This document provides information on common building materials used in construction including cement, sand, bricks, and timber. It describes the manufacturing processes and key properties of each material. Cement is produced through mixing, burning, and grinding processes. Sand is obtained from rivers or seas and used as fine aggregate. Bricks are made from clay then dried and burnt. Timber comes from tree trunks and its quality depends on factors like density and lack of defects. The document also lists common types of each material and their uses in construction.
This document discusses various types of construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It covers the key materials used like stone, bricks, cement, aggregates, steel, and timber. It also summarizes the roles and responsibilities of civil engineers in activities like design, construction, supervision, and maintenance of structures. Finally, it provides classifications and properties of different types of stones commonly used in construction.
This document discusses common materials used in construction - brick, cement, timber, sand, and mortar. For each material, it outlines requirements, types, and uses. Bricks discussed include conventional and standard sizes. Cement types include ordinary portland, pozzolana portland, white, and colored. Timber types are natural and industrial. Sand requirements include being clean, well-graded, and containing sharp grains. Mortar types vary based on binding material, nature of application, and density. The document provides an overview of key materials used for building construction.
Brick ppt (building construction & management -bcm)-IV semSakshi Srivastava
A short presentation on BRICK & its characteristic,types, manufacturing process,composition of bricks,quality of good bricks,classification on class & shape of bricks, testing etc.
Good brick earth is composed of 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. Alumina provides plasticity while silica prevents cracking. Lime reduces shrinkage and iron oxide provides color. Bricks are classified as sundried or burnt. Burnt bricks are further divided based on quality, with first class being highest quality. Good bricks are uniformly shaped, hard, low absorbing, and have a high crushing strength. Standard tests evaluate properties like absorption, strength, hardness, shape, and soundness.
This document discusses bricks and is presented by a group of 6 students. It introduces bricks and covers their history, chemical composition, characteristics, classification, advantages, and disadvantages. The history of bricks dates back 7,000 BC in Southern Turkey. Bricks are mainly composed of silica, alumina, iron oxide, magnesia, lime, and organic matter. Bricks are classified into first, second, and third class based on their quality and intended uses. Bricks provide advantages such as low cost and uniform size but also have disadvantages like potential for cracks and need for maintenance.
The document discusses timber as a building material. It covers the classification of timber, defects in timber, seasoning of timber, and uses of timber as beams, trusses, floors, doors and more. Timber is described as an environmentally superior material compared to other options like concrete and steel due to its lower embodied energy, ability to store carbon, and better heat transition coefficient.
This document provides information about construction materials and techniques. It discusses bricks, including their standard sizes, qualities of good bricks, terms used in brick masonry, colors, cuts, orientations, and different brick bonding techniques. Specifically, it defines terms like headers, stretchers, bats, and explains common brick bonds like header bond, stretcher bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. It also lists factors that affect brick quality.
The document discusses building construction materials and methods. It begins by outlining different building materials like mud, bricks, timber, and their traditional uses. It then focuses on bricks, describing how the large-scale production of conventional fired bricks causes significant pollution. The document introduces an alternative "bio-engineered brick" made through a natural process involving bacteria, urine, and sand that could reduce emissions. However, this method currently takes longer and releases ammonia during production, though developing a closed-loop system may help address these issues.
This document discusses various types of construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It covers the key materials used like stone, bricks, cement, aggregates, steel, and timber. It also summarizes the roles and responsibilities of civil engineers in activities like design, construction, supervision, and maintenance of structures. Finally, it provides classifications and properties of different types of stones commonly used in construction.
This document discusses common materials used in construction - brick, cement, timber, sand, and mortar. For each material, it outlines requirements, types, and uses. Bricks discussed include conventional and standard sizes. Cement types include ordinary portland, pozzolana portland, white, and colored. Timber types are natural and industrial. Sand requirements include being clean, well-graded, and containing sharp grains. Mortar types vary based on binding material, nature of application, and density. The document provides an overview of key materials used for building construction.
Brick ppt (building construction & management -bcm)-IV semSakshi Srivastava
A short presentation on BRICK & its characteristic,types, manufacturing process,composition of bricks,quality of good bricks,classification on class & shape of bricks, testing etc.
