The document defines basic anatomical terminology by describing the major regions of the human body including the head, neck, trunk, and upper and lower limbs. It then defines anatomical position as standing erect facing the observer with head level and eyes forward. Finally, it provides definitions for common directional terms used in anatomy such as superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, and distal.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure, protection, movement, and blood cell formation. The axial skeleton forms the body's longitudinal axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs that attach to the axial skeleton. Long bones have a diaphysis shaft and epiphyses ends. The skull is formed from multiple flat bones that protect the brain and sense organs. The vertebral column consists of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs that allow flexibility. The rib cage includes ribs and sternum and protects the heart and lungs.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structures, their forms, positions, and relationships. Physiology is defined as the study of body part and system functions. There are 12 main body systems described including the nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and reproductive systems. Key anatomical terms are also defined such as cell, tissue, anatomical position, proximal, distal, superior, inferior, symmetric, and asymmetric. Other specialized areas of study within anatomy and physiology are also listed such as cytology, histology, myology, and neurology.
The skeletal system comprises bones and cartilages that support the body, allow for movement, protect internal organs, and produce blood cells. There are two main types of bones - long bones in the limbs and flat/irregular bones in the skull, vertebrae, and pelvis. Bones form through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are constantly remodeled throughout life. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, providing structure and protection to the head, neck and trunk.
The document summarizes the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton comprises the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It protects organs and provides muscle attachment. The appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower limbs and their attachments via the pectoral and pelvic girdles. It includes over 100 bones and supports the weight of the body and limbs. The document then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the individual bones that make up these sections of the skeletal system.
The document summarizes key aspects of the axial skeleton, including:
1. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It forms the central axis of the body.
2. The skull is made up of multiple cranial and facial bones that protect the brain and house sensory organs. It includes prominent features like the foramen magnum, cranial fossae, and sutures.
3. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae that fuse into 24 bones in adulthood. It includes cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions with characteristic features.
4. The thoracic cage is formed from ribs, sternum and
The document defines basic anatomical terminology by describing the major regions of the human body including the head, neck, trunk, and upper and lower limbs. It then defines anatomical position as standing erect facing the observer with head level and eyes forward. Finally, it provides definitions for common directional terms used in anatomy such as superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, and distal.
Skeletal system. anatomy and physiology of skeletal system. appendicular skel...mamtabisht10
SKELETAL SYSTEM
bones, cartilage and ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong, flexible framework called skeletal system
anatomy and physiology of axial and appendicular skeletal system
Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages of the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure, protection, movement, and blood cell formation. The axial skeleton forms the body's longitudinal axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs that attach to the axial skeleton. Long bones have a diaphysis shaft and epiphyses ends. The skull is formed from multiple flat bones that protect the brain and sense organs. The vertebral column consists of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs that allow flexibility. The rib cage includes ribs and sternum and protects the heart and lungs.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structures, their forms, positions, and relationships. Physiology is defined as the study of body part and system functions. There are 12 main body systems described including the nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and reproductive systems. Key anatomical terms are also defined such as cell, tissue, anatomical position, proximal, distal, superior, inferior, symmetric, and asymmetric. Other specialized areas of study within anatomy and physiology are also listed such as cytology, histology, myology, and neurology.
The skeletal system comprises bones and cartilages that support the body, allow for movement, protect internal organs, and produce blood cells. There are two main types of bones - long bones in the limbs and flat/irregular bones in the skull, vertebrae, and pelvis. Bones form through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are constantly remodeled throughout life. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, providing structure and protection to the head, neck and trunk.
The document summarizes the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton comprises the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It protects organs and provides muscle attachment. The appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower limbs and their attachments via the pectoral and pelvic girdles. It includes over 100 bones and supports the weight of the body and limbs. The document then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the individual bones that make up these sections of the skeletal system.
The document summarizes key aspects of the axial skeleton, including:
1. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It forms the central axis of the body.
2. The skull is made up of multiple cranial and facial bones that protect the brain and house sensory organs. It includes prominent features like the foramen magnum, cranial fossae, and sutures.
3. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae that fuse into 24 bones in adulthood. It includes cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions with characteristic features.
