This document describes different types of cotter and knuckle joints used to connect rods transmitting axial motion. Cotter joints use a wedge-shaped cotter to rigidly connect two rods without rotation. Sleeve and cotter joints use an enlarged sleeve over rod ends. Socket and spigot cotter joints have slots wider than the cotter to pull rods tightly together. Gib and cotter joints add a gib to prevent strap spreading. Knuckle joints connect misaligned rods allowing small angular motion. Applications include steam engines, pumps, valves and elevators. The document also provides design considerations and failure modes for socket and spigot cotter joints.
The document discusses cotter joints, which use a flat wedge-shaped piece of steel to connect two rods transmitting axial motion without rotation. Cotter joints can experience tensile or compressive forces and are used in connections like piston rods and valve rods. A typical cotter joint involves one rod fitting into a socket in another rod, with a cotter driven into slots in both parts to rigidly connect them. The document provides parameters for a cotter joint and examples of failures, but does not give the failure equations. It also provides an example problem to design a cotter joint supporting a load ranging from 30 kN in compression to tension.
ppt-1.Unit -III Design of Cotter joint-12222.pptxdharma raja`
Cotter joints are used to connect circular rods subjected to tensile or compressive stress. A cotter joint uses a tapered wedge-shaped cotter pin inserted through holes in the rods. Cotter joints are not suitable for rotating members. Design considerations for cotter joints include the diameter and thickness of the rods, diameter and thickness of sockets and collars, width and length of the cotter, and clearances. Cotter joints can fail due to tension failure of rods or sockets, shearing of the cotter pin, or crushing of parts against each other. The document provides examples of designing cotter joints to withstand specific tensile loads and varying compressive/tensile loads.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
The document discusses the design of various types of screw fasteners. It describes screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces. Screw joints are commonly used for assembly and have advantages of being convenient to assemble/disassemble, reliable, and inexpensive due to standardization. The main types of screw fasteners are bolts, screws, studs, tapping screws, and set screws. Stresses in screw joints include tension, torsional shear, shear across threads, crushing stress, and bending stress. Screw joints are also subjected to stresses from initial tightening and external loads. Design considerations are discussed for bolted joints under eccentric loading parallel or perpendicular to the bolt axis.
The document provides information about designing and analyzing a cotter joint. It discusses the components of a cotter joint, including the cotter pin, socket, and spigot. It outlines various failure modes to consider in design, such as tensile failure of the rods, shear failure of the cotter pin, and crushing failure of the socket end. Empirical equations are presented for determining dimensions based on factors like applied load, material properties, and stress limits. Design procedures are described step-by-step, and examples are included to demonstrate applying the equations to size cotter joint components.
Unit 5 Design of Threaded and Welded JointsMahesh Shinde
1) The document discusses different types of threaded and welded joints. It describes various threaded fasteners like bolts, studs, screws and their characteristics.
2) For threaded joints subjected to eccentric loads, it explains how to calculate the primary and secondary shear forces on each bolt. This involves finding the center of gravity of the bolt system and determining the forces based on the load direction.
3) Sample problems are included to demonstrate how to select the bolt size based on the maximum resultant shear force and required factor of safety. Calculations are shown for eccentrically loaded bolted joints with the load in the plane of bolts.
The document discusses cotter joints, which use a flat wedge-shaped piece of steel to connect two rods transmitting axial motion without rotation. Cotter joints can experience tensile or compressive forces and are used in connections like piston rods and valve rods. A typical cotter joint involves one rod fitting into a socket in another rod, with a cotter driven into slots in both parts to rigidly connect them. The document provides parameters for a cotter joint and examples of failures, but does not give the failure equations. It also provides an example problem to design a cotter joint supporting a load ranging from 30 kN in compression to tension.
ppt-1.Unit -III Design of Cotter joint-12222.pptxdharma raja`
Cotter joints are used to connect circular rods subjected to tensile or compressive stress. A cotter joint uses a tapered wedge-shaped cotter pin inserted through holes in the rods. Cotter joints are not suitable for rotating members. Design considerations for cotter joints include the diameter and thickness of the rods, diameter and thickness of sockets and collars, width and length of the cotter, and clearances. Cotter joints can fail due to tension failure of rods or sockets, shearing of the cotter pin, or crushing of parts against each other. The document provides examples of designing cotter joints to withstand specific tensile loads and varying compressive/tensile loads.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
The document discusses the design of various types of screw fasteners. It describes screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces. Screw joints are commonly used for assembly and have advantages of being convenient to assemble/disassemble, reliable, and inexpensive due to standardization. The main types of screw fasteners are bolts, screws, studs, tapping screws, and set screws. Stresses in screw joints include tension, torsional shear, shear across threads, crushing stress, and bending stress. Screw joints are also subjected to stresses from initial tightening and external loads. Design considerations are discussed for bolted joints under eccentric loading parallel or perpendicular to the bolt axis.
