This document provides information on diesel power plants and their components. It discusses the layout of a diesel power plant including the engine, air intake system, exhaust system, fuel system, cooling system, lubrication system, starting system, and governing system. It also describes the common components of these auxiliary systems and their functions. The document then covers topics like the internal combustion engine cycle, classification of IC engines, engine types, and fuel injection systems.
A gas turbine uses a gaseous working fluid to generate mechanical power that can power industrial devices. It has three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air is compressed in the compressor, mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustion chamber, and the hot gases spin the turbine to generate power. Some applications of gas turbines include aviation, power generation, and the oil and gas industry. The efficiency of gas turbines is typically 20-30% compared to 38-48% for steam power plants.
Diesel power plants produce electricity in the range of 2 to 50 MW and are commonly used as central power stations and backup generators. They have advantages over steam power plants such as occupying less space and being more efficient for capacities under 150 MW. However, diesel power plants also have higher operating and maintenance costs compared to steam plants. The key components of a diesel power plant include the diesel engine, air intake and exhaust systems, fuel supply system, starting system, lubrication system, and cooling system. Proper operation and maintenance such as regular engine running and filter servicing is required for good diesel power plant performance.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy
is known as Diesel power station or Diesel power plant
Gas turbine plants use compressed air and combustion to drive a turbine and generate power. They have high efficiency, quick start-up times, and can use different fuels. The key components are an air compressor, combustor, and turbine connected by a common shaft. Air is compressed then mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor. The hot gases drive the turbine which powers the compressor and generator. Axial compressors are commonly used due to their ability to deliver large air volumes at moderate pressures.
The document provides an overview of diesel power plant engineering. It discusses the key components of a diesel power plant including the diesel engine, starting system, fuel supply system, air intake system, lubrication system, cooling system, exhaust system, and governing system. It describes the basic four-stroke operating cycle of a diesel engine and highlights advantages such as simple design and ability to handle varying loads, as well as disadvantages like high operating costs.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic classifications and cycles of internal combustion engines including two-stroke and four-stroke engines. It also covers the workings of spark ignition and compression ignition engines, as well as common engine components and systems such as carburetors and fuel injection systems. Key topics include the Otto, Diesel, and Carnot power cycles; combustion stages; valve timing diagrams; and scavenging, pre-ignition, detonation, lubrication, and emissions control.
The document discusses steam power plants and their components. It begins with classifying power plants based on the energy source used to generate electricity. It then describes the basic working of a steam power plant using the Rankine cycle to convert heat from fuel combustion into mechanical energy via steam turbines. The major components of a modern steam power plant are identified including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and generator. The document further discusses the layout and circuits involved in steam power plants, with a focus on coal handling and combustion systems. Different types of stokers and their working mechanisms are explained.
A gas turbine uses a gaseous working fluid to generate mechanical power that can power industrial devices. It has three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air is compressed in the compressor, mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustion chamber, and the hot gases spin the turbine to generate power. Some applications of gas turbines include aviation, power generation, and the oil and gas industry. The efficiency of gas turbines is typically 20-30% compared to 38-48% for steam power plants.
Diesel power plants produce electricity in the range of 2 to 50 MW and are commonly used as central power stations and backup generators. They have advantages over steam power plants such as occupying less space and being more efficient for capacities under 150 MW. However, diesel power plants also have higher operating and maintenance costs compared to steam plants. The key components of a diesel power plant include the diesel engine, air intake and exhaust systems, fuel supply system, starting system, lubrication system, and cooling system. Proper operation and maintenance such as regular engine running and filter servicing is required for good diesel power plant performance.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy
is known as Diesel power station or Diesel power plant
Gas turbine plants use compressed air and combustion to drive a turbine and generate power. They have high efficiency, quick start-up times, and can use different fuels. The key components are an air compressor, combustor, and turbine connected by a common shaft. Air is compressed then mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor. The hot gases drive the turbine which powers the compressor and generator. Axial compressors are commonly used due to their ability to deliver large air volumes at moderate pressures.
The document provides an overview of diesel power plant engineering. It discusses the key components of a diesel power plant including the diesel engine, starting system, fuel supply system, air intake system, lubrication system, cooling system, exhaust system, and governing system. It describes the basic four-stroke operating cycle of a diesel engine and highlights advantages such as simple design and ability to handle varying loads, as well as disadvantages like high operating costs.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic classifications and cycles of internal combustion engines including two-stroke and four-stroke engines. It also covers the workings of spark ignition and compression ignition engines, as well as common engine components and systems such as carburetors and fuel injection systems. Key topics include the Otto, Diesel, and Carnot power cycles; combustion stages; valve timing diagrams; and scavenging, pre-ignition, detonation, lubrication, and emissions control.
The document discusses steam power plants and their components. It begins with classifying power plants based on the energy source used to generate electricity. It then describes the basic working of a steam power plant using the Rankine cycle to convert heat from fuel combustion into mechanical energy via steam turbines. The major components of a modern steam power plant are identified including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and generator. The document further discusses the layout and circuits involved in steam power plants, with a focus on coal handling and combustion systems. Different types of stokers and their working mechanisms are explained.
The document discusses condensers used in thermal power plants. It describes the functions of a condenser as condensing exhaust steam from turbines to be reused in the steam cycle, creating a vacuum to improve turbine efficiency, and removing non-condensable gases. Key aspects covered include the condenser's role in the Rankine cycle, operation, materials used for tubes, sources of air leakage, methods for detecting water leakage into tubes, and cleaning and testing of condenser tubes.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
The document discusses gas turbine technology. It begins by defining a gas turbine as a machine that delivers mechanical power using a gaseous working fluid. It then discusses the main components of a gas turbine - the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The document covers various gas turbine cycles including open and closed cycles. It also discusses ways to improve gas turbine efficiency such as intercooling, reheating, and regeneration. The document provides an overview of gas turbine applications and operating principles.
The document discusses diesel power plants. It describes how a diesel engine is used as the prime mover to generate electrical energy in a diesel power plant. Diesel power plants are installed in locations where coal, water, and large quantities of power are not readily available or for emergency backup power. The document outlines the key components of diesel power plants including the engine, fuel supply system, air intake system, cooling system, and others. It also covers the working principles of diesel engines and different types of diesel engines and fuel injection systems used in diesel power plants.