4. The thoracic cage is formed from ribs, sternum and
The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, ribs, vertebrae) and appendicular skeleton (pelvis, extremities). The axial skeleton includes 28 bones in the head, 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, and 6 auditory bones in the middle ear. The spine contains 26 bones including 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 1-5 sacral/coccygeal bones. The chest contains 26 bones including the sternum, ribs, and hyoid bone. Each arm contains 32 bones and each leg contains 30 bones, for a total of over 200 bones in the human skeletal system.
Skeletal system axil & appendicular skeleton powerpoint (chapter 6)Chitranjan kumar
The skeleton is composed of 206 bones that make up the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, totaling 80 bones. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the shoulder and pelvic girdles, totaling 126 bones. Bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. They are held together by immovable joints like sutures or movable joints like ball-and-socket joints that allow for movement. The skeleton provides structure, protection, movement, and blood cell production for the body.
The document discusses the anatomy and features of the human skeletal system. It describes the main components and functions of the skeletal system, including support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage. It provides details on the types of bones in the human body, including long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It also summarizes the main parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton, focusing on the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and bones of the upper and lower limbs.
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology (HAP). It defines anatomy and physiology and their main subdivisions or branches. It describes the six levels of structural organization in the human body from the chemical level to the organism level. It lists and describes the main functions of the 12 organ systems in the human body. It also outlines some basic life processes like metabolism, movement, growth, and homeostasis, which is the body's ability to maintain equilibrium.
The document provides information about the skeletal system, including the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. It describes the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and bones of the upper and lower extremities. It also discusses the composition of bone, bone marrow, microscopic structure of compact bone, and several common diseases and conditions that affect the skeletal system such as arthritis, osteoporosis, scoliosis, and rickets.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight and reaches maximum density around age 21
The document summarizes the division of the skeletal system into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It forms the vertical axis of the body. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and includes the limbs and their attachments via girdles. The skull is made up of 28 cranial bones including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones, as well as 14 facial bones such as the maxilla, zygomatic, and mandible.
The document summarizes the main bones that make up the appendicular skeleton in humans. It describes the two pairs of girdles - the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles - that connect the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton. It then outlines the major bones that comprise each segmented limb, including the arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg, and foot. For each bone, it identifies key anatomical features and points of articulation with other bones.
Joints are connections between bones that allow movement. There are 230 joints in the body. Joints are classified structurally based on how the bones connect and functionally based on their range of motion. The main types of joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Synovial joints have the most mobility and include ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip. Key parts of synovial joints include the articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, and sometimes articular discs.
The document discusses the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The upper appendage includes the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, while the lower appendage includes the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The lower limb bones must support the entire weight of the body and are the largest and heaviest. Each lower limb contains 31 bones, including the pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. The document provides detailed descriptions of each bone and joint of the lower limb.
The document defines joints and their classifications. It discusses the three main classifications of joints: fibrous joints which are immovable, cartilaginous joints which are slightly movable, and synovial joints which are freely movable. It provides examples of different types of synovial joints classified by shape and mobility, including hinge, pivot, ball and socket, and gliding joints.
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Human anatomy and physiology parts 2
1. Anatomy and Physiology by: MARNIE G. SARONO (a)
2. OBJECTIVES: General Objective: Within 3 successive periods, the second year students will be able to gain knowledge about human anatomy and physiology as well as identify the body parts and its functions at 70% level of accuracy.
3. Specific Objectives: Cognitive: The second year students will be able to: c. Differentiate anatomy and physiology of the human body d. List the different systems in the human body e. Describe the functions of the different systems of the body f. Illustrate the anatomy of each body system
4. Affective: The second year students will be able to: c. Share the importance of human anatomy and physiology d. Synthesize the connection of one body system
Human anatomy is the study of structures in the human body including both gross anatomy, which examines structures visible to the naked eye, and microscopic anatomy, which uses microscopes. Human physiology is the study of how the body functions. The document outlines several branches and subspecialties of anatomy and physiology including embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, radiographic anatomy, pathological anatomy, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, and pathophysiology.
