RUNNING head: DEVELOPING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PLAN
3
DEVELOPING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PLAN
Postpartum Depression among African Women Living in Rural Area in Nigeria Allison Nnaka
Walden University
Opening Statement/Introduction
This research will explore how self –reported depressed Nigerian adolescent and adult mothers’ experience postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a serious mental health issue that affects women irrespective of age, race or ethnicity. Although there has been an influx of postpartum depression literature, few studies employ a sociological perspective, and even fewer focus Nigerians. The study will provides a theoretical framework of fragmented identify to explain socio-cultural factors contributing to postpartum depression among Nigerian adolescent and adult mothers. The research will demonstrate the distinct features compares to that of the adult women, such as the stigmatization of teen pregnancy and motherhood,, body image issues, changing identity and intergenerational conflict problems faced by many adolescent mother. Moreover, most Nigerians fail to seek mental health treatment, and approximately 75% of postpartum depression cases are undetected, and untreated.
Background of the study
Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that affects about 10-15 percent of adult mothers every year with depressive symptoms lasting more than sx months among 25-50 present of the affected individuals. Approximately 48 percent of adolescent mothers experience depressive symptoms. Postpartum depression often occurs between a few months to a year; studies report postpartum depression four years following birth. Postpartum mood disorders are classified into three categories according to the severity. The first , postpartum blues, which is the least form of typically lasting a few days to a couple of weeks after giving birth and affects approximately 50-85 percent of all new mothers and according to some studies is a precursor to postpartum depression (Watanabe et at., 2008). The second postpartum mood disorder, postpartum depression, is ore severe, causing a great deal of problems for the mother. If left untreated postpartum depression often results in bouts of crying, guilt, feelings of inadequacy and detachment from the baby. A third type of postpartum mood disorder, postpartum psychosis, affects less tan 2 women per 1.000 births, causes delusions, rapid mood swings, confusion and hallucinations and is most likely to occur during the first three months following delivery.
Problem statement
Depression during pregnancy poses a risk to the fetus both directly and indirectly in terms of maternal nutrition, drugs, alcohol, smoking, and noncompliance with prenatal care plans. The chances for obstetrical complications such as intrauterine growth retardation, premature labor and placental abruption are increased, possibly due to increased catech.
More than baby blues_Senefeld, Reider, Schooley_10.13.11CORE Group
Maternal depression has significant negative effects on mothers, infants, and children. It can compromise parenting, impair the mother-infant relationship, and negatively impact child growth and development. Screening and treatment programs are effective but underutilized, especially in developing countries. The HEAL program implements a group intervention model with Latina women that uses screening tools and educates participants on depression, stress management, and empowerment to help mitigate the impacts of maternal mental health issues.
This document provides an overview of postpartum psychiatric disorders. It discusses the biological and psychological changes that occur after childbirth that can increase risks of mental illness. Common disorders include postpartum blues, postpartum depression, postpartum psychosis, and mother-infant relationship disorders. Diagnosis can be challenging and these disorders can seriously impact both mother and child if not properly treated. The document examines assessment tools, treatment guidelines, and the importance of prevention and early intervention.
Physical, emotional, and psychological well-being are especially important for women due to the stresses of their many roles and responsibilities. A woman's role in the home, family, community and society is irreplaceable as they juggle household chores, childcare, work and cultural obligations. This juggling can cause stress, so taking care of one's wellness is vital. Women are also more prone to stress and depression than men due to social and biological factors like hormones and life events. During pre-menstrual phases, pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause, biological changes increase depression risk. Left unaddressed, depression can negatively impact relationships, parenting and quality of life. Improving awareness, screening
Major depressive disorder is a common psychological disorder characterized by a depressed mood lasting more than two weeks along with symptoms like loss of interest, sleep, and pleasure. It can be caused by genetic, biological, cognitive, social, and environmental factors. Treatment approaches include biomedical treatments using antidepressant drugs, individual cognitive therapies to change negative thoughts, and group therapies where people with similar issues provide support. The effectiveness of different treatment approaches is evaluated based on how long symptoms are relieved and whether observable behavior changes.
This document discusses mental health issues among women of reproductive age. It notes that depression is common, affecting around 8% of pregnant women and 11% of non-pregnant women. Poor mental health can negatively impact physical health, pregnancy outcomes, and child development. The document reviews risk factors for depression like stress, low social support, pregnancy complications, and chronic illness. It also discusses treatments like antidepressants and therapy.
- Women experience higher rates of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms than men. Certain life events that disproportionately affect women, such as gender-based violence and low socioeconomic status, are risk factors for these common mental disorders.
- Throughout a woman's life, hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause can impact mental health and susceptibility to mental illness. Conditions like premenstrual dysphoric disorder and postpartum depression are more prevalent in women.
- Women are also more likely to be affected by disorders like PTSD due to higher rates of sexual violence and trauma. While research on gender differences in mental health is growing, more work is still needed to improve identification and treatment
The causes, symptoms, and ways to treat postpartum depression.pptxEnquiry Pharmacy
Bringing a child into the world is undoubtedly a joyful and emotional experience. However, for some new mothers, the period following childbirth can be characterised by a deep sense of melancholy and helplessness. Postpartum depression (PPD) is the term for this. The health of the mother and the functioning of the family as a whole are both significantly impacted by this condition, which affects many women worldwide. We will examine the causes, signs, risk factors, potential side effects, and therapies for postpartum depression in this thorough article, putting light on a mental health problem that is frequently misunderstood and disregarded.
More than baby blues_Senefeld, Reider, Schooley_10.13.11CORE Group
Maternal depression has significant negative effects on mothers, infants, and children. It can compromise parenting, impair the mother-infant relationship, and negatively impact child growth and development. Screening and treatment programs are effective but underutilized, especially in developing countries. The HEAL program implements a group intervention model with Latina women that uses screening tools and educates participants on depression, stress management, and empowerment to help mitigate the impacts of maternal mental health issues.
This document provides an overview of postpartum psychiatric disorders. It discusses the biological and psychological changes that occur after childbirth that can increase risks of mental illness. Common disorders include postpartum blues, postpartum depression, postpartum psychosis, and mother-infant relationship disorders. Diagnosis can be challenging and these disorders can seriously impact both mother and child if not properly treated. The document examines assessment tools, treatment guidelines, and the importance of prevention and early intervention.
Physical, emotional, and psychological well-being are especially important for women due to the stresses of their many roles and responsibilities. A woman's role in the home, family, community and society is irreplaceable as they juggle household chores, childcare, work and cultural obligations. This juggling can cause stress, so taking care of one's wellness is vital. Women are also more prone to stress and depression than men due to social and biological factors like hormones and life events. During pre-menstrual phases, pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause, biological changes increase depression risk. Left unaddressed, depression can negatively impact relationships, parenting and quality of life. Improving awareness, screening
Major depressive disorder is a common psychological disorder characterized by a depressed mood lasting more than two weeks along with symptoms like loss of interest, sleep, and pleasure. It can be caused by genetic, biological, cognitive, social, and environmental factors. Treatment approaches include biomedical treatments using antidepressant drugs, individual cognitive therapies to change negative thoughts, and group therapies where people with similar issues provide support. The effectiveness of different treatment approaches is evaluated based on how long symptoms are relieved and whether observable behavior changes.
This document discusses mental health issues among women of reproductive age. It notes that depression is common, affecting around 8% of pregnant women and 11% of non-pregnant women. Poor mental health can negatively impact physical health, pregnancy outcomes, and child development. The document reviews risk factors for depression like stress, low social support, pregnancy complications, and chronic illness. It also discusses treatments like antidepressants and therapy.