Good brick earth is composed of 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. Alumina provides plasticity while silica prevents cracking. Lime reduces shrinkage and iron oxide provides color. Bricks are classified as sundried or burnt. Burnt bricks are further divided based on quality, with first class being highest quality. Good bricks are uniformly shaped, hard, low absorbing, and have a high crushing strength. Standard tests evaluate properties like absorption, strength, hardness, shape, and soundness.
This document discusses bricks and is presented by a group of 6 students. It introduces bricks and covers their history, chemical composition, characteristics, classification, advantages, and disadvantages. The history of bricks dates back 7,000 BC in Southern Turkey. Bricks are mainly composed of silica, alumina, iron oxide, magnesia, lime, and organic matter. Bricks are classified into first, second, and third class based on their quality and intended uses. Bricks provide advantages such as low cost and uniform size but also have disadvantages like potential for cracks and need for maintenance.
The document discusses timber as a building material. It covers the classification of timber, defects in timber, seasoning of timber, and uses of timber as beams, trusses, floors, doors and more. Timber is described as an environmentally superior material compared to other options like concrete and steel due to its lower embodied energy, ability to store carbon, and better heat transition coefficient.
This document provides information about construction materials and techniques. It discusses bricks, including their standard sizes, qualities of good bricks, terms used in brick masonry, colors, cuts, orientations, and different brick bonding techniques. Specifically, it defines terms like headers, stretchers, bats, and explains common brick bonds like header bond, stretcher bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. It also lists factors that affect brick quality.
The document discusses building construction materials and methods. It begins by outlining different building materials like mud, bricks, timber, and their traditional uses. It then focuses on bricks, describing how the large-scale production of conventional fired bricks causes significant pollution. The document introduces an alternative "bio-engineered brick" made through a natural process involving bacteria, urine, and sand that could reduce emissions. However, this method currently takes longer and releases ammonia during production, though developing a closed-loop system may help address these issues.
This document discusses defects that can occur during the brick manufacturing, construction, and post-construction processes. It outlines defects in size, shape, raw materials, appearance and constituents for bricks manufactured. Defects during construction include issues from weather, material storage and being labor intensive. Post-construction defects include efflorescence, staining and deposits. General brick defects are also outlined. The document concludes with remedies for defects like using fly ash or compressed cement soil bricks for more sustainable alternatives.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by explaining that bricks are made by molding clay into rectangular blocks and then drying and burning them. Bricks are a durable building material commonly used in construction. The document then outlines the key steps to make bricks, which are winning clay from the earth, preparing the clay in a pug mill, moulding the clay into blocks using moulding boxes, drying the molded bricks, and finally burning them in a kiln at high temperatures. It also lists important components of good brick-making clay and harmful ingredients to avoid.
The document discusses the manufacturing process of bricks which includes:
1) Preparation of clay by removing loose soil, digging and cleaning the clay, weathering it, and tempering it with ingredients.
2) Moulding the clay into bricks by hand or machine.
3) Drying the bricks for 48 hours to reduce moisture content before burning.
4) Burning the bricks in clamp kilns or permanent kilns like intermittent kilns and continuous kilns such as bull's trench kilns, Hoffman's kilns, or tunnel kilns to make them hard and durable.
Zinc-alloy stone coated tiles have several advantages over traditional clay or concrete tiles. They are more durable and stylish as the materials are resistant to fading, cracking, and leaks. Stone coated tiles are also lighter weight, easier to install, and more environmentally friendly as they allow for water harvesting. Unlike clay tiles that require replacement over time, stone coated tiles are maintenance free and provide a 50-year warranty. They are available in various profiles and colors to suit different architectural needs.
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral that is widely used in construction. It is composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O) and is formed through sedimentary processes. Gypsum has several uses - it is used to produce plaster of Paris, used in wallboard/drywall for interior walls and ceilings, and used to make decorative plasterwork. Gypsum mining involves excavation, crushing, grinding and calcination to extract the mineral. The calcined gypsum is then used to manufacture various construction materials through processes like board production. Gypsum products provide benefits like ease of installation, fire resistance, soundproofing and moisture resistance.
This document provides information on plastering, tiles, and construction materials. It discusses the different types of plaster like lime plaster and cement plaster. It also describes various tiles including ceramic, stone, digital and glass tiles. Ceramic tile production involves ingredients like clay, sand and feldspar that are dried, glazed and baked. The document lists tile sizes and provides specifications for wall and floor tiles. It also gives details on aerated concrete blocks, cement, marbles, granite and their characteristics, brands and pricing.
