Brick sizes and positions vary according to local custom and usage. Standard brick sizes ensure proper burning and weight. Bricks are laid in different positions like stretcher, header, shiner, rowlock, sailor, and soldier based on which face is exposed. Various brick terminologies describe features like lap, perpend, bed, racking back, toothing, arris, quoin, frog. Bats and closers are cut portions used to complete bonds - bats have width cut, closers length. Special shaped bricks include bull nose, splays, and dogleg for rounded corners and angled quoins.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
This document provides information about arches, including their definition, functions, elements, and technical terms. It describes different types of arches classified by shape (flat, segmental, semicircular, horseshoe, pointed, and Venetian) and material/workmanship (stone rubble/ashlar, brick rough/axed/gauged/purpose made, and concrete precast/monolithic). The construction process of arches involves three steps - installing centering or formwork, laying/casting the arch, and then striking or removing the centering after the arch gains strength.
This document discusses arches and their elements. It defines key terms like intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, and springing line. It describes how arches transmit loads through compression between wedge-shaped units. Arches are classified by their shape (flat, segmental, semicircular), number of centers (one-centered, two-centered), and construction material (stone, brick, concrete). Common arch types include flat arches, segmental arches, semicircular arches, and pointed Gothic arches.
This document discusses various types of brick bonds used in masonry construction. It begins by defining common brick laying patterns such as stretcher, header, soldier, etc. It then explains different bond patterns including English bond, Flemish bond, English cross bond, rat trap bond, Dutch bond, and others. It also covers special bonds used for garden walls. Finally, it discusses bonds used at wall connections, specifically tee junctions, cross junctions, and squint junctions between walls of varying thicknesses.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of brick bonds used in masonry construction. It begins by explaining the necessity of bonds, including strengthening the wall, distributing load uniformly, and ensuring quality work. It then describes 12 common bond types such as stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Each bond type is defined through text and diagrams of wall plans and elevations. The document also covers requirements for good bonds and examples of L-joints and T-joints in different bond configurations.
The document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It describes lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings to support the structure above. Various lintel materials include timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches are structures that span openings and support weight below through arch action. Key arch types include flat, semi-circular, segmental, relieving, parabolic, and others defined by their geometric shape. Arches are classified based on materials like brick, stone, concrete, metal and wood. Factors in arch construction and methods to prevent arch failure are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
This document provides information about arches, including their definition, functions, elements, and technical terms. It describes different types of arches classified by shape (flat, segmental, semicircular, horseshoe, pointed, and Venetian) and material/workmanship (stone rubble/ashlar, brick rough/axed/gauged/purpose made, and concrete precast/monolithic). The construction process of arches involves three steps - installing centering or formwork, laying/casting the arch, and then striking or removing the centering after the arch gains strength.
This document discusses arches and their elements. It defines key terms like intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, and springing line. It describes how arches transmit loads through compression between wedge-shaped units. Arches are classified by their shape (flat, segmental, semicircular), number of centers (one-centered, two-centered), and construction material (stone, brick, concrete). Common arch types include flat arches, segmental arches, semicircular arches, and pointed Gothic arches.
This document discusses various types of brick bonds used in masonry construction. It begins by defining common brick laying patterns such as stretcher, header, soldier, etc. It then explains different bond patterns including English bond, Flemish bond, English cross bond, rat trap bond, Dutch bond, and others. It also covers special bonds used for garden walls. Finally, it discusses bonds used at wall connections, specifically tee junctions, cross junctions, and squint junctions between walls of varying thicknesses.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of brick bonds used in masonry construction. It begins by explaining the necessity of bonds, including strengthening the wall, distributing load uniformly, and ensuring quality work. It then describes 12 common bond types such as stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Each bond type is defined through text and diagrams of wall plans and elevations. The document also covers requirements for good bonds and examples of L-joints and T-joints in different bond configurations.
