The document discusses wastewater treatment and its various stages. Wastewater treatment involves applying engineering techniques to change the physical, chemical, or biological properties of water so that it can be disposed of safely or reused. It goes through various stages including pre-treatment to remove solids, primary treatment where gravity is used to separate solids from water, secondary treatment using bacteria and algae to break down organic matter, and final treatment to further remove solids before being disposed or reused. The sludge from treatment is also processed, stabilized, and applied to agricultural fields. Monitoring is done at the plant and by government agencies to ensure safety.
The document discusses aerobic and anaerobic digestion processes used in wastewater treatment. Aerobic processes use oxygen and include activated sludge systems, lagoons, trickling filters, and aeration. Anaerobic digestion breaks down organic matter without oxygen to produce methane and carbon dioxide. It includes anaerobic sludge digestion and Imhoff tanks. Both processes use microorganisms and require proper operation and maintenance to effectively treat wastewater.
Microorganisms can produce amino acids like lysine, glutamic acid, and tryptophan through fermentation processes. Lysine is produced commercially using a two-step fermentation process where E. coli produces diaminopimelic acid which is then decarboxylated into lysine by an enzyme from Enterobacter aerogenes. Glutamic acid production involves using microbes like Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, and Brevibacterium to convert alpha-ketoglutaric acid from the Krebs cycle into glutamic acid using glutamic dehydrogenase. These amino acids have various commercial uses like as a supplement for bread for lysine and as a flavor enhancer in monosodium glutamate
The document discusses the microbiology of wastewater treatment. It describes the types and characteristics of wastewater and indicators used to measure wastewater strength like BOD, COD, and TOD. It outlines the pollution problems caused by untreated wastewater. It then explains the various methods used in wastewater treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, and secondary treatment using processes like septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds where microorganisms break down organic matter.
Recovery and purification of intracellular and extra cellular productsBangaluru
Product recovery and purification, such as centrifugal, chromatography, crystallization, dialysis, drying, electrophoresis, filtration, precipitation, etc., are essential finishing steps to any commercial fermentation process.
This document provides an introduction to various fermentation processes and products commonly found in the Indian market, including probiotics and yogurt. It defines fermentation as the chemical transformation of organic substances by microorganisms like bacteria, molds, or yeasts. The document outlines five categories of fermentation processes and provides examples of probiotic microorganisms like various Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. It also lists the microbial contents of common probiotic supplements like Yakult and ViBact and discusses functional properties of yogurt like aiding lactose digestion and inhibiting harmful bacteria.
The document discusses various methods for recovering and purifying fermentation products. It describes how extraction is used to separate products from cells, including mechanical methods like homogenization and non-mechanical methods like solvent extraction. Purification techniques covered include precipitation, centrifugation, filtration, chromatography, electrophoresis, crystallization and drying which are used to separate and purify products based on properties like size, charge and solubility. The level of purification depends on the intended use of the product.
The document discusses aerobic and anaerobic digestion processes used in wastewater treatment. Aerobic processes use oxygen and include activated sludge systems, lagoons, trickling filters, and aeration. Anaerobic digestion breaks down organic matter without oxygen to produce methane and carbon dioxide. It includes anaerobic sludge digestion and Imhoff tanks. Both processes use microorganisms and require proper operation and maintenance to effectively treat wastewater.
Microorganisms can produce amino acids like lysine, glutamic acid, and tryptophan through fermentation processes. Lysine is produced commercially using a two-step fermentation process where E. coli produces diaminopimelic acid which is then decarboxylated into lysine by an enzyme from Enterobacter aerogenes. Glutamic acid production involves using microbes like Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, and Brevibacterium to convert alpha-ketoglutaric acid from the Krebs cycle into glutamic acid using glutamic dehydrogenase. These amino acids have various commercial uses like as a supplement for bread for lysine and as a flavor enhancer in monosodium glutamate
The document discusses the microbiology of wastewater treatment. It describes the types and characteristics of wastewater and indicators used to measure wastewater strength like BOD, COD, and TOD. It outlines the pollution problems caused by untreated wastewater. It then explains the various methods used in wastewater treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, and secondary treatment using processes like septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds where microorganisms break down organic matter.
