Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR discusses biomethanation and biogas production. Biomethanation is the process where anaerobic bacteria break down organic materials like cow dung and agricultural/municipal waste to produce biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome plants with a non-movable gas holder, and floating drum plants with a movable gas holder. Biogas can be used for cooking, electricity production, and as a vehicle fuel after removing impurities like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The document provides details on the multi-step anaerobic digestion process and substrates used to produce biogas.
Anaerobic digestion is a microbiological process where organic matter decomposes in the absence of oxygen. Through controlled engineering, anaerobic digestion breaks down organic biodegradable matter in sealed reactor tanks to produce biogas and digestate. The four-stage digestion process involves hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis where anaerobic microorganisms biochemically digest materials like glucose into methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion generates renewable energy as biogas and nutrient-rich digestate fertilizer.
The document discusses anaerobic digestion, which is the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. It occurs in four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. The document outlines the stages and factors that affect the anaerobic digestion process, such as temperature, pH, nutrients, mixing, and seeding. Anaerobic digestion produces methane gas and reduces volatile solids in sludge while advantages include using the biogas as fuel and easier dewatering of the treated sludge. However, it also has disadvantages like needing constant supervision and being difficult to control.
Biomethanation of organic waste, Anaerobic degradation,Degradation of organic...salinsasi
Energy has a major economical and political role to play in the modern day society. Energy consumption in the developed countries has more or less stabilized whereas in developing countries like India and China it is increasing at a phenomenal rate. The Government is looking forward to Biomethanation as a secondary source of energy by utilizing industrial, agricultural and municipal solid wastes. A large amount of money is being invested in this direction with various projects under different stages of implementation and many to follow them. Hence the long-term sustainability of the technology needs to be judged. Various potential merits of Biomethanation like reduction in land requirement for disposal, preservation of environmental quality, etc. are the spin off of the process. A study of biomethanation plant in different developed countries and India has been carried out. To understand the technical feasibility in the Indian context, a comparison is made between the characteristics of Indian waste and the ideal wastes characteristics. Further problems of the operational stability, commercial viability of biomethanation in India, developmental plans covering issues in the formulation of national policy, improvements in collection and transportation systems, marketing strategy, and funds allocation has been highlighted .With the growing energy crisis supplemented by environmental concerns, Biomethanation can serve as a potential waste-to-energy generation alternative.
With the ever increasing awareness of green house gases and its adverse impact on the environment, pursue of Biomethanation of Municipal Solid Waste will drastically reduce the emission of CH4 and CO¬2, earning the country precious carbon credits. It will also forge India among developing countries, leading in adoption of technology which suffices the broad guidelines as laid under KAYOTO PROTOCOL.
1. Biogas is a type of biofuel produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter by anaerobic digestion. It is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide.
2. Biogas can be produced from biomass sources like manure, agricultural waste, food waste, and energy crops through anaerobic digestion in biogas plants.
3. Several factors influence biogas production, including temperature, pH, loading rate, and carbon-nitrogen ratio. Biogas plants provide benefits like waste treatment and fuel production but also have economic limitations.
The document discusses biogas production from sewage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a methane-rich flammable gas produced from decomposing organic waste via anaerobic digestion. The typical composition of biogas from sewage is 50-70% methane and 30-40% carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion occurs in four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Different types of anaerobic digesters are discussed including fixed dome, floating gas holder, plug flow, and UASB reactors. Experimental results on biogas production from sewage show the highest rates occur around 2.9 kg of volatile solids per cubic meter of digester per day.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting carbohydrates from plants like corn or sugarcane. It can be used as a gasoline substitute. Bioethanol has lower energy content than gasoline but has higher octane numbers. It is produced through processes like sugar or starch fermentation. While bioethanol reduces greenhouse gases, there are concerns about food prices and land use. Future development focuses on using non-food feedstocks like cellulosic biomass.
The document provides an overview of anaerobic digestion, which is a natural process where microorganisms break down organic materials in an oxygen-free environment, producing biogas. It discusses the history of anaerobic digestion from its discovery in the 1600s to current applications. The document also outlines the multi-step digestion process and different technologies used, including liquid, high solids, plug flow, micro, and high rate digestion as well as co-digestion.
CH-3. Anaerobic treatment of wastewaterTadviDevarshi
Anaerobic treatment process, Effects of pH, temperature and other parameters on anaerobic treatment, Concept of anaerobic contact process, anaerobic filter, anaerobic fixed film reactor, fluidized bed and expanded bed reactors and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor.
Anaerobic digestion is a microbiological process where organic matter decomposes in the absence of oxygen. Through controlled engineering, anaerobic digestion breaks down organic biodegradable matter in sealed reactor tanks to produce biogas and digestate. The four-stage digestion process involves hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis where anaerobic microorganisms biochemically digest materials like glucose into methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion generates renewable energy as biogas and nutrient-rich digestate fertilizer.
The document discusses anaerobic digestion, which is the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. It occurs in four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. The document outlines the stages and factors that affect the anaerobic digestion process, such as temperature, pH, nutrients, mixing, and seeding. Anaerobic digestion produces methane gas and reduces volatile solids in sludge while advantages include using the biogas as fuel and easier dewatering of the treated sludge. However, it also has disadvantages like needing constant supervision and being difficult to control.
Biomethanation of organic waste, Anaerobic degradation,Degradation of organic...salinsasi
Energy has a major economical and political role to play in the modern day society. Energy consumption in the developed countries has more or less stabilized whereas in developing countries like India and China it is increasing at a phenomenal rate. The Government is looking forward to Biomethanation as a secondary source of energy by utilizing industrial, agricultural and municipal solid wastes. A large amount of money is being invested in this direction with various projects under different stages of implementation and many to follow them. Hence the long-term sustainability of the technology needs to be judged. Various potential merits of Biomethanation like reduction in land requirement for disposal, preservation of environmental quality, etc. are the spin off of the process. A study of biomethanation plant in different developed countries and India has been carried out. To understand the technical feasibility in the Indian context, a comparison is made between the characteristics of Indian waste and the ideal wastes characteristics. Further problems of the operational stability, commercial viability of biomethanation in India, developmental plans covering issues in the formulation of national policy, improvements in collection and transportation systems, marketing strategy, and funds allocation has been highlighted .With the growing energy crisis supplemented by environmental concerns, Biomethanation can serve as a potential waste-to-energy generation alternative.
With the ever increasing awareness of green house gases and its adverse impact on the environment, pursue of Biomethanation of Municipal Solid Waste will drastically reduce the emission of CH4 and CO¬2, earning the country precious carbon credits. It will also forge India among developing countries, leading in adoption of technology which suffices the broad guidelines as laid under KAYOTO PROTOCOL.
1. Biogas is a type of biofuel produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter by anaerobic digestion. It is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide.
2. Biogas can be produced from biomass sources like manure, agricultural waste, food waste, and energy crops through anaerobic digestion in biogas plants.
3. Several factors influence biogas production, including temperature, pH, loading rate, and carbon-nitrogen ratio. Biogas plants provide benefits like waste treatment and fuel production but also have economic limitations.