The document presents information on a bootstrap air cooling system suitable for aircraft. It consists of two heat exchangers, a secondary compressor driven by a turbine, and uses ram air and compression to cool and circulate air. Ambient air is compressed by the main aircraft compressor then cooled in an air cooler before further compression and cooling. It is then expanded through a turbine to provide cooled air to the aircraft cabin. Advantages are that air is readily available, non-toxic, and pressures are low. A limitation is that it requires aircraft flight for ram air cooling and is not suitable for ground use without an additional fan.
Centrifugal compressors work by imparting kinetic energy to a gas stream using an impeller, converting the dynamic energy into increased static pressure. They have advantages like high throughput capacity and efficiency over a wide operating range, but also disadvantages like discharge pressure limitations. Key components include impellers, diffusers, volutes, casings, shafts, bearings, and seals. Surge, a dangerous condition where flow reverses rapidly, must be controlled. Compressors can operate alone or in multi-stage arrangements with intercoolers. Common drivers are steam turbines, electric motors, and gas turbines.
Gas turbine power plants work by compressing air which is then mixed with fuel and ignited in a combustion chamber. This powers a turbine, which drives both a generator to produce electricity and the air compressor. Gas turbines have three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. They can use fuels like oil, natural gas, or pulverized coal and are used for power generation especially for peak loads or as backup. Advantages include easier fuel storage and handling as well as lower maintenance costs compared to steam plants.
This document provides information about steam turbines, including:
- Steam turbines convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational mechanical energy through a series of stages, with modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
- About 90% of electricity in the US is generated using steam turbines, as the rotary motion produced is well-suited to drive electrical generators.
- Steam turbines come in a wide range of sizes, from small <0.75 kW units for pumps and compressors, to large 1,500 MW turbines for electricity generation. They can be classified in various ways such as by flow direction, number of stages, steam pressure, or governing method.
The document discusses two-stroke and four-stroke internal combustion engines. It provides details on the working principles of two-stroke petrol and diesel engines. A two-stroke engine completes the processes of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust in two strokes of the piston rather than four strokes as in a four-stroke engine. This allows a two-stroke engine to produce power during every revolution of the crankshaft.
Aircraft refrigeration system (air cooling system)Ripuranjan Singh
Aircraft air refrigeration systems are required due to heat transfer from many external and internal heat sources (like solar radiation and avionics) which increase the cabin air temperature. With the technological developments in high-speed passenger and jet aircraft's, the air refrigeration systems are proving to be most efficient, compact and simple. Various types of aircraft air refrigeration systems used these days are.
Simple air cooling system
Simple air evaporative cooling system
Boot strap air cooling system
Boot strap air evaporative cooling system
Reduced ambient air cooling system
Regenerative air cooling system
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY AND TURBINE EFFICIENCY.
Comparison of Various Air Cooling Systems used for Aircraft ON basis of dart
Valve timing diagram for - four stroke & two stroke - diesel & petrol engine ...Satish Patel
The document discusses valve timing diagrams for 4-stroke and 2-stroke petrol and diesel engines. It provides details on the opening and closing of intake, exhaust, and transfer ports during each stroke. For 4-stroke engines, it describes the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. The actual valve timings are given for 4-stroke diesel and petrol engines. For 2-stroke engines, it explains the expansion and compression strokes and provides the actual valve timings. Diagrams are included to illustrate the valve timing events during each stage of the engine cycles.
The document discusses the components, operation, and site selection considerations of diesel power plants. It describes how diesel engines convert fuel into mechanical energy to generate electricity. Key components include the engine, air intake and exhaust systems, fuel system, cooling system, and lubrication system. Performance is determined by factors like indicated and brake horsepower. Ideal sites are near load centers with available water, fuel, and transportation, while avoiding populated areas. Diesel plants have lower initial costs but higher operating expenses than steam plants.
This document summarizes information about high pressure boilers. It begins with classifications of boilers, including definitions and examples of high pressure boilers like Lamont and Benson boilers. Key features of high pressure boilers are forced circulation, small diameter tubes, and higher steam pressure and temperature. The document also describes boiler mountings, accessories, feedwater treatment, draught systems, chimney design considerations, and provides an example boiler heat balance sheet.
The document discusses the components and operation of a diesel power plant. It describes the key components as the diesel engine, air intake and filtration system, fuel supply system, exhaust system, cooling system, lubrication system, and starting system. The diesel engine compresses air which is then mixed with injected fuel and ignited to power a generator. The plant has advantages of simple design, limited water needs, and ability to respond quickly to load changes, but also has higher maintenance costs and noise compared to other power sources.
The document describes the components and systems of diesel power plants and gas turbine power plants. It discusses the layout and key parts of diesel power plants including the engine, fuel system, cooling system, and lubrication system. It also explains open and closed cycle gas turbine power plants and improvements that can be made including using an intercooler, regenerator, or reheater. Additionally, it outlines different types of combined power plants that combine gas turbines with steam turbines or other technologies like thermionic, thermoelectric, MHD, nuclear, and integrated gasification.
Steam turbines use the momentum of steam to generate rotary motion. They are classified based on the mode of steam action (impulse or reaction), steam flow direction (axial or radial), exhaust conditions (condensing or non-condensing), steam pressure (high, medium, low), and number of stages (single or multi-stage). An impulse turbine operates using the impulse of steam jets which impinge on turbine blades, changing the steam's direction and generating force. It consists of nozzles that direct high velocity steam onto blades attached to a circular runner, and a casing that contains these components.
The document discusses diesel, gas turbine, and combined cycle power plants. It provides details on the layout and components of a diesel power plant, including the engine, air supply system, exhaust system, fuel system, cooling system, lubricating system, and starting system. It also discusses advantages like efficiency and disadvantages like noise pollution of diesel power plants. Open and closed cycle gas turbine power plants are compared, with open cycle plants having less weight but lower part-load efficiency. The ideal gas turbine cycle is the Brayton cycle of 4 processes - isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat rejection.
Day 02 functional componants of ic engineSuyog Khose
The document discusses various sources of power including human, animal, mechanical, electrical, and others. It focuses on mechanical power sources like diesel engines. Diesel engines are commonly used to power tractors, power tillers, irrigation pumps and other agricultural machinery. The document discusses the components, working, and efficiency of internal combustion engines including two-stroke and four-stroke cycles. It covers engine terminology, the Otto and Diesel cycles, and actual engine efficiency factors. It provides an overview of engine systems, combustion chamber designs, valve mechanisms, and the process of overhauling engines.