The document provides information about designing and analyzing a cotter joint. It discusses the components of a cotter joint, including the cotter pin, socket, and spigot. It outlines various failure modes to consider in design, such as tensile failure of the rods, shear failure of the cotter pin, and crushing failure of the socket end. Empirical equations are presented for determining dimensions based on factors like applied load, material properties, and stress limits. Design procedures are described step-by-step, and examples are included to demonstrate applying the equations to size cotter joint components.
Unit 5 Design of Threaded and Welded JointsMahesh Shinde
1) The document discusses different types of threaded and welded joints. It describes various threaded fasteners like bolts, studs, screws and their characteristics.
2) For threaded joints subjected to eccentric loads, it explains how to calculate the primary and secondary shear forces on each bolt. This involves finding the center of gravity of the bolt system and determining the forces based on the load direction.
3) Sample problems are included to demonstrate how to select the bolt size based on the maximum resultant shear force and required factor of safety. Calculations are shown for eccentrically loaded bolted joints with the load in the plane of bolts.
A cotter joint connects two rods subjected to tensile or compressive stress along their axes. It uses a tapered, rectangular steel cotter that is inserted through slots in the ends of the rods at a high angle to their axes. The cotter pulls the rods tightly together and its tapered shape and narrow ends facilitate installation and removal. A gib and cotter joint is similar but used for rods with square or rectangular cross sections, with a gib added that is like a cotter but has heads on both ends. These joints are not suitable when the rods are subjected to rotation.
The document is a presentation on cotter joints used to connect rigidly two co-axial rods subjected to axial forces. It defines a cotter joint, noting that the cotter is a tapered wedge that provides a tight fit. It lists common applications like pistons and flywheels. The taper ensures tightness during operation and easy removal for dismantling. Finally, it outlines the design considerations for the spigot, socket, collar and cotter to prevent tensile, shear and crushing failures under the load P.
The document describes the design of various types of cotter joints used to connect machine components like rods. It provides notations, equations and steps to design socket and spigot cotter joints, sleeve and cotter joints, gib and cotter joints, cotter joints for connecting piston rods and crossheads, cotter foundation bolts, knuckle joints, and turnbuckles. Design is based on preventing failure by tensile, shear, crushing and bending stresses. Dimensions of joints are determined by equating load to resisting strengths or stresses in the materials. Examples of designing different joints are also given.
The document discusses various topics related to screwed joints and fastenings including:
1. The advantages and disadvantages of screwed joints.
2. Important terms used in screw threads such as major diameter, pitch, and crest.
3. Different types of screw threads including British Standard, American, and metric threads.
4. Factors to consider when locating screwed joints such as reducing bending stresses.
5. Common types of screw fastenings like through bolts, studs, and set screws.
A cotter joint connects two coaxial rods subjected to axial forces. It uses a tapered wedge-shaped cotter inserted into slots in the overlapping ends of the rods. The cotter prevents longitudinal movement but allows for disassembly. Cotter joints are commonly used to connect piston rods, pump parts, flywheels, and foundation bolts. The document provides design considerations and equations for sizing the rods, slots, and cotter to withstand various failure modes from the tensile, compressive, and shear stresses based on the applied load and material properties. It also presents three example problems of designing cotter joints for specified loads.
This document discusses the design of riveted and bolted joints. It covers types of riveted joints like lap and butt joints, as well as rivet materials, heads, and methods of riveting. Key terms used in riveted joint design are defined, including pitch, back pitch, and margin. The document also addresses failures of riveted joints such as plate tearing, rivet shearing, crushing, and edge tearing. Design for bolted joints includes screw thread forms, stresses in fasteners, and pre-stressed and eccentrically loaded bolted joint design.
This document discusses riveted joints and provides information on:
1. Types of riveted joints include lap joints and butt joints. A lap joint has one plate overlapping the other, while a butt joint has plates aligned and touching with a cover plate riveted on one or both sides.