The document discusses biogas production from sewage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a methane-rich flammable gas produced from decomposing organic waste via anaerobic digestion. The typical composition of biogas from sewage is 50-70% methane and 30-40% carbon dioxide. Anaerobic digestion occurs in four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Different types of anaerobic digesters are discussed including fixed dome, floating gas holder, plug flow, and UASB reactors. Experimental results on biogas production from sewage show the highest rates occur around 2.9 kg of volatile solids per cubic meter of digester per day.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting carbohydrates from plants like corn or sugarcane. It can be used as a gasoline substitute. Bioethanol has lower energy content than gasoline but has higher octane numbers. It is produced through processes like sugar or starch fermentation. While bioethanol reduces greenhouse gases, there are concerns about food prices and land use. Future development focuses on using non-food feedstocks like cellulosic biomass.
The document provides an overview of anaerobic digestion, which is a natural process where microorganisms break down organic materials in an oxygen-free environment, producing biogas. It discusses the history of anaerobic digestion from its discovery in the 1600s to current applications. The document also outlines the multi-step digestion process and different technologies used, including liquid, high solids, plug flow, micro, and high rate digestion as well as co-digestion.
CH-3. Anaerobic treatment of wastewaterTadviDevarshi
Anaerobic treatment process, Effects of pH, temperature and other parameters on anaerobic treatment, Concept of anaerobic contact process, anaerobic filter, anaerobic fixed film reactor, fluidized bed and expanded bed reactors and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor.
Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
The document discusses the process of anaerobic sludge digestion, which involves microorganisms breaking down organic matter in sludge into biogas consisting of methane and carbon dioxide. It describes the two-stage anaerobic digestion process, where acid-forming bacteria first convert organic material into organic acids in stage one, and methane-forming bacteria then use the organic acids to produce methane and carbon dioxide in stage two. Key factors that must be controlled for effective anaerobic digestion include temperature, pH, volatile acids levels, bacteria quantities, loading amounts, and mixing to ensure contact between bacteria and food sources.
Clean, efficient source of renewable energy (1)
Made from organic waste
Produces methane
Anaerobic digestion (2)
Replaces non-renewable energy
Digested in an airtight container
Bioethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugars from various agricultural sources like corn, sugarcane, and cellulosic materials. It has benefits as a renewable fuel that can reduce dependence on crude oil and emissions. There are three main steps in production: fermentation of sugars into ethanol, distillation to separate ethanol from water, and dehydration to purify the ethanol. Lignocellulosic materials like wood and crop residues can also be broken down enzymatically to produce fermentable sugars for ethanol production, but this process is more complex than using easily accessible starch sources. Bioethanol shows potential as a cleaner burning alternative fuel but still faces challenges in efficiency and infrastructure compatibility compared to gasoline.
The document discusses biogas plants and provides details about different types of biogas plants including fixed dome plants, floating gas holder plants, KVIC plants, Pragathi plants, and Janata plants. It describes the construction, working, raw materials used, and advantages and disadvantages of each type of plant. Key points covered include how biogas is produced via anaerobic digestion of biomass, the components of biogas, and uses of biogas as a fuel.
This document discusses the biochemical conversion process of biomass to biofuels. It involves several steps: pre-treatment to make biomass accessible, detoxification to remove inhibitory compounds, hydrolysis to break biomass into sugars, and fermentation to convert sugars into biofuels like ethanol. Pretreatment uses physical, chemical or biological methods to disrupt biomass structure. Hydrolysis can be done with acids or enzymes. Fermentation is often done with yeast and can occur in batch, fed-batch or continuous modes. Overall, biochemical conversion is an efficient pathway to produce biofuels and bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomass.
Biogas is produced after organic materials (plant and animal products) are broken down by bacteria in an oxygen-free environment, a process called anaerobic digestion. Biogas systems use anaerobic digestion to recycle these organic materials, turning them into biogas, which contains both energy (gas), and valuable soil products (liquids and solids).
Mechanism of aerobic & an aerobic biodegradation07sudha
The document discusses the mechanisms of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation. It explains that aerobic biodegradation breaks down organic contaminants using oxygen, while anaerobic biodegradation occurs without oxygen. The key stages of anaerobic biodegradation are hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also compares aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, noting that aerobic is faster but anaerobic produces less waste. Various microorganisms involved in each process are also identified.
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
This document reviews biodiesel production methods using chemical and biological catalysts. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification, where triglycerides from oils react with alcohol to form esters and glycerol. This reaction is catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Key process variables that affect conversion rates include the type of catalyst, substrate, temperature, solvent, molar ratios, and glycerol byproduct removal. While base catalysis is most common, acid and enzyme methods allow processing of low-quality feedstocks. Alternative acyl acceptors like methyl acetate and dimethyl carbonate also show promise. Overall, optimizing catalysts, substrates, and process conditions can improve biodiesel
The document summarizes several biological treatment processes used for waste water treatment including suspended growth processes like activated sludge and fixed film processes like trickling filters, fluidized bed reactors, rotating biological contractors, and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. It describes the basic mechanisms and configurations of each process as well as their advantages and applications.
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
This document discusses biogas production through anaerobic digestion. It describes the key components of a biogas plant including the digester, gas holder, inlet, and outlet. The four step process of biogas production is outlined as hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Major genera of methanogenic bacteria that create methane are discussed. Factors that influence methane formation like pH, temperature, nitrogen concentration, and carbon to nitrogen ratio are also summarized.
The document discusses membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology for wastewater treatment. MBR combines a biological wastewater treatment process with a membrane filtration process. It provides several advantages over conventional activated sludge including higher quality effluent with very low levels of contaminants, complete pathogen removal, and ability to reuse treated water. The document examines various MBR configurations, design considerations, operating parameters, case studies on MBR use in antibiotic manufacturing wastewater treatment, and concludes that MBR is an effective technology for wastewater treatment applications.
Urban wastewater is usually treated using conventional activated sludge processes, which involve bacteria breaking down pollutants. Membrane bioreactors improve on this by using a membrane to filter out bacteria instead of gravitational settling. This allows for higher concentrations of bacteria and produces very high quality treated water that can be reused. Membrane bioreactors have several advantages over conventional treatment, including more compact systems and better treatment, but also have higher costs and challenges with membrane fouling.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
This document provides information about biomass generation and utilization. It discusses various biomass sources including agricultural residues, urban waste, industrial waste, and forest biomass. It also describes different biomass conversion technologies such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion involves burning biomass to generate steam for power generation. Gasification and pyrolysis are thermo-chemical conversion processes, while fermentation and anaerobic digestion are biochemical conversion processes.
This document discusses biogas production through anaerobic digestion. It covers topics such as biogas basics, the global carbon cycle, rural and industrial applications of biogas plants, feedstocks, fermentation types, microbial aspects, operating parameters, kinetics, digester types, and industrial wastewater treatment plants. Specifically, it provides details on the Janatha, KVIC, Dinabandhu, Pragati, and Utkal rural biogas plant models, as well as high rate digesters used for industrial wastewater treatment.
This document provides information on two types of biogas plants - fixed dome and floating gas holder. It explains that biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass in an airtight container. The fixed dome plant has a dome-shaped digester underground while the floating gas holder type uses an inverted steel drum above the digester that moves up as gas collects. Both allow for the production of biogas as a renewable fuel from organic waste.
This document discusses biogas technology and mechanisms. It describes how biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass by microorganisms. This process occurs in three stages - hydrolysis, acid formation, and methane formation. It also outlines the components of biogas plants, including mixing tanks, digesters, and gas holders. Common types of biogas plants are described, along with factors that affect biogas production and applications of biogas.