Skeletal system
Divisions of skeletal system,
types of bone,
salient features and functions
of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system Organization of skeletal muscle,
physiology of muscle contraction,
neuromuscular junction.
This document provides an overview of the human senses and visual system. It discusses the general senses of touch, temperature, pressure and pain. The special senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing and balance are also covered. Most of the document focuses on the structures and functions of the eye, including the accessory structures, layers of the eye, neurons in the retina, lens accommodation, common vision conditions, and the visual pathway in the brain. Key eye structures like the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, vitreous humor and optic nerve are described.
• Introduction to human body Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology, ...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
This document discusses key concepts in anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It describes the different levels of structural organization in the human body, from cells to tissues to organs and organ systems. The six levels are listed as chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism. The document also discusses basic life processes like organization, metabolism, responsiveness and homeostasis, which is the maintenance of stable internal conditions.
The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and other functions for the body. It consists of both long bones and short bones, including those in the limbs, spine, skull, and pelvis. The skeletal system also produces blood cells and stores minerals. There are over 200 bones in the human body that can be classified by shape and location into groups like long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. It supports the body, protects organs, allows for movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and sternum, and protects the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs. It is composed of numerous bones that connect to form the cranium, face, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. The skeletal system provides structure, movement, and protection for the human body.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. The 206 bones in the human body are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton supports the trunk and protects vital organs. It includes the skull, which protects the brain, and the vertebral column, which supports the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, which attaches the upper limbs, and the pelvic girdle, which attaches the lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection and more for the human body.
The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, ribs, vertebrae) and appendicular skeleton (pelvis, extremities). The axial skeleton includes 28 bones in the head, 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, and 6 auditory bones in the middle ear. The spine contains 26 bones including 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 1-5 sacral/coccygeal bones. The chest contains 26 bones including the sternum, ribs, and hyoid bone. Each arm contains 32 bones and each leg contains 30 bones, for a total of over 200 bones in the human skeletal system.
Skeletal system axil & appendicular skeleton powerpoint (chapter 6)Chitranjan kumar
The skeleton is composed of 206 bones that make up the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, totaling 80 bones. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the shoulder and pelvic girdles, totaling 126 bones. Bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. They are held together by immovable joints like sutures or movable joints like ball-and-socket joints that allow for movement. The skeleton provides structure, protection, movement, and blood cell production for the body.
The document discusses the anatomy and features of the human skeletal system. It describes the main components and functions of the skeletal system, including support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage. It provides details on the types of bones in the human body, including long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It also summarizes the main parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton, focusing on the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and bones of the upper and lower limbs.
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology (HAP). It defines anatomy and physiology and their main subdivisions or branches. It describes the six levels of structural organization in the human body from the chemical level to the organism level. It lists and describes the main functions of the 12 organ systems in the human body. It also outlines some basic life processes like metabolism, movement, growth, and homeostasis, which is the body's ability to maintain equilibrium.
The document provides information about the skeletal system, including the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. It describes the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and bones of the upper and lower extremities. It also discusses the composition of bone, bone marrow, microscopic structure of compact bone, and several common diseases and conditions that affect the skeletal system such as arthritis, osteoporosis, scoliosis, and rickets.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight and reaches maximum density around age 21
The document summarizes the division of the skeletal system into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It forms the vertical axis of the body. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and includes the limbs and their attachments via girdles. The skull is made up of 28 cranial bones including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones, as well as 14 facial bones such as the maxilla, zygomatic, and mandible.
The document summarizes the main bones that make up the appendicular skeleton in humans. It describes the two pairs of girdles - the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles - that connect the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton. It then outlines the major bones that comprise each segmented limb, including the arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg, and foot. For each bone, it identifies key anatomical features and points of articulation with other bones.
Joints are connections between bones that allow movement. There are 230 joints in the body. Joints are classified structurally based on how the bones connect and functionally based on their range of motion. The main types of joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Synovial joints have the most mobility and include ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip. Key parts of synovial joints include the articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, and sometimes articular discs.
The document discusses the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The upper appendage includes the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, while the lower appendage includes the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The lower limb bones must support the entire weight of the body and are the largest and heaviest. Each lower limb contains 31 bones, including the pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. The document provides detailed descriptions of each bone and joint of the lower limb.
