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Young workers and generational stereotypes

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Katrina Pritchard
Katrina Pritchard

This document discusses generational stereotypes about young and older workers. It notes that while "young" and "old" are constructed categories in the labor market used to exclude workers, both groups face similar means and measures of exclusion based on chronological age. The document also examines how generations are defined but debates the evidence for lasting differences between birth cohorts. It concludes by calling for future research to better understand stereotypes, intersectional experiences, age as a competition, and the impact of COVID-19 across age groups.

Education
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© 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. YOUNG WORKERS AND GENERATIONAL STEREOTYPES Professor Katrina Pritchard School of Management, Swansea University k.l.pritchard@swansea.ac.uk & www.swansea.ac.uk/staff/som/busman/pritchard-k/ @ProfKPritchard & katrinapritchard.wordpress.com @AgeatWork & ageatwork.wordpress.com
© 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. DIFFERENT AGES Chronological: number indicating years since birth or category with membership based on age range, stage or cohort Biological: related to expected life span, also prospective age, years of remaining life expectancy Functional: combination of biological, psychological and or cognitive markers Subjective/Psycho-social: subjective: self perception; psycho-social: others Comparative: dichotomous variable (e.g. older vs. younger, baby boomers vs. generation z)
© 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. Image used under creative commons license ‘Young’ and ‘old’ are constructed as distinct categories in the labour market but there are similarities in the means (e.g. regulatory) and measures (e.g. chronological age) of exclusion. Older FOCUS ON ‘BOOKEND’ CATEGORIES Younger
© 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. Younger UK: 16-18 (HSE) Under 25 (Minimum Wage) 18-24 (Youth Unemploymen t) Older UK: 50+ (HSE, Unemployment ) USA: Over 40 (Age Discrimination) Image used under creative commons license Older FOCUS ON ‘BOOKEND’ CATEGORIES Younger
© 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. Image used under creative commons license Younger: small category, transitional (education-work), lessoning dependency Older: large category, transitional (work-retirement), increasing dependency Older FOCUS ON ‘BOOKEND’ CATEGORIES Younger
© 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved.
© 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. GENERATIONS • Mannheim (1927/1952) and Bourdieu (1993): consider taken-for-granted influences that cross other forms of categorisation (e.g. social and economic status). • Birth cohorts shaped by a shared socio-cultural environment affecting individuals’ values, attitudes, beliefs (Twenge, 2012) vs. an emotional or social affiliation with an episodic period (‘our time’) (Rosa, 2021) • Each individual carries cohort effects with them throughout their lives, shaping future experiences and behaviours.
© 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. GENERATIONS • But cohorts are very poorly defined with limited consideration of how specific socio-cultural events impact these groups • And often invoked as a proxy for age or a demographic category (younger and older) conflating different conceptions of age (e.g. Boomer for old and Gen Z for young) • And evidence for significant and lasting difference is hotly debated
© 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. GENERATIONS ‘the preponderance of the evidence paints a very consistent picture of increased individualism and the traits related to it (materialism, narcissism, self-esteem, lack of trust)’ (Twenge and Campbell, 2010, p.86 on Generation Y/ Millenials ), VS. ‘behavior is more likely to be affected as a result of maturation, life stage, the economy, or other environmental factors than it is some fundamental shift in generational attitudes’ Deal et al (2010, p. 197)
© 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. stereotype prejudice discrimination CATEGORISATIONS & GENERALISATIONS ATTITUDES & JUDGEMENTS DIRECT, INDIRECT & ASSOCIATIVE BEHAVIOURS INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTIONAL
© 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. Image used under creative commons license • Understand and combat stereotypes (age and generation) • Focus on the varieties of experience (intersectionality) • Address the unhelpful framing of age as a competition • Examine the impact of Covid-19 across age groups Older FUTURE RESEARCH Younger

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Young workers and generational stereotypes

  • 1. © 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. YOUNG WORKERS AND GENERATIONAL STEREOTYPES Professor Katrina Pritchard School of Management, Swansea University k.l.pritchard@swansea.ac.uk & www.swansea.ac.uk/staff/som/busman/pritchard-k/ @ProfKPritchard & katrinapritchard.wordpress.com @AgeatWork & ageatwork.wordpress.com
  • 2. © 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. DIFFERENT AGES Chronological: number indicating years since birth or category with membership based on age range, stage or cohort Biological: related to expected life span, also prospective age, years of remaining life expectancy Functional: combination of biological, psychological and or cognitive markers Subjective/Psycho-social: subjective: self perception; psycho-social: others Comparative: dichotomous variable (e.g. older vs. younger, baby boomers vs. generation z)
  • 3. © 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. Image used under creative commons license ‘Young’ and ‘old’ are constructed as distinct categories in the labour market but there are similarities in the means (e.g. regulatory) and measures (e.g. chronological age) of exclusion. Older FOCUS ON ‘BOOKEND’ CATEGORIES Younger
  • 4. © 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. Younger UK: 16-18 (HSE) Under 25 (Minimum Wage) 18-24 (Youth Unemploymen t) Older UK: 50+ (HSE, Unemployment ) USA: Over 40 (Age Discrimination) Image used under creative commons license Older FOCUS ON ‘BOOKEND’ CATEGORIES Younger
  • 5. © 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. Image used under creative commons license Younger: small category, transitional (education-work), lessoning dependency Older: large category, transitional (work-retirement), increasing dependency Older FOCUS ON ‘BOOKEND’ CATEGORIES Younger
  • 6. © 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved.
  • 7. © 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. GENERATIONS • Mannheim (1927/1952) and Bourdieu (1993): consider taken-for-granted influences that cross other forms of categorisation (e.g. social and economic status). • Birth cohorts shaped by a shared socio-cultural environment affecting individuals’ values, attitudes, beliefs (Twenge, 2012) vs. an emotional or social affiliation with an episodic period (‘our time’) (Rosa, 2021) • Each individual carries cohort effects with them throughout their lives, shaping future experiences and behaviours.
  • 8. © 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. GENERATIONS • But cohorts are very poorly defined with limited consideration of how specific socio-cultural events impact these groups • And often invoked as a proxy for age or a demographic category (younger and older) conflating different conceptions of age (e.g. Boomer for old and Gen Z for young) • And evidence for significant and lasting difference is hotly debated
  • 9. © 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. GENERATIONS ‘the preponderance of the evidence paints a very consistent picture of increased individualism and the traits related to it (materialism, narcissism, self-esteem, lack of trust)’ (Twenge and Campbell, 2010, p.86 on Generation Y/ Millenials ), VS. ‘behavior is more likely to be affected as a result of maturation, life stage, the economy, or other environmental factors than it is some fundamental shift in generational attitudes’ Deal et al (2010, p. 197)
  • 10. © 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. stereotype prejudice discrimination CATEGORISATIONS & GENERALISATIONS ATTITUDES & JUDGEMENTS DIRECT, INDIRECT & ASSOCIATIVE BEHAVIOURS INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTIONAL
  • 11. © 2021 Katrina Pritchard. All rights reserved. Image used under creative commons license • Understand and combat stereotypes (age and generation) • Focus on the varieties of experience (intersectionality) • Address the unhelpful framing of age as a competition • Examine the impact of Covid-19 across age groups Older FUTURE RESEARCH Younger
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