Biohydrogen may produced by steam reforming of methane (biogas) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste. In the latter process, natural gas and steam react to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
The document discusses the process of anaerobic sludge digestion, which involves microorganisms breaking down organic matter in sludge into biogas consisting of methane and carbon dioxide. It describes the two-stage anaerobic digestion process, where acid-forming bacteria first convert organic material into organic acids in stage one, and methane-forming bacteria then use the organic acids to produce methane and carbon dioxide in stage two. Key factors that must be controlled for effective anaerobic digestion include temperature, pH, volatile acids levels, bacteria quantities, loading amounts, and mixing to ensure contact between bacteria and food sources.
Clean, efficient source of renewable energy (1)
Made from organic waste
Produces methane
Anaerobic digestion (2)
Replaces non-renewable energy
Digested in an airtight container
Bioethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugars from various agricultural sources like corn, sugarcane, and cellulosic materials. It has benefits as a renewable fuel that can reduce dependence on crude oil and emissions. There are three main steps in production: fermentation of sugars into ethanol, distillation to separate ethanol from water, and dehydration to purify the ethanol. Lignocellulosic materials like wood and crop residues can also be broken down enzymatically to produce fermentable sugars for ethanol production, but this process is more complex than using easily accessible starch sources. Bioethanol shows potential as a cleaner burning alternative fuel but still faces challenges in efficiency and infrastructure compatibility compared to gasoline.
The document discusses biogas plants and provides details about different types of biogas plants including fixed dome plants, floating gas holder plants, KVIC plants, Pragathi plants, and Janata plants. It describes the construction, working, raw materials used, and advantages and disadvantages of each type of plant. Key points covered include how biogas is produced via anaerobic digestion of biomass, the components of biogas, and uses of biogas as a fuel.
This document discusses the biochemical conversion process of biomass to biofuels. It involves several steps: pre-treatment to make biomass accessible, detoxification to remove inhibitory compounds, hydrolysis to break biomass into sugars, and fermentation to convert sugars into biofuels like ethanol. Pretreatment uses physical, chemical or biological methods to disrupt biomass structure. Hydrolysis can be done with acids or enzymes. Fermentation is often done with yeast and can occur in batch, fed-batch or continuous modes. Overall, biochemical conversion is an efficient pathway to produce biofuels and bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomass.
Biogas is produced after organic materials (plant and animal products) are broken down by bacteria in an oxygen-free environment, a process called anaerobic digestion. Biogas systems use anaerobic digestion to recycle these organic materials, turning them into biogas, which contains both energy (gas), and valuable soil products (liquids and solids).
Mechanism of aerobic & an aerobic biodegradation07sudha
The document discusses the mechanisms of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation. It explains that aerobic biodegradation breaks down organic contaminants using oxygen, while anaerobic biodegradation occurs without oxygen. The key stages of anaerobic biodegradation are hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also compares aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, noting that aerobic is faster but anaerobic produces less waste. Various microorganisms involved in each process are also identified.
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
This document reviews biodiesel production methods using chemical and biological catalysts. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification, where triglycerides from oils react with alcohol to form esters and glycerol. This reaction is catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Key process variables that affect conversion rates include the type of catalyst, substrate, temperature, solvent, molar ratios, and glycerol byproduct removal. While base catalysis is most common, acid and enzyme methods allow processing of low-quality feedstocks. Alternative acyl acceptors like methyl acetate and dimethyl carbonate also show promise. Overall, optimizing catalysts, substrates, and process conditions can improve biodiesel
The document summarizes several biological treatment processes used for waste water treatment including suspended growth processes like activated sludge and fixed film processes like trickling filters, fluidized bed reactors, rotating biological contractors, and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. It describes the basic mechanisms and configurations of each process as well as their advantages and applications.
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
This document discusses biogas production through anaerobic digestion. It describes the key components of a biogas plant including the digester, gas holder, inlet, and outlet. The four step process of biogas production is outlined as hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Major genera of methanogenic bacteria that create methane are discussed. Factors that influence methane formation like pH, temperature, nitrogen concentration, and carbon to nitrogen ratio are also summarized.
The document discusses membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology for wastewater treatment. MBR combines a biological wastewater treatment process with a membrane filtration process. It provides several advantages over conventional activated sludge including higher quality effluent with very low levels of contaminants, complete pathogen removal, and ability to reuse treated water. The document examines various MBR configurations, design considerations, operating parameters, case studies on MBR use in antibiotic manufacturing wastewater treatment, and concludes that MBR is an effective technology for wastewater treatment applications.
Urban wastewater is usually treated using conventional activated sludge processes, which involve bacteria breaking down pollutants. Membrane bioreactors improve on this by using a membrane to filter out bacteria instead of gravitational settling. This allows for higher concentrations of bacteria and produces very high quality treated water that can be reused. Membrane bioreactors have several advantages over conventional treatment, including more compact systems and better treatment, but also have higher costs and challenges with membrane fouling.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
This document provides information about biomass generation and utilization. It discusses various biomass sources including agricultural residues, urban waste, industrial waste, and forest biomass. It also describes different biomass conversion technologies such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion involves burning biomass to generate steam for power generation. Gasification and pyrolysis are thermo-chemical conversion processes, while fermentation and anaerobic digestion are biochemical conversion processes.
This document discusses biogas production through anaerobic digestion. It covers topics such as biogas basics, the global carbon cycle, rural and industrial applications of biogas plants, feedstocks, fermentation types, microbial aspects, operating parameters, kinetics, digester types, and industrial wastewater treatment plants. Specifically, it provides details on the Janatha, KVIC, Dinabandhu, Pragati, and Utkal rural biogas plant models, as well as high rate digesters used for industrial wastewater treatment.
This document provides information on two types of biogas plants - fixed dome and floating gas holder. It explains that biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass in an airtight container. The fixed dome plant has a dome-shaped digester underground while the floating gas holder type uses an inverted steel drum above the digester that moves up as gas collects. Both allow for the production of biogas as a renewable fuel from organic waste.
This document discusses biogas technology and mechanisms. It describes how biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biomass by microorganisms. This process occurs in three stages - hydrolysis, acid formation, and methane formation. It also outlines the components of biogas plants, including mixing tanks, digesters, and gas holders. Common types of biogas plants are described, along with factors that affect biogas production and applications of biogas.
Biogas is a renewable energy source produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter. There are four stages to the anaerobic digestion process: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis, which break down organic matter and produce a gas mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. Popular designs of biogas plants include floating drum plants and fixed dome plants. Biogas has various applications including cooking, lighting, heating, electricity generation, transportation fuel, and fertilizer production. It is a sustainable and clean energy alternative to fossil fuels.
This document provides information about biogas, including its production through anaerobic digestion, history of biogas use, types of biogas plants, their construction and working principles. It discusses the fixed dome and floating gas holder types of biogas plants. Advantages of biogas include being a renewable source of energy with high calorific value. Biogas plants help reduce environmental pollution while providing nutrient-rich manure. However, their initial installation cost is high and average farmers may not own enough cattle to adequately feed a biogas plant.
1) Biomass can be converted into energy through direct combustion, thermo-chemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis, or biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion.
2) There are two main types of biogas plants - fixed dome plants with the digester and gas holder combined, and floating drum plants with a separate gas holder that floats.