The document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It describes lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings to support the structure above. Various lintel materials include timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches are structures that span openings and support weight below through arch action. Key arch types include flat, semi-circular, segmental, relieving, parabolic, and others defined by their geometric shape. Arches are classified based on materials like brick, stone, concrete, metal and wood. Factors in arch construction and methods to prevent arch failure are also summarized.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.
The document discusses damp proof courses (DPC), which are barriers made of impervious materials built into walls and piers to prevent moisture from moving within the building. A DPC is laid into a brick wall approximately two courses below the lowest timber member, such as a bearer. Damp proofing in construction uses moisture control methods applied to walls and floors to prevent damp problems from occurring inside buildings, including membrane damp proofing, integral damp proofing, surface treatments, guniting, and cavity wall construction.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
An arch is a structure that spans an opening and supports the weight above it using wedge-shaped units called voussoirs. Arches are classified based on their shape, number of centers, and materials used. Common shapes include segmental, semicircular, pointed, and horseshoe. Arches can have one, two, three, four, or five centers. They can be made of stone, brick, or concrete. Stone arches use rubble or ashlar stones while brick arches can be rough, axed, gauged, or purpose-made. Concrete arches are either precast block units or cast-in-place monolithically.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
This document provides information on roof trusses, including their components, types, advantages, and uses. It discusses the need for roof trusses to provide clear spans, headroom, and ventilation. Various factors that affect truss selection are outlined. Common truss types include king post and queen post trusses, which differ in their use of vertical posts and beams. Steel trusses are often used for larger spans. Roof coverings like thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, and galvanized iron sheets are also overviewed.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes doors in terms of their components, sizes, frames, types and materials. The main types of doors covered are paneled doors, glazed doors, flush doors, louvered doors, revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors and collapsible doors. It also discusses different types of windows like fixed windows. Rolling shutters are described as curtain-like doors made of thin steel sheets used for shops and warehouses. The document provides detailed information on specifications and uses of different door and window components.
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
The document discusses different types of masonry construction and bonds used in brick masonry walls. It provides details on various types of masonry including brick, stone, concrete, veneer, and gabion masonry. It also describes different bonds used in brick masonry like stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Key points on supervising brick masonry construction are highlighted.
This document defines and describes various types of bricks and brick masonry terminology. It discusses the ideal composition of bricks, common brick sizes, and terms used to describe parts of bricks like headers, stretchers, arrises, and beds. It also explains different bonds used in brick masonry like English bond, Flemish bond, stretching bond, and their characteristics. Closers like queen closers, king closers and bats of different sizes are also defined.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.
The document discusses damp proof courses (DPC), which are barriers made of impervious materials built into walls and piers to prevent moisture from moving within the building. A DPC is laid into a brick wall approximately two courses below the lowest timber member, such as a bearer. Damp proofing in construction uses moisture control methods applied to walls and floors to prevent damp problems from occurring inside buildings, including membrane damp proofing, integral damp proofing, surface treatments, guniting, and cavity wall construction.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
The document discusses different types of staircases and their components. It provides definitions for technical terms related to staircases like tread, riser, landing, flight, etc. It also outlines requirements for a good staircase such as location, width, pitch, headroom and balustrade requirements. Different types of staircases are classified as straight, turning, continuous and spiral. Dimensions of steps and materials used for staircase construction like timber, metal, RCC and stone are also covered.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
An arch is a structure that spans an opening and supports the weight above it using wedge-shaped units called voussoirs. Arches are classified based on their shape, number of centers, and materials used. Common shapes include segmental, semicircular, pointed, and horseshoe. Arches can have one, two, three, four, or five centers. They can be made of stone, brick, or concrete. Stone arches use rubble or ashlar stones while brick arches can be rough, axed, gauged, or purpose-made. Concrete arches are either precast block units or cast-in-place monolithically.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
This document provides information on roof trusses, including their components, types, advantages, and uses. It discusses the need for roof trusses to provide clear spans, headroom, and ventilation. Various factors that affect truss selection are outlined. Common truss types include king post and queen post trusses, which differ in their use of vertical posts and beams. Steel trusses are often used for larger spans. Roof coverings like thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, and galvanized iron sheets are also overviewed.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes doors in terms of their components, sizes, frames, types and materials. The main types of doors covered are paneled doors, glazed doors, flush doors, louvered doors, revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors and collapsible doors. It also discusses different types of windows like fixed windows. Rolling shutters are described as curtain-like doors made of thin steel sheets used for shops and warehouses. The document provides detailed information on specifications and uses of different door and window components.