2. Important terms for riveted joints include pitch (distance between rivet centers), transverse pitch, diagonal pitch, and margin (distance from rivet hole to plate edge).
3. Dimensions for riveted joints include rivet diameter, hole diameter 1.5 times rivet diameter, longitudinal pitch 3 times rivet diameter, and transverse/zigzag pitch as a ratio of longitudinal pitch.
A cotter joint is used to temporarily connect two coaxial rods subjected to axial forces. There are three types: socket and spigot, sleeve and cotter, and gib and cotter. The socket and spigot cotter joint connects rods through a socket, spigot, and cotter pin. Its design must consider failures from tension, crushing, and shear stresses on the rods, spigot, socket, collar, and cotter pin. Design equations ensure stresses don't exceed permissible limits for each component's material.
This document summarizes the design of a cotter joint to connect two rods subjected to an axial tensile load of 28kN. It outlines the 10 potential failure modes of the joint and provides the calculations to size each component based on the material properties. The components are designed to have adequate strength against failure based on the permissible tensile, compressive, and shear stresses of the material. The summary provides the key dimensions determined, including a rod diameter of 30mm, spigot diameter of 34mm, socket diameter of 60mm, and cotter width of 45mm.
This document summarizes the design of a cotter joint to connect two rods subjected to an axial tensile load of 28kN. It outlines the 10 potential failure modes of the joint and provides the equations to size each component based on the material properties. An example solution is then provided to design a cotter joint with a rod diameter of 30mm based on allowable stresses of 50MPa (tension), 60MPa (compression), and 35MPa (shear). Component sizes such as the spigot diameter, socket diameter, cotter thickness, and collar dimensions are calculated.
This presentation is on design of welded and riveted connections in steel structures. in this presentation we learn briefly about these connections and design terminology about these connections.
- The document discusses the design of riveted joints, including the materials, manufacturing processes, and types of rivets and riveted joints used.
- It provides details on the essential qualities, failures, strength, and efficiency of riveted joints. Specific guidelines are given for the design of boiler joints, including assumptions made and determining the thickness, diameter of rivets, pitch, number of rows, and overlap for longitudinal butt joints and circumferential lap joints.
This document discusses different types of pulleys used for flat belts, including their materials and designs. It describes cast iron, steel, wooden, and paper pulleys. Cast iron pulleys are commonly made with a rounded rim and may be solid or split. Steel pulleys are lighter than cast iron and made of pressed steel in two halves. Wooden pulleys are lighter than other materials but absorb moisture. Paper pulleys are used when shaft spacing is small. Fast and loose pulleys allow machines to be started or stopped independently. The document also provides procedures for designing cast iron pulleys, including determining dimensions based on diameter, belt width, torque requirements, and number and shape of arms.
The document discusses different types of fasteners used to join machine parts, including screwed fasteners, riveted joints, and keys. It describes various threaded components like bolts, nuts, and studs. It discusses different thread profiles like metric, square, and ACME threads. It also covers rivet types, dimensions of riveted joints, and types of keys used in pin joints.
The document provides an overview of plates and screws used in orthopedic surgery. It discusses the different parts and types of screws, including cortical screws, cancellous screws, and locking screws. It also describes the mechanical functions of plates, including neutralization plates, compression plates, and buttress plates. The document outlines the features and uses of various plate systems, such as the dynamic compression plate (DCP), limited contact-DCP (LC-DCP), reconstruction plates, and one-third tubular plates. It also introduces locking compression plates (LCP), which provide angular stability through the locking head of the screw instead of friction between the plate and bone.
This document discusses various edges, joints, seams, and notches used in sheet metal work. It describes single and double hem edges, wire edges, grooved seam joints, cap strip seams, drive slip joints, 'S' joints, lap seams, grooved seams, Pittsburgh lock seams, standing seams, dovetail seams, and square, slant, and V notches. The purpose of each technique and how to calculate allowances are explained.
This document discusses riveted joints, which are used to join metal plates. It describes the different types of rivet heads, riveted joint configurations like lap joints and butt joints, and how rivets are installed through heating and hammering. The document also discusses factors that determine the strength of riveted joints like the tearing resistance of plates, shearing resistance of rivets, and crushing resistance of plates and rivets. It explains how riveted joints can fail through tearing of plates, shearing of rivets, or crushing of plates/rivets. The efficiency of riveted joints is defined as the ratio of the joint's strength to the strength of an unriveted solid
A kinematic pair with one degree of freedom called a screw joint is utilised in mechanisms. In screw joints, single-axis translation is accomplished by using the lead screw's threads as the translation medium. The majority of linear actuator types and some kinds of cartesian robots employ this kind of joint.