3) In anaerobic digestion, bacteria break down biomass in the absence of oxygen to produce a gas called biogas that is 55-65% methane. Several factors affect biogas production rates.
This document provides information about biogas generation from biomass. It discusses the classification of biogas plants into continuous and batch types. Continuous plants can be single-stage or double-stage processes, while batch plants require multiple digesters. The main types of biogas plants are fixed dome and floating gas holder designs. The document also outlines factors that affect biogas generation and methods for utilizing the produced biogas.
This document summarizes information about non-conventional energy resources, including biogas and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC).
It describes how biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of organic matter like manure and sewage. There are three conversion processes: direct combustion, thermo-chemical, and biochemical. It also discusses the different types of biogas plants - floating drum and fixed dome - and their advantages and disadvantages.
OTEC utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface waters and cold deep ocean waters to run a heat engine and generate electricity. It describes the two types of OTEC systems - open (Claude) cycle that uses evaporation and closed (Anderson) cycle that uses a working fluid
This document provides an introduction to biomass and biogas. It defines biomass as organic matter from plants and microorganisms that can be used as a renewable energy source. There are three types of biomass: cultivated biomass, waste-derived biomass, and liquid fuels from biomass. Biomass can be converted into energy through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like gasification, or biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion. Two common types of biogas plants are the dome-type plant and the movable drum-type plant. The dome-type plant has low costs but variable gas pressure, while the movable drum-type plant maintains constant gas pressure but has higher costs and maintenance needs.
1) The document describes different types of biogas plant designs including indirect solar dryers, floating drum plants, fixed dome plants, and factors affecting biogas generation.
2) Indirect solar dryers protect crops from direct radiation and allow better control of drying. Floating drum plants have a cylindrical digester and floating gas holder.
3) Fixed dome plants have a closed, dome-shaped digester with an immovable gas holder and compensation tank. Biogas production is affected by temperature, pressure, solid concentration in the digester, and loading rate of feed material.
This document provides an overview of biomass energy and biogas production. It discusses the basics of biogas production, how biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion, and the classification of biogas plant types. It also summarizes different components of biogas plants like the dome and drum types, considerations for siting a plant, and how to start up and maintain biogas production. The document concludes with descriptions of how biogas can be utilized as an energy source.
This document provides a proposal for a 10 tonne per day biogas plant using Napier grass as a feedstock. It includes an overview of the plant design and specifications for the main equipment. The plant would utilize a single high-load reactor 4,152 cubic meters in volume to process the Napier grass. The document outlines the technological process, which involves hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis to convert the organic material into biogas and biofertilizer. It provides details on the equipment such as the solid feeder, reactor, agitators, pumps, separator, and gasholder.
The document discusses various topics related to biomass energy including:
- Types of biomass gasification such as pyrolysis, hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and gasification. Pyrolysis involves thermal decomposition of biomass in an inert atmosphere. Hydrolysis uses water to break chemical bonds. Hydrogenation treats substances with hydrogen gas.
- Gasification is a process that converts biomass into syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) using heat in the absence of oxygen.
- Biodiesel production involves transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerin.
- Biomass can be used to generate
This document discusses biogas production from sewage through anaerobic digestion. It begins by defining biogas and its composition, primarily methane and carbon dioxide. It then outlines the advantages and disadvantages of biogas production. The document explains the biochemical reaction stages of anaerobic digestion: liquefaction, acid formation, and methane formation. It also discusses different modes of operation for digesters and types of digesters, including fixed dome, floating gas holder, plug flow, and attached growth digesters. Experimental results are presented on biogas production from municipal solid waste and sewage. The maximum biogas production occurred at an organic feeding rate of 2.9 kg of volatile solids per day.
SITU PAUL is an 8th semester student studying Mechanical Engineering. The document discusses biogas, including what it is, its properties, composition, how it is produced, and its uses. Biogas is a combustible gas produced through anaerobic digestion of organic waste. It is lighter than air, has a calorific value of 18.7 to 26 MJ, and can be used as a fuel for cooking, electricity generation, vehicles, and more. The production of biogas involves feeding organic waste into an anaerobic digester where bacteria break it down to produce methane gas and fertilizer byproduct.
Biogas Generation and Factors Affecting Global WarmingIRJET Journal
This document discusses biogas generation and its role in reducing global warming. It begins by introducing biogas as a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced through anaerobic digestion of organic waste. This process reduces pollution and global warming by converting methane into energy. The document then discusses the factors that affect biogas production, including temperature, retention time in digesters, and types of digestion systems. Maintaining the optimal temperature range in digesters and sufficient retention time are important for efficient biogas generation through anaerobic digestion.
This document summarizes information presented on biomass technologies. It discusses what biomass is, densification processes like briquetting, biomass combustion, gasifier technologies including types of gasifiers, biogas technology and types of biogas plants, and fermentation processes for producing ethanol. Key biomass conversion processes covered include solid fuel combustion, digestion, gasification, and fermentation.
The document discusses biogas, including what it is, its properties, composition, production, uses, and advantages. Specifically:
- Biogas is a combustible gas produced through anaerobic digestion of organic waste by bacteria. It is comprised mainly of methane and is lighter than air.
- Biogas can be used as a fuel for cooking, electricity generation, vehicles, and more. Its production also results in nutrient-rich fertilizer byproduct.
- The biogas production process involves mixing organic waste in an anaerobic digester, where bacteria break it down to produce biogas, which is then stored for use.
The document discusses biogas, including its composition, production techniques, equipment, processing, benefits, limitations, applications, and global scenarios. Biogas is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide and is produced via anaerobic digestion of organic matter. Key production equipment includes fixed-dome and floating-drum plants. Biogas has benefits like being renewable and reducing pollution but also limitations like potential explosiveness and odor. Applications include use as fuel and power generation. India and Germany are global leaders in biogas production.
This document discusses biogas production from sewage through anaerobic digestion. It begins by defining biogas as a methane-rich flammable gas produced through the decomposition of organic waste by anaerobic bacteria. The typical composition of biogas is given. Advantages include producing methane for fuel and fertilizer from waste, while disadvantages include explosion risks and requiring proper maintenance. Various factors affecting biogas production are described. The stages of anaerobic digestion and types of digesters are summarized, including fixed dome, floating gas holder, and anaerobic filter digesters. Experimental results on biogas production from sewage at different temperatures, pH, and total solids are also presented.
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Material Management: Inventory Control & QC TechniquesS.Vijaya Bhaskar
This document provides an overview of materials management concepts including objectives of materials management, inventory control techniques, ABC analysis, economic order quantity, and Just in Time. The key points covered are:
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- Inventory control techniques help manage inventory levels and costs. ABC analysis categorizes items into A, B, C to focus control efforts. Economic order quantity models balancing ordering and carrying costs to determine optimal order sizes.
- Just in Time aims to optimize processes through continuous waste reduction and pursuing only what is needed, when it is needed in the production
This document discusses properties of coal that are important for combustion, including swelling index, grindability, weatherability, sulfur content, heating value, and ash softening temperature. It then covers different methods of coal firing in steam power plants, including hand firing, stoker firing (overfeed and underfeed systems), and pulverized coal firing. Key advantages and disadvantages of different stoker types like chain grate, spreader, single retort, and multi-retort stokers are highlighted.