This document discusses civil engineering materials related to brick masonry. It covers the manufacturing of bricks from clay or fly ash, the properties required for good brick clay and fly ash, the process of manufacturing bricks in clamps or kilns, the components and shapes of bricks used in masonry, and laboratory tests to determine the quality and strength of bricks.
Portland cement is produced from limestone and other ingredients that are heated to high temperatures and cooled quickly. Different types of cement are used depending on the application and desired properties, such as setting time or resistance to chemicals. Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water that is used to construct buildings and structures.
This document provides information on different types of tiles used in construction, including roofing tiles, flooring tiles, wall tiles, drain tiles, and sewer pipes. It describes the characteristics and manufacturing of tiles, the glazing process, and the installation process for tile flooring which involves measuring the floor, purchasing tile, preparing the surface, laying out and installing the tiles, cutting as needed, finishing edges, applying grout, and sealing the grout. The document is from a course on construction materials and finishes.
Refractory bricks are made from refractory clay and can withstand very high temperatures without softening or melting. They contain materials like silica, alumina, and magnesia that provide heat resistance. Refractory bricks are classified as acid bricks, basic bricks, or neutral bricks depending on their chemical composition and intended application. Acid bricks are used in acidic environments like blast furnaces. Basic bricks contain a high percentage of magnesia and are used where resistance to basic slags is required. Neutral bricks are chemically inert and used to separate acid and basic linings in furnaces.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
This document discusses bricks, including their manufacturing process and key properties. It describes how chemical composition, clay preparation, drying, and burning affect brick quality. Ideal bricks are uniform in color, size and shape, compact, crack-free, and withstand wetting without changing volume. The document also outlines common brick classifications, sizes used in Bangladesh, and special brick types.
This document discusses various types of stones and tiles used in construction. It describes the composition and formation of different stones like granite, slate, marble and limestone. It also discusses the manufacturing process of ceramic and vitrified tiles and their various applications as flooring and wall coverings. Natural stones are used for building facades, panels, rubblework and trims due to their durability and decorative properties. Ceramic, vitrified and porcelain tiles are commonly used for floors, walls, countertops and other surfaces in homes and buildings due to their moisture resistance, durability and low maintenance.
Cavity walls consist of two masonry skins separated by a hollow space. The cavity serves to drain water out of the absorbent masonry skins through weep holes. Cavity wall insulation such as mineral wool, polystyrene beads, or urea formaldehyde foam is used to reduce heat loss by filling the air space. Wall ties connect the two skins to prevent separation, and are spaced according to building regulations. Weep holes above windows and doors allow moisture in the cavity to escape. Cavity walls provide advantages like insulation from sound and moisture, reduced heat transfer, and lower foundation loads.
The document describes different types of wall constructions including cavity brick walls, timber frame walls, insulated brick block walls, stone walls, and render finishes. Cavity brick walls have an inner and outer brick leaf with insulation between and ties connecting them. Timber frame walls use timber studs with various outer finishes and insulation incorporated. Insulated brick block walls consist of a brick outer leaf, block inner leaf, and insulation fixed to the inner leaf. Stone walls can use natural or manmade stone with an appropriate inner leaf. Render finishes provide weatherproofing and decoration applied in layers over a wall surface.
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral found in rock formations. There are two main varieties: chrysotile and amphibole. Chrysotile is the only type still in production. Asbestos is used to make asbestos cement sheets and pipes, as well as products like floor tiles and insulation. Cork, felt, mica, adhesives, bakelite, and china clay are other natural and synthetic materials used in construction for purposes like insulation, waterproofing, and binding materials together. Bricks, fire resistant glass, concrete, plaster, and gypsum are some of the most common fire resistant building materials used due to their heat resistance and durability.
The document discusses different construction materials used in building, focusing on bricks and cement. It defines bricks as rectangular blocks made by molding clay that are dried and burnt. Good bricks are uniformly colored, sized, and strong. Cement is defined as a binding material made by burning lime, silica, clay and other materials. When water is added to cement, a chemical reaction called hydration occurs, forming compounds that give cement strength and hardness over time. Different types of cement include ordinary Portland cement and rapid hardening cement.