- Women experience higher rates of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms than men. Certain life events that disproportionately affect women, such as gender-based violence and low socioeconomic status, are risk factors for these common mental disorders.
- Throughout a woman's life, hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause can impact mental health and susceptibility to mental illness. Conditions like premenstrual dysphoric disorder and postpartum depression are more prevalent in women.
- Women are also more likely to be affected by disorders like PTSD due to higher rates of sexual violence and trauma. While research on gender differences in mental health is growing, more work is still needed to improve identification and treatment
The causes, symptoms, and ways to treat postpartum depression.pptxEnquiry Pharmacy
Bringing a child into the world is undoubtedly a joyful and emotional experience. However, for some new mothers, the period following childbirth can be characterised by a deep sense of melancholy and helplessness. Postpartum depression (PPD) is the term for this. The health of the mother and the functioning of the family as a whole are both significantly impacted by this condition, which affects many women worldwide. We will examine the causes, signs, risk factors, potential side effects, and therapies for postpartum depression in this thorough article, putting light on a mental health problem that is frequently misunderstood and disregarded.
Motherhood and Depression Navigating the Challenges.pdfAthena Okas
Motherhood is often portrayed as a joyful and fulfilling journey, marked by tender moments and a sense of accomplishment. However, the reality is that the path to motherhood can also be riddled with challenges, one of the most formidable being depression.
Perinatal Depression: When Depression Hits at the Moment of Joy.Dr. Umi Adzlin Silim
The document provides an overview of perinatal depression and efforts to improve perinatal mental health services in Malaysia. It discusses (1) the need to move beyond biological models to recognize psychosocial risk factors for perinatal depression, (2) current lack of specialized perinatal mental health services in Malaysia, and (3) ongoing research efforts like the National Maternal and Child Health Survey and ASPIRE studies to better understand prevalence of perinatal depression in Malaysia and test interventions.
Maternal Mental Health: CA Department of Public Health Nov 6, 2014Joy Burkhard
Maternal Mental Health is an underground health crisis impacting women, infants and families. This presentation was provided Nov. 6 2014 to the California Department of Public Health and discusses symptoms, risk factors and prevalence; impact on child development, why providers don't routinely screen/diagnose and treat, and what we can do to collectively change this course.
15 disorders of childhood and adolescence (neurodevelopmental diso.docxdrennanmicah
15 disorders of childhood and adolescence (neurodevelopmental disorders)
learning objectives 15
· 15.1 How does maladaptive behavior appear in different life periods?
· 15.2 What are the common disorders of childhood?
· 15.3 Do anxiety and depression appear in children and adolescents?
· 15.4 What are some specific disorders that occur in childhood?
· 15.5 What are intellectual disabilities?
· 15.6 How can we plan better programs to help children and adolescents?
A Case of Adolescent Depression and Attempted Suicide Emily is 15-year-old girl from a middle-class Caucasian background who had a history of depression during her childhood. She had periods of low mood, poor self-esteem, and social withdrawal. She also had symptoms of anxiety and was very reluctant to leave her home. During her year in the seventh grade, she became so fearful of going to school that she missed so many days she had to repeat the grade. She currently is in the eighth grade and has, to this point, missed a great deal of school. Her family became very concerned over Emily’s low mood and isolation, so they enrolled her in an out-patient treatment program for depression, anxiety episodes, and eating disorders. Her depression continued, and she became more isolated, lonely, and depressed and would not leave her room even for meals. One day her grandmother found her in their car in the garage with the engine running in an effort to end her life. Emily was admitted into an inpatient treatment program following her serious suicide attempt.
There is a history of psychiatric problems, particularly mood disorders, in her family. Her mother has been hospitalized on three occasions for depression. Her maternal grandfather, now deceased, was hospitalized at one time following a manic depressive episode.
In the early phases of her hospitalization, Emily underwent an extensive psychological and psychiatric evaluation. She was administered a battery of tests, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for Adolescents (MMPI-A). She was cooperative with the evaluation and provided the assessment staff with sufficient information regarding her mood and attitudes to assist in developing a treatment program.
Emily showed many symptoms of a mood disorder in which both depression and anxiety were prominent features. The psychological evaluation indicated that she was depressed, anxious, and felt unable to deal with the school stress that her condition prompted. Moreover, her physical appearance and eating behavior suggested the strong likelihood of anorexia nervosa. Emily showed an extreme degree of social introversion on several measures and acknowledged her reticence at engaging in social interactions. The assessment psychologist concluded that her personality characteristics of social withdrawal, isolation, and difficult interpersonal relationships would likely result in her having problems in establishing a therapeutic relationship. Her treatment program involv.
This document summarizes a thesis that examines the effects of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on parenting and adolescent outcomes. The thesis analyzed data from 194 low-income mother-adolescent dyads, controlling for maternal depressive symptoms. There were few differences found between mothers with and without PTSD, except adolescents of mothers with PTSD reported greater sexual risk-taking. The document provides context on PTSD and reviews limited prior research showing PTSD may have distinct effects on children beyond other disorders like depression.
Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. I...AkashBhagatsingYadav
This document discusses mental health, including its definition by the World Health Organization, its history of treatment, characteristics of mentally healthy individuals, types of mental illnesses, causes of mental illness, and methods of prevention. It notes that historically, mentally ill individuals were considered possessed and locked away without treatment. Today, psychiatry takes a more scientific approach. The document also outlines some early warning signs of poor mental health and stresses the importance of upholding human rights for those with mental illness.
in addition to these questions also answer the following;Answer .docxcharisellington63520
in addition to these questions also answer the following;
Answer the Stop and Consider question on page 319.
Differentiate neurologic and hormonal response to stress
Answer all questions in a Word Document and include the following:
Your name
Label each answer
Include references
Include In-text citations
Use APA Format
.
In an environment of compliancy laws, regulations, and standards, in.docxcharisellington63520
In an environment of compliancy laws, regulations, and standards, information technology (IT) departments in organizations must develop comprehensive organizational policies to support compliance. One specific area in which they must develop policies is the governance of fiduciary responsibility. Scenario: As changes occur in compliancy laws, regulations, and standards regularly, IT management of YieldMore has decided to evaluate the governance of fiduciary responsibility within the organization as it pertains to the IT department. Your team has been assigned the task of evaluating how the governance of fiduciary responsibility affects the organization’s risk. Tasks: You are asked to identify the relationship between fiduciary responsibility and organizational risk, and present this information to the IT management of YieldMore.
1. Identify key stakeholders, their roles and responsibilities, and the impact of fiduciary responsibility on each.
2. Determine the relationships among these stakeholders, the relationship between fiduciary responsibility, and organizational risk for each.
3. Distinguish the identified relationships as they relate to strategic, operational, and compliancy goals for the organization.
4. Develop an appropriate plan to govern fiduciary responsibility for the organization.
5. Prepare a report of your findings for IT management to review.
.
In American politics, people often compare their enemies to Hitler o.docxcharisellington63520
In American politics, people often compare their enemies to Hitler or to the Nazis. Many Democrats compared Trump to a "fascist," and Democrat Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez famously compared child detention facilities to "concentration camps." (Republicans claimed this was an unfair comparison and disrespectful to the real victims of the Holocaust.) On the other hand, Republicans often claim that their Democratic enemies are like Hitler, and often whine that "the Left" is persecuting them similar to how the Nazis persecuted the Jews ("cancel culture" is like the Holocaust, wearing a mask is like wearing a yellow star, etc.). Obviously these are exaggerated, bad comparisons, and are more about scoring political points than teaching history accurately.