This document provides an overview of human resource management (HRM). It defines HRM and its objectives, which include helping the organization reach its goals and ensuring effective utilization of human resources. The key challenges of HRM mentioned are change management, leadership development, and staff recruitment and retention. The basic functions of HRM are identified as manpower planning, recruitment, selection, training and development, performance appraisal, and others. Each of these functions is then briefly described in one or two paragraphs, covering topics like the recruitment and selection process, different training methods, and the purpose and process of performance appraisal.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in marketing management. It defines marketing as "a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others." The document outlines the main functions of marketing including exchange, physical supply, and facilitating functions. It also discusses the marketing mix of product, price, place, and promotion, as well as product life cycles and marketing strategies for different stages. Finally, it covers channels of distribution and key differences between products and services.
The document discusses biofuels, specifically biodiesel. It defines biodiesel as an alternative diesel fuel made from renewable biological sources like vegetable oils and animal fats through a process called transesterification. This process converts the triglycerides in oils into fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerin. Biodiesel has similar properties to petroleum diesel but offers benefits like being renewable, biodegradable, and having lower emissions than petroleum-based diesel. The document also lists various plant and animal sources that can be used to produce biodiesel like soybean, palm, and algae oils.
This document discusses various alternative energy sources that can power vehicles, including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and solar cars. It provides details on the key components and technologies involved in each of these alternative vehicle types, such as batteries, motors, and solar panels. The document focuses in particular on describing the basic workings of EVs, hybrids, different fuel cell types, and how solar energy can be harnessed to power vehicles.
This document discusses alternative fuels and provides information about various types of alternative fuels including alcohols (ethanol and methanol), LPG, hydrogen, ammonia, CNG, vegetable oils, and biogas. It describes the general uses, properties, advantages and disadvantages of these alternative fuels. Specifically, it outlines the production, uses and key features of ethanol and methanol as motor fuels. It also discusses the general uses of LPG in applications like cooking, heating, cooling, refrigeration and crop drying.
Gas turbine plants use compressed air and combustion to drive a turbine and generate power. They have high efficiency, quick start-up times, and can use different fuels. The key components are an air compressor, combustor, and turbine connected by a common shaft. Air is compressed then mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor. The hot gases drive the turbine which powers the compressor and generator. Axial compressors are commonly used due to their ability to deliver large air volumes at moderate pressures.
This document provides information on diesel power plants and their components. It discusses the layout of a diesel power plant including the engine, air intake system, exhaust system, fuel system, cooling system, lubrication system, starting system, and governing system. It also describes the common components of these auxiliary systems and their functions. The document then covers topics like the internal combustion engine cycle, classification of IC engines, engine types, and fuel injection systems.
The document provides an overview of different energy sources in India, including both conventional and unconventional sources. It discusses the first law of thermodynamics and defines power as the rate of flow of energy. The main conventional energy sources covered are fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas), nuclear energy, and energy stored in water through hydroelectric power. Unconventional renewable sources discussed include wind power, solar energy, tidal power, geothermal energy, and thermoelectric power. For each energy source, the document provides details on the basic principles and technologies used to capture and convert the energy into usable forms.
The document discusses steam power plants and their components. It begins with classifying power plants based on the energy source used to generate electricity. It then describes the basic working of a steam power plant using the Rankine cycle to convert heat from fuel combustion into mechanical energy via steam turbines. The major components of a modern steam power plant are identified including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and generator. The document further discusses the layout and circuits involved in steam power plants, with a focus on coal handling and combustion systems. Different types of stokers and their working mechanisms are explained.
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2. Types of fuels like coal, liquid fuels, and gaseous fuels. It describes the classification and properties of different types of coal.
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4. Calculations related
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This document provides an introduction to operations management. It discusses plant location factors and types of plant layouts, including product layout, process layout, and combination layout. It also covers network analysis tools like PERT and CPM. Additionally, it describes different types of production systems such as intermittent production (job production and batch production) and continuous production (mass production and process production). The key characteristics of each production system are defined.
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CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
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Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
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see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
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Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
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1. Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR
M.Tech (Mech., Ph.D (Mgmt), Ph.D (Mech)
PROFESSOR IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Sreenidhi Inst.of Science andTech., Hyderabad
2. UNIT – III
Biomethanation : Importance of biogas technology,
Different Types of Biogas Plants. Aerobic and anaerobic
bioconversion processes, various substrates used to
produce Biogas (cow dung, human and other agricultural
waste, municipal waste etc.) Individual and community
biogas operated engines and their use.
Removal of CO2 and H2O, Application of Biogas in
domestic, industry and vehicles. Bio-hydrogen production.
Isolation of methane from Biogas and packing and its
utilization.
B.Tech. (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) IV Year – I Semester
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
3. Biogas
Biogas originates from
bacteria by bio-
degradation of organic
material under anaerobic
(without oxygen)
conditions.
Biogas typically refers to a
mixture of gases produced
in result of breakdown of
organic matter by the
process of anaerobic
fermentation.
4. Biogas
The biomass, waste, or waste water feedstocks are
conveyed into the anaerobic digester where a
consortium of natural bacteria feed on the organic
matter producing simpler intermediate compounds
that are eventually
converted to miner-
alized nutrients and
biogas.
5. Biogas
Methane in atmosphere, from biogenic sources: 90 %
Methane in atmosphere, from petro-sources: 10%
6. Importance of biogas technology
USES/UTILITIES:
ENERGY RECOVERY:
For cooking, lighting, pumping, or power- - with burner,
mantle lamp, engine-pump and generator
Hygienic disposal of animal waste as manure
Substitutes for fuelwood & kerosene
Used in internal combustion engines to power water
pumps & electric generators.
7. Importance of biogas technology
Energy recovery and reduction of greenhouse
gas [methane] emissions from open Waste Water
Treatment (WWT) ponds gives environmental
benefit also.
Substitutes for fossil fuels by utilizing methane
generated from the waste.
The energy generation from industrial
wastewater, with recycling of recovered water has
double benefit in India.
10. Different Types of Biogas Plants
The division is based on design of Plant and mainly
Two types:
FIXED DOME (JANATHA) /Const Volume Type Biogas Plant
FLOATING DRUM /Const Pressure Type Biogas Plant
16. Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant
A fixed-dome plant consists of a digester with a fixed,
non-movable gas holder, which sits on top of the
digester.
Fixed dome plant including gas holder built with Cement
and Brick
When gas production starts, the slurry is displaced into
the compensation tank.
The gas is stored in the upper part of the digester.
Gas pressure increases with the volume of gas stored and
the height difference between the slurry level in the
digester and the slurry level in the compensation tank.
17. Parts
The Main parts of a typical biogas plant consist of the
following components:-
Inlet
Digester
Gas holder
Outlet
18. Parts: Digester
The digesters of fixed-dome plants are usually
masonry structures, structures of cement and ferro-
cementexist. Main parameters for the choice of
material are:
Technical suitability (stability, gas- and liquid
tightness);
cost-effectiveness;
availability in the region and transport costs;
availability of local skills for working with the
particular building material.
19. Parts: Gas Holder
The top part of a fixed-dome plant (the gas space) must be
gas-tight.
Concrete, masonry and cement rendering are not gas-tight.
The gas space must therefore be painted with a gas-tight layer
(e.g. 'Water-proofer', Latex or synthetic paints).
A possibility to reduce the risk of cracking of the gas-holder
consists in the construction of a weak-ring in the masonry of
the digester.
This "ring" is a flexible joint between the lower (water-proof)
and the upper (gas-proof) part of the hemispherical structure.