This document provides information on building materials including bricks, cement blocks, and cement. It discusses the properties and manufacturing process of bricks, noting that bricks are made from clay soil and providing details on preparation, moulding, drying, and burning. It also covers the constituents of good brick earth, standard sizes of bricks, and tests conducted on bricks to determine suitability. The document summarizes cement blocks and their properties and applications. Finally, it briefly outlines the composition and setting action of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the most common type of cement.
This document discusses defects that can occur during the brick manufacturing, construction, and post-construction processes. It outlines defects in size, shape, raw materials, appearance and constituents for bricks manufactured. Defects during construction include issues from weather, material storage and being labor intensive. Post-construction defects include efflorescence, staining and deposits. General brick defects are also outlined. The document concludes with remedies for defects like using fly ash or compressed cement soil bricks for more sustainable alternatives.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by explaining that bricks are made by molding clay into rectangular blocks and then drying and burning them. Bricks are a durable building material commonly used in construction. The document then outlines the key steps to make bricks, which are winning clay from the earth, preparing the clay in a pug mill, moulding the clay into blocks using moulding boxes, drying the molded bricks, and finally burning them in a kiln at high temperatures. It also lists important components of good brick-making clay and harmful ingredients to avoid.
The document discusses the manufacturing process of bricks which includes:
1) Preparation of clay by removing loose soil, digging and cleaning the clay, weathering it, and tempering it with ingredients.
2) Moulding the clay into bricks by hand or machine.
3) Drying the bricks for 48 hours to reduce moisture content before burning.
4) Burning the bricks in clamp kilns or permanent kilns like intermittent kilns and continuous kilns such as bull's trench kilns, Hoffman's kilns, or tunnel kilns to make them hard and durable.
Zinc-alloy stone coated tiles have several advantages over traditional clay or concrete tiles. They are more durable and stylish as the materials are resistant to fading, cracking, and leaks. Stone coated tiles are also lighter weight, easier to install, and more environmentally friendly as they allow for water harvesting. Unlike clay tiles that require replacement over time, stone coated tiles are maintenance free and provide a 50-year warranty. They are available in various profiles and colors to suit different architectural needs.
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral that is widely used in construction. It is composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O) and is formed through sedimentary processes. Gypsum has several uses - it is used to produce plaster of Paris, used in wallboard/drywall for interior walls and ceilings, and used to make decorative plasterwork. Gypsum mining involves excavation, crushing, grinding and calcination to extract the mineral. The calcined gypsum is then used to manufacture various construction materials through processes like board production. Gypsum products provide benefits like ease of installation, fire resistance, soundproofing and moisture resistance.
This document provides information on plastering, tiles, and construction materials. It discusses the different types of plaster like lime plaster and cement plaster. It also describes various tiles including ceramic, stone, digital and glass tiles. Ceramic tile production involves ingredients like clay, sand and feldspar that are dried, glazed and baked. The document lists tile sizes and provides specifications for wall and floor tiles. It also gives details on aerated concrete blocks, cement, marbles, granite and their characteristics, brands and pricing.
This document discusses civil engineering materials related to brick masonry. It covers the manufacturing of bricks from clay or fly ash, the properties required for good brick clay and fly ash, the process of manufacturing bricks in clamps or kilns, the components and shapes of bricks used in masonry, and laboratory tests to determine the quality and strength of bricks.
Portland cement is produced from limestone and other ingredients that are heated to high temperatures and cooled quickly. Different types of cement are used depending on the application and desired properties, such as setting time or resistance to chemicals. Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water that is used to construct buildings and structures.
This document provides information on different types of tiles used in construction, including roofing tiles, flooring tiles, wall tiles, drain tiles, and sewer pipes. It describes the characteristics and manufacturing of tiles, the glazing process, and the installation process for tile flooring which involves measuring the floor, purchasing tile, preparing the surface, laying out and installing the tiles, cutting as needed, finishing edges, applying grout, and sealing the grout. The document is from a course on construction materials and finishes.