Recovery and purification of intracellular and extra cellular productsBangaluru
Product recovery and purification, such as centrifugal, chromatography, crystallization, dialysis, drying, electrophoresis, filtration, precipitation, etc., are essential finishing steps to any commercial fermentation process.
This document provides an introduction to various fermentation processes and products commonly found in the Indian market, including probiotics and yogurt. It defines fermentation as the chemical transformation of organic substances by microorganisms like bacteria, molds, or yeasts. The document outlines five categories of fermentation processes and provides examples of probiotic microorganisms like various Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. It also lists the microbial contents of common probiotic supplements like Yakult and ViBact and discusses functional properties of yogurt like aiding lactose digestion and inhibiting harmful bacteria.
The document discusses various methods for recovering and purifying fermentation products. It describes how extraction is used to separate products from cells, including mechanical methods like homogenization and non-mechanical methods like solvent extraction. Purification techniques covered include precipitation, centrifugation, filtration, chromatography, electrophoresis, crystallization and drying which are used to separate and purify products based on properties like size, charge and solubility. The level of purification depends on the intended use of the product.
The document discusses different types of fermenters used in biological processes. It explains that fermenters provide an optimal environment for microorganisms to interact with substrates and form desired products. There are two main types - open and closed fermenters. Key requirements for fermenters include maintaining sterile conditions, effective mixing through aeration and agitation, and monitoring environmental factors like pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen. Common mixing mechanisms used are disc turbines, vaned discs, and propellers attached to agitator shafts. Spargers are also discussed for introducing air into the fermentation broth.
Biodeterioration of paper and leather ppt..ShaistaKhan60
This document discusses the biodeterioration of paper and leather. It defines biodeterioration as the breakdown of materials by microorganisms or undesirable changes caused by organisms. For paper, factors like humidity, chemicals, and microbes like fungi can cause staining, foxing, and weakening. Leather deterioration is also caused by bacteria and fungi when conditions are poor, leading to hardening, deformation, and discoloration. Preventing biodeterioration requires controlling moisture, chemicals, insects, and proper storage conditions.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solid waste through processes like screening, grinding, and flotation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ponds to break down organic matter with microbes. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include chemical processes or lagoons to further polish the treated water before discharge or reuse. The main goal is to reduce contaminants like BOD, COD, and remove pathogens before releasing or recycling the water.
This document provides an overview of fermenters. It discusses that fermenters are containment systems that provide the optimal environment for microorganisms to convert a substrate into a higher value product. It describes the basic functions of fermenters and lists some common components like the vessel body, agitator, baffles and spargers. It also outlines different types of fermenters including stirred tank, airlift, packed bed and fluidized bed bioreactors. Finally, it briefly discusses types of fermentation processes based on culture methods.
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes and industries. It includes preliminary treatment to remove large objects, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove solids, secondary treatment using bacteria to remove organic waste, and tertiary treatment using methods like UV light or ozonation to further disinfect water before discharge or reuse. The goal is to reduce threats to water sources by eliminating smells, removing solid content, and destroying disease-causing microorganisms.
The document discusses various types of industrial bioreactors used for fermentation processes. It describes stirred tank bioreactors, including their key components like vessels, agitators, baffles and aeration systems. It also covers airlift bioreactors, bubble column bioreactors, and solid-state bioreactors like tray bioreactors and packed bed bioreactors. Commercial examples of different bioreactor designs are provided. Control systems for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and other parameters are also summarized.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
Fermentation
Scale up of fermentation
Steps in scale up
Scale up fermentation process
Optimizing scale up of fermentation process
Rules followed while doing scale up
Studies carried out during scale up
Reference
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
Scale-up and scale-down of chemical processesSeppo Karrila
Explains the path from for example synthesizing a useful appearing material in the lab to actual production of the same. Also explains what pilot machines are, how they are used, and why sometimes down-scaling of a unit operation is done to experiment in bench-scale.
Chemistry is all about environment. Waste Water Treatment is related to Environmental Chemistry. This Presentation show a view of waste water composition and its treatment facilities available.