But is it
always
wrong and disrespectful to draw comparisons or lessons from the Holocaust? Isn't it possible--while being respectful and acknowledging all the differences that make the Holocaust uniquely horrible--to try to draw lessons from it and prevent anything like it in the future? What comparisons or lessons for the present, if any, can we learn from the Holocaust?
Using specific evidence/examples/comparisons from the primary source you analyzed, please make a specific argument about a lesson or comparison
you might draw from the Holocaust. I'm not interested in your general/vague opinions about politics or Holocaust comparisons. I want you to carefully and respectfully (not politically) draw a lesson from something you learned in your document/film.
.
In addition to the thread, the student is required to reply to 2 oth.docxcharisellington63520
In addition to the thread, the student is required to reply to 2 other classmates’ threads. Each reply must be 300 words
American opinion has indeed shaped politic consequences, political interests, and policymaking. Even with little or no interest in policymaking and politics, the assumption of democracy gives the citizens the power to freely air out their issues and give their opinion in matters of political concern. Taking the war in Iraq, it posed a significant economic and political imbalance. However, support from the politicians was negligible. And because a majority of the Americans opposed the war in Iran, they voted for a Democratic congressional candidate. Their opinion played a great deal in making concrete policies in response to the war in Iraq.
Public opinion is a reflection of the citizens’ view on how the government responds to national politics. Political actions are driven by the citizen’s opinion (Erikson, & Tedin, 2015). It sheds light on the outcomes of specific policies and helps the political candidates identify the characters demanded of them by the citizens. Political scholars argued that the perception of old public opinions was changed because of ambiguity and inaccuracy (Dür, 2019). Modern theories came to identify public opinion as either latent or a broad expression. Latent opinions are formed on the spot, while broad expressions are opinions that had earlier been formed and remained stable (Cantril, 2015).
When convincing policymakers, it proves difficult, interest groups may indirectly influence public opinion. They can achieve this through the media, holding rallies, or handing out leaflets to the public (Dür, 2019). Because the citizens have little or no information on policymaking, they can easily be swayed by interest groups. Interest groups can, therefore, successfully source their support from public opinion or not.
Public opinion remains relevant in American politics. Journalists, politicians, and political scientists should focus on getting the public’s opinion on state affairs. In as much as views might differ or change, establishing a common ground will help in policymaking (Dür, 2019). For the war in Iraq, the Democratic gained power over the senate and House. This was greatly influenced by the failure of public support that shifted the pro-Democratic in 2006 and the 2008 elections. Because opinions are not fixed, establishing a connection between public views and political outcomes might be impossible.
References
Berry, J. M., & Wilcox, C. (2015).
The interest group society
. Routledge.
Cantril, H. (2015).
Gauging public opinion
. Princeton University Press.
Dür, A. (2019). How interest groups influence public opinion: Arguments matter more than the sources.
European journal of political research
,
58
(2), 514-535.
Erikson, R. S., & Tedin, K. L. (2015).
American public opinion: Its origins, content, and impact
. Routledge.
.
In addition to reading the Announcements, prepare for this d.docxcharisellington63520
In addition to reading the
Announcements
, prepare for this discussion by reading the
Required Resources
, the
Week Four Instructor Guidance
, and the scenario provided below. In particular, you should review the
Initial Referral to the Multidisciplinary Team form
found on p. 112-113 of your text, the
Child Study Team Referral Form
from week three, and
Part I
of the
Comprehensive Report
found in the
Instructor Guidance
for this week.
Scenario:
In addition to your role on the Child Study Team, you are also a member of the Multidisciplinary Evaluation Team (MDT). This team is preparing to meet because while the Tier Two Interventions have been helpful, Manuel is still struggling with his reading fluency and his writing, and is continuing to fall further behind. The MDT has received the signed and dated formal permission for referral from Manuel's parents and the school psychologist has conducted an academic achievement evaluation as described in your text. One of your roles as the special education inclusion teacher in your school is to translate the results of all the assessments in a way that is understandable to parents, the child, and to the regular education teacher. Another aspect of your role is to write the Initial Referral to the MDT such as the one described on p. 112 of the text. Finally, in your role as the special education inclusion teacher you are tasked with reviewing the results of all the assessments in order to to help the Manuel, his parents and his other teachers to understand the various strategies that are recommended based on his assessment outcomes.
You have reviewed the RTI data collected to date, including the informal observations of Mr, Franklin and Manuel's other teachers and samples of his classroom work, and have compared those data to
Part I of the Comprehensive Report
prepared by the school psychologist. That report is located in the Instructor Guidance for this week. The data paint a compelling and congruent picture of Manuel's current academic functioning. You are now ready to write an Initial Referral for Manuel so that his eligibility for special education services can be determined.
Initial Post:
Review the
Initial Referral to the Multi-Disciplinary Team form
on p. 112 and 113 of your text. Compare the information needed for that form with the
Child Study Team Referral Form
that you filled out last week for Manuel. Explain the different functions of the two documents and state how they are alike and how they are different. Then, explain how you plan to share the data on the Initial Referral to the Multi-Disciplinary Team form in a way that Manuel, his parents, and Mr. Franklin can understand. Be sure to include an explanation for why you are the one sharing this information with them. Include pertinent professional or personal real world examples to illustrate your points.
Text:
Pierangelo, R., & Giuliani, G. A. (2012).
Assessment in special education: A practical a.
In Act 4 during the trial scene, Bassanio says the following lin.docxcharisellington63520
In Act 4 during the trial scene, Bassanio says the following lines:
“Antonio, I am married to a wife
Which [who] is as dear to me as life itself;
But life itself, my wife, and all the world
Are not with me esteemed above your life.
I would lose all, ay sacrifice them all
Here to this devil [Shylock] to deliver [save] you.”
And Portia, who hears these lines (though Bassanio doesn’t know it), says,
“Your wife would give you little thanks for that
If she were [near]by to hear you make the offer.”
(Act 4, scene 1, 281-288
Is Antonio really more important to Bassanio than Portia? Explain why or why not. What do these lines tell us about the value of male friendship vs. marriage in this play? Would Portia be justified in rejecting Bassanio, since later in this scene he gives away the ring she gave him which he swore never to give up? (see Act 3, scene 2, lines 167-185) Your response should be about 200-250 words and should include specific references to lines in the play.
.
In a Word document, please respond to the following questions.docxcharisellington63520
In a Word document, please respond to the following questions:
How is the information discussed in the articles similar or different compared to what you have heard/learned about international/global communication? Especially compared to the chapters from our textbook
Business Writing Today.
Based on the information provided in the articles, what are some rules/conventions do people tend to follow when communicating across cultures and languages?
Which out of the four articles provoked a strong response in you? Did you agree and/or disagree with the author? Why?
.
In a Word document, create A Set of Instructions. (you will want.docxcharisellington63520
In a Word document, create
A Set of Instructions
. (you will want to save it twice—once as a .doc and once as a .pdf) Upload the .pdf document to the Unit 3 Dropbox. It should be single-spaced (as all technical docs are) with double spacing between sections. Think visually. Think simple steps. See the rubric.
.
In a two page response MLA format paperMaria Werner talks about .docxcharisellington63520
In a two page response MLA format paper
Maria Werner talks about the changes Perrault in his (17th century) version made to the much earlier original oral version of the tale written down by Delarue Paul Ed" The story of Grandmother" and the motivation behind the Grimms brothers(19th century) version of the tale. Compare and contrast these three versions of LRRH from the readings, explaining how the variations changes the focus not plot of each tale.