The document discusses condensers used in thermal power plants. It describes the functions of a condenser as condensing exhaust steam from turbines to be reused in the steam cycle, creating a vacuum to improve turbine efficiency, and removing non-condensable gases. Key aspects covered include the condenser's role in the Rankine cycle, operation, materials used for tubes, sources of air leakage, methods for detecting water leakage into tubes, and cleaning and testing of condenser tubes.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
The document discusses gas turbine technology. It begins by defining a gas turbine as a machine that delivers mechanical power using a gaseous working fluid. It then discusses the main components of a gas turbine - the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The document covers various gas turbine cycles including open and closed cycles. It also discusses ways to improve gas turbine efficiency such as intercooling, reheating, and regeneration. The document provides an overview of gas turbine applications and operating principles.
The document discusses diesel power plants. It describes how a diesel engine is used as the prime mover to generate electrical energy in a diesel power plant. Diesel power plants are installed in locations where coal, water, and large quantities of power are not readily available or for emergency backup power. The document outlines the key components of diesel power plants including the engine, fuel supply system, air intake system, cooling system, and others. It also covers the working principles of diesel engines and different types of diesel engines and fuel injection systems used in diesel power plants.
The document presents information on a bootstrap air cooling system suitable for aircraft. It consists of two heat exchangers, a secondary compressor driven by a turbine, and uses ram air and compression to cool and circulate air. Ambient air is compressed by the main aircraft compressor then cooled in an air cooler before further compression and cooling. It is then expanded through a turbine to provide cooled air to the aircraft cabin. Advantages are that air is readily available, non-toxic, and pressures are low. A limitation is that it requires aircraft flight for ram air cooling and is not suitable for ground use without an additional fan.
Centrifugal compressors work by imparting kinetic energy to a gas stream using an impeller, converting the dynamic energy into increased static pressure. They have advantages like high throughput capacity and efficiency over a wide operating range, but also disadvantages like discharge pressure limitations. Key components include impellers, diffusers, volutes, casings, shafts, bearings, and seals. Surge, a dangerous condition where flow reverses rapidly, must be controlled. Compressors can operate alone or in multi-stage arrangements with intercoolers. Common drivers are steam turbines, electric motors, and gas turbines.
Gas turbine power plants work by compressing air which is then mixed with fuel and ignited in a combustion chamber. This powers a turbine, which drives both a generator to produce electricity and the air compressor. Gas turbines have three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. They can use fuels like oil, natural gas, or pulverized coal and are used for power generation especially for peak loads or as backup. Advantages include easier fuel storage and handling as well as lower maintenance costs compared to steam plants.
This document provides information about steam turbines, including:
- Steam turbines convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational mechanical energy through a series of stages, with modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
- About 90% of electricity in the US is generated using steam turbines, as the rotary motion produced is well-suited to drive electrical generators.
- Steam turbines come in a wide range of sizes, from small <0.75 kW units for pumps and compressors, to large 1,500 MW turbines for electricity generation. They can be classified in various ways such as by flow direction, number of stages, steam pressure, or governing method.
The document discusses two-stroke and four-stroke internal combustion engines. It provides details on the working principles of two-stroke petrol and diesel engines. A two-stroke engine completes the processes of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust in two strokes of the piston rather than four strokes as in a four-stroke engine. This allows a two-stroke engine to produce power during every revolution of the crankshaft.
Aircraft refrigeration system (air cooling system)Ripuranjan Singh
Aircraft air refrigeration systems are required due to heat transfer from many external and internal heat sources (like solar radiation and avionics) which increase the cabin air temperature. With the technological developments in high-speed passenger and jet aircraft's, the air refrigeration systems are proving to be most efficient, compact and simple. Various types of aircraft air refrigeration systems used these days are.
Simple air cooling system
Simple air evaporative cooling system
Boot strap air cooling system
Boot strap air evaporative cooling system
Reduced ambient air cooling system
Regenerative air cooling system
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY AND TURBINE EFFICIENCY.
Comparison of Various Air Cooling Systems used for Aircraft ON basis of dart
Valve timing diagram for - four stroke & two stroke - diesel & petrol engine ...Satish Patel
The document discusses valve timing diagrams for 4-stroke and 2-stroke petrol and diesel engines. It provides details on the opening and closing of intake, exhaust, and transfer ports during each stroke. For 4-stroke engines, it describes the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. The actual valve timings are given for 4-stroke diesel and petrol engines. For 2-stroke engines, it explains the expansion and compression strokes and provides the actual valve timings. Diagrams are included to illustrate the valve timing events during each stage of the engine cycles.
The document discusses the components, operation, and site selection considerations of diesel power plants. It describes how diesel engines convert fuel into mechanical energy to generate electricity. Key components include the engine, air intake and exhaust systems, fuel system, cooling system, and lubrication system. Performance is determined by factors like indicated and brake horsepower. Ideal sites are near load centers with available water, fuel, and transportation, while avoiding populated areas. Diesel plants have lower initial costs but higher operating expenses than steam plants.
This document summarizes information about high pressure boilers. It begins with classifications of boilers, including definitions and examples of high pressure boilers like Lamont and Benson boilers. Key features of high pressure boilers are forced circulation, small diameter tubes, and higher steam pressure and temperature. The document also describes boiler mountings, accessories, feedwater treatment, draught systems, chimney design considerations, and provides an example boiler heat balance sheet.
The document discusses the components and operation of a diesel power plant. It describes the key components as the diesel engine, air intake and filtration system, fuel supply system, exhaust system, cooling system, lubrication system, and starting system. The diesel engine compresses air which is then mixed with injected fuel and ignited to power a generator. The plant has advantages of simple design, limited water needs, and ability to respond quickly to load changes, but also has higher maintenance costs and noise compared to other power sources.
The document describes the components and systems of diesel power plants and gas turbine power plants. It discusses the layout and key parts of diesel power plants including the engine, fuel system, cooling system, and lubrication system. It also explains open and closed cycle gas turbine power plants and improvements that can be made including using an intercooler, regenerator, or reheater. Additionally, it outlines different types of combined power plants that combine gas turbines with steam turbines or other technologies like thermionic, thermoelectric, MHD, nuclear, and integrated gasification.
Steam turbines use the momentum of steam to generate rotary motion. They are classified based on the mode of steam action (impulse or reaction), steam flow direction (axial or radial), exhaust conditions (condensing or non-condensing), steam pressure (high, medium, low), and number of stages (single or multi-stage). An impulse turbine operates using the impulse of steam jets which impinge on turbine blades, changing the steam's direction and generating force. It consists of nozzles that direct high velocity steam onto blades attached to a circular runner, and a casing that contains these components.