Refractory bricks are made from refractory clay and can withstand very high temperatures without softening or melting. They contain materials like silica, alumina, and magnesia that provide heat resistance. Refractory bricks are classified as acid bricks, basic bricks, or neutral bricks depending on their chemical composition and intended application. Acid bricks are used in acidic environments like blast furnaces. Basic bricks contain a high percentage of magnesia and are used where resistance to basic slags is required. Neutral bricks are chemically inert and used to separate acid and basic linings in furnaces.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
This document discusses bricks, including their manufacturing process and key properties. It describes how chemical composition, clay preparation, drying, and burning affect brick quality. Ideal bricks are uniform in color, size and shape, compact, crack-free, and withstand wetting without changing volume. The document also outlines common brick classifications, sizes used in Bangladesh, and special brick types.
This document discusses various types of stones and tiles used in construction. It describes the composition and formation of different stones like granite, slate, marble and limestone. It also discusses the manufacturing process of ceramic and vitrified tiles and their various applications as flooring and wall coverings. Natural stones are used for building facades, panels, rubblework and trims due to their durability and decorative properties. Ceramic, vitrified and porcelain tiles are commonly used for floors, walls, countertops and other surfaces in homes and buildings due to their moisture resistance, durability and low maintenance.
Cavity walls consist of two masonry skins separated by a hollow space. The cavity serves to drain water out of the absorbent masonry skins through weep holes. Cavity wall insulation such as mineral wool, polystyrene beads, or urea formaldehyde foam is used to reduce heat loss by filling the air space. Wall ties connect the two skins to prevent separation, and are spaced according to building regulations. Weep holes above windows and doors allow moisture in the cavity to escape. Cavity walls provide advantages like insulation from sound and moisture, reduced heat transfer, and lower foundation loads.
The document describes different types of wall constructions including cavity brick walls, timber frame walls, insulated brick block walls, stone walls, and render finishes. Cavity brick walls have an inner and outer brick leaf with insulation between and ties connecting them. Timber frame walls use timber studs with various outer finishes and insulation incorporated. Insulated brick block walls consist of a brick outer leaf, block inner leaf, and insulation fixed to the inner leaf. Stone walls can use natural or manmade stone with an appropriate inner leaf. Render finishes provide weatherproofing and decoration applied in layers over a wall surface.
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral found in rock formations. There are two main varieties: chrysotile and amphibole. Chrysotile is the only type still in production. Asbestos is used to make asbestos cement sheets and pipes, as well as products like floor tiles and insulation. Cork, felt, mica, adhesives, bakelite, and china clay are other natural and synthetic materials used in construction for purposes like insulation, waterproofing, and binding materials together. Bricks, fire resistant glass, concrete, plaster, and gypsum are some of the most common fire resistant building materials used due to their heat resistance and durability.
The document discusses different construction materials used in building, focusing on bricks and cement. It defines bricks as rectangular blocks made by molding clay that are dried and burnt. Good bricks are uniformly colored, sized, and strong. Cement is defined as a binding material made by burning lime, silica, clay and other materials. When water is added to cement, a chemical reaction called hydration occurs, forming compounds that give cement strength and hardness over time. Different types of cement include ordinary Portland cement and rapid hardening cement.
This document provides information on building materials including bricks, cement blocks, and cement. It discusses the properties and manufacturing process of bricks, noting that bricks are made from clay soil and providing details on preparation, moulding, drying, and burning. It also covers the constituents of good brick earth, standard sizes of bricks, and tests conducted on bricks to determine suitability. The document summarizes cement blocks and their properties and applications. Finally, it briefly outlines the composition and setting action of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the most common type of cement.
The document discusses the process of cement manufacturing. It begins with the raw materials used, which include limestone, clay, iron oxide, and aluminum. These materials are quarries, crushed, and transported to a plant for storage. They are then ground together and preheated before being burned in a kiln at 1500°C to produce clinker. The clinker is cooled, ground with gypsum, and stored in silos before being packaged and distributed. The document outlines the characteristics, types, grades, setting process, optimal storage conditions, and common uses of cement in construction.
The document discusses cement, including its functions, characteristics, properties, uses, types, and grades. Cement is a binding material made of lime, silica, alumina and other ingredients. It is used to make concrete and mortar for construction purposes. There are different types of cement for specific uses including quick-setting, white, and acid-resistant cements. Cement grades indicate the minimum compressive strength achieved at various ages.