The document defines joints and their classifications. It discusses the three main classifications of joints: fibrous joints which are immovable, cartilaginous joints which are slightly movable, and synovial joints which are freely movable. It provides examples of different types of synovial joints classified by shape and mobility, including hinge, pivot, ball and socket, and gliding joints.
Published in: Health & Medicine
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Human anatomy and physiology parts 2
1. Anatomy and Physiology by: MARNIE G. SARONO (a)
2. OBJECTIVES: General Objective: Within 3 successive periods, the second year students will be able to gain knowledge about human anatomy and physiology as well as identify the body parts and its functions at 70% level of accuracy.
3. Specific Objectives: Cognitive: The second year students will be able to: c. Differentiate anatomy and physiology of the human body d. List the different systems in the human body e. Describe the functions of the different systems of the body f. Illustrate the anatomy of each body system
4. Affective: The second year students will be able to: c. Share the importance of human anatomy and physiology d. Synthesize the connection of one body system
Human anatomy is the study of structures in the human body including both gross anatomy, which examines structures visible to the naked eye, and microscopic anatomy, which uses microscopes. Human physiology is the study of how the body functions. The document outlines several branches and subspecialties of anatomy and physiology including embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, radiographic anatomy, pathological anatomy, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, and pathophysiology.
Skeletal system
Divisions of skeletal system,
types of bone,
salient features and functions
of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system Organization of skeletal muscle,
physiology of muscle contraction,
neuromuscular junction.
This document provides an overview of the human senses and visual system. It discusses the general senses of touch, temperature, pressure and pain. The special senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing and balance are also covered. Most of the document focuses on the structures and functions of the eye, including the accessory structures, layers of the eye, neurons in the retina, lens accommodation, common vision conditions, and the visual pathway in the brain. Key eye structures like the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, vitreous humor and optic nerve are described.
• Introduction to human body Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology, ...ASHUTOSH SENGAR
This document discusses key concepts in anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It describes the different levels of structural organization in the human body, from cells to tissues to organs and organ systems. The six levels are listed as chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism. The document also discusses basic life processes like organization, metabolism, responsiveness and homeostasis, which is the maintenance of stable internal conditions.
The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and other functions for the body. It consists of both long bones and short bones, including those in the limbs, spine, skull, and pelvis. The skeletal system also produces blood cells and stores minerals. There are over 200 bones in the human body that can be classified by shape and location into groups like long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. It supports the body, protects organs, allows for movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and sternum, and protects the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs. It is composed of numerous bones that connect to form the cranium, face, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. The skeletal system provides structure, movement, and protection for the human body.
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. The 206 bones in the human body are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton supports the trunk and protects vital organs. It includes the skull, which protects the brain, and the vertebral column, which supports the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, which attaches the upper limbs, and the pelvic girdle, which attaches the lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection and more for the human body.
The document summarizes the skeletal system. It discusses that the skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. It then describes the main components of the axial skeleton - the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull is made up of numerous flat and irregular bones that form the cranium and face. The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae and intervertebral discs. The thoracic cage is formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attaching girdles). Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and are living tissues that undergo remodeling. The skeletal system includes various bone cell types and bone is composed of inorganic minerals and organic matrix. Common diseases include osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease.
The skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and storage. There are four types of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure and protection. The axial skeleton forms the central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull has multiple bones that form the cranium and face. Bones of the skull include the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, and mandible. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton.
Skeletal System and division of axial and appendicularRupaSingh83
The skeletal system consists of the bones and joints of the body. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, which form the core of the body. The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs and their attachments. The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement and mineral storage. It is divided into the axial and appendicular skeletons, with over 200 bones that can be classified by shape.
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones.
There are 206 bones in the human body grouped into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes 80 bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It forms the central core and foundation of the body. The appendicular skeleton includes 126 bones arranged in the upper and lower limbs, including their attaching girdles, forming the shoulders, arms, legs and allowing for movement.
