres to it, and is braked by it
and prevented from contracting in the length.
17. The working conditions
• The water quality:
– Mechanical impurities must be filtered
– Must not contain sediment forming additives (Fe, Mg, Ca, Si)
– Hardness:5-10 in German scale
– Must be harmless biologically and hygienically.
• The working conditions:
– Operating temperature of water: 16-24 0C
– Operating pressure of water:0.5-1.5 kg/cm2
• Design modifications of weaving machine:
– The machine should be provided with an anti corrosive protective
finish or the machine parts (i.e. Reed, temples, healds) should be
made of corrosion resisting steels.
18. The working conditions
• Water extraction and final drying
– The cloth may contain a great amount of water.
– It is achieved through a cloth squeezing or a suction and then drying.
– Such a system consumes 2 to 3 kW energy and unwelcome source of
additional heating in the weaving room.
– The waste water is usually removed into a drainage system.
• Working speeds:
– The width and speed of water jet looms have been gradually
increased.
– The modern water jet weaving machines can have a speed of around
1500ppm while the maximum reed width is 3 m and the WIR is
1800m/min.
19. AIRAIR--JET WEAVINGJET WEAVING
• Air jet weaving is a type of weaving in which the weft yarn
is inserted into the warp shed with compressed air.
• The air-jet weaving machine combines high performance
with low manufacturing requirements.
• It has an extremely high weft insertion rate.
• Due to its exceptional performance, air-jet machines are
used primarily for the economical production of standard
fabrics, covering a wide range of styles.
• Meanwhile, more and more special fabrics are also
covered: heavy cotton fabrics such as denim, terry fabrics,
glass fabrics, tire cord,etc.
20. • High productivity
• Low initial expenses
• High WIR
• Simple operation and reduced hazard because of few
moving parts
• Reduced space requirements
• Low noise and vibration levels
• Low spare parts requirement
• Reliability and minimum maintenance
TheThe advantagesadvantages ofof airair--jetjet weavingweaving machinemachine::
21. Air jet pickingAir jet picking
• Air-jet picking is governed by the same rules and
relationships as described before for the water-jet
picking.
• However the viscosity of air is hundred times lower than
the viscosity of water. Thus, it may lose its integrity
easily.
• Therefore, a higher air jet speed is required to produce
the necessary tractive force.
• Moreover, different types of insertion configurations are
designed.
22. Insertion ConfigurationsInsertion Configurations
• Three different systems have been used mainly
on commercial air-jet weaving machines:
1. Single nozzle, confuser guides and suction unit at the
exit side
2. Multiple nozzles with guides
3. Multiple nozzles with profiled reed
• Although all three systems have been used in commercial
looms, the System3 is the most common and standard
configuration in the market.
23. Insertion ConfigurationsInsertion Configurations
• The main nozzle applies the necessary driving force to initiate
the insertion of predetermined length of weft yarn.
• The air jet flying in a free space entrains (becomes mixed)
with the environmental air and loses its velocity on a
relatively short distance.
• The integrity of the air is preserved by either a confuser or a
tunnel (profiled) reed.
• Buckling of the leading end of the weft is prevented by
applying a constraint at the insertion side of the machine and
by maintaining the projection velocity by a series of back-up
jets. This system is precisely timed and back-up nozzles are
progressively opened.
24. System1:Single nozzle, confuser guides and suction
unit at the exit side
•Air jet guide ducts (also known as confuser) is formed by a series of ribs (flat
metal plates). They are located on the raceboard in front of the reed and
penetrate between the warp ends during the picking.
•The confuser keeps the initial concentration of the air as much as possible.
•The leading end of the weft is stretched by a suction device
25. The disadvantage of this system is the weaving width limitation due to
the lack of additional back-up nozzles to keep the air velocity high
enough.
Elitex, 190 cm, 1200 ppm, WIR 1920 m/min
Air duct is conically expanded in the picking direction so that air molecules
in the outer fringes of the jet can be deflected back into the main stream.