In presentation I have covered all the topics of building materials which are used in construction work of any building like stone,brick,sand,cement,etc.
Bricks have been used as a building material since ancient times. Modern bricks come in several types but are generally made from clay soil, sand, lime and water. Properly manufactured bricks are strong, durable and resistant to fire and weathering. They are commonly used as basic building blocks in construction of buildings, roads, and other structures. Good bricks should be uniform in shape, size and color with low water absorption and good compressive strength.
- Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel), and sometimes admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together as the concrete hardens.
- Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials due to its versatility and ability to be formed into various shapes. It can be mixed to meet different strengths and needs.
Materials & Methods of Construction - CE145Saqib Imran
This document provides a detailed classification of different types of bricks based on various factors such as quality, manufacturing process, raw materials, intended use, weather resistance, and shape. It identifies several classes of bricks including first, second, and third class bricks based on quality standards. It also discusses different types of bricks such as burnt clay bricks, fly ash clay bricks, concrete bricks, sand-lime bricks, and firebricks which vary according to their raw material composition. Bricks are further classified based on factors like intended location of use, weather resistance requirements, and special shapes required for applications like rounded edges, air circulation, drainage, and wall capping.
This document discusses fire bricks and sand lime bricks. It covers what they are, their ingredients, manufacturing processes, types/classifications, uses, and masonry/how to use them.
Fire bricks are made primarily to withstand high temperatures and contain silica, alumina, and other oxides. Their manufacturing process involves selection of materials, preparation, molding, drying, and firing. Sand lime bricks contain sand, lime, and water and are made through a similar process.
The document compares the ingredients and properties of fire bricks and sand lime bricks. It also discusses common defects in bricks and classifications based on quality.
This document provides an overview of common construction materials. It begins by defining building materials as materials used for structures like buildings, dams, roads, and bridges. It then discusses the historical evolution of materials from the Stone Age to the Iron Age to modern times. The document primarily focuses on natural materials like stone, sand, wood, clay and their uses in construction. It provides classifications, properties, and examples of how these materials are used.
This document provides information about construction materials and techniques. It discusses bricks, including their standard sizes, qualities of good bricks, terms used in brick masonry, colors, cuts, orientations, and different brick bonding techniques. Specifically, it defines terms like headers, stretchers, bats, and explains common brick bonds like header bond, stretcher bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. It also lists factors that affect brick quality.
This slideset was prepared as a student group assignment, for a class on-Introduction to Construction Materials. The facts shown and data used are most relevant to the Indian Context. Prepared by- K. Hari Chandana, Sukirti Sah, Tanya Talwar, Rana Sarkar, Akriti Srivastava, Jitendriya Meher, Anshuman Abhisek Mishra : 1st Sem B. Arch, School of Planning & Architecture, Bhopal, MP, India
This document provides an overview of various construction materials used in civil engineering projects. It begins by discussing naturally available materials like stone, brick, lime, and timber. It then covers industrial materials like cement and metals. For each material, the document outlines the composition, requirements, types, properties and common uses. Stone is described in more detail, covering the different types of stone and their uses in hydraulic structures, retaining walls, and more. The document also provides a detailed breakdown of the production of bricks and their various classifications, as well as the properties and uses of lime, cement, and timber. It discusses the seasoning process for timber to reduce moisture content.
This document discusses the cement manufacturing process. It describes how cement is made by quarrying raw materials like limestone and clay, grinding them into a slurry, and firing the slurry in a rotary kiln to form clinkers. The clinkers are then cooled, ground into a powder, and packaged. It also mentions cement industries located in Nagpur, India and concludes that cement is a key construction material used worldwide in structures.
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...Naqeeb Khan Niazi
Concrete is an engineering material that simulates the properties of rock and is a combination of particles closely bound together. It is simply a blend of aggregates, normally natural sand and gravel or crushed rock.
Cement is a dry powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel and water to make concrete. It is a binder material. Once hardened, cement delivers sufficient strength to erect large industrial structures
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore.
Sand a loose granular material that results from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles smaller than gravel but coarser than silt, and is used in mortar, glass, abrasives, and foundry molds. : soil containing 85 percent or more of sand and a maximum of 10 percent of clay.