Anatomy Lesson_ Realistic Skeleton for Education by Slidesgo (2).pptxarmacxstartup2021
The skeletal system has 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (bones of the head, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It encloses and protects the brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs, and abdomen. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are joined together at joints, which can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, allowing different ranges of motion. Common disorders of the skeletal system include arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, and
The axial skeleton comprises 80 bones located along the body's central axis. It includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. The skull is made up of 22 bones including 8 cranial bones that form the cranium and 14 facial bones. The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae that are separated into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. It protects the spinal cord and supports the head. The sternum and 12 pairs of ribs are also part of the axial skeleton, with the ribs attaching to the vertebrae and sternum.
The document provides information about the musculoskeletal system, which is composed of three subsystems: the skeletal system, articular system, and muscular system. It describes the anatomy and functions of the bones, joints, and muscles that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder, pelvis, upper and lower limbs). The skeletal system provides structure, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation. Typical bones have projections like processes and depressions like foramina that serve attachment and passage functions.
The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeletal and muscular systems. The skeletal system includes 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs). Bones develop through the processes of ossification and remodeling. The skeletal system works with muscles to allow movement and protect organs.
The document summarizes key aspects of the human skeletal system including its functions of support, movement, protection and blood cell production. It describes the main components of the skeletal system such as bones, joints and ligaments. It provides classifications of bones, joints and muscles. Key facts presented include that the adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones, and examples of the different types of joints like ball-and-socket and hinge joints.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system. It describes the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, pelvis, and extremities. It discusses the types of joints in the body including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. It also covers the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle fibers and their attachments, blood supply, and function. The document is an introductory overview of the key components and structures of the musculoskeletal system.
The skeletal system comprises 206 bones that support the body and allow for movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The skull protects the brain and is divided into cranial and facial bones. The vertebral column is made up of individual vertebrae that protect the spinal cord and allow for flexibility. Bones are living tissues composed of minerals and connective tissues. The skeletal system provides structure, protects organs, allows body movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments that support the body and allow for movement. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs. Key bones of the axial skeleton are the cranial and facial bones that form the skull, vertebrae of the spinal column, and ribs. The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the shoulders, pelvis, and upper and lower limbs that attach to the axial skeleton and allow for movement.
Similar to Unit ii, chapter-2- skeletal system (20)
Reproductive system
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
Human Anatomy and Physiology-II:
Endocrine System:
Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus and their disorders.
BP201T. Human Anatomy And Physiology-II
Unit-III: - Urinary System.
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and
nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney
and disorders of kidney.
Unit-III, Chapter-1- Respiratory System.pptAudumbar Mali
B. Pharm. First Year, Sem:II,
Unit III
Respiratory system 10 hours
Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs,
mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration
Lung Volumes and capacities transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration,
and resuscitation methods.
The document discusses the basal metabolic rate (BMR), which is the minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital functions at rest. It explains that BMR can be affected by factors like age, height, body composition, fever, stress, and thyroid function. Normal BMR values are provided as 34-37 kcal/square meter/hour for adult men and 30-35 kcal/Sq.m./hour for adult women.
The document discusses creatine and creatinine, explaining that creatine is stored in muscles and converted to creatine phosphate to provide energy, while creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine. It covers the biosynthesis and metabolism of creatine, the reversible reaction between creatine and creatine phosphate, and the use of creatinine levels in blood and urine as indicators of kidney function and muscle mass. The document also discusses creatine kinase isoenzymes and their role in converting creatine to creatine phosphate.
Unit-I, Chapter_1 Nervous System Final PPT.pptAudumbar Mali
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and contains gray matter and white matter. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch throughout the body. The nervous system detects environmental changes and coordinates the body's actions and sensory information through transmitting signals via neurons. It is composed of neurons, which are the basic functional units, and neuroglia, which provide structure and support. The nervous system functions through nerve impulses that travel along neurons via action potentials and neurotransmitters to transmit signals between neurons.