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
The document discusses different types of masonry construction and bonds used in brick masonry walls. It provides details on various types of masonry including brick, stone, concrete, veneer, and gabion masonry. It also describes different bonds used in brick masonry like stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Key points on supervising brick masonry construction are highlighted.
This document defines and describes various types of bricks and brick masonry terminology. It discusses the ideal composition of bricks, common brick sizes, and terms used to describe parts of bricks like headers, stretchers, arrises, and beds. It also explains different bonds used in brick masonry like English bond, Flemish bond, stretching bond, and their characteristics. Closers like queen closers, king closers and bats of different sizes are also defined.
Bonding in Brick Work_Architecture and Design.pptxAnushCool
The document discusses different types of bonds used in brick masonry construction. Bonds are developed by laying bricks in mortar in various patterns. The most common bonds described are English bond, Flemish bond, stretcher bond, and header bond. English bond uses alternating courses of stretchers and headers while Flemish bond uses one stretcher between each header with headers centered over stretchers below. Stretcher bond uses only stretchers and header bond uses only headers.
Brick masonry involves constructing walls by bonding together brick units with mortar. The strength of brick masonry depends on factors like the quality of bricks, mortar, bonding method, and workmanship. There are different types of bonds used in brick masonry like English bond (alternating header and stretcher courses), Flemish bond (headers and stretchers alternately within each course), and Stretcher bond (all bricks laid as stretchers). Proper use of bonds, materials, and construction techniques provides strong, durable brick masonry walls.
This document discusses different types of brick and stone masonry. It describes various bonds used in brick masonry like stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, Flemish bond, and double Flemish bond. It also discusses different types of stone masonry like rubble masonry which can be further classified into uncoursed and coursed rubble. Ashlar masonry is also described which uses accurately dressed stone blocks. Various patterns used in ashlar masonry are mentioned as well.
Brick masonry, stone masonry and its manufacturingAdarshChatra1
Brick masonry is made of brick units bonded together with
mortar
• Components: i) Bricks ii) Mortar
• Mortar Act as a cementing material and units the individual
brick units together to act as a homogeneous mass
Cement mortar
Mud mortar
Lime mortar
Lime-surkhi mortar
1.Stretcher
• Brick laid with its length parallel to the front or direction of a wall.
• The course containing stretchers is called a stretcher course
2.Header
• Brick laid with its breadth or width parallel to the front or direction of the wall.
• Course containing headers is called a header course
3.Arrises
• Edges formed by the intersection of plane surfaces of brick
4. Bed
• Lower surface of the brick when laid flat
5. Bed joint
• Horizontal layer of mortar upon which the bricks are
laid
6. Perpends
• Vertical joints separating bricks in either length or cross directions
• For good bond, perpends in alternate courses should be vertically one
above the other
7. Lap
• Horizontal distance between the vertical joints in successive courses
• For good bond, lap should not be less than one-fourth of a brick
8. Closer
• Piece of brick with the cut made longitudinally used to close
up the bond at the end of brick courses
• Helps in preventing the joints of successive courses to come
in a vertical line
• Generally closer is not specially moulded but it is
prepared by the mason with the edge of the trowel
9. Queen closer
• Obtained by cutting the brick longitudinally
in 2 equal parts
10. King closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of the brick such that half a header
and half a stretcher are obtained on adjoining cut faces
• Used near door and window openings
11. Bevelled closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of half the width but of full length
• Used for splayed brickwork
12. Mitred closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of the brick through its width and
making an angle of 45-60 degree with the length of brick
• Used at corners, junctions etc.