Secondary wastewater treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic waste in sewage. There are three main processes: (1) Trickling filters use aerobic bacteria and media to treat sewage as it passes through a bed. (2) Rotating biological contractors have discs coated with microbes that remove organic matter as the discs rotate in wastewater. (3) Activated sludge treatment agitates and aerates a mixture of wastewater and microbes to remove 85% of organic waste over 6-8 hours before solids are removed. Tertiary treatment then uses chlorine or UV light to disinfect the treated water before release.
Preservation of industrially important microbial strainAishwarya Konka
This document discusses techniques for preserving industrially important microbial strains. It describes methods where microbes are kept in a continuous metabolic active state through periodic transfer to fresh media, overlaying cultures with mineral oil, and storage in sterile soil. It also covers techniques where microbes are placed in a suspended metabolic state, such as drying in vacuum, lyophilization, cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, and storage in silica gel. The goal of preservation is to maintain microbial cultures alive, uncontaminated, and as healthy as possible for long periods of time.
1) The document discusses bioremediation of pesticides through microbial degradation. Various microorganisms like fungi, bacteria and their enzymes can break down pesticides into non-toxic compounds.
2) Common microbes that degrade pesticides include species of Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Rhodococcus. Enzymes like hydrolases, phosphotriesterases, esterases and oxidoreductases play important roles in the biodegradation processes.
3) Bioremediation of pesticides using microbes is an effective and eco-friendly way to clean contaminated sites. Both fungi and bacteria can degrade pesticides, with fungi performing initial transformations and bacteria further breaking down
This document discusses bioprocessing and its relationship to biotechnology. It defines bioprocessing as using living cells or their components to produce desired products. Bioprocessing involves upstream processing to extract raw materials, fermentation to culture microorganisms and convert materials, and downstream processing to purify fermented products. The document also notes that bioprocessing is a type of bioengineering which applies engineering and life science principles to tissues, cells and molecules.
This document discusses conventional wastewater treatment processes and their applicability. It begins by outlining the objectives and presentation outline. The fundamental principles of conventional treatment are then described, including physical, chemical, and biological unit operations and processes. The main conventional treatment processes are explained in detail, including preliminary, primary, secondary, tertiary, and sludge treatment stages. Applications in Nepal are discussed. Strengths and limitations are provided. Finally, emerging alternative technologies are presented as potential solutions to challenges with conventional wastewater treatment.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce water pollution by decreasing levels of suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand through physical and biological processes before water is discharged back into local waterways.
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce water pollution by decreasing levels of suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand through physical and biological processes before water is discharged back into local waterways.
The document discusses different types of fermenters used in biological processes. It explains that fermenters provide an optimal environment for microorganisms to interact with substrates and form desired products. There are two main types - open and closed fermenters. Key requirements for fermenters include maintaining sterile conditions, effective mixing through aeration and agitation, and monitoring environmental factors like pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen. Common mixing mechanisms used are disc turbines, vaned discs, and propellers attached to agitator shafts. Spargers are also discussed for introducing air into the fermentation broth.
Biodeterioration of paper and leather ppt..ShaistaKhan60
This document discusses the biodeterioration of paper and leather. It defines biodeterioration as the breakdown of materials by microorganisms or undesirable changes caused by organisms. For paper, factors like humidity, chemicals, and microbes like fungi can cause staining, foxing, and weakening. Leather deterioration is also caused by bacteria and fungi when conditions are poor, leading to hardening, deformation, and discoloration. Preventing biodeterioration requires controlling moisture, chemicals, insects, and proper storage conditions.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment removes solid waste through processes like screening, grinding, and flotation. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ponds to break down organic matter with microbes. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include chemical processes or lagoons to further polish the treated water before discharge or reuse. The main goal is to reduce contaminants like BOD, COD, and remove pathogens before releasing or recycling the water.
This document provides an overview of fermenters. It discusses that fermenters are containment systems that provide the optimal environment for microorganisms to convert a substrate into a higher value product. It describes the basic functions of fermenters and lists some common components like the vessel body, agitator, baffles and spargers. It also outlines different types of fermenters including stirred tank, airlift, packed bed and fluidized bed bioreactors. Finally, it briefly discusses types of fermentation processes based on culture methods.