Readings
1. Charles Perrault: Little red riding hood(france)
2.Brothers Grimm: Little red cap(Germany)
3. Paul Delarue Ed: The story of grandmother(france)
.
In a paragraph (150 words minimum), please respond to the follow.docxcharisellington63520
In a paragraph (150 words minimum), please respond to the following questions:
Prior to reading the text, how would you have defined terrorism?
What is your understanding of terrorism now?
How would you account for the huge amount of terrorism in the 20th and 21st centuries?
What do you see as the ethically proper response to acts of terror?
.
In a paragraph form, discuss the belowThe client comes to t.docxcharisellington63520
In a paragraph form, discuss the below:
The client comes to the physician's office complaining of shortness of breath. He states he has a history of fluid in his lungs and he takes a "water pill" and a "bronchodilator" every day. Both legs are swollen. He also used inhaler cortisone when needed to ease his frequent difficult breathing. His blood pressure is 168/98 and his pulse is 144 beats per minute. Upon listening to his heart with a stethoscope, a third heart sound is noted and abnormal breath sounds. After complete blood work and radiological investigation, the patient is diagnosed with CHF and COPD.
Discuss all of this information with the physician using correct medical terminology.
.
In a minimum of 300 words in APA format.Through the advent o.docxcharisellington63520
In a minimum of 300 words in APA format.
Through the advent of social media, a thing known as "slactivism" has arisen. This is literally activism through social media and, despite such a negative label, researchers are finding that this actually works! Activism through the medium of social media is having a significant impact. This is just ONE example of many of not only a "mass behavior" but can also fit into all 4 categories of social movements. The individuals involved in this mass behavior/social behavior could easily be examined within the lens of the "contagion theory" as well as the "emergent-norm theory."
Go check out whatever form of Social Media/ Media you are most on, (facebook, instagram, tumblr, twitter, reddit, youtube etc. ) Look for an example of "slactivism" from people/influencers that you follow that is promoting a specific type of social movement. Discuss their post here by answering the following questions (if you feel comfortable you can post your example here as well but it is not required.)
1. Describe the post (or post it here), where did you find it, what do the contents involve?
2. Based on the readings from this chapter, what type of social movement are they promoting?
2. What theory of crowd behavior can be applied to this movement? Please expand
3. What Social movement theory can be applied to this movement? Please expand
4. At what stage in the social movement cycle would you place this movement?
.
In a paragraph form, post your initial response after reading th.docxcharisellington63520
In a paragraph form, post your initial response after reading the passage below:
The client comes to the physician's office complaining of shortness of breath. He states he has a history of fluid in his lungs and he takes a "water pill" and a "bronchodilator" every day. Both legs are swollen. He also used inhaler cortisone when needed to ease his frequent difficult breathing. His blood pressure is 168/98 and his pulse is 144 beats per minute. Upon listening to his heart with a stethoscope, a third heart sound is noted and abnormal breath sounds. After complete blood work and radiological investigation, the patient is diagnosed with CHF and COPD.
Discuss all of this information with the physician using correct medical terminology.
.
In a minimum 250-word paragraph, discuss at least one point the auth.docxcharisellington63520
In a minimum 250-word paragraph, discuss at least one point the author makes that stands out to you. Why did you find it interesting or strange? How does it compare to, connect to, and/or expand on your own experience and what you know about language and the world? Be specific. Explain. Use examples!
.
In a hostage crisis, is it ethical for a government to agree to gran.docxcharisellington63520
In a hostage crisis, is it ethical for a government to agree to grant a terrorist immunity if he releases the hostages, even though the government has every intention of capturing and prosecuting the terrorist once his hostages are released?
write an initial post (200-250 words) and one secondary post (minimum 100 words) (reply to the classmate's post, file attached)
For your initial post, you must have two academic peer-reviewed articles for references.
Discussion must include in-text citations and references in APA style formatting
Due 24 March 2021 by 1:00 PM ET
.
In a double-spaced 12 Font paper How did you immediately feel a.docxcharisellington63520
In a double-spaced 12 Font paper
How did you immediately feel after finishing the novel in relation to data security as a whole? Has your thought process changed regarding how you will share data? Do you value metadata more or less after reading this novel?
Do you feel that there should be more of an emphasis on personal privacy or public security? (Hint: you can use domestic threats to support your stance-whichever it may be.)
Considering the grand scheme of things, do you feel that what Edward Snowden did was wrong? Do you think he helped more people or put more people in danger?
Should the United States government continue to attempt to persecute Edward Snowden? If so, why? If not, why?
Do you think there could have been a better way for Edward Snowden to achieve the goal that he felt was necessary without inciting anger and fear from the United States government by being a whistleblower?
.
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Motherhood is often portrayed as a joyful and fulfilling journey, marked by tender moments and a sense of accomplishment. However, the reality is that the path to motherhood can also be riddled with challenges, one of the most formidable being depression.
Perinatal Depression: When Depression Hits at the Moment of Joy.Dr. Umi Adzlin Silim
The document provides an overview of perinatal depression and efforts to improve perinatal mental health services in Malaysia. It discusses (1) the need to move beyond biological models to recognize psychosocial risk factors for perinatal depression, (2) current lack of specialized perinatal mental health services in Malaysia, and (3) ongoing research efforts like the National Maternal and Child Health Survey and ASPIRE studies to better understand prevalence of perinatal depression in Malaysia and test interventions.
Maternal Mental Health: CA Department of Public Health Nov 6, 2014Joy Burkhard
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15 disorders of childhood and adolescence (neurodevelopmental diso.docxdrennanmicah
15 disorders of childhood and adolescence (neurodevelopmental disorders)
learning objectives 15
· 15.1 How does maladaptive behavior appear in different life periods?
· 15.2 What are the common disorders of childhood?
· 15.3 Do anxiety and depression appear in children and adolescents?
· 15.4 What are some specific disorders that occur in childhood?
· 15.5 What are intellectual disabilities?
· 15.6 How can we plan better programs to help children and adolescents?
A Case of Adolescent Depression and Attempted Suicide Emily is 15-year-old girl from a middle-class Caucasian background who had a history of depression during her childhood. She had periods of low mood, poor self-esteem, and social withdrawal. She also had symptoms of anxiety and was very reluctant to leave her home. During her year in the seventh grade, she became so fearful of going to school that she missed so many days she had to repeat the grade. She currently is in the eighth grade and has, to this point, missed a great deal of school. Her family became very concerned over Emily’s low mood and isolation, so they enrolled her in an out-patient treatment program for depression, anxiety episodes, and eating disorders. Her depression continued, and she became more isolated, lonely, and depressed and would not leave her room even for meals. One day her grandmother found her in their car in the garage with the engine running in an effort to end her life. Emily was admitted into an inpatient treatment program following her serious suicide attempt.
There is a history of psychiatric problems, particularly mood disorders, in her family. Her mother has been hospitalized on three occasions for depression. Her maternal grandfather, now deceased, was hospitalized at one time following a manic depressive episode.
In the early phases of her hospitalization, Emily underwent an extensive psychological and psychiatric evaluation. She was administered a battery of tests, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for Adolescents (MMPI-A). She was cooperative with the evaluation and provided the assessment staff with sufficient information regarding her mood and attitudes to assist in developing a treatment program.