13. Bat
• It is portion of brick cut across the width
14.Bullnose
• Brick moulded with a rounded angle
• Used for a rounded quoin
external angle on the face side of wall
15.Cownose
• Brick moulded with a double bullnose on end
16. Frog
• Is a mark of depth about 10-20mm which is placed
brick to form a key for holding the mortar
Method of arranging the bricks in courses
• Individual units are tied together and the vertical joints of the successive
courses do not lie in same vertical line
• Bond types are distinguished by their elevation
• Bond types:
i. Stretcher bond v. English cross bond
ii. Header bond vi. Dutch bond
iii. English bond vii. Brick on edge bond
iv. Flemish bond viii. Raking bond
ix. Garden wall bond
1. Stretcher bond
• All bricks are laid with their lengths in the longitudinal direction of the
wall; Thickness = half brick
• Only stretcher is visible in elevation
• Use: partition wall, sleeper walls
2. Header bond
• All bricks are laid as headers towards the face of the wall.
• Suitable for one b
Brick masonry involves constructing walls by bonding bricks together with mortar. There are different types of bonds used including stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. English bond is the most common, which involves alternating courses of stretchers and headers with queen closers placed after the first header to break vertical joints. Proper bonding is important to impart strength and prevent weaknesses in the masonry wall. Terminology involved includes courses, stretchers, headers, beds, arrises, laps, perpends, quoins, and different types of bats and closures.
This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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Masonry involves constructing walls and other structures using masonry units like bricks, stones, or concrete blocks bonded together with mortar. There are different types of bonds used - stretcher bond involves laying all bricks as stretchers, header bond uses headers, and English bond and Flemish bond alternate headers and stretchers in courses. Proper bonding eliminates continuous vertical joints and strengthens the masonry structure. Stone masonry can be rubble masonry using roughly shaped stones or ashlar masonry with finely dressed stones.
All Types of Arches Flat Arch. In a flat arch, the intrados is flat and acts like the base of an equilateral triangle... Round Arch. Segmental Arch. This is considered a basic type of arch, and it is used for buildings where... Horseshoe Arch. Like its name suggests, this arch is in the shape of ...
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This document provides information about various construction materials used in building interiors, including stone masonry, brick masonry, glass, gypsum, and timber. For each material, it describes definitions, types, properties, manufacturing processes, and commercial forms. The document is a student project report submitted to Dezyne E'cole College by Sonal Gupta towards her 1st year residential design diploma. It includes an acknowledgment, synopsis, and sections on each material.
This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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This document discusses different types of brick bonds used in masonry. It describes stretcher bond where only the long edges of bricks are visible, header bond where the short ends are visible in each course, and English bond which alternates between header and stretcher courses. Flemish bond is described as having headers and stretchers arranged alternately within each course, with closers used to break courses. Single and double Flemish bonds are distinguished based on whether the front and back surfaces both display the Flemish pattern.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It defines a slab as a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular or circular in shape. The main types discussed are:
1. Flat slab - A beamless slab constructed directly on columns for a simpler design.
2. Conventional slab - Supported by beams on columns, which can be one-way or two-way depending on load direction.
3. Sunken slab - Used below washrooms to hide pipes below the floor level.
4. Hallow core slab - A precast slab with voids that requires less concrete and provides service ducts.
Bricks are blocks made from clay that are molded and dried or burned to become strong building materials. There are two main types of bricks: sun-dried or unburnt bricks, and burnt bricks which are further classified by quality. First class bricks are the highest quality - with uniform color and texture, sharp edges, and able to withstand weathering. They are used for permanent structures. Second class bricks are nearly as high quality but may have minor irregularities. They are used when masonry will be plastered. Third class bricks are under-burnt and softer, used for inferior buildings. Overburnt bricks are fused and broken, used for foundations or aggregates. Bricks can be cut into smaller pieces
Building materials and construcation Technology (Lintels and Arches)Shivarajkumar Goudar
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
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2. Brick Sizes:
• The bricks are prepared in various sizes. The
custom in the locality is the governing factor
for deciding the dimensions or size of bricks.