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes and industries. It includes preliminary treatment to remove large objects, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove solids, secondary treatment using bacteria to remove organic waste, and tertiary treatment using methods like UV light or ozonation to further disinfect water before discharge or reuse. The goal is to reduce threats to water sources by eliminating smells, removing solid content, and destroying disease-causing microorganisms.
The document discusses various types of industrial bioreactors used for fermentation processes. It describes stirred tank bioreactors, including their key components like vessels, agitators, baffles and aeration systems. It also covers airlift bioreactors, bubble column bioreactors, and solid-state bioreactors like tray bioreactors and packed bed bioreactors. Commercial examples of different bioreactor designs are provided. Control systems for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and other parameters are also summarized.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
Fermentation
Scale up of fermentation
Steps in scale up
Scale up fermentation process
Optimizing scale up of fermentation process
Rules followed while doing scale up
Studies carried out during scale up
Reference
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
Scale-up and scale-down of chemical processesSeppo Karrila
Explains the path from for example synthesizing a useful appearing material in the lab to actual production of the same. Also explains what pilot machines are, how they are used, and why sometimes down-scaling of a unit operation is done to experiment in bench-scale.
Chemistry is all about environment. Waste Water Treatment is related to Environmental Chemistry. This Presentation show a view of waste water composition and its treatment facilities available.
Secondary wastewater treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic waste in sewage. There are three main processes: (1) Trickling filters use aerobic bacteria and media to treat sewage as it passes through a bed. (2) Rotating biological contractors have discs coated with microbes that remove organic matter as the discs rotate in wastewater. (3) Activated sludge treatment agitates and aerates a mixture of wastewater and microbes to remove 85% of organic waste over 6-8 hours before solids are removed. Tertiary treatment then uses chlorine or UV light to disinfect the treated water before release.
Preservation of industrially important microbial strainAishwarya Konka
This document discusses techniques for preserving industrially important microbial strains. It describes methods where microbes are kept in a continuous metabolic active state through periodic transfer to fresh media, overlaying cultures with mineral oil, and storage in sterile soil. It also covers techniques where microbes are placed in a suspended metabolic state, such as drying in vacuum, lyophilization, cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, and storage in silica gel. The goal of preservation is to maintain microbial cultures alive, uncontaminated, and as healthy as possible for long periods of time.
1) The document discusses bioremediation of pesticides through microbial degradation. Various microorganisms like fungi, bacteria and their enzymes can break down pesticides into non-toxic compounds.
2) Common microbes that degrade pesticides include species of Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Rhodococcus. Enzymes like hydrolases, phosphotriesterases, esterases and oxidoreductases play important roles in the biodegradation processes.
3) Bioremediation of pesticides using microbes is an effective and eco-friendly way to clean contaminated sites. Both fungi and bacteria can degrade pesticides, with fungi performing initial transformations and bacteria further breaking down
This document discusses bioprocessing and its relationship to biotechnology. It defines bioprocessing as using living cells or their components to produce desired products. Bioprocessing involves upstream processing to extract raw materials, fermentation to culture microorganisms and convert materials, and downstream processing to purify fermented products. The document also notes that bioprocessing is a type of bioengineering which applies engineering and life science principles to tissues, cells and molecules.
This document discusses conventional wastewater treatment processes and their applicability. It begins by outlining the objectives and presentation outline. The fundamental principles of conventional treatment are then described, including physical, chemical, and biological unit operations and processes. The main conventional treatment processes are explained in detail, including preliminary, primary, secondary, tertiary, and sludge treatment stages. Applications in Nepal are discussed. Strengths and limitations are provided. Finally, emerging alternative technologies are presented as potential solutions to challenges with conventional wastewater treatment.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce water pollution by decreasing levels of suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand through physical and biological processes before water is discharged back into local waterways.
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce water pollution by decreasing levels of suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand through physical and biological processes before water is discharged back into local waterways.
The document discusses wastewater treatment processes. It describes how wastewater treatment involves applying engineering techniques to change the physical, chemical, or biological properties of water so it can be disposed of safely. The treatment process includes pre-treatment to remove solids, preliminary treatment using screens and grit chambers, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological processes like trickling filters to further reduce organic matter, and final clarification before water is disposed of or reused. Sludge produced from treatment is stabilized and applied to agricultural fields. The wastewater treatment plant monitors water quality through testing.