Emily showed many symptoms of a mood disorder in which both depression and anxiety were prominent features. The psychological evaluation indicated that she was depressed, anxious, and felt unable to deal with the school stress that her condition prompted. Moreover, her physical appearance and eating behavior suggested the strong likelihood of anorexia nervosa. Emily showed an extreme degree of social introversion on several measures and acknowledged her reticence at engaging in social interactions. The assessment psychologist concluded that her personality characteristics of social withdrawal, isolation, and difficult interpersonal relationships would likely result in her having problems in establishing a therapeutic relationship. Her treatment program involv.
This document summarizes a thesis that examines the effects of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on parenting and adolescent outcomes. The thesis analyzed data from 194 low-income mother-adolescent dyads, controlling for maternal depressive symptoms. There were few differences found between mothers with and without PTSD, except adolescents of mothers with PTSD reported greater sexual risk-taking. The document provides context on PTSD and reviews limited prior research showing PTSD may have distinct effects on children beyond other disorders like depression.
Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. I...AkashBhagatsingYadav
This document discusses mental health, including its definition by the World Health Organization, its history of treatment, characteristics of mentally healthy individuals, types of mental illnesses, causes of mental illness, and methods of prevention. It notes that historically, mentally ill individuals were considered possessed and locked away without treatment. Today, psychiatry takes a more scientific approach. The document also outlines some early warning signs of poor mental health and stresses the importance of upholding human rights for those with mental illness.
Similar to RUNNING head DEVELOPING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PLAN3DEVELOPING .docx (6)
in addition to these questions also answer the following;Answer .docxcharisellington63520
in addition to these questions also answer the following;
Answer the Stop and Consider question on page 319.
Differentiate neurologic and hormonal response to stress
Answer all questions in a Word Document and include the following:
Your name
Label each answer
Include references
Include In-text citations
Use APA Format
.
In an environment of compliancy laws, regulations, and standards, in.docxcharisellington63520
In an environment of compliancy laws, regulations, and standards, information technology (IT) departments in organizations must develop comprehensive organizational policies to support compliance. One specific area in which they must develop policies is the governance of fiduciary responsibility. Scenario: As changes occur in compliancy laws, regulations, and standards regularly, IT management of YieldMore has decided to evaluate the governance of fiduciary responsibility within the organization as it pertains to the IT department. Your team has been assigned the task of evaluating how the governance of fiduciary responsibility affects the organization’s risk. Tasks: You are asked to identify the relationship between fiduciary responsibility and organizational risk, and present this information to the IT management of YieldMore.
1. Identify key stakeholders, their roles and responsibilities, and the impact of fiduciary responsibility on each.
2. Determine the relationships among these stakeholders, the relationship between fiduciary responsibility, and organizational risk for each.
3. Distinguish the identified relationships as they relate to strategic, operational, and compliancy goals for the organization.
4. Develop an appropriate plan to govern fiduciary responsibility for the organization.
5. Prepare a report of your findings for IT management to review.
.
In American politics, people often compare their enemies to Hitler o.docxcharisellington63520
In American politics, people often compare their enemies to Hitler or to the Nazis. Many Democrats compared Trump to a "fascist," and Democrat Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez famously compared child detention facilities to "concentration camps." (Republicans claimed this was an unfair comparison and disrespectful to the real victims of the Holocaust.) On the other hand, Republicans often claim that their Democratic enemies are like Hitler, and often whine that "the Left" is persecuting them similar to how the Nazis persecuted the Jews ("cancel culture" is like the Holocaust, wearing a mask is like wearing a yellow star, etc.). Obviously these are exaggerated, bad comparisons, and are more about scoring political points than teaching history accurately.
But is it
always
wrong and disrespectful to draw comparisons or lessons from the Holocaust? Isn't it possible--while being respectful and acknowledging all the differences that make the Holocaust uniquely horrible--to try to draw lessons from it and prevent anything like it in the future? What comparisons or lessons for the present, if any, can we learn from the Holocaust?
Using specific evidence/examples/comparisons from the primary source you analyzed, please make a specific argument about a lesson or comparison
you might draw from the Holocaust. I'm not interested in your general/vague opinions about politics or Holocaust comparisons. I want you to carefully and respectfully (not politically) draw a lesson from something you learned in your document/film.
.
In addition to the thread, the student is required to reply to 2 oth.docxcharisellington63520
In addition to the thread, the student is required to reply to 2 other classmates’ threads. Each reply must be 300 words
American opinion has indeed shaped politic consequences, political interests, and policymaking. Even with little or no interest in policymaking and politics, the assumption of democracy gives the citizens the power to freely air out their issues and give their opinion in matters of political concern. Taking the war in Iraq, it posed a significant economic and political imbalance. However, support from the politicians was negligible. And because a majority of the Americans opposed the war in Iran, they voted for a Democratic congressional candidate. Their opinion played a great deal in making concrete policies in response to the war in Iraq.
Public opinion is a reflection of the citizens’ view on how the government responds to national politics. Political actions are driven by the citizen’s opinion (Erikson, & Tedin, 2015). It sheds light on the outcomes of specific policies and helps the political candidates identify the characters demanded of them by the citizens. Political scholars argued that the perception of old public opinions was changed because of ambiguity and inaccuracy (Dür, 2019). Modern theories came to identify public opinion as either latent or a broad expression. Latent opinions are formed on the spot, while broad expressions are opinions that had earlier been formed and remained stable (Cantril, 2015).
When convincing policymakers, it proves difficult, interest groups may indirectly influence public opinion. They can achieve this through the media, holding rallies, or handing out leaflets to the public (Dür, 2019). Because the citizens have little or no information on policymaking, they can easily be swayed by interest groups. Interest groups can, therefore, successfully source their support from public opinion or not.
Public opinion remains relevant in American politics. Journalists, politicians, and political scientists should focus on getting the public’s opinion on state affairs. In as much as views might differ or change, establishing a common ground will help in policymaking (Dür, 2019). For the war in Iraq, the Democratic gained power over the senate and House. This was greatly influenced by the failure of public support that shifted the pro-Democratic in 2006 and the 2008 elections. Because opinions are not fixed, establishing a connection between public views and political outcomes might be impossible.
References
Berry, J. M., & Wilcox, C. (2015).
The interest group society
. Routledge.
Cantril, H. (2015).
Gauging public opinion
. Princeton University Press.
Dür, A. (2019). How interest groups influence public opinion: Arguments matter more than the sources.
European journal of political research
,
58
(2), 514-535.
Erikson, R. S., & Tedin, K. L. (2015).
American public opinion: Its origins, content, and impact
. Routledge.
.
In addition to reading the Announcements, prepare for this d.docxcharisellington63520
In addition to reading the
Announcements
, prepare for this discussion by reading the
Required Resources
, the
Week Four Instructor Guidance
, and the scenario provided below. In particular, you should review the
Initial Referral to the Multidisciplinary Team form
found on p. 112-113 of your text, the
Child Study Team Referral Form
from week three, and
Part I
of the
Comprehensive Report
found in the
Instructor Guidance
for this week.
Scenario:
In addition to your role on the Child Study Team, you are also a member of the Multidisciplinary Evaluation Team (MDT). This team is preparing to meet because while the Tier Two Interventions have been helpful, Manuel is still struggling with his reading fluency and his writing, and is continuing to fall further behind. The MDT has received the signed and dated formal permission for referral from Manuel's parents and the school psychologist has conducted an academic achievement evaluation as described in your text. One of your roles as the special education inclusion teacher in your school is to translate the results of all the assessments in a way that is understandable to parents, the child, and to the regular education teacher. Another aspect of your role is to write the Initial Referral to the MDT such as the one described on p. 112 of the text. Finally, in your role as the special education inclusion teacher you are tasked with reviewing the results of all the assessments in order to to help the Manuel, his parents and his other teachers to understand the various strategies that are recommended based on his assessment outcomes.