Design analysis of Cotter joint used in piston rod and crosshead a.pptx138HemangiAhire
Design analysis of Cotter joint
used in piston rod and crosshead
1.Abstract
2.Introduction
3.Literature survey
4.Design of cotter joint
5.Cotter joint to connect piston rod and crosshead
6.Example problem statement
7.3d modelling of cotter joint
8.Analysis of cotter joint
9.Result and discussion
10.Conclusion
11.Suggestion for future
12.References
Machine Design and Industrial Drafting.pptxNilesh839639
This document discusses various types of shaft couplings, including:
- Sleeve or muff couplings, which consist of a hollow sleeve that slides over the shaft ends. Rigid couplings like clamp couplings work similarly but the sleeve is split into halves.
- Flange couplings have two separate cast iron flanges mounted on each shaft and bolted together. Marine flange couplings have the flanges forged integrally with the shafts.
- Flexible couplings like bushed-pin couplings allow some misalignment of the connected shafts using rubber or leather bushes over the coupling bolts. Oldham and universal couplings can accommodate other types of shaft misalignment.
The document provides design procedures and equations for determining
A cotter joint connects two rods subjected to tensile or compressive stress along their axes. It uses a tapered, rectangular steel cotter that is inserted through slots in the ends of the rods at a high angle to their axes. The cotter pulls the rods tightly together and its tapered shape and narrow ends facilitate installation and removal. A gib and cotter joint is similar but used for rods with square or rectangular cross sections, with a gib added that is like a cotter but has heads on both ends. These joints are not suitable when the rods are subjected to rotation.
The document is a presentation on cotter joints used to connect rigidly two co-axial rods subjected to axial forces. It defines a cotter joint, noting that the cotter is a tapered wedge that provides a tight fit. It lists common applications like pistons and flywheels. The taper ensures tightness during operation and easy removal for dismantling. Finally, it outlines the design considerations for the spigot, socket, collar and cotter to prevent tensile, shear and crushing failures under the load P.
The document describes the design of various types of cotter joints used to connect machine components like rods. It provides notations, equations and steps to design socket and spigot cotter joints, sleeve and cotter joints, gib and cotter joints, cotter joints for connecting piston rods and crossheads, cotter foundation bolts, knuckle joints, and turnbuckles. Design is based on preventing failure by tensile, shear, crushing and bending stresses. Dimensions of joints are determined by equating load to resisting strengths or stresses in the materials. Examples of designing different joints are also given.
The document discusses various topics related to screwed joints and fastenings including:
1. The advantages and disadvantages of screwed joints.
2. Important terms used in screw threads such as major diameter, pitch, and crest.
3. Different types of screw threads including British Standard, American, and metric threads.
4. Factors to consider when locating screwed joints such as reducing bending stresses.
5. Common types of screw fastenings like through bolts, studs, and set screws.
A cotter joint connects two coaxial rods subjected to axial forces. It uses a tapered wedge-shaped cotter inserted into slots in the overlapping ends of the rods. The cotter prevents longitudinal movement but allows for disassembly. Cotter joints are commonly used to connect piston rods, pump parts, flywheels, and foundation bolts. The document provides design considerations and equations for sizing the rods, slots, and cotter to withstand various failure modes from the tensile, compressive, and shear stresses based on the applied load and material properties. It also presents three example problems of designing cotter joints for specified loads.
This document discusses the design of riveted and bolted joints. It covers types of riveted joints like lap and butt joints, as well as rivet materials, heads, and methods of riveting. Key terms used in riveted joint design are defined, including pitch, back pitch, and margin. The document also addresses failures of riveted joints such as plate tearing, rivet shearing, crushing, and edge tearing. Design for bolted joints includes screw thread forms, stresses in fasteners, and pre-stressed and eccentrically loaded bolted joint design.
This document discusses riveted joints and provides information on:
1. Types of riveted joints include lap joints and butt joints. A lap joint has one plate overlapping the other, while a butt joint has plates aligned and touching with a cover plate riveted on one or both sides.