The document discusses diesel, gas turbine, and combined cycle power plants. It provides details on the layout and components of a diesel power plant, including the engine, air supply system, exhaust system, fuel system, cooling system, lubricating system, and starting system. It also discusses advantages like efficiency and disadvantages like noise pollution of diesel power plants. Open and closed cycle gas turbine power plants are compared, with open cycle plants having less weight but lower part-load efficiency. The ideal gas turbine cycle is the Brayton cycle of 4 processes - isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat rejection.
Day 02 functional componants of ic engineSuyog Khose
The document discusses various sources of power including human, animal, mechanical, electrical, and others. It focuses on mechanical power sources like diesel engines. Diesel engines are commonly used to power tractors, power tillers, irrigation pumps and other agricultural machinery. The document discusses the components, working, and efficiency of internal combustion engines including two-stroke and four-stroke cycles. It covers engine terminology, the Otto and Diesel cycles, and actual engine efficiency factors. It provides an overview of engine systems, combustion chamber designs, valve mechanisms, and the process of overhauling engines.
ic Engine and reciprocating machine ch1.pdfTsegayePaulos1
The document provides an overview of internal combustion (IC) engines and their components. It discusses how IC engines work and are classified. Specifically, it notes that IC engines convert the chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy and use this to produce mechanical work. It also outlines the basic components of IC engines like the cylinder block, cylinder head, pistons, valves/ports, camshaft, crankshaft, and connecting rod. Furthermore, it explains the four stroke cycle of intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes and compares it to the two stroke cycle which completes the process in two strokes. Terminology used in IC engines is also defined.
This document provides an overview of the OAT551 Automotive Systems course. It discusses the following topics:
- The course is taught by P. Hariprasad at KIT-Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology.
- Unit 1 covers automotive engine auxiliary systems, including the classifications and workings of internal and external combustion engines.
- Engine components like the cylinder head, piston rings, camshaft and their functions are explained. Ignition and fuel injection systems for gasoline and diesel engines are also outlined.
This document provides information on internal combustion (I.C.) engines, including:
- I.C. engines can be two-stroke or four-stroke, with four-stroke being more common. They work by combusting fuel inside cylinders to power pistons.
- In a four-stroke engine, the piston completes an intake, compression, power, and exhaust stroke per cycle. In a two-stroke, it completes the cycle in two strokes.
- Other topics covered include engine components, engine types and cycles, differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines, and differences between diesel and petrol engines.
A diesel power plant is the combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator to generate electrical energy. A diesel compression-ignition engine is usually designed to run on diesel fuel, but some types are adapted for other liquid fuels or natural gas.
This document provides information about diesel engine power plants. It discusses that diesel power plants generate electricity using diesel engines between 2-50 MW. They have advantages like simple design, less space and water requirements, and lower costs compared to steam plants. However, they also have higher fuel costs and maintenance costs. Diesel power plants are commonly used as backup power sources or for small, remote power supplies where coal and water availability is limited. The document then describes the key components of diesel power plants, including the starting system, air intake, fuel supply, exhaust, cooling, lubrication and governing systems. It provides details on how each system functions within the diesel engine electricity generation process.
Mr. Moizkhan A. Fadwala completed his term work in mechanical engineering in October 2015. The document then discusses the cooling system used in internal combustion engines. It explains that the cooling system maintains optimal engine temperature to allow for smooth operation while protecting the engine. It describes the key components of a liquid cooling system like the water pump, coolant, radiator and thermostat. It also discusses air cooling systems that use fins and baffles to increase heat transfer from the engine through convection.
The document provides an introduction to internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic differences between internal and external combustion engines and classifications of internal combustion engines based on fuel, cycle of operation, and combustion process. It then describes the basic parts and working principles of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines as well as 2-stroke petrol engines. Key differences between petrol and diesel engines are also highlighted. The document concludes by defining common terminology used in internal combustion engines.
The document provides information on internal combustion engines. It discusses the key components and workings of both spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines.
SI engines use an electric spark to ignite an air-fuel mixture, as in gasoline engines. CI engines compress air to a high temperature and pressure and inject fuel to ignite it, as in diesel engines.
The document also summarizes the four strokes of a four-stroke engine - intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes - and how a two-stroke engine combines the strokes into single revolutions.
The document provides definitions and descriptions of key components and processes in internal combustion engines. It discusses the four main components - block, cylinder head, crankshaft and pistons. It also summarizes the four strokes of the internal combustion engine cycle: 1) intake/suction stroke, 2) compression stroke, 3) combustion, 4) power/exhaust stroke. The compression and combustion processes are described in detail.
This document provides an overview of diesel engines, including their basic operation, components, and fuel injection systems. It describes how diesel engines ignite fuel via compression rather than a spark plug. Key points covered include the types of fuel injection systems (common rail, unit injection, etc.), injectors and nozzles, governors, and applications of diesel engines. The document concludes by comparing diesel engines to gasoline engines and discussing newer direct injection technologies.
This document provides an overview of the diesel shed located in Galance, including its establishment date and various sections. It then describes the key locomotives maintained at the shed, including WDS4 and WDM2 locomotives. It provides technical details on the operation and components of WDS4 and WDM2 engines, including their power transmission systems, cylinders, fuel systems and other internal components. It also discusses the functions of various engine systems like the radiator, expressor, generator and control components.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are different types of internal combustion engines classified by fuel, strokes, ignition, cycle, number of cylinders, and cooling method. The key parts include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel. A four-stroke engine intakes air/fuel, compresses it, combusts it to push the piston, and exhausts gases over two revolutions, while a two-stroke engine does this in one revolution.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are several types of internal combustion engines including four-stroke gasoline engines, two-stroke gasoline engines, diesel engines, and rotary engines. Engines can also be classified based on their fuel, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, number of cylinders, and cylinder arrangement. The key parts of an internal combustion engine include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel.
UNIT-II-ENGINE AUXILIARY SYSTEMS &TURBOCHARGERDineshKumar4165
Electronically controlled gasoline injection system for SI engines, Electronically controlled diesel injection system, Unit injector system, Rotary distributor type and common rail direct injection system, Electronic ignition system - Transistorized coil ignition system, capacitive discharge ignition system, Turbo chargers -Waste Gate Turbocharger, Variable Geomentry Turbocharger, Engine emission control by three way catalytic converter system, Emission norms (Euro and BS).