Unit-III, chapter-2- Lymphatic System,
Functions of Lymphatic System,
Major Parts of Lymphatic System,
Composition of Lymph,
Lymph and Lymphatic Capillaries,
Structure of lymph node,
Mechanisms of Lymph Flow,
Functions of Lymph Node,
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT),
As per PCI syllabus,
B. Pharm. First Year,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I.
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Unit I, chapter-2 Cellular level of organization.Audumbar Mali
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. It discusses the key parts of the cell including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. It also describes cellular transport mechanisms like passive diffusion and active transport. The summary is as follows:
The document discusses the basic structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It describes the key parts of the cell including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and organelles. It also explains cellular transport mechanisms such as passive and active transport that allow movement of substances into and out of cells.
Unit I, chapter-1- introduction to human body finalAudumbar Mali
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Unit-III, Chapter 1. Registration of Indian Products in Overseas Market.Audumbar Mali
Unit-III, Chapter 1. Registration of Indian Products in Overseas Market.
B. Pharm. Final Year, Sem-VIII, BP804 ET: PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATORY SCIENCE (Theory),
As PCI Syllabus.
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congenital GI disorders are very dangerous to child. it is also a leading cause for death of the child.
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Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
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Unit ii, chapter-2- skeletal system
1. BP101T. Human Anatomy And Physiology-I
(Theory)
Unit-II
2. SKELETAL SYSTEM
Represented By,
Mr. Audumbar Mali.
(Assistant Professor)
Sahyadri College of Pharmacy
Methwade
2. SKELATAL SYSTEM
• Bone tissues makes up about 18% of the total
human body weight.
• The skeletal system supports and protects the
body while giving it shape and form.
• Osteology: It is the branch of science that
deals with the study of the skeletal system,
their structure and functions.
4. FUNCTIONS OF SKELETALSYSTEM
• SUPPORT: Hard framework that supports and anchors the
soft organs of the body.
• PROTECTION: Surrounds organs such as the brain and
spinal cord.
• MOVEMENT: Allows for muscle attachment therefore the
bones are used as levers.
• STORAGE: Minerals and lipids are stored within bone
material.
• BLOOD CELLFORMATION: The bone marrow is
responsible for blood cell production.
5. DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
• The human skeleton consists of 206 bones.
• Bones of the skeleton are grouped into
two principal divisions:
– Axial skeleton:
• Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones),
hyoid bone, ribs, sternum (breastbone),
and bones of the vertebral column.
– Appendicular skeleton
• Consists of the bones of the upper and lower
limbs (extremities), plus the bones forming
the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial
skeleton.
7. CLASSIFICATION OF BONE BASED
ON SHAPE
• Bones can be classified into five types based on
shape:
• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
• Sesamoid
8. CLASSIFICATION OF BONE BASED ON
SHAPE
• Long Bones
– Greater length than width and are slightly curved for strength
– Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges
• Short bones
– Cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width
– Carpal, tarsal
• Flat bones
– Thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone
tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue
– Cranial, sternum, ribs, scapulae
• Irregular bones
– Complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous
categories
– Vertebrae, hip bones, some facial bones.
• Sesamoid bones
– Protect tendons from excessive wear and tear
– Patellae, foot, hand
9. THE AXIALSKELETON
The axial skeleton consists of :
1. Skull.
2. Vertebral column (spinal column).
3. Thoracic cage.
4. Sternum.
10. THE AXIALSKELETON
Skull
• The skull is situated on the upper end of vertebral column
and its bony structure is divided into 2 parts.
1. The cranium
2. The face
11. THE AXIALSKELETON
A. Cranium:
• It is formed by flat and irregular bones that provides a bony
protection to the brain.
• 1 Frontal Bone
– It forms the forehead, It forms parts of eye sockets
– The coronal suture joins the frontal and parietal bones.
• 2 Parietal Bones
– It form the sides and roof of the cranial cavity, it articulates
with each other at the sagittal suture.
– It joins the frontal bone with coronal suture and occipital
bone with lambdoidal suture and the temporal bones at
the squamous suture.
• 2 Temporal Bones
– These bones lie one on each side of the head and form
immovable joints with the parietal, occipital, sphenoid and
zygomatic bones.
– The temporal bone articulates with the mendible at the
tempo-mandibular joint.
12. THE AXIALSKELETON
Occipital Bone
– It forms back of head and most of the base of the skull.
– It has immovable joints with the parietal, temporal
and sphenoid bones.