Concrete, Cement
Raw Material of Cement, Types
Water, Aggregates, Sand
Mixing of concrete
Transportation, Rate Analysis
This document provides information on various construction materials. It discusses river sand as a preferred fine aggregate and its characteristics. It also outlines the types, grades, and uses of cement, as well as reinforcement steel and structural steel shapes. Ready-mix concrete is defined as concrete produced in a batch plant according to a mix design and delivered via transit mixers. Various concrete mix designs and ready-mix concrete types are also summarized.
This document provides information on concrete, its ingredients and properties. Concrete is composed of Portland cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel/crushed stone) and sometimes admixtures. It is mixed either by hand or machine. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together as it hardens. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. Proper curing is required for concrete to attain its full strength. Concrete is a versatile building material with many applications.
A brick is a block used for building walls, pavements, and other masonry elements. Bricks are made from dried clay but can also be made from other chemically cured construction materials. There are four main steps to manufacturing bricks: (1) preparing the clay by excavating, cleaning, and weathering it, (2) molding bricks by hand or machine, (3) drying the bricks for 7-14 days, and (4) burning the bricks in clamps or kilns. Good brick composition includes 20-30% alumina, silica, up to 5% lime and iron oxide, and a small amount of magnesia.
Learn about the size of bricks, their classification as per Indian Standard. The chemical composition of red clay brick and the function of each compound is described in detail.
By the end, the field quality control tests enable you to test the brick quality at the site.
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Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
1. mylearnings.in
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
The Various Building materials used in construction are as below
1. Cement
2. Sand
3. Bricks
4. Timber
Let us learn about building materials used in construction, their features and properties.
CEMENT – Cement is the most important construction material without which its not possible to
construct. Cement acts as a Binding Material. Cement in earlier days are prepared by drying and
burning of Clay and chalk at very high temperature of up to 1800 deg F. Now a days the common
cement i.e. Portland cement is prepared by using a mixture of Lime, Silica and alumina.
The Main Process in manufacturing of cement are
1. Mixing
2. Burning and
3. Grinding
The final product is properly checked and some lumps if any are removed and packed and used.
The two main process of manufacturing cement are Dry Process and Wet process.
Main components of cement are
1. Lime – 60 % approx.
2. Silica, Alumina – 30 %
3. Magnesia and other alkalies – 10 %
Following are the characteristics of good Quality cement
1. Ideal Portland cement shall be of green colour.
2. The Sp gravity of cement is in the range from 2.2 -3.0
3. Initial and final setting times shall be 30 min and 10 hrs respectively.
4. Weight of cement shall be between 1200 to 1800 Kg/ cum
Routines checks carried out at site to check the quality of cement
1. If we put our hand in a bag of cement, feeling shall be cool.
2. When little bit of cement is thrown in tub of water, cement should sink and not float.
3. Blackish or other colours of cement means some foreign materials are mixed during
manufacturing.
The various important types of cement available in the market are as below
1. Ordinary Portland cement- Regular use
2. Quick Setting cement – Used in underwater construction and initial setting time is 2min.
3. Rapid Hardening cement – Quickly hardens used preferable in flowing water.
4. Low heat cement – produces lot of heat, hence used in Dam construction.
5. Sulphate Resisting cement- Better in resisting chemicals, used in structures where sewage or
any waste comes in contact.
2. mylearnings.in
SAND
Sand is obtained by highly weathering of rocks. Main component of sand is silica. Sand is often found
is various shapes i.e. round or angular. Sand is also Fine aggregate. Sand is mainly available from
River or sea and are addressed as river sand / Sea sand.
River sand Characteristics – River sand are mostly round due to action of water movement. This type
of sand is often used in the finishing works.
Sea sand characteristics – Sea sand as name suggests is obtained from sea bed. This sand is mostly
salty nature. This type of sand is not used in regular construction work.
The following aspects shall be taken care in sand
1. Colour of sand
2. How much fine the sand is and is determined by sieve analysis.
3. Voids present in sand
4. Amount of salts present in sand
Also, a very important silt check is performed at site before the sand is used for construction using a
jar and is checked by settling time.
BRICKS
Bricks are obtained by burning and drying of clay in Kiln. The various types of bricks are
1. First class bricks
The Main characteristics of first-class bricks are
a) These are of proper shape and with proper rectangular edges.
b) First class bricks do not break when dropped from 1m height.
c) A metallic ringing sound is heard when they are hit against each other.