The document provides an introduction to the basic systems of an internal combustion (IC) engine, including:
- Heat engines and the difference between internal and external combustion engines
- IC engine terminology and the four-stroke operating cycle
- Engine construction components like the cylinder block, piston, connecting rod, cylinder head, and flywheel
- Ignition, fuel, lubrication, and cooling systems
- Types of IC engines classified by design, fuel used, number of strokes, ignition method, cylinders, and cooling method
The summary captures the key topics and essential information covered in the document regarding the fundamental components and systems that make up IC engines.
The document provides information about internal combustion engines. It discusses:
- The basic operation of internal combustion engines, which convert chemical energy from fuel into mechanical energy through a combustion process within the engine.
- The different types of internal combustion engines including classifications based on ignition type, engine cycle, valve location, design, cylinder positioning, air intake process, fuel input, fuel used, application, and cooling type.
- The key components of internal combustion engines like the cylinder block, cylinders, cylinder head, valve train, pistons, connecting rods, and crankshaft.
- The basic four-stroke and two-stroke engine cycles for spark ignition and compression ignition engines.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR): INTRODUCTIONS.Vijaya Bhaskar
This document provides an introduction to intellectual property rights. It discusses various types of intellectual property including patents, trademarks, trade secrets, industrial designs, integrated circuits, copyrights, and geographical indications. It also covers topics such as the need for intellectual property protection, types of intellectual property properties, and definitions of key concepts like patents, trademarks, trade secrets, industrial designs, and integrated circuits.
Material Management: Inventory Control & QC TechniquesS.Vijaya Bhaskar
This document provides an overview of materials management concepts including objectives of materials management, inventory control techniques, ABC analysis, economic order quantity, and Just in Time. The key points covered are:
- Materials management aims to ensure the right materials are available at the right time, place, quantity and cost. Objectives include minimizing costs while maintaining quality and continuity of supply.
- Inventory control techniques help manage inventory levels and costs. ABC analysis categorizes items into A, B, C to focus control efforts. Economic order quantity models balancing ordering and carrying costs to determine optimal order sizes.
- Just in Time aims to optimize processes through continuous waste reduction and pursuing only what is needed, when it is needed in the production
This document discusses properties of coal that are important for combustion, including swelling index, grindability, weatherability, sulfur content, heating value, and ash softening temperature. It then covers different methods of coal firing in steam power plants, including hand firing, stoker firing (overfeed and underfeed systems), and pulverized coal firing. Key advantages and disadvantages of different stoker types like chain grate, spreader, single retort, and multi-retort stokers are highlighted.
This document provides an overview of human resource management (HRM). It defines HRM and its objectives, which include helping the organization reach its goals and ensuring effective utilization of human resources. The key challenges of HRM mentioned are change management, leadership development, and staff recruitment and retention. The basic functions of HRM are identified as manpower planning, recruitment, selection, training and development, performance appraisal, and others. Each of these functions is then briefly described in one or two paragraphs, covering topics like the recruitment and selection process, different training methods, and the purpose and process of performance appraisal.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in marketing management. It defines marketing as "a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others." The document outlines the main functions of marketing including exchange, physical supply, and facilitating functions. It also discusses the marketing mix of product, price, place, and promotion, as well as product life cycles and marketing strategies for different stages. Finally, it covers channels of distribution and key differences between products and services.
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2. UNIT – III: Syllabus
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PLANT
DIESEL POWER PLANT:
Introduction
– IC Engines, types, construction
– Plant layout with auxiliaries
– fuel supply system, air starting equipment,
lubrication and cooling system
– super charging.
•2
3. INTRODUCTION
•3
Diesel power plants are installed in the following situations.
Supply of coal and water is not available in sufficient quantity
Power is to be generated in small quantity.
Stand by sets are required for emergency purposes in hospitals,
telephone exchanges, radio stations and cinemas.
Diesel power plants in the range of 2 to 50 MW capacities are
used.
Short time and temporary power production. Long term
planning required for the development of hydro and thermal
plants.
Demands for diesel power plants are increased for electric
power generation because of difficulties in construction of new
hydro power plants and enlargement of old hydro plants
Diesel power plants used for electric generation are more
reliable and long lived piece of equipment compared with other
types of plants.
7. The four-stroke cycle
•7
Suction Stroke: With the
movement of the piston
from TDC to BDC during
the stroke the inlet valve
opens and air at
atmosphere pressure is
drawn inside the engine
cylinder. The exhaust valve
is closed and represented
by the line 5-1 in the P-V
diagram.
8. The four-stroke cycle Diesel Engine
•8
Compression Stroke: The air drawn at atmospheric pressure during the
suction stroke is compressed to high pressure and temperature (35 bars & 600
C) as the piston moves from BDC to TDC. This operation is represented by 1-
2 in the diagram. Both inlet and exhaust vales do not open during this stroke.
Working/Expansion Stroke: As the piston
going to reach TDC a metered quantity
of fuel is injected into the hot compressed air
in the fine sprays by the fuel injector and the
fuel starts burning at constant pressure shown
by the line 2-3 in the diagram. The hot gases
of the cylinder expand adiabatically to the
point 4, thus doing work on the piston shown
as 3-4 in the diagram.
Exhaust Stroke: The piston moves BDC to TDC then exhaust gases escape
to the atmosphere through the exhaust valve. When the piston reaches the
TDC the exhaust valve closes and the cycle is completed and this is
represented by the line 1-5 in the diagram.
9. Two Stroke Diesel Engine - Basics
Two stroke engines operate on the same principles as a four
stroke engine.
Intake- Fuel mixture is drawn into crankcase during upstroke
Compression- mixture is compressed in the crankcase during
downstroke and again during upstroke before combustion
Combustion-fuel is recompressed and ignited in cylinder during
upstroke
Exhaust- burned mixture is forced out by fresh mixture being
forced in during downstroke
Piston fires once every revolution. No traditional valves like a four-
stroke. Piston serves as a “valve” by covering the ports.