Sphenoid Bone
– It occupies the middle portion of base of skull and it
articulates with the occipital, temporal, parietal and
frontal bones.
Ethmoid Bone
– It occupies the anterior part of base of the skull and
helps to form the orbital cavity, the nasal septum and
the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
– It is very delight bone containing many air sinuses
that opens into the nasal cavity.
14. THE AXIALSKELETON
B. The Face (Facialbones)
• Nasal Bones
– Form the bridge of the nose
• Maxillae
– Form the upper jawbone
– Form most of the hard palate
• Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
• Zygomatic Bones
– commonly called cheekbones, form the prominences of the cheeks
• Lacrimal Bones
– Form a part of the medial wall of each orbit
• Palatine Bones
– Form the posterior portion of the hard palate
• Inferior Nasal Conchae
– Form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasalcavity
15. THE AXIALSKELETON
• Vomer
– Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum
• Mandible
– Lower jawbone
– The largest, strongest facial bone
– The only movable skull bone
• Nasal Septum
– Divides the interior of the nasal cavity into right and leftsides
– “Broken nose,” in most cases, refers to septal damage rather thanthe
nasal bones themselves
• Orbits
– Eye socket
• Foramina
– Openings for blood vessels , nerves , or ligaments of theskull
18. THE AXIALSKELETON
• The vertebral column:
• Also called the spine, backbone, or spinal column
• Functions to:
– Protect the spinal cord
– Support the head
– Serve as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle,
and muscles
• The vertebral column is curved to varying degrees
in different locations
– Curves increase the column strength
– Help maintain balance in the upright position
– Absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the
vertebrae from fracture
20. THE AXIALSKELETON
• The vertebral column:
• Composed of a series of bones called vertebrae
(Adult=26)
– 7 cervical are in the neck region
– 12 thoracic are posterior to the thoracic cavity
– 5 lumbar support the lower back
– 1 sacrum consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
– 1 coccyx consists of four fused coccygeal vertebrae
21. THE AXIALSKELETON
• Intervertebral Discs:
• Found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
• Functions to:
– Form strong joints
– Permit various movements of the vertebral column
– Absorb vertical shock
• Vertebrae typically consist of:
– A Body (weight bearing)
– A vertebral arch (surrounds the spinal cord)
– Several processes (points of attachment for muscles)
23. THE AXIALSKELETON
• Thorax: (Thoracic cage)
• Thoracic cage is formed by the:
– Sternum
– Ribs
– Costal cartilages
– Thoracic vertebrae
• Functions to:
– Enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and
abdominal cavities
– Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs
– Play a role in breathing
24. THE AXIALSKELETON
• Sternum
– “Breastbone” located in the center of the thoracic
wall
– Consists of the manubrium, body, xiphoid process
• Ribs
– Twelve pairs of ribs give structural support to the
sides of the thoracic cavity
• Costal cartilages
– Costal cartilages contribute to the elasticity of the
thoracic cage
27. APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
• The appendicular skeleton consists of :
• 126 bones
• Allows us to move and manipulate objects
• Includes all bones besides axial skeleton
• The limbs
• The supportive girdles
• The Pectoral girdle with the upper limbs and the
Pelvic girdle with the lower limb.
29. APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
Pectoral Girdle
• The human body has two pectoral girdles that
attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial
skeleton.