2. Second Class bricks
a) These bricks are not that rectangular in shape.
b) Small cracks and finger nail marks can be made on these bricks.
3. Third class bricks
a) These are regularly obtained bricks which are not regular in shape,
b) Edges are not very rectangular; the colour is a little less than brick red and are a bit
under burnt.
Brick earth is used for making of bricks and contains 40 % of Alumina and 60 % of Silica.
This brick earth is properly made in correct proportions and is placed in mould and then
is dried and burnt in Brick Klin.
Properties and Characteristics of Good Bricks
1. The standard size of brick is 19 cm X 9 cm X 9 cm
2. An indent is made on top of brick called FROG for proper bonding with mortar.
3. A brick when immersed in water for 24 hrs shall not absorb water more than 10 % of its
weight.
4. Crushing strength of brick shall not be less than 11 N/sq.mm
3. mylearnings.in
5. The surface of brick shall be smooth and with square corners.
TIMBER
The raw form of timber is LOG. The log is basically the bark of a tree when cut . This Log is converted
and used as timber
Starting from outer the various layers of Trunk of tree are
1. Bark – The outer most portion of trunk
2. Cambium layer
3. Annual Rings
4. Sap Wood
5. Heart Wood
6. Pith – Inner most portion of trunk
Characteristics of Timber
1. More weight
2. Close annual rings
3. Free from cracks and blemishes
4. Should not have wide space between rings.
5. Dull sound should not come when stuck against each other.
6. Colour shall be dark and not light .
List of various defects in Timber
1. Radial shakes
2. Heart shakes
3. Star shakes
4. Ring shakes
5. Rind galls
6. Knots
Types of timber and their uses
1. Converted Timber – Timber is sawn and cut into various sizes
2. Standing timber – The timber which we see on living tree is standing tress
3. Rough Timber- Timber obtained after tree falls to ground.
Types of timber used in construction
Bamboo – This is strong timber and used for Roof of structures and Scaffolding purposes
Banyan – Used in door panels and good against resistant to moisture.
Deodar – All railway sleepers are made by this timber.
Mahogony – Easily workable and hard used to make ornamental furniture.
Mango – Brown in colour used often in Door and window frames, furniture.
Sal -Used in bridges, Posts,Piles etc
4. mylearnings.in
Sandal – Scented yellow colour and used in making Boxes and fancy items.
Teak – Extremely durable, Dark brown used in buildings, railway carriages etc
Advantages and Disadvantages of Timber
1. Advantages –
1. Can be moulded to different shapes
2. Light in weight
3. Aesthetically good
4. If locally available then its economical.
5. The houses or structures made of timber can be easily movable from one place to
another.
Disadvantages
1. Fire Risk
2. Not suitable for extremely cold and moist places
3. Lot of care and maintenance is necessary
4. If not locally available then there is cost implications.
Interview Questions Related to Building Material and construction
1. Main constituent of Portland cement is - Lime
2. Le chatelier’s device is used for determining - Soundness of cement
3. Material responsible for initial setting of cement – Tri calcium aluminate
4. Initial setting time of cement is - 30 min
5. Final setting time of cement is – 10 hrs
6. Best retarder used is cement is – Gypsum
7. The fineness of cement is known by – Air Permeability test
8. Pozzolana in Ordinary Portland cement causes – Shrinkage
9. Vicats apparatus is used to test – Initial and Final setting time
10. For dams what type of cement is used – Low heat cement.
11. No of bricks in 1 cum volume – 500 nos
12. Pug mill is used for preparation of – Clay
13. The process of mixing clay, water and other ingredients is called – Kneading
14. The indent provided on top of the brick is called – Frog
15. The percentage of silica in good brick clay is – 50-60%
16. What is efflorescence - Formation of salts on brick surface
17. Which soil is good for making bricks – alluvial
18. Central part of trunk section is called – Pith
19. Seasoning of timber is done to – improves strength of timber
20. Due to dry rot timber – becomes powder
21. The trunk of tree after cutting all branches is called – Log
22. Number of days required for seasoning of timber – 120-150 days
23. The age of tree can be known by – its annular rings
24. Tell types of soft wood -chir and deodar
25. The strength of timber is maximum in which direction – Parallel to grains
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