Wastewater treatment involves a multi-step process to manage water discharged from homes and businesses. It includes pre-treatment to remove toxic chemicals, preliminary treatment to remove large solid objects, primary treatment where solids settle out, secondary biological treatment using bacteria to break down organic matter, and disposal of sludge. The process is monitored through measurements of parameters like biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids to assess water quality after each step before the treated water is discharged back into local waterways.
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce threats to water pollution by removing solid materials, decomposing organic matter with bacteria and algae, and further separating solids from treated water which is then discharged. Sludge is stabilized and applied to agricultural fields. The wastewater treatment plant laboratory conducts tests to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment process.
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce water pollution by decreasing levels of suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand through physical and biological processes before water is discharged or sludge is land applied.
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce water pollution by decreasing levels of suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand through physical and biological processes before water is discharged or sludge is disposed of through land application.
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce threats to water pollution by using physical and biological processes to remove solids, organic matter, and other pollutants before water is discharged back into local waterways. Primary treatment uses gravity to remove solids while secondary treatment uses bacteria and algae to break down organic matter. The treated water is then tested before being released.
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce water pollution by decreasing levels of suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand through physical and biological processes before water is discharged or sludge is land applied.
The document discusses the key principles and processes involved in industrial wastewater treatment. It begins by outlining the various sources and uses of water in industries and how this leads to wastewater. It then describes the important goals of industrial wastewater treatment as disposal or reuse of effluent while managing water pollution. The document proceeds to detail the major treatment steps, including physical, chemical, and biological processes, and concludes by discussing final disposal methods.
This document summarizes the process of treating industrial wastewater to produce potable water. It involves pre-treatment to remove large objects from wastewater at the source. Primary treatment uses gravity to separate solids from liquids. Secondary treatment uses bacteria and other microbes to break down organic matter. The treated water can then undergo disinfection through chlorination, UV light, or ozonation before being safely reused. Proper treatment of industrial wastewater helps reduce water pollution and conserves potable water supplies.
This document discusses primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes. It begins by explaining that wastewater treatment involves applying technology to improve water quality by removing solids and contaminants. The primary goals of treatment are to protect public health, improve the environment, and allow for water reuse. The document then describes the steps of primary treatment, which uses physical processes like screening, comminution, grit removal, and sedimentation to remove 40-60% of suspended solids over 2-3 hours. Secondary treatment uses biological processes to further break down remaining organic matter.
This document provides an overview of the sewage treatment process. It begins with an introduction to sewage treatment and its importance. It then describes the various stages of treatment - preliminary (screening), primary (settling), secondary (trickling filters or activated sludge), tertiary (additional filtration), and solids processing (digestion or composting). The final effluent is disinfected before discharge while solids are disposed of in landfills. The document outlines the key objectives, processes, and equipment used at each treatment stage.
This document discusses sustainable wastewater treatment. It begins by defining wastewater and its sources. There are then four main stages of treatment: preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Preliminary treatment screens out solids, primary uses settling and skimming to remove other particles, secondary uses bacteria to break down organic matter, and tertiary can remove remaining impurities. The case study discusses Rio de Janeiro's efforts to treat sewage discharged into Guanabara Bay using the Nereda system, an aerobic granular sludge process. Advantages include producing clean water and methane for energy, while disadvantages include high costs and potential environmental impacts if not properly handled. Proper maintenance is also important for plant
Building Material - wastewater treatmentSze Ting Kuek
This document discusses sustainable wastewater treatment. It begins by defining wastewater and its sources. There are then four main stages of treatment: preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Preliminary treatment screens out solids, primary uses settling and skimming to remove other particles, secondary uses bacteria to break down organic matter, and tertiary can remove remaining impurities. The case study discusses Rio de Janeiro's efforts to treat sewage discharged into Guanabara Bay using the Nereda technology, a new treatment plant. Advantages include clean water and energy production from sludge, while disadvantages include high costs and potential environmental impacts if not managed properly. Proper maintenance is also important for plant operations.