11. Upstroke (compression)
One-way valve opens and fuel mixture is drawn into
crankcase
Transfer port is covered
Fuel mixture is compressed (again) and ignited
Piston covers exhaust port during compression
12. Downstroke (Combustion)
Combustion forces piston down compressing fuel
mixture in crankcase
Intake port is covered and valve is forced to close
Transfer port is uncovered forcing fuel mixture into
cylinder
This fuel mixture pushes the exhaust out the exhaust
port
13. The two-stroke cycle Diesel Engine
•13
• The cylinder L is connected to the closed crank chamber
C.C. During the upward stroke of the piston M, The gases
in L are compressed and at the same time fresh air enters
the crank chamber through the valve V.
14. Classification of IC Engines.
1. According to cycle of operation
Two Stroke Engine
Four Stroke Engine
2. According to cycle of combustion
Otto Cycle Engine(combustion at constant volume)
Diesel Cycle Engine(combustion at constant pressure)
Dual Combustion or semi – diesel cycle engine.
3. According to arrangement of Cylinder.
Horizontal Engine
Vertical Engine
V-Type Engine
Radial Engine
16. 4. According to their Uses
•Stationary Engine
•Portable Engine
•Marine Engine
•Automobile Engine
•Aero Engine
5. According to fuel employed and method of fuel
supply to the engine.
•Oil Engine
•Petrol Engine
•Gas Engine
6. According to method of ignition
•Spark ignition
•Compression ignition
17. 7. According to speed of the engine
•Low speed
•Medium Speed
•High Speed
8. According to method of cooling
•Air Cooled
•Water Cooled
9. According to number of cylinders
•Single cylinder
•Multi Cylinder
10. According to method of Governing:
i) Hit and Miss Governed Engine ii) Quality Governed
Engine iii) Quantity Governed Engine
11.According to Valve Arrangement:
i) Over Head Valve Engine ii) L-Head Valve Engine
iii) T-Head Valve Engine iv) F-Head Valve Engine
18. 1. According to cycle of operation:
i) Two stroke ii) Four stroke
2. According to cycle of combustion:
i) Otto cycle ii) Diesel cycle iii) Dual combustion cycle
3. According to arrangement of cylinders:
i) Horizontal Engine ii) Vertical Engine
iii) V-type Engine iv) Radial Engine
4. According to their use :
i) Stationary Engine ii) Portable Engine
iii) Marine Engine
iv) Automobile Engine v) Aero Engine
5. According to fuel used:
i) Oil Engine ii) Petrol Engine
iii) Gas Engine iv) Kerosene Engine
6. According to the speed of the engine used:
i) Low Speed Engine ii) Medium Speed iii) High Speed Engine
•18
19. 7. According to method of Ignition:
i) Spark Ignition Engine ii) Compression Ignition Engine
8. According to method of Cooling:
i) Air Cooled Engine ii) Water Cooled Engine
9. According to method of Governing:
i) Hit and Miss Governed Engine ii) Quality Governed Engine
iii) Quantity Governed Engine
10. According to Valve Arrangement:
i) Over Head Valve Engine ii) L-Head Valve Engine
iii) T-Head Valve Engineiv) F-Head Valve Engine
11. According to Number of Cylinders:
i) Single Cylinder Engine ii) Multi Cylinder Engine
•19
25. Diesel Plant Layout with Auxiliaries
•25
Diesel Plant Auxiliaries
A. Engine : This is main component of the plant which
develops required power. The engine is generally
coupled to the generator.
B. Air Intake System: The function of the air filter is to
remove the dust from the air which is taken by the
engine.
C. Exhaust System: This system includes silencer and
connecting ducts. The temperature of the exhaust
gases are high, so the heat of the exhaust gases may be
used for heating the oil or air supplied to the engine.
26. •26
Diesel Plant Layout with Auxiliaries
D. Fuel System: It includes the storage tank, fuel pump,
strainer and heater. The fuel is supplied according to
the load on the plant.
E. Cooling System: This system includes water
circulating pumps, cooling towers or spray ponds and
water filtration plant. The purpose of the cooling
system is to carry the heat from engine cylinder to
keep the temperature of the cylinder in the safe range
and extends the life.
27. Diesel Plant Auxiliaries
•27
F. Lubrication System: It includes the oil pumps, oil
tanks, filters, coolers and connecting pipes. The
function of the lubricating system is to reduce the
friction of moving parts and reduce the wear and tear
of the engine.
G. Engine Starting System: This includes compressed
air tanks. The function of this system is to start the
engine from cold by supplying the compressed air.
H. Governing System: The function of the governing
system is to maintain the speed of the engine constant
irrespective of load on the plant. This is done by
varying the fuel supply to the engine according to load.
28. Air Intake System
•28
• Fresh air through pipes
•Filters used (dry/wet)
•Silencer b/w engine and
intake (Vibrations)
29. Air Intake System
•29
The air intake system conveys fresh air through pipes or ducts
to the engine.
Filters used to catch dirt particles in the air.
Filters are of dry or oil bath types are used.
Silencer is provided in between the engine and intake.
Some of the precautions while constructing an air intake system.
Air intakes may not be located inside the engine room
Air should not be taken from a confined space otherwise air
pulsation causes serious vibration problem.
Diameter of the air intake lines should not be too small or
too big, but be relevant size related to the engine power.
Air intake filters may not be located close to the roof of the
engine.
30. Exhaust System
•30
• Function of this exhaust system
is to discharge the engine flue
gases into atmosphere.
• Exhaust manifold connects the
engine cylinder exhaust outlets
to the exhaust pipe which is
provided with a muffler to
reduce the pressure in the
exhaust line and eliminate noise.
• The exhaust gases are used by
providing the waste heat
recovery devices to preheat the
oil and air supplied to the
engine.
32. Fuel System
•32
Main flow is made workable and arranging of piping equipment with
heaters, bypasses, shut offs, drain lines, relief valves, strainers and
filters, flow meters and temperature indicators.
The flow plans depends on type of fuel, engine equipment and size of
the plant.
The main storage tank contains manholes for repairs, fill lines to
receive oil, vent lines to discharge vapour, overflow return lines for
controlling oil flow and suction line to withdraw oil.
Day tanks supply the daily fuel needs of the engine i.e. for 8 hrs.
These tanks are placed high because oil may flow to the engine under
gravity.
The fuel oil supply system has to consider the following points.
Provisions for cleanliness and for changing over of lines during
emergencies.
All suction lines pipe joints should be tested under pressure and joints
tested with soap solution.
Cleanliness in handling the bulk oil tanks.
33. Fuel Injection System
•33
A very small quantity of fuel must be measured out, injected,
atomized and mixed with combustion air.
The function of the fuel injection system are:
Filter the fuel.
Measure correct quantity of fuel to be injected.