It prevents cracks that develop due to the hydrostatic pressure
in the lower parts to move into the upper parts of the gas-
holder.
20. Advantages
The costs of a fixed-dome biogas plant are relatively
low.
It is maintenance is simple as no moving parts exist.
There are also no rusting steel parts and hence a long
life of the plant (20 years or more) can be expected.
21. DisAdvantages
Masonry gas-holders require special sealants and
high technical skills for gas-tight construction;
gas leaks occur quite frequently;
fluctuating gas pressure complicates gas utilization;
amount of gas produced is not immediately visible
plant operation not readily understandable;
fixeddome plants need exact planning of levels;
excavation can be difficult and expensive in bedrock.
22. Floating Drum Type Biogas Plant
Floating-drum plants consist of an underground
digester and a moving gas-holder.
The gas-holder floats either directly on the
fermentation slurry or in a water jacket of its own.
The gas is collected in the gas drum, which rises or
moves down, according to the amount of gas stored.
The gas drum is prevented from tilting by a guiding
frame.
If the drum floats in a water jacket, it cannot get
stuck, even in substrate with high solid content.
27. Floating Drum Type Biogas Plant
Drum - In the past, floating-drum plants were mainly
built in India.
A floating-drum plant consists of a cylindrical or dome-
shaped digester and a moving, floating gas-holder, or
drum.
The gas-holder floats either directly in the fermenting
slurry or in a separate water jacket.
The drum in which the biogas collects has an internal
and/or external guide frame that provides stability and
keeps the drum upright.
If biogas is produced, the drum moves up, if gas is
consumed, the gas-holder sinks back.
29. Adv and Disadv
Advantages:
Biogas Supply is Reliable and Consistent
Pressure is maintained Uniform, because it is called
Const. Pressure type Plant
Disadvantages:
30.
31.
32.
33. Anaerobic bioconversion processes
Anaerobic Composting occurs in a sealed
oxygen free environment or underwater,
decomposition of the organic materials can lead
to very unpleasant odours due to the release of
sulphur containing compounds such as hydrogen
sulphide, but these slight sulphur odours can
indicate that the decomposition process is working
properly
34. Anaerobic bioconversion processes
Anaerobic processing of
organic material is a two-
stage process, where
large organic polymers are
fermented into short-chain
volatile fatty acids.
These acids are then converted
into methane and carbon dioxide.
The metabolic stages in
biogasification are illustrated in
Figure
35. Anaerobic Bioconversion
The main feature of anaerobic treatment is the
concurrent waste stabilisation and production of
methane gas, which is an energy source.
The retention time for solid material in an anaerobic
process can range from a few days to several weeks,
depending upon the chemical characteristics of solid
material
In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic bacteria decompose
organic matter as follows:
Organic matter + anaerobic bacteria CH4 + CO2 + H2S
(Hydrogen Sulphide) + NH3 (Ammonia) + other end
products + energy
38. The biogas process
■ The complete biological decomposition of organic
matter to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
under oxygen-depleted conditions (anaerobic) is
complicated and is an interaction between a number of
different bacteria that
are each responsible
for their part of the
task.
■What may be a waste
product from some
bacteria could be a
substrate (or food) for
others, and in this way the bacteria are interdependent.
39. Aerobic and anaerobic
■ Compared with the aerobic (oxygen-rich) decomposition
of organic matter, the energy yield of the anaerobic
process is far smaller.
■The decomposition of, for
example, glucose will
under aerobic conditions
give a net yield of 38 ATP
molecules, while
anaerobic decomposition
will yield only 2 ATP
molecules.
ATP: The Perfect Energy Currency for the Cell
Adenosine tri-phosphate
40. Aerobic and anaerobic
■ This means that the growth rate of anaerobic bacteria
is considerably lower than that of aerobic bacteria and
that the production of biomass (in the form of living
bacteria) is less per
gram decomposed
organic matter.
■Where aerobic
decomposition of 1 g
substance results in the
production of 0.5 g
biomass, the yield under
anaerobic conditions is only 0.1 g biomass.
41. Biogas Steps
■ The biogas process is often divided into three
steps:
■ Hydrolysis,
■ acidogenesis and
■ methanogenesis,
■where different
groups of bacteria are
each responsible for a
step (as it shown in the coming figure).
42. The anaerobic
decomposition of
organic matter
consists of three
main phases:
A.Hydrolysis (1a,
1b, 1c).
B.Acidogenesis,
also called
fermentation (2, 3,
4).
C. Methanogenesis
(5, 6).
43. Hydrolysis
■ During hydrolysis long-chain molecules, such as protein,
carbohydrate and fat polymers, are broken down to monomers
(small molecules).
■ Different specialised
bacteria produce a number
of specific enzymes that
catalyse the decomposition,
and the process is
extracellular – i.e., it takes
place outside the bacterial
cell in he surrounding liquid.
44. Hydrolysis con…
■ Proteins, simple sugars and starch hydrolyse easily
under anaerobic conditions.
■ Other polymeric carbon compounds somewhat more
slowly, while lignin, which is an important plant
component, cannot be decomposed under anaerobic
conditions at all.
■ Cellulose (a polymer composed of a number of
glucose) and hemicellulose (composed of a number of
other sugars) are complex polysaccharides that, are
easily hydrolysed by specialised bacteria.
45. Hydrolysis con…
■ In plant tissue both cellulose and hemicellulose are
tightly packed in lignin and are therefore difficult for
bacteria to get at.
■ This is why only approx. 40% of the cellulose and
hemicellulose in pig slurry is decomposed in the biogas
process.
■ Normally the decomposition of organic matter to
methane and carbon dioxide is not absolute and is
frequently only about 30-60% for animal manure and
other substrates that have a high concentration of
complex molecules.
46. Fermentation – acidogenesis
■ In a balanced bacterial process approximately 50% of the
monomers (glucose, xylose, amino acids) and long- chain
fatty acids (LCFA) are broken down to acetic acid
(CH3COOH).
■ Twenty percent is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) and
hydrogen (H2), while the remaining 30% is broken down into
short-chain volatile fatty acids (VFA).
■ Fatty acids are monocarboxylic acids that are found in fats.
■ Most naturally occurring fatty acids contain an even
number of carbon atoms.
■ VFAs have fewer than six carbon atoms.
■ LCFAs have more than six carbon atoms.
47. Effects of VFA on fermentation
■ If there is an imbalance, the relative level of VFAs will
increase with the risk of accumulation and the process
“turning sour” because the VFA-degrading bacteria have
a slow growth rate and cannot keep up.
■ A steady degradation of VFAs is therefore crucial and
often a limiting
factor for the biogas
process.
48. Fermentation – acidogenesis
■ Hydrolysis of simple fats results in 1 mol glycerol and 3
mol LCFA.
■ Larger amounts of fat in the substrate will thus result in
large amounts of long-chain fatty acids,
■ while large amounts of protein (that contain nitrogen in
amino groups [-NH2]) will produce large amounts of
ammonium/ ammonia (NH4
+/NH3).
■ In both cases this can lead to inhibition of the subsequent
decomposition phase, particularly if the composition of the
biomass feedstock varies.
49. Methanogenesis
■ The last step in the production of methane is
undertaken by the so-called methanogenic bacteria or
methanogens.
■ The methanogens belong to a kingdom called Archaea,
part of a taxonomic system that also comprises
eukaryotes and bacteria at this level.