The document describes the key components and processes of an effluent treatment plant (ETP). The ETP treats industrial wastewater in multiple stages including preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation, secondary treatment using biological processes like activated sludge, and tertiary/advanced treatment using techniques like sand filters to further polish the water before discharge or reuse. The ETP aims to clean industrial effluent to reduce freshwater usage and allow safe release of water back into the environment while meeting pollution standards.
The document provides information on wastewater treatment processes. It defines wastewater and the objectives of treatment, which include reducing organic substances, nutrients, and pathogens. It describes primary treatment processes like screening and sedimentation that use physical separation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and trickling filters to further reduce organic material using microorganisms. The final effluent is suitable for discharge after primary and secondary treatment remove solids and organic waste.
Water pollution, causes, effects & TreatmentsHussain Naqvi
The document discusses water pollution, its causes, effects, and treatment methods. Water pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals or biological agents in water that exceed natural levels and threaten human or environmental health. It can be caused by industrial waste, sewage, marine dumping, fertilizers and pesticides, and fossil fuel burning. Effects include death of aquatic life, disrupted ecosystems, and disease. Treatment methods include primary, secondary, and advanced levels. Primary treatment uses physical processes like sedimentation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses bacteria and algae in biological processes like trickling filters. Advanced treatment provides further clarification and safe disposal of sludge.
This document describes the key processes involved in an effluent treatment plant (ETP). It discusses preliminary treatment including screens, grit chambers, and oil/grease removal. Primary treatment consists of sedimentation tanks and clarifiers. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Tertiary treatment provides additional filtration and may include carbon filters or disinfection. The major treatment units in an ETP are preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments.
The document discusses India's energy sector and provides details on various energy sources like renewable energy, non-renewable energy, coal, oil and gas. It summarizes the key points of the National Energy Policy which aims for energy independence through rationalization of costs and subsidies while boosting renewable energy. The policy targets installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and transitioning from coal to clean energy. It also outlines India's expected energy needs and scenarios for 2040 with electricity demand rising 4.5 times and clean energy sources accounting for 13.5% of production compared to 78% from coal, oil and gas.
This document summarizes techniques for seismic retrofitting of existing structures. It defines seismic retrofitting as modifying structures to make them more resistant to earthquakes. Common retrofitting techniques discussed include adding new shear walls, steel bracing, jacketing columns and beams, using innovative materials like fiber reinforced polymers, base isolation using elastomeric bearings or sliding systems, and installing seismic dampers. The document also discusses retrofitting performance objectives, codes and guidelines, and provides examples of retrofitted structures.
The document provides information on methods of prestressing in concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
Green concrete is a type of concrete that uses less energy and causes less harm to the environment during production compared to conventional concrete. It incorporates waste materials like recycled concrete aggregates as partial replacements for cement or standard aggregates. Using materials like fly ash also reduces the carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement production. Green concrete provides benefits like improved durability, strength, and workability while reducing the construction industry's environmental impact through lower CO2 emissions and higher waste reuse.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak or wet soils to stronger soils below. Piles can be classified based on function (end bearing, friction, tension), material (concrete, timber, steel), or installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Key factors in pile design include soil properties, load types, and groundwater conditions. The ultimate load capacity of a pile considers end bearing and side friction, while the allowable load uses a factor of safety. Dynamic testing and soil parameters can be used to estimate pile capacities.
The document provides information on methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
Green concrete is a type of concrete that uses less energy and causes less harm to the environment during production compared to conventional concrete. It incorporates waste materials like recycled concrete aggregates as partial replacements for cement or standard aggregates. Using materials like fly ash also reduces the carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement production. Green concrete provides benefits like improved durability, strength, and workability while reducing the construction industry's environmental impact through lower CO2 emissions and higher waste reuse.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak soil layers to stronger soil strata below. There are different types of piles based on function (load bearing, non-load bearing), material (concrete, timber, steel), and installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Load bearing piles can be end bearing piles that rest on a hard layer or friction piles that transfer load through side friction. Factors like soil conditions, water table, and cost determine the suitable pile type for a given foundation. Load capacity is estimated through testing, soil parameters, or dynamic/static formulas.