Time the fuel injection
Control the rate of fuel injection
Break up the fuel into fine particles
Properly distribute the fuel in the combustion chamber.
Atomization of fuel oil has been done by air blast and pressure
spray.
Types of fuel injection systems are
Common rail injection system
Individual pump injection system
Distributor system.
34. Common Rail Injection System
•34
A single pump supplies high
pressure fuel to header or
common rail, a relief valve
holds pressure constant.
The control wedge adjusts
the lift of mechanically
operated valve to set amount
and time of injection.
35. Common Rail Injection System
•35
A controlled pressure system
has pump which maintains set
head pressure.
Pressure relief and timing
valves regulated injection time
and amount of fuel.
Spring loaded spray valve acts
as a check.
36. Individual Fuel Pump Injection System
•36
Pump with an individual
cylinder directly connects to
each fuel nozzle.
Pump meters charge and control
injection timing.
Nozzle contain a delivery valve
actuated by the fuel oil
pressure.
37. Distributor Fuel Injection System
•37
In this system fuel is metered
at a central point.
A pump pressurizes, meters
the fuel and times the
injection.
Fuel is distributed to cylinders
in correct firing order by cam
operated poppet valves which
open to admit fuel to the
nozzles.
38. The temperature of gases inside the engine cylinder may vary from 35 º to as
high as 2750 º C during the cycle.
At this temperature range the cylinder walls, cylinder and piston metals will
loose their characteristics and piston seizes the liners.
If the cylinder wall temperature rises above 65 º C the lubricating oil evaporates
and the piston and cylinders are damaged.
In order to protect these parts from this heating effect proper cooling system is
required.
The high temperature reduces the strength of piston and cylinder liners.
Some times the overheating leads to pre ignition in spark ignition engines.
There are two methods used in cooling the IC engines.
1. Air cooling and 2.liquid cooling.
•38
39. •39
• Heat is carried by the air flowing over and around the
engine cylinders.
• Fins are cast on the cylinder head and barrel to provide
the additional conductive and radiating surfaces.
• The fins connected to the right angles to the cylinder axis.
• Advantages:
•No water jackets are required
•Absence of cooling pipes, radiation makes system
simpler.
•No danger of coolant leakage.
•No problem of freezing troubles
•Weight per B.H.P of the air cooled engine is less than
water cooled engine.
•It is a self contained unit , no external components
•Installation is easier than water cooling.
40. •40
Disadvantages:
•Their movement is noisy, non uniform cooling and maintenance is not easy.
•Output of air cooled engine is less than that of water cooled engine.
•Smaller useful compression ratio.
41. It is indirect method of cooling the engine.
The cylinder walls and heads are provided with jackets through
which cooling liquid can be circulated.
The heat is transferred from cylinder walls to the liquid by
conduction and convection.
The liquid becomes heated as it is passing through jackets and
cooled by means of air cooled radiator system.
The heat from liquid in turn is transferred to air.
The stationary diesel engine plants uses this cooling system as open
and closed systems.
A. Open or Single circuit system:
◦ Pump draws the water from cooling pond and forces it into
the main engine jacket.
◦ Water after recirculation return to the cooling pond.
B. Close or Double circuit system:
Water is made to flow though the heat exchanger when it takes up
the heat of jacket water and returns back to the cooling pond.
•41
42. Advantages:
◦ Fuel consumption is less.
◦ Cooling water can be conveniently heated when ever
required.
◦ We can design any size of the cooling system for the engine.
◦ No problem of noise.
◦ Uniform heating takes place.
Disadvantages:
◦ Water requirement depends on the system
◦ Power absorbed by pump for circulating water is higher than
that of cooling fans.
◦ Failure of water cooling system can damage the engine
◦ Cost of this system is high
◦ Additional maintenance required for water cooling system.
•42
43. LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Lubrication system required between two surfaces having relative
motion.
The purpose of lubrication is as follows.
Reduce the friction and wear between the parts having relative
motion.
Cool the surfaces by carrying away the heat generated due to
friction.
To seal a space adjoining surfaces such as piston rings and cylinder
liners.
To clean the surface by carrying away the carbon and metal particles
caused by wear.
To absorb shock between bearings and other parts to reduce noise.
The parts which requires the lubrication in the diesel engine are:
Main crank shaft bearing, big end bearing, small end or gudgeon pin
bearings, piston rings and cylinder walls, timing gears, cam shaft and
cam shaft bearings, valve mechanism, valve guides etc.
Various lubrication systems used in the diesel engine are
A. Wet sump lubrication system B. Dry sump lubrication system
C. Mist sump lubrication system
•43
44. A. WET SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM
These systems employ a large capacity oil sump at the
base of crank chamber from which the oil is drawn by
a low pressure oil pump and delivered to various
parts.
Oil then gradually returns back to the sump after
serving the purpose.
Oil is always contained in the sump which is drawn
by pump though a strainer.
In this system having three types
Splash system
Full pressure system
Semi pressure system
•44
46. SPLASH SYSTEM
This system is used on some small four stroke
stationary engine.
Caps on the big end bearings of connecting rods are
provided with scoops which, when the connecting rod
is in the lowest position, just dip into the oil troughs
and thus directs the oil through holes in the caps to the
big end bearings.
Due to splash of oil it reaches the lower portion of the
cylinder walls, crank shaft and other parts requiring
lubrication.
Oil level in the troughs is maintained by means of a
oil pump which takes oil from sump through a filter.
This system is suitable for low and medium speed
engines having moderate bearing load pressures. •46
49. FULL PRESSURE SYSTEM
Oil is delivered by the pressure pump at pressure
ranging from 1.5 to 4 bars.
Oil under pressure is supplied to main bearings of
crank shaft and cam shaft.
Holes drilled through the main crankshafts bearing
journals, communicate oil to the big end bearing and
also small end bearings through holes drilled in
connecting rods.
A pressure gauge is provided to confirm the
circulation of oil to the various parts.
A pressure regulating valve also provided on the
delivery side of this pump to prevent excessive wear.
•49
50. SEMI PRESSURE SYSTEM
This is the combination of splash and pressure system.
Main supply of the oil is located in the base of crank chamber.
Oil is drawn from the lower portion of the sump through a
filter and is delivered by means of a gear pump at pressure
above 1 bar to the main bearings.
The big end bearings are lubricated by means of spray through
nozzle.
Oil pressure gauge is provided to indicate satisfactory oil
supply.