■ A kingdom is the highest taxonomic level and Archaea
are therefore at the same level as the other kingdoms –
plants, animals, bacteria (Eubacteria), protozoa and
fungi.
■ Methanogens are believed to have been some of the
first living organisms on Earth.
50. Who is the responsible for methane production?
■ Two different groups of bacteria are responsible for the
methane production.
■ One group degrades acetic acid to methane and the
other produces methane from carbon dioxide and
hydrogen.
■Under stable conditions,
around 70% of the
methane production comes
from the
degradation of acetic acid,
while the remaining 30%
comes from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
51. Who is the responsible for methane production?
■ The two processes are finely balanced and inhibition of one
will also lead to inhibition of the other.
■ The methanogens have the slowest growth rate of the
bacteria involved in the process, they also become the
limiting factor for how quickly
the process can proceed and
how much material can be
digested.
■ The growth rate of the
methanogens is only around
one fifth of the acid-forming
bacteria.
52. ■ As previously mentioned, the methanogens do not
release much energy in the process (as it shown in the
coming table).
■But due to the anoxic
conditions, the
competition from other
bacteria is limited,
which is why they
manage to survive.
53. Energy yield of methanogens from decomposition
of different sources.
58. Aerobic bioconversion processes
Aerobic sludge digestion is a biological process
that takes place in the presence of oxygen. With
oxygen, bacteria present in the sludge (activated
sludge) consumes organic matter and converts it
into Methane, carbon dioxide, etc.
63. Individual and community biogas operated
engines and their use
Biogas gas-grid injection
Biogas in transport
Using of carbon dioxide and methane as
chemical products
65. Biomethanation
Part-B
R E M O V A L O F C O 2 A N D H 2 O
A P P L I C A T I O N O F B I O G A S I N D O M E S T I C ,
I N D U S T R Y A N D V E H I C L E S .
B I O - H Y D R O G E N P R O D U C T I O N .
I S O L A T I O N O F M E T H A N E F R O M B I O G A S A N D
P A C K I N G A N D I T S U T I L I Z A T I O N .
66. Formation of Biogas
Organic matter + anaerobic bacteria
CH4 + CO2 + H2S (Hydrogen Sulphide) +
NH3 (Ammonia) + other end products +
energy
67. Removal of CO2 from Biogas
Water scrubbing
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water.
Water scrubbing uses the higher solubility of CO2
in water to separate the CO2 from biogas.
This process is done under high pressure and
removes H2S as well as CO2.
The main disadvantage of this process is that it
requires a large volume of water that must be
purified and recycled
Carbonic acid
68.
69. Removal of CO2
Polyethylene glycol scrubbing
This process is similar to water
scrubbing; however, it is more
efficient.
It also requires the regeneration of a
large volume of polyethylene
glycol.
70. Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
Aka Carbon molecular sieves
The carbon molecular sieve
method uses differential
adsorption characteristics to
separate CH4 and CO2.
This adsorption is carried out
at high pressure and is also
known as pressure swing
adsorption.
For this process to be
successful, H2S should be
removed before the adsorption
process. Zeolites Used
71. Pressure swing adsorption
A typical PSA system is composed of four vessels in series
that are filled with adsorbent media which is capable of
removing water vapor, CO2, N2 and O2 from the biogas
stream.
During operation, each adsorber operates in an alternating
cycle of adsorption, regeneration and pressure build-up.
Dry biogas enters the system through the bottom of one of
the adsorbers during the first phase of the process. When
passing through the vessel, CO2, N2 and O2 are adsorbed
onto the surface of the media. The gas leaving the top of the
adsorber vessel contains more than 97% CH4
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules
from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface.
73. Membrane separation
There are two membrane separation techniques:
• high pressure gas separation
• gas-liquid adsorption
The high pressure separation process selectively
separates H2S and CO2 from CH4.
Usually, this separation is performed in three
stages and produces 96 per cent pure CH4.
75. 75
What is a membrane?
A membrane is a physical device able to separate
selectively one ore more components in a mixture
while rejecting others.
Feed side
Permeate side
Perm-selective Membrane
Permeation
76. Removal of CO2
Gas liquid absorption is a new development and
uses microporous hydrophobic membranes as an
interface between gas and liquids.
The CO2 and H2S dissolve while the methane (in the
gas) is collected for use.
77. Cryogenics Separation
CO2 can be separated from other gases by cooling
and condensation.
Cryogenic separation is widely used commercially for
streams that already have high CO2 concentrations
(typically >90%) but it is not used for more dilute
CO2 streams
78. Transport mechanism through POROUS
membranes
Knudsen flow
Surface diffusion
Capillar condensation
Viscous flow
H. Strathmann, L. Giorno, E. Drioli, An introduction to membrane science and
technology, Publisher CNR Roma, ISBN 88-8080-063-9, 2006
79. Removal of H2O/Water Vapour
Biogas generated from anaerobic digestion is usually
saturated with water vapor.
Water vapour may condense into water or ice and thus
result in corrosion and clogging issues.
Most biogas utilization processes require relatively dry
gas, so removal of water vapor is required.
Passive cooling:
Biogas pipe line is run though underground for a short
period of time.
Water condenses from the biogas as it cool down.
The condensate either discharges to sewer or recycle
back.
80. Removal of H2O/Water Vapour
Refrigeration and Pressurization:
Heat exchangers can be used to cool down the biogas
so that the water vapour gets condensed. Biogas can
be further pressurized to dry it more.
Absorption:
Biogas can be passed through drying medium like
glycol, hygroscopic salts, silica gel, aluminum
oxide etc. to absorb water.
These drying medium can be regenerated by drying
them at high temperature and sometime at high
pressure as well. Eventually the drying media has
to be replaced.
85. Bio-hydrogen production
Hydrogen is a valuable gas as a clean energy source and as
feed stock for some industries.
It is a non-pollutant gas in environment.
Therefore demand on hydrogen production has
increased considerably in recent years.
Hydrogen gas is a high energy ( 122 KJ/g) clean fuel
which can be used for many different purposes.
Biomass and water can be used as renewable resources
for hydrogen gas production.
86. Bio-hydrogen production
Electrolysis of water
Steam reforming of hydrocarbons
Auto-thermal process
Biological process are
(a) bio-photolysis of water by algae
(b) dark fermentation
(c) photo fermentation
87. Bio-hydrogen production
Electrolysis of water
Steam reforming of hydrocarbons
Auto-thermal process
Biological process are
(a) bio-photolysis of water by algae
(b) dark fermentation
(c) photo fermentation
88. Electrolysis of Water
Electrolysis of water may be the cleanest technology
for hydrogen gas production.
However, electrolysis should be used in areas where
electricity is inexpensive since electricity costs account
for 80% of the operating cost of H2 production.
In addition, feed water has to be demineralized to
avoid deposits on the electrodes and corrosion.
89. Setup of H2 Preparation
An electrical power source is connected to two
electrodes, or two plates (typically made from some
inert metal such as platinum or stainless steel)
which are placed in the water.
• Hydrogen will appear
at the cathode (the -
vely charged electrode,
where electrons enter
the water), and oxygen
will appear at the anode
(the +vely charged
electrode).
90. Electrolysis of Water
Assuming ideal faradic efficiency, the amount of
hydrogen generated is twice the number of moles
of oxygen, and both are proportional to the total
electrical charge conducted by the solution.