2. Important terms for riveted joints include pitch (distance between rivet centers), transverse pitch, diagonal pitch, and margin (distance from rivet hole to plate edge).
3. Dimensions for riveted joints include rivet diameter, hole diameter 1.5 times rivet diameter, longitudinal pitch 3 times rivet diameter, and transverse/zigzag pitch as a ratio of longitudinal pitch.
A cotter joint is used to temporarily connect two coaxial rods subjected to axial forces. There are three types: socket and spigot, sleeve and cotter, and gib and cotter. The socket and spigot cotter joint connects rods through a socket, spigot, and cotter pin. Its design must consider failures from tension, crushing, and shear stresses on the rods, spigot, socket, collar, and cotter pin. Design equations ensure stresses don't exceed permissible limits for each component's material.
This document summarizes the design of a cotter joint to connect two rods subjected to an axial tensile load of 28kN. It outlines the 10 potential failure modes of the joint and provides the calculations to size each component based on the material properties. The components are designed to have adequate strength against failure based on the permissible tensile, compressive, and shear stresses of the material. The summary provides the key dimensions determined, including a rod diameter of 30mm, spigot diameter of 34mm, socket diameter of 60mm, and cotter width of 45mm.
This document summarizes the design of a cotter joint to connect two rods subjected to an axial tensile load of 28kN. It outlines the 10 potential failure modes of the joint and provides the equations to size each component based on the material properties. An example solution is then provided to design a cotter joint with a rod diameter of 30mm based on allowable stresses of 50MPa (tension), 60MPa (compression), and 35MPa (shear). Component sizes such as the spigot diameter, socket diameter, cotter thickness, and collar dimensions are calculated.
This presentation is on design of welded and riveted connections in steel structures. in this presentation we learn briefly about these connections and design terminology about these connections.
- The document discusses the design of riveted joints, including the materials, manufacturing processes, and types of rivets and riveted joints used.
- It provides details on the essential qualities, failures, strength, and efficiency of riveted joints. Specific guidelines are given for the design of boiler joints, including assumptions made and determining the thickness, diameter of rivets, pitch, number of rows, and overlap for longitudinal butt joints and circumferential lap joints.
This document discusses different types of pulleys used for flat belts, including their materials and designs. It describes cast iron, steel, wooden, and paper pulleys. Cast iron pulleys are commonly made with a rounded rim and may be solid or split. Steel pulleys are lighter than cast iron and made of pressed steel in two halves. Wooden pulleys are lighter than other materials but absorb moisture. Paper pulleys are used when shaft spacing is small. Fast and loose pulleys allow machines to be started or stopped independently. The document also provides procedures for designing cast iron pulleys, including determining dimensions based on diameter, belt width, torque requirements, and number and shape of arms.
The document discusses different types of fasteners used to join machine parts, including screwed fasteners, riveted joints, and keys. It describes various threaded components like bolts, nuts, and studs. It discusses different thread profiles like metric, square, and ACME threads. It also covers rivet types, dimensions of riveted joints, and types of keys used in pin joints.
The document provides an overview of plates and screws used in orthopedic surgery. It discusses the different parts and types of screws, including cortical screws, cancellous screws, and locking screws. It also describes the mechanical functions of plates, including neutralization plates, compression plates, and buttress plates. The document outlines the features and uses of various plate systems, such as the dynamic compression plate (DCP), limited contact-DCP (LC-DCP), reconstruction plates, and one-third tubular plates. It also introduces locking compression plates (LCP), which provide angular stability through the locking head of the screw instead of friction between the plate and bone.
This document discusses various edges, joints, seams, and notches used in sheet metal work. It describes single and double hem edges, wire edges, grooved seam joints, cap strip seams, drive slip joints, 'S' joints, lap seams, grooved seams, Pittsburgh lock seams, standing seams, dovetail seams, and square, slant, and V notches. The purpose of each technique and how to calculate allowances are explained.
This document discusses riveted joints, which are used to join metal plates. It describes the different types of rivet heads, riveted joint configurations like lap joints and butt joints, and how rivets are installed through heating and hammering. The document also discusses factors that determine the strength of riveted joints like the tearing resistance of plates, shearing resistance of rivets, and crushing resistance of plates and rivets. It explains how riveted joints can fail through tearing of plates, shearing of rivets, or crushing of plates/rivets. The efficiency of riveted joints is defined as the ratio of the joint's strength to the strength of an unriveted solid
A kinematic pair with one degree of freedom called a screw joint is utilised in mechanisms. In screw joints, single-axis translation is accomplished by using the lead screw's threads as the translation medium. The majority of linear actuator types and some kinds of cartesian robots employ this kind of joint.