The system is less costly to install as compare to pressure
system.
It enable higher bearing loads and engine speeds to be
employed as compared to splash system.
•50
51. B. DRY SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM
In this system the oil from the sump is carried to a storage
tank out side the engine cylinder block.
Oil from the sump is pumped by means of a sump pump
though filters to the storage tank.
Oil from storage tank is pumped to the engine cylinder through
oil cooler.
Oil pressure varies from 3 to 8 kgf/cm ².
This system is generally adopted for high capacity engines.
•51
53. C. MIST LUBRICATION SYSTEM
This system is used for two stroke engines.
These engines are lubricated by adding 2 to 3 percent lubricating oil in the
fuel tank.
The oil and fuel mixture is inducted through the carburetor.
The gasoline is vapourised, oil in the form of mist goes via crankcase into
cylinder.
The oil which impinges on the crank case walls lubricates the main and
connecting rod bearings and rest of the oil which passes to the cylinder
during charging and scavenging periods, lubricates piston, piston rings and
the cylinder.
Advantages are simple system and low cost because of absence of pump.
Disadvantages :
lubricating oil invariably burns in the combustion chamber.
Loses the anti corrosion properties which damage bearings.
For effective mixing separate additives are required.
High lubricant consumption
Engine over- oiled most of the time because of no control over the
proportion of lubricating oil •53
54. 1. Starting by an auxiliary engine:
In this system the auxiliary unit is mounted close to the main engine
and drive through a clutch and gear.
Clutch is first disengaged and the auxiliary engine started by hand or
self started motor.
When it warms up and runs normally the drive gear is engaged through
clutch and main engine is cranked for starting.
2. Use of Electric motor or Self starter:
These are employed for small diesel and gasoline engines.
Storage battery (12 to 36v) is used to supply power to an electric motor
which is geared to flywheel with arrangement for automatic
disengagement after the engine started.
Motor draws heavy current and designed to engage for 30 s, after
which is cooled off for a minute and then re engaged.
When the engine is running a small dc generator on the engine serves
to charge the battery.
•54
55. 3. Starting using Compressed Air system:
This system is commonly used for starting the large diesel
engines employed for stationary power plant service.
Compressed air at about 17 bar supplied from an
air tank and admitted to the engine cylinders
making them work like reciprocating air motor to
run the engine shaft.
The air tank is charged by a motor or gasoline
engine driven compressor.
This system includes storage tank, safety valve and
interconnecting pipe work.
•55
56. The purpose of supercharging is to raise the
volumetric efficiency above that value which can be
obtained by normal aspiration.
Volumetric Efficiency: It is the ratio of the actual volume
of the charge drawn in during the suction stroke to the swept
volume of the piston.
The engine is an air pump, increasing the air
consumption permits greater quantity of fuel to be
added, and results in greater potential output.
The power output is almost directly proportional to the
air consumption.
57. Three methods to increase the air consumption are
◦ 1. Increasing the piston displacement: but leads
to more size and weight, cooling problems
◦ 2. Running the engine at higher speeds: but leads
to mechanical wear and tear.
◦ 3. Increasing the density of the charge, so that greater
mass of charge is introduced in same volume. {Widely
Used}
58. The apparatus used to increase the air density is
called supercharger. It is similar to a compressor
( centrifugal type), which provides greater mass of
charge with same piston displacement.
The supercharger produces following effects:
1. Provides better mixing of air fuel mixture due to
turbulent effect of supercharger.
2. The temperature of charge is raised as it is
compressed, resulting in higher temperature within the
cylinder, so better vaporization of fuel, but dec in density
of charge.
3. Power required to run the supercharger is obtained from
engine
59. SUPERCHARGING
•59
Super charging is used to produce a higher power output in
diesel engine and other systems.
If we increase the air consumption essentially it permits
greater quantity of fuel to be added and results in greater
potential output.
The air consumption can be increased by three methods.
If we increase the piston displacement the size and weight
of the engine increases and results in cooling problem etc.
Running the engine at high speeds increases frictional
losses and induces inertia stresses on the engine.
60. •60
SUPERCHARGING
Last method which is generally used to increase
engine capacity and known as supercharging. Greater
air and fuel supplied to the engine there by drawing
greater engine powers.
Generally centrifugal compressors are generally used
as superchargers where the mixture enters the rotating
impeller in direction parallel to the shaft and leaves
the impeller radially and passes through the diffuser.
61. SUPERCHARGING
•61
The purpose of the supercharging is to increase the volumetric
efficiency.
Advantages of super charging:
Power increase: Out put can be increased by 30 – 50 % at the same speed of the
engine.
Fuel economy: The combustion in the super charged engine is better than as it
provides better mixing of air and fuel. SFC is less than general one and thermal
efficiency is also higher.
Mechanical efficiency: It is better than natural one at the same speed. This is
because power increase due to supercharging increases faster than the rate of
increase in friction losses.
Scavenging: Its scavenging action is better in two stroke super charged engine
than normal engine because the quantity of residual gases is reduced with
increase in super charged pressure.
Knocking: Super charging reduces the possibility of knocking in diesel engine
because delay period is reduced with an increase in super charged pressure. This
super charging results in smooth running of the engine.
62. SUPER CHARGING IN SI ENGINE
•62
•Main difference
between two engines is
• Increase in
pressures over
normal engine
• Results in pumping
loop is positive one.
63. •63
SUPER CHARGING IN CI ENGINE
•Super charging in
CI engines: Improves
the combustion in
diesel engine.
•Increase in intake temperature reduces the volumetric efficiency and thermal
efficiency but increase in density due to pressure compensates for this and
inter cooling is not necessary except for highly superheated engines.
•Better mixing and
combustion in super
charged engine - has
better SFC
65. •65
PLANT MAINTENANCE IN DIESEL ENGINES
• Diesel engine power plant maintenance depends on the various
factors.
• Careful supervision of the equipment used for recording
temperature, pressure and electrical data are essential.
• The temperature inside the engine should not be allowed to exceed
the safe limit.
• The temperature, flow and quantity of fuel oil should be checked
from time to time.
• The fuel oil must cleaned from dist and other impurities by means
of filters.
• When filter elements becomes choke it should be replaced by a new
one.
• Dirt in fuel oil ruins the fine lap of fuel injection pumps and plugs
the injection nozzle orifice.
• Fuel tank cleaned thoroughly
• The temperature and flow of coolants, lubricating oil and exhaust
gases should be checked at regular intervals.