2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
However, in many cells competing side reactions
dominate, resulting in different products and less
than ideal faradic efficiency.
91. Electrolysis of Water
Electrolysis of pure water requires excess energy in the
form of over potential to overcome various activation barriers.
Without the excess energy the electrolysis of pure water
occurs very slowly or not at all.
This is in part due to the limited self-ionization of water.
Pure water has an electrical conductivity about one millionth
that of seawater.
Many electrolytic cells may also lack the requisite electro
catalysts.
The efficacy of electrolysis is increased through the addition of
an electrolyte (such as a salt, an acid or a base) and the use of
electro catalysts.
93. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons
Steam reforming of natural gas or syngas sometimes
referred to as steam methane reforming (SMR) is the
most common method of producing commercial bulk
hydrogen as well as the hydrogen used in the industrial
synthesis of ammonia.
It is also the least expensive method.
At high temperatures (700 – 1100 °C) and in the
presence of a metal-based catalyst (nickel),
steam reacts with methane to yield carbon
monoxide and hydrogen.
These two reactions are reversible in nature.
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2
94. Additional hydrogen can be recovered by a lower-
temperature gas-shift reaction with the carbon
monoxide produced.
The reaction is summarized by:
CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
The first reaction is strongly endothermic
(consumes heat).
the second reaction is mildly exothermic
(produces heat).
The efficiency of the process is approximately 65% to
75%.
Steam reforming of hydrocarbons
95. Auto thermal reforming (ATR) uses oxygen and carbon
dioxide or oxygen and steam in a reaction with
methane to form syngas.
The reaction takes place in a single chamber where the methane
is partially oxidized.
The reaction is exothermic due to the oxidation.
When the ATR uses carbon dioxide the H2:CO ratio produced is 1:1;
when the ATR uses steam the H2:CO ratio produced is 2.5:1
The reactions can be described in the following equations, using
CO2:
2CH4 + O2 + CO2 → 3H2 + 3CO + H2O
And using steam:
4CH4 + O2 + 2H2O → 10H2 +4CO
AUTO THERMAL REFORMING
96. The outlet temperature of the syngas is between 950-
1100 C and outlet pressure can be as high as 100 bar.
The main difference between SMR and ATR is that
SMR uses no oxygen. The advantage of ATR is that
the H2:CO can be varied, this is particularly useful for
producing certain second generation biofuels, such
as DME which requires a 1:1 H2:CO ratio.
AUTO THERMAL REFORMING
97. Biological hydrogen production stands out as an
environmentally harmless process carried out under
mild operating conditions, using renewable
resources.
Several types of microorganisms such as the
photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae
or fermentative bacteria are commonly
utilized for biological hydrogen production
Algae split water molecules to hydrogen ion and oxygen via photosynthesis.
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION
98. Biological hydrogen production
Biological production of hydrogen is carried out using microorganisms in an
aqueous environment at particular temperature and pH. However, the yield of hydrogen
production is low as compared to other conventional methods but there is reduced
emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 57–73 per cent using biological methods.
Among different hydrogen production methods, biological methods are of great importance
as they are less energy intensive.
Methods of Bio hydrogen Production:
a. Direct Photolysis (algae)
b. Indirect Photolysis ( cyano- bacteria)
c. Dark Fermentation
d. Photo Fermentation
101. Algae split water molecules to hydrogen ion and
oxygen via photosynthesis.
The generated hydrogen ions are converted into
hydrogen gas by hydrogenase enzyme.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is one of the well-known
hydrogen producing algae .
Hydrogenase activity has been detected in green
algae, Scenedesmus obliquus,in marine green algae
Chlorococcum littorale.
102. The capital cost of steam reforming plants is
prohibitive for small to medium size applications
because the technology does not scale down well.
Conventional steam reforming plants operate at
pressures between 200 and 600 psi with outlet
temperatures in the range of 815 to 925 °C.
However, analyses have shown that even though it is
more costly to construct, a well-designed SMR can
produce hydrogen more cost-effectively than an ATR.
103. Biological hydrogen production stands out as an
environmentally harmless process carried out under
mild operating conditions, using renewable resources.
Several types of microorganisms such as the
photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae or
fermentative bacteria are commonly utilized for
biological hydrogen production
104. Algae split water molecules to hydrogen ion and
oxygen via photosynthesis.
The generated hydrogen ions are converted into
hydrogen gas by hydrogenase enzyme.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is one of the well-known
hydrogen producing algae .
Hydrogenase activity has been detected in green
algae, Scenedesmus obliquus,in marine green algae
Chlorococcum littorale.
105. The algal hydrogen production could be considered as
an economical and sustainable method in terms of
water utilization as a renewable resource and CO2
consumption as one of the air pollutants.
However, strong inhibition effect of generated oxygen
on hydrogenase enzyme is the major limitation for the
process.
Low hydrogen production potential and no waste
utilization are the other disadvantages of hydrogen
production by algae.
106. During dark fermentation, sugars are converted to
H2, CO2 and short-chain organic acids with a
theoretical maximum hydrogen yield of FOUR
moles of H2/mole of hexose sugar, when all sugars
are fermented to acetate, CO2 and H2.
108. What is biogas?
■ Biogas is a combustible
mixture of gases.
■ It consists mainly of
methane (CH4) and
carbon dioxide (CO2) and
is formed from the
anaerobic bacterial
decomposition of organic
compounds, i.e. without
oxygen. The actual make-up depends on what
.is being decomposed
109. Properties of Methane
■ Methane makes up the combustible part of biogas.
■ Methane is a colourless and odourless gas with a boiling
point of -162°C and it burns with a blue flame.
■ Methane is also the main constituent (77-90%) of natural
gas.
■Chemically, methane
belongs to the alkanes
and is the simplest
possible form of these.
112. Distribution as Vehicle Fuel
• Usually biomethane is transported to the filling stations via public
gas pipelines.
• Alternatively, it can be transported by trucks in high-pressure
gas bottles or directly used at a filling station at the location of
biomethane production.
• Biomethane can also be supplied and used as fuel in the form of
liquefied biogas (LBG or bio-LNG).
• Biomethane must reach certainquality requirements
for methane and water vapor content to be transported by
trucks (98% Methane-10ppm water ).
113. Storage and Distribution
Clean Methane gas filled into
a standard CNG bottle
The cleaned Methane gas is
than taken into a 3-Stage
high-pressure compressor.
The compressor compresses
the gas from
Stage I: Atmospheric to 10Kg/cm2
Stage II: 10Kg/cm2 to 60Kg/cm2
Stage III: 60Kg/cm2 to 250Kg/cm2
114. Storage and Distribution
This pressure is considered suitable to fill up a CNG
bottle rack. This CNG Bottle Rack can than be
connected to a standard CNG Dispenser unit.
Now this purified Gobar gas is ready to be used as
Fuel in a motor car, or run a Gas Turbine or any
CNG converted Internal combustion engine
connected to an alternator to produce electricity.
115. Biogas vehicle configuration
• A gasoline car can quite easily be converted into bio-fuel gas
operation by adding a second fuel supply system and storage
cylinders for methane.
• A dedicated gas engine means a spark-ignited engine that is
converted to run on gas only and offers Higher compression
ratio than a standard gasoline engine.
• Dual-fuel engines, which use diesel fuel and gas
simultaneously, hold a promise of diesel-like efficiency and
power output but drawback of unburned methane
emission.