Design analysis of Cotter joint used in piston rod and crosshead a.pptx138HemangiAhire
Design analysis of Cotter joint
used in piston rod and crosshead
1.Abstract
2.Introduction
3.Literature survey
4.Design of cotter joint
5.Cotter joint to connect piston rod and crosshead
6.Example problem statement
7.3d modelling of cotter joint
8.Analysis of cotter joint
9.Result and discussion
10.Conclusion
11.Suggestion for future
12.References
Machine Design and Industrial Drafting.pptxNilesh839639
This document discusses various types of shaft couplings, including:
- Sleeve or muff couplings, which consist of a hollow sleeve that slides over the shaft ends. Rigid couplings like clamp couplings work similarly but the sleeve is split into halves.
- Flange couplings have two separate cast iron flanges mounted on each shaft and bolted together. Marine flange couplings have the flanges forged integrally with the shafts.
- Flexible couplings like bushed-pin couplings allow some misalignment of the connected shafts using rubber or leather bushes over the coupling bolts. Oldham and universal couplings can accommodate other types of shaft misalignment.
The document provides design procedures and equations for determining
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
2. Cotter joints
• A cotter is a flat wedge-shaped piece of
steel
• This is used to connect rigidly two rods
which transmit motion in the axial
direction, without rotation.
• These joints may be subjected to
tensile or compressive forces along
the axes of the rods
• It is uniform in thickness but tapering in
width , generally on one side only.
Usually the taper is 1 in 30.
3. Applications:
Piston rod to the crosshead of a steam engine,
Piston rod and its extension as a tail or pump rod
Valve rod and its stem
Strap end of connecting rod
Foundation bolts to fasten heavy machinery to
foundations …..etc.,
Cotter joints
5. Sleeve and cotter joint
The enlarged ends of the rods butt against each other with a common sleeve over them
•The rod ends are enlarged to take care of the weakening effect caused by slots
For circular rods
6. Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
Slots are wider than the cotter.
Cotter pulls the rod and socket tightly together
Clearance: must be provided for adjustment.(2 to 3 mm)
Proportions
cotter thickness = (1/3)diameter of rod
cotter width = rod diameter
7. Gib and cotter joint for rectangular rods
One bar end is made in the form of a strap
A Gib is used along with the cotter.
The thickness of the gib and
cotter are same
8. Gib and cotter joint for rectangular rods
When the cotter alone (i.e. without gib) is driven,
the friction between its ends and the inside of the
slots in the strap tends to cause the sides of the
strap to spring open (or spread) outwards as
shown dotted in Fig.
10. Let P = Load carried by the rods,
• d = Diameter of the rods,
• d1 = Outside diameter of socket,
• d2 = Diameter of spigot or inside diameter of socket,
• d3 = Outside diameter of spigot collar,
• t1 = Thickness of spigot collar,
• d4 = Diameter of socket collar,
• c = Thickness of socket collar,
• b = Mean width of cotter,
• t = Thickness of cotter,
• l = Length of cotter
• a = Distance from the end of the slot to the end of rod,
• σt = Permissible tensile stress for the rods material
• τ = Permissible shear stress for the cotter material
• σc = Permissible crushing stress for the cotter material
Design of Socket and Spigot joint
11. 1.Failure of the rods in tension
Design of Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
P
P
12. 2. Failure of spigot in tension across the
weakest section (or slot)
Design of Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
13. 3. Failure of the rod or cotter in crushing
Design of Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
14. 4.Failure of the socket in tension across
the slot
Design of Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
15. 5. Failure of cotter in shear
Design of Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
16. 6. Failure of the socket collar in crushing
Design of Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
17. 7. Failure of socket end in shearing
Design of Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
18. 8. Failure of rod end in shear
Design of Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
19. 9.Failure of spigot collar in crushing
Design of Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
20. 10. Failure of the spigot collar in shearing
Design of Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
21. 11. Failure of cotter in bending
Design of Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. Knuckle joint
Two or more rods subjected to
tensile and compressive forces are
fastened together
Their axes are not in
alignments but meet in a point
The joint allows a
small angular moment
of one rod relative to
another
It can be easily
connected and
disconnected
Applications: Elevator chains, valve rods, etc
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