Such bricks which are not standardized are
known as the traditional bricks.
• If bricks are large, it is difficult to burn them
properly and they become too heavy to be
placed with a single hand. On the other hand,
if bricks are small. more quantity of mortar is
required.
3. Brick Positions:
• Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long
side of the brick exposed on the outer face of a wall.
• Header: a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick
exposed.
• Shiner: a brick laid on the long narrow side with the
broad side exposed.
• Rowlock or Bull Header: a brick laid on the long,
narrow side with the small or "header" side exposed.
• Sailor: a brick laid vertically with the broad side
exposed.
• Soldier: a brick laid vertically with the narrow
("stretcher") side exposed.
4. Some terminologies:
• Lap: It is the horizontal distance between the
vertical joints of successive brick courses.
• Perpend: It is an imaginary vertical line which
includes the vertical joint separating two
adjoining bricks.
• Bed: It is the lower surface of the brick when
laid flat.
• Racking Back: It is the termination of a wall in
stepped fashion as shown in fig.
• Toothing: It is the termination of the wall in
such a fashion that each alternate course at
the end projects, in order to provide adequate
bond if the wall is continued horizontally at a
later stage.
Elevation of a Brick Wall
5. Some terminologies:
• Arris: It is the edge of a brick.
• Quoin: It is a corner or the external angle on
the face side of a wall. Generally, quoins are at
right angles. But in some cases, they in be at
angles greater than 90° also.
• Frog or Kick: A frog is an indentation in the
face of a brick to form a key for holding the
mortar. When frog is only on one face, that
brick is laid with that face on the top.
Sometimes, frogs are provided on both the
faces.
6. Bats:
It is the portion of the brick cut across the width. Thus, a bat is smaller in length than the full
brick.
• If the length of the bat is equal to half the length of the original brick, it is known as half
bat.
• A three-quarter-bat is the one having its length equal to three-quarters of the length of a
full brick.
• If a bat has its width bevelled, it is known is bevelled bat
7. Closers:
It is a portion of a brick with the cut made
longitudinally, and is used to close up bond at the end
of the course. A closer helps in preventing the joints
of successive sources (higher or lower) to come in a
vertical line. Closers may be of various types, defined
below.
• Queen Closer: It is the portion of a brick obtained
by cutting a brick lengthwise into two portions.
Thus, a queen- closer is a brick which is half as wide
as the full brick. This is also known as queen-closer-
half.
• When a queen-closer is broken into two pieces, it is
known as queen-closer-quarter. Such a closer is
thus a brick piece which is one-quarter of the brick
size
8. • King closer: It is the portion of a brick which is so
cut that the width of one its end is half that of a
full brick, while the width at the other end is
equal to the full width. It is thus obtained by
cutting the triangular piece between the centre of
one end and the centre of the other (lay) side. It
has half-header and half-stretcher face.
• Bevelled closer: It is a special form of a king
closer in which the whole length of the brick (i.e.
stretcher face) is bevelled in such a way that half
width is maintained at one end and full width is
maintained at the other end.
9. • Mitred closer: It is a portion of a brick whose one
end is cut splayed or mitred for full width. The
angle of splay may vary from 45° to 60°. Thus, one
longer face of the mitred closer is of full length of
the brick while the other longer face is smaller in
length.
10. Specially shaped Bricks:
• Bull nose: It is a special moulded brick with one edge rounded (single bull nose) or with
two edges rounded (double bull nose). These are used in copings or in such positions
where rounded corners are preferred to sharp arises.
Single Bull Nose Double Bull Nose Use of double bull nose bricks
11. • Splays: These are special moulded bricks which are often used to form plinth. Its different
types are Splay stretcher (plinth stretcher) and splay header (plinth header).
Splay stretcher Splay header Use of Splay header
12. • Dogleg or angle: It is also special form of moulded bricks which are used to ensure a
satisfactory bond at quoins which are at an angle other than right angle. The angle and
lengths of the faces forming the dogleg vary according to requirements. These are
preferred to mitred closer.
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