You have reviewed the RTI data collected to date, including the informal observations of Mr, Franklin and Manuel's other teachers and samples of his classroom work, and have compared those data to
Part I of the Comprehensive Report
prepared by the school psychologist. That report is located in the Instructor Guidance for this week. The data paint a compelling and congruent picture of Manuel's current academic functioning. You are now ready to write an Initial Referral for Manuel so that his eligibility for special education services can be determined.
Initial Post:
Review the
Initial Referral to the Multi-Disciplinary Team form
on p. 112 and 113 of your text. Compare the information needed for that form with the
Child Study Team Referral Form
that you filled out last week for Manuel. Explain the different functions of the two documents and state how they are alike and how they are different. Then, explain how you plan to share the data on the Initial Referral to the Multi-Disciplinary Team form in a way that Manuel, his parents, and Mr. Franklin can understand. Be sure to include an explanation for why you are the one sharing this information with them. Include pertinent professional or personal real world examples to illustrate your points.
Text:
Pierangelo, R., & Giuliani, G. A. (2012).
Assessment in special education: A practical a.
In Act 4 during the trial scene, Bassanio says the following lin.docxcharisellington63520
In Act 4 during the trial scene, Bassanio says the following lines:
“Antonio, I am married to a wife
Which [who] is as dear to me as life itself;
But life itself, my wife, and all the world
Are not with me esteemed above your life.
I would lose all, ay sacrifice them all
Here to this devil [Shylock] to deliver [save] you.”
And Portia, who hears these lines (though Bassanio doesn’t know it), says,
“Your wife would give you little thanks for that
If she were [near]by to hear you make the offer.”
(Act 4, scene 1, 281-288
Is Antonio really more important to Bassanio than Portia? Explain why or why not. What do these lines tell us about the value of male friendship vs. marriage in this play? Would Portia be justified in rejecting Bassanio, since later in this scene he gives away the ring she gave him which he swore never to give up? (see Act 3, scene 2, lines 167-185) Your response should be about 200-250 words and should include specific references to lines in the play.
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In a Word document, please respond to the following questions.docxcharisellington63520
In a Word document, please respond to the following questions:
How is the information discussed in the articles similar or different compared to what you have heard/learned about international/global communication? Especially compared to the chapters from our textbook
Business Writing Today.
Based on the information provided in the articles, what are some rules/conventions do people tend to follow when communicating across cultures and languages?
Which out of the four articles provoked a strong response in you? Did you agree and/or disagree with the author? Why?
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A Set of Instructions
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In a two page response MLA format paper
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Readings
1. Charles Perrault: Little red riding hood(france)
2.Brothers Grimm: Little red cap(Germany)
3. Paul Delarue Ed: The story of grandmother(france)
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In a paragraph (150 words minimum), please respond to the follow.docxcharisellington63520
In a paragraph (150 words minimum), please respond to the following questions:
Prior to reading the text, how would you have defined terrorism?
What is your understanding of terrorism now?
How would you account for the huge amount of terrorism in the 20th and 21st centuries?
What do you see as the ethically proper response to acts of terror?
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In a paragraph form, discuss the belowThe client comes to t.docxcharisellington63520
In a paragraph form, discuss the below:
The client comes to the physician's office complaining of shortness of breath. He states he has a history of fluid in his lungs and he takes a "water pill" and a "bronchodilator" every day. Both legs are swollen. He also used inhaler cortisone when needed to ease his frequent difficult breathing. His blood pressure is 168/98 and his pulse is 144 beats per minute. Upon listening to his heart with a stethoscope, a third heart sound is noted and abnormal breath sounds. After complete blood work and radiological investigation, the patient is diagnosed with CHF and COPD.
Discuss all of this information with the physician using correct medical terminology.
.
In a minimum of 300 words in APA format.Through the advent o.docxcharisellington63520
In a minimum of 300 words in APA format.
Through the advent of social media, a thing known as "slactivism" has arisen. This is literally activism through social media and, despite such a negative label, researchers are finding that this actually works! Activism through the medium of social media is having a significant impact. This is just ONE example of many of not only a "mass behavior" but can also fit into all 4 categories of social movements. The individuals involved in this mass behavior/social behavior could easily be examined within the lens of the "contagion theory" as well as the "emergent-norm theory."
Go check out whatever form of Social Media/ Media you are most on, (facebook, instagram, tumblr, twitter, reddit, youtube etc. ) Look for an example of "slactivism" from people/influencers that you follow that is promoting a specific type of social movement. Discuss their post here by answering the following questions (if you feel comfortable you can post your example here as well but it is not required.)
1. Describe the post (or post it here), where did you find it, what do the contents involve?
2. Based on the readings from this chapter, what type of social movement are they promoting?
2. What theory of crowd behavior can be applied to this movement? Please expand
3. What Social movement theory can be applied to this movement? Please expand
4. At what stage in the social movement cycle would you place this movement?
.
In a paragraph form, post your initial response after reading th.docxcharisellington63520
In a paragraph form, post your initial response after reading the passage below:
The client comes to the physician's office complaining of shortness of breath. He states he has a history of fluid in his lungs and he takes a "water pill" and a "bronchodilator" every day. Both legs are swollen. He also used inhaler cortisone when needed to ease his frequent difficult breathing. His blood pressure is 168/98 and his pulse is 144 beats per minute. Upon listening to his heart with a stethoscope, a third heart sound is noted and abnormal breath sounds. After complete blood work and radiological investigation, the patient is diagnosed with CHF and COPD.
Discuss all of this information with the physician using correct medical terminology.
.
In a minimum 250-word paragraph, discuss at least one point the auth.docxcharisellington63520
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In a double-spaced 12 Font paper How did you immediately feel a.docxcharisellington63520
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Do you feel that there should be more of an emphasis on personal privacy or public security? (Hint: you can use domestic threats to support your stance-whichever it may be.)
Considering the grand scheme of things, do you feel that what Edward Snowden did was wrong? Do you think he helped more people or put more people in danger?
Should the United States government continue to attempt to persecute Edward Snowden? If so, why? If not, why?
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In a follow-up to your IoT discussion with management, you have .docxcharisellington63520
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An introduction to IoT technology and typical corporate devices being used within IoT
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Smart Metering (e.g., internet device capable of measuring how a company consumes energy, gas or water)
Asset tracking (e.g., efficient location and monitoring of key assets)
Connected vehicles (e.g., automation of driving tasks)
Fleet Management (e.g., transportation efficiency and productivity)
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4 to 5 pages
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the creation of images and videos, enabling the generation of highly realistic and imaginative visual content. Utilizing advanced techniques like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and neural style transfer, AI can transform simple sketches into detailed artwork or blend various styles into unique visual masterpieces. GANs, in particular, function by pitting two neural networks against each other, resulting in the production of remarkably lifelike images. AI's ability to analyze and learn from vast datasets allows it to create visuals that not only mimic human creativity but also push the boundaries of artistic expression, making it a powerful tool in digital media and entertainment industries.
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RUNNING head DEVELOPING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PLAN3DEVELOPING .docx
1. RUNNING head: DEVELOPING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PLAN
3
DEVELOPING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PLAN
Postpartum Depression among African Women Living in Rural
Area in Nigeria
Allison Nnaka
Walden University
Opening Statement/Introduction
This research will explore how self –reported depressed
Nigerian adolescent and adult mothers’ experience postpartum
2. depression. Postpartum depression is a serious mental health
issue that affects women irrespective of age, race or ethnicity.