The document discusses wastewater treatment and its various stages. Wastewater treatment involves applying engineering techniques to change the physical, chemical, or biological properties of water so that it can be disposed of safely or reused. It goes through various stages including pre-treatment to remove solids, primary treatment where gravity is used to separate solids from water, secondary treatment using bacteria and algae to break down organic matter, and final treatment to further remove solids before being disposed or reused. The sludge from treatment is also processed, stabilized, and applied to agricultural fields. Monitoring is done at the plant and by government agencies to ensure safety.
This is an overview of my career in Aircraft Design and Structures, which I am still trying to post on LinkedIn. Includes my BAE Systems Structural Test roles/ my BAE Systems key design roles and my current work on academic projects.
MODULE 5 BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS TRENDS IN BIO ENGINEERING.pptx
Wastewater treatment by ag
1. SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON:
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Mr. S.C. Verma sir Abhishek Ghildiyal
Civil Engg. Dept. Civil Engg.-4th year
COER Section- E
Rollno.- 02
2. Wastewater Treatment: An Introduction
The term waste water treatment refers to
the application various engg techniques to
change their properties(either physical,
chemical or biological) suitable for any
purposes or suitable to be disposed off
without the risk of any kind as per
mentioned in the EPA rules and
regulations.
3. Wastewater Treatment:Purpose
To manage water discharged from homes, businesses,
and industries to reduce the threat of water pollution.
To reuse the water discharged form various sources
either for drinking or agricultural purpose.
To reuse the water for easily recharging the ground
water bodies.
To safely dispose off the treated water to natural not
causing any harm to living bodies inside or near the
water .
6. Pre-treatment
Pre-treatment of waste water is required in
almost at all places except a few .
Pre-treatment of water means removing
the floating materials from the waste water.
This treatment includes removing of
floating materials by bars and screening
11. Primary Treatment
Primary Treatment
-- a physical process
-- wastewater flow is slowed down and
suspended solids settle to the bottom by
gravity
-- the material that settles is called sludge
or biosolids
14. Sludge from the primary sedimentation
tanks is pumped to the sludge
thickener.
- more settling occurs to concentrate
the sludge prior to disposal
Primary sedimentation tank
15. Primary Treatment:cons
Primary treatment reduces the suspended solids
and the B.O.D. of the wastewater.
From the primary treatment tanks water is
pumped to the trickling filter for secondary
treatment.
Secondary treatment will further reduce the
suspended solids and B.O.D. of the wastewater.
17. Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is a biological process.
Utilizes bacteria and algae to metabolize organic
matter in the wastewater.
In Cape Girardeau secondary treatment occurs
on the trickling filter.
18. Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is performed by :
Trickling filter
Rotating Biological contactor
Oxidation Ponds
Above processes can be performed in different
ways:
Aerobic decomposition
An-aerobic decomposition
19. Wastewater Treatment
From secondary treatment on the trickling filter
water flows to the final clarifiers for further
removal of sludge.
The final clarifiers are another set of primary
sedimentation tanks.
From the final clarifiers the water is discharged
back to the Mississippi River.
21. Disposal of Sludge or Biosolids
the sludge undergoes lime stabilization (pH is
raised by addition of lime) to kill potential
pathogens.
The stabilized sludge is land applied by
injection into agricultural fields
22. Wastewater Treatment
Disposal of Sludge or Biosolids
-- in the past, Cape Girardeau disposed of
the sludge by landfill or incineration
-- landfill disposal discontinued to the threat
of leachate
-- incineration discontinued because of the
ineffectiveness and cost
23. Wastewater Treatment
The wastewater plant lab conducts a
number of measurements and tests
on the water.
suspended solids temperature
B.O.D. nitrogen
pH phosphorus
24. Wastewater Treatment
In addition to test performed at the
wastewater lab, an off-site contract
lab performs additional tests
heavy metals priority pollutants
W.E.T (Whole Effluent Toxicity) tests
26. References:
“Environmental engg.”-by Mackanzie L. Davis
“Waste water Treatment”- by S.K. Garg
“waste water Treatment”- by B.C. Punmia‘
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.waterresouce.org
www.nihw.org
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