26. The main nozzle
The compressed air is continuously fed
to the jet nozzle. The center barrel of the
nozzle is then made to move outwards by
a cam system, and this creates a gap
through which the pressurized fluid will
be forced.
The air V enters the nozzle
body 1 and flows through
milled grows A round the
nozzle core B in whose orifice
the weft thread is threaded in
the direction of u. The core is
tightened in the body by nut C.
It is an open nozzle without
any inside closures.
27. System2:Multiple nozzles with guides
• In addition to the main nozzles and air guide
ducts, auxiliary nozzles are also used. They
are located at certain intervals and they
inject (blow) the air sequentially in groups in
the direction of yarn movements.
29. System 3:Multiple nozzles with profiled reed
• The profiled reed wires are used and the weft yarn is fed in to
the reed tunnel via the main nozzle.
• The main nozzle (sometimes the main and tandem nozzle
combination) provides the initial acceleration, where the relay
nozzles provide high air velocity across the shed.
• Profiled reed provides guidance for the air stream and
separates the weft yarn from warp sheets.
• Relay nozzles are located at certain intervals, say 50 mm,
however, last four nozzles at the exit side are spaced closer,
say 25 mm.
• Additional nozzles increase the air consumption.
30. The air jet weaving
machines are supplied
with compressed air
maintained from a central
source.
The preparation of the air
before its distribution of
the air to the individual
weaving machine
through a valve system:
•Filtering
•Compressing
•Cooling
•Drying
•Air tank
•Weaving Machine
31. Weft insertion in air jet picking
The air flow from the nozzle.
The air flow through the shed.
The weft motion.
• The transporting medium has a complicated motion.
• Air flow in weft insertion is unsteady, turbulent, and can be
either compressible or incompressible depending on the
velocty( for air velocities above 100 m/s, compressibility
should be taken into account).
32. 1.The air flow from the nozzle :
• The initial driving force applied to the weft is:
• Fd = driving force
• C = coefficient of friction between air and yarn
• d = yarn diameter
• l = yarn length in the jet subjected to jet pressure
• v = air velocity in the jet
• ρ =air density
( ) 2/2
ρπ lvdCFd =
33. 1.The air flow from the nozzle :
• (Cπd) depends on yarn characteristics:
• The hairiness and roughness influence C
• The yarn linear density and the material influence diameter d
and its circumference.
• Air requirement per pick increases with linear density.
• The density of the air is also very significant and air requirement
is gravimetrically specified, i.e. g/min. This is particularly
important when machines are to be operated in elevated and
high temperature environments.
( ) 2/2
ρπ lvdCFd =
34. 3. The weft motion through the shed:
• The equation of weft motion is
TFSv
dx
dm
ma =+++ 2
• The force acting on the moving thread is proportional to:
( )wa VVld −×××× µρ
57. Performance of Yarns in Air-jet Weft Insertion
• Air-jet weaving machines are ideal for cost effective
production of bulk fabrics with a wide range of styles.
• Air-jet machines can handle both spun ( natural, synthetic
or blended) yarns and continuous filament yarns.
• Textured yarns are especially suitable, however
monofilament yarns are not suitable.
• A wide range of fabrics from gauze fabrics to dense, heavy
cotton fabrics, from patterned dress fabric to ribbon fabrics
can be woven on air-jet weaving machines .
• The factors that essentially determine whether a yarn is
suitable for the air-jet weft insertion are its count, structure
and twist.
58.
59.
60. Yarn Count (Ne) Twist Multiple Structure Acceleration (m/sq.sec)
10/1 4 RS 968
10/1 4 OE 865
13/1 4 RS 1189
13/1 4 OE 1083
16/1 4 RS 1258
16/1 4 OE 1235
Table 8.4. Acceleration of open end OE and ring spun (RS) yarns 10
milliseconds after the yarn insertion.