Although there has been an influx of postpartum depression
literature, few studies employ a sociological perspective, and
even fewer focus Nigerians. The study will provides a
theoretical framework of fragmented identify to explain socio-
cultural factors contributing to postpartum depression among
Nigerian adolescent and adult mothers. The research will
demonstrate the distinct features compares to that of the adult
women, such as the stigmatization of teen pregnancy and
motherhood,, body image issues, changing identity and
intergenerational conflict problems faced by many adolescent
mother. Moreover, most Nigerians fail to seek mental health
treatment, and approximately 75% of postpartum depression
cases are undetected, and untreated.
Background of the study
Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that affects about 10-
15 percent of adult mothers every year with depressive
symptoms lasting more than sx months among 25-50 present of
the affected individuals. Approximately 48 percent of
adolescent mothers experience depressive symptoms.
Postpartum depression often occurs between a few months to a
year; studies report postpartum depression four years following
birth. Postpartum mood disorders are classified into three
categories according to the severity. The first , postpartum
blues, which is the least form of typically lasting a few days to
a couple of weeks after giving birth and affects approximately
50-85 percent of all new mothers and according to some studies
is a precursor to postpartum depression (Watanabe et at., 2008).
The second postpartum mood disorder, postpartum depression,
is ore severe, causing a great deal of problems for the mother. If
left untreated postpartum depression often results in bouts of
crying, guilt, feelings of inadequacy and detachment from the
baby. A third type of postpartum mood disorder, postpartum
psychosis, affects less tan 2 women per 1.000 births, causes
3. delusions, rapid mood swings, confusion and hallucinations and
is most likely to occur during the first three months following
delivery.
Problem statement
Depression during pregnancy poses a risk to the fetus both
directly and indirectly in terms of maternal nutrition, drugs,
alcohol, smoking, and noncompliance with prenatal care plans.
The chances for obstetrical complications such as intrauterine
growth retardation, premature labor and placental abruption are
increased, possibly due to increased catecholamine levels in the
depressed mother (HHS, 2007). The emotional and physical well
- being of the new mother is vital to the health of the entire
family. For example, PPD can place a strain on the relationship
between the woman and her partner and will make family life
more stressful. In addition to the personal distress of feeling sad
and unhappy, postpartum depression can have more insidious
consequences, such as disturbed mother-infant relationships and
impaired cognitive and emotional development of the children.
Limited studies were found identifying antenatal and immediate
postpartum factors in women who experience postpartum
depression. Identifying factors that predict development of PPD
early in the pregnancy and postpartum period would allow for
the development and assessment of strategies for the prevention
and treatment of this devastating mood disorder
Purpose of the Study
The study focuses on the socio-cultural experiences of
depressed Nigerian mothers, Gosdlin( 2005) found that the
stigmatization and the lack of postpartum depression
information and education prevents the Nigerian adolescent
mothers from seeking mental health care. The narrative will
compare self-reported depressed Nigerian mothers (adolescents
and adults) to understand the complexities of barriers, beliefs,
and traditional healing systems: and views of depression. The
following are the goals of the study: (1) to identify cultural and
age specific postpartum depressive symptoms, which could
4. apply to various race and ethnic groups; (2) to identify the lack
of detection of Nigerian postpartum depression by mainstream
medicine, and increase the awareness of Nigerian postpartum
depression; (3) to suggest culture specific postpartum
behavioral interventions and (4) to explore the consequence of
postpartum in regards to breastfeeding and mothers’ perceptions
of their babies.
Research question(s)
· How does the transition into motherhood shape the everyday
experiences of the self-reported depressed Nigerian adolescent
and adult women?
· How can mental health of self-reported depressed Nigerian
adolescent and adult mothers be understood within socio-
cultural context?
· How does the pregnancy experience affect motherhood among
self-reported depressed Nigerian adolescent and adult mothers?
Theoretical or conceptual framework
Postpartum depression, as a social phenomenon, is virtually
absent from the literature. Very few studies examine mental
health as it relates to motherhood, culture, gender and age. To
understand postpartum depression as it is experienced by
Nigerian adolescents it is important to consider the experienced
of depressed Nigerian adult mothers. Comparing the two groups
highlights the knowledge gaps in literature. Specifically, this
study delves into pregnancy and motherhood while also
considering the socio-cultural explanations of depression
including its relationships to and perpetuation of socially
constructed myths of motherhood. First, the definition of
postpartum depression is examined along with specific
symptoms and risk factors among both adolescents and adults.
Additionally, pregnancy and motherhood are explored within
the context of Nigerian culture and adolescent. Consequences of
untreated postpartum depression and its impact on the mother,
baby and family are also investigated. Socio-cultural
explanations of depression and specific barriers to mental health
care are examined between both groups of mothers.
5. While previous studies have examined socio-cultural aspects of
mental health few have been applied to postpartum depression
thus a significant gap in the literature remains. The relationship
between society, culture and postpartum depression is examined
throughout this dissertation. Focusing on the unique experiences
of self-reported depressed Nigeran adolescent and adult mothers
contributes to the postpartum literature while also suggesting
cultural interventions necessary to treat this specific population.
Postpartum depression cannot simply be reduced to a chemical
imbalance or hormonal abnormalities. Rather, depression after
childbirth can be understood as a social phenomenon that exists
and is maintained through an existing social structure found
outside of the individual mother. The social construction of
postpartum depression, including possible causes and affects
must be explored through the experiences of motherhood,
pregnancy and birthing all of which are typically examined
through the lens of Native, and working class Nigeria, ignoring
a variety of socio-cultural factors and structural constraints
unique to Nigerian mothers.
Consequence of untreated postpartum depression, among a
national sample of Nigerian mothers, is analyzed through three
types of regression analyses and is addressed in the next
chapter.
Design
Qualitative method will be implemented using samples from
both the same underlying population- self-reported depressed
Nigerian mothers. Grounded theory, theory derived from the
data, examines the different ways in which Mexican American
adolescent and adult mothers experience depression during the
postpartum period while discovering specific socio-cultural
meanings attached to pregnancy, motherhood and depression.
Theory developed from the qualitative interviews is also used to
analyze the impact of untreated postpartum depression.
Specifically, the mothers’ perceptions of their child’s physical
health and whether or they breastfed and for how long will
highlight the complexities of postpartum depression calling
6. attention to the ways in which a depressed mother’s sense of
self compromises perceptions of her child’s health and
breastfeeding behavior. Medical research finds that mothers
whom breastfeed experience lower levels of stress than non-
breastfeeding mothers, which can have positive health effects
on both the mother and the child. Studies suggest that
breastfeeding protects mothers from stress, often a precursor to
anxiety and depression, and that depressed mothers are most
likely to stop breastfeeding. Therefore, the relationship between
postpartum depression and breastfeeding is scrutinized. It will
explore how the pregnancy, motherhood and depression
experience shape the social identities of self-reported depressed
Nigerian adolescent and adult mothers.
Methodology
Data will be collected which will provide assistance to
understand the effects of maternal depression on health
perceptions and breastfeeding behavior. Participant will be
interviewed twice using two distinct semi-structured interview
guides totaling 24 interviews. Mothers will be interviewed twice
due to the sensitivity of the topic and the time needed for each
question. Participants from both groups will be recruited from
owerri local government area in the eastern part of Nigeria.
Several recruitment strategies will be employed including:
creating and disseminating flyers, calls and emails to different
pregnancy centers, schools and health clinic throughout owerri
local government area, online and print ads, church bulletins
and personal and professional contacts. Print ads in local
newspapers, in both English and Ibo language. Sampling will be
recruited base on the following criteria: (1) 18years of age; (2)
self-reported depression;(3) eight weeks to a year postpartum,
to distinguish depression from the more common “baby blues”
(4) Have never sought care from a mainstream healthcare
7. professional for depression; and (5) have never taken
medication to treat depression.
The Nigerian adult will be included based on the same criteria
expect for age which is 19 years or older. Qualitative data will
be analyzed using a grounded theory approach based on a multi
step technique developed by Strauss and Corbin. Each of the
transcripts and depression scales will be hand coded. After the
initial read of each transcript, codes will be assigned based on
emergent common themes. Codes will include normalizing and
controlling depression, pregnancy complications, social support,
childcare stress, conflict within interpersonal relationships,
perceptions of baby, body image etc. A separate codebook for
the adolescent and adult mothers will be created based on the
same 29 open codes, which were then collapsed into categories.
For example, the code pregnancy related complications will be
deconstructed and grouped based on specific issues indicated by
participants such physical and emotional difficulties. Upon
categorizing codes, subcategories will be created through the
process of linking codes with specific statements illustrated in
the data, which led to the development of themes, thus
generating theory explaining how postpartum depression is
socially constructed among Nigerian adolescent and adult
mothers. Specifically this study examines how the experiences
of pregnancy, motherhood and depression differ between these
two groups of mothers.
Limitations
There are limitations to this study, some of which are
methodology in nature whereas other constraints pertain directly
to the nature and sensitivity of the topic. Due to the integration
of qualitative techniques, studies employing qualitative design
encompass the limitations commonly associated with qualitative
methods. Therefore, special attention should be given to the
fundamental principle of Qualitative Method, which states that
all methods have strengths and weaknesses and that the
strengths are complementary and the weaknesses do not overlap.
8. For instance, the qualitative findings cannot be generalized to
larger populations of self-reported depressed Nigerian
adolescent and adult mothers because of the relatively number
of participants and if use nonprobability sampling. In addition
to constraints facing the components of the study, there is also
the limitation of priority that in this case will be given to the
study. The lack of current, and available data to examine
postpartum depression in general, and specifically Nigerian
mothers of varies in ages. Also, the stigma attached to the topic
mental health made it more difficult for an outsider to elicit
sensitive information.
Ethical concerns
The entire participant will be informed of the possible
risks, which will be minimal. Due to the sensitivity of the
subject matter participants will be referred to a culturally
competent community mental health clinic in Imo-State Nigeria
that provides both counseling and medical treatment to the
indigent. Several mothers stated that they would seek mental
health care upon receiving the information. Several of the adult
mothers may become emotional and cry during the interviews
and may also express their emotional relief that they will be
able to openly talk about their feelings. The key findings will be
derived from the qualitative interviews with self-reported
adolescent and adult Nigerian mothers. The social construction
of postpartum depression calls attention to policy and clinical
implications while considering future areas of research.
Significance of the study
This research is important and significant. First, Nigerians are
the fastest-growing ethnic group in Africa and rise in
population. The recent in Nigerians accounts for ¼ of the
African population growth in five years. Nigerians comprise a
large portion of the lower socioeconomic class; they experience
high level of stress, which has been linked to anxiety and
9. depression. The Nigerian mothers, compared to western world
women have a high fertility rates. As a result, they are at an
increased risk (65%) of developing postpartum, compared to
non-Nigerian. However few studies have examined the
postpartum experiences of racial/ethnic women. Moreover,
fewer studies have explored Nigerian adolescents’ beliefs and
perceptions, symptom experience, and postpartum help seeking
behavior. Research has suggested, however, a link between
level of acculturation and depression among Nigerian teens.
Explicitly, acculturation often creates intergenerational conflict,
leading to depression. The need to further explore postpartum
among Nigerian adolescents is important.
In addition, although mental health disparities among
Nigerian are well established, to my knowledge, there are no
mixed methods comparative studies that focus on the
experiences of self-reported depressed Nigerian mothers across
age groups. This research is unique because it considers the
overall experiences of Nigerian mothers among age groups. This
research is unique because it considers the overall experiences
of Nigerian mothers of all ages, which is imperative to
understanding the overall quality of maternal health. The
qualitative approach study is to seek to understand Nigerian
postpartum depressive experiences, which may be applied to
other racial/ethnic groups. The major focus of this study will be
qualitative in-depth interviews of Nigerian adolescents, using a
comparative sample of adult Nigerian mothers, within ethnic
qualitative design. It will explore the postpartum depression
within the context of pregnancy and motherhood to understand
the socially constructed identities of self-reported depressed
Nigrian adolescents and the meaning attached to depression
compare to Nigerian adult sample. The qualitative analysis
focuses on the meaning attached to everyday experiences and
perceptions of physical health of their babies.
This research presents a sociological approach to
postpartum depression, which is most often viewed as medical
issue. Specifically, social and structural factors associated with
10. the onset, diagnosis and treatment of postpartum depression
have been largely neglected in previous studies. Therefore,
unlike the prior studies, this research will explore the
depressive experience and the consequences of postpartum
depression among Nigerian mothers while considering the role
of culture, myths of motherhood, stigma and the medicalization
of childbirth. This study will also explore pregnancy as related
to depression. Research indicates the need for further
exploration in the link between anxiety and depression.
Implications for social change
Mothers with the postpartum condition start living in solitude
(Poulin, 2006). They feel safer when they stay alone for they
think staying with people they will be harmed. Some mothers do
not want to see their young ones hence as a result they seek
solitude to ensure they are not questioned of their actions. The
mother feels they cannot provide motherly love and care to both
the baby and the family at large. In order to avoid a failed
motherhood responsibility the see solitude as the only answer to
their condition.
Rosenfield (2006) says that violent behavior grip mothers with
the condition. They view every person who makes an advance to
their space as an aggressor hence they respond with verbal or
physical aggression. The baby can also suffer from their
mother’s aggression. The inability to bond with their babies
sees them try to harm them. In severe cases they harbor the
social thoughts to both the baby and self.
Conclusion
Postpartum depression can be viewed as a socially constructed
phenomenon that affects both Nigerian adolescent and adult
mothers. The study compared the pregnancy and motherhood
experiences of both groups while calling attention to
breastfeeding behavior. Postpartum depression can best be
explained through a process of a fragmented identity through
which a disconnection forms between the actual situation and
societal expectations. Nigerian adolescent mothers begin
11. forming detachment from themselves, their babies, and society
immediately after disclosing their pregnancies. Detachment
often leads to social alienation in which young mothers are
isolated and stigmatized by their peers, families, and society as
a whole. Many mothers are unaware that they are withdrawing
or confused as to why; therefore, they blame themselves, which
prevents them from connecting with their social networks.
Alienation among adolescent mothers produces a mechanical
approach to mothering. Specifically, their daily lives are
reduced to matters of emotional survival leading to depression.
Compared to adolescent mothers, adult mothers construct
motherhood in a similar manner. Although adult mothers do not
endure the stigma experienced by teen mothers, they do
experience motherhood as a fragmented identity, leading to
postpartum depression. Framing postpartum depression as a
social construct calls attention to the numerous social, cultural,
and structural dimensions of a condition often labeled and
treated solely as mental disorder.
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