• The pectoral girdle consists of :
1. 2 Clavicle ( Collar bone)
2. 2 Scapula (Shoulder blade)
30. PECTORAL
GIRDLE
• Also called the shoulder girdle
• Connects the arms to the body
• Positions the shoulders
• Provides a base for arm
movement
• Consists of
• Two clavicles
• Two scapulae
•Connects with the axial
skeleton only at the manubrium
31. PECTORAL GIRDLE
• The Clavicles
• Also called collarbones
• Long, S-shaped bones
• Originate at the manubrium
(sternal end)
• Articulate with the scapulae
(acromial end)
33. PECTORAL GIRDLE
• The Scapulae
• Also called shoulder blades
• Broad, flat triangles
• Articulate with arm and
collarbone
• Anterior surface: the
subscapular fossa
34. PECTORAL GIRDLE
• The Scapulae
• Structures of the scapula
• Body has three sides:
• superior border
• medial border (vertebral border)
• lateral border (axillary border)
• Body has three corners:
• superior angle
• inferior angle
• lateral angle
35. PECTORAL GIRDLE
• The Scapulae
• The scapular head
• Holds glenoid cavity
• Which articulates with humerus
• To form shoulder joint
• Processes of the glenoid cavity
• Coracoid process:
• anterior, smaller
• Acromion:
• posterior, larger
• articulates with clavicle
• at the acromioclavicular joint
37. THE UPPER LIMB
• The upper limbs consist of the arms, forearms,
wrists, and hands
Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone,
the humerus
38. THE UPPER LIMB
• The Humerus
• The Shaft
• Deltoid tuberosity:
• a bulge in the shaft
• attaches deltoid muscle
• Radial groove:
• for radial nerve
• posterior to deltoid tuberosity
40. THE UPPER LIMB
• The Forearm (also called the
antebrachium)
• Consists of two long bones
• Ulna (medial)
• Radius (lateral)
41. THE UPPER LIMB
• The Ulna
• The olecranon
• Superior end of ulna
• Point of elbow
• Superior lip of trochlearnotch
• Articulates with trochlea of humerus
• The coronoid process
• Inferior lip of trochlear notch
42. THE UPPER LIMB
• Eight carpal bones
• Four proximal carpal bones
• Four distal carpal bones
• Allow wrist to bend and twist
43. THE UPPER LIMB
• Metacarpal Bones
• The five long bones of the hand
• Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial
• Articulate with proximal phalanges
• Phalanges of the Hands (14 total finger bones)
• Pollex (thumb)
• Two phalanges (proximal, distal)
• Fingers
• Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
45. THE PELVIC GIRDLE
• Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones)
• Strong to bear body weight, stress of
movement
• Part of the pelvis
• Coxal bones
• Made up of three fused bones
• Ilium (articulates with sacrum)
• Ischium
• Pubis
47. THE PELVIC GIRDLE
• Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis
• Female pelvis
• Smoother and lighter
• Less prominent muscle and ligament
attachments
• Pelvis modifications for Childbearing
• enlarged pelvic outlet
• broad pubic angle (>100°)
• less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
• wide, circular pelvic inlet
• broad, low pelvis
• ilia project laterally, not upwards
52. THE LOWER LIMB
• The Patella
• Also called the kneecap
• A sesamoid bone
• Formed within tendon of
quadriceps femoris
• Base attaches quadriceps
femoris
• Apex attaches patellar ligament
53. THE LOWER LIMB
• The Tibia
• Also called the shinbone
• Supports body weight
• Larger than fibula
• Medial to fibula
54. THE LOWER LIMB
• The Fibula
• Attaches muscles of
feet and toes
• Smaller than tibia
• Lateral to tibia
55. THE LOWER LIMB
• TheAnkle
• Also called the tarsus
• Consists of seven tarsal bones
• Bones of the ankle
• Talus:
• carries weight from tibia across trochlea
• Calcaneus (heel bone):
• transfers weight from talus to ground
• attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
• Cuboid:
• articulates with calcaneus
57. THE LOWER LIMB
• Metatarsal Bones of the Foot
• Five long bones of foot
• Numbered I–V, medial to lateral
• Articulate with toes
58. THE LOWER LIMB
• Phalanges of the foot
• Phalanges
• 14 bones of the toes
• Hallux
• Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal)
• Other four toes
• Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)
60. ORGANIZATION OF SKELETALMUSCLE
• All activities that involve movement depend on muscles
• 650 muscles in the human body
• Various purposes for muscles for:
• Locomotion
• Upright posture
• Balancing on two legs
• Support of internal organs
• Controlling valves and body openings
• Production of heat
• Movement of materials along internal tubes
• Three types of muscles in the human body
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth
61. ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
•Skeletal muscles are muscles which
are attached to the skeleton.
•40% of human body mass
•Skeletal muscles are mainly
responsible for locomotion, and
contraction and voluntary relaxation.
62. ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
•Muscle (whole organ)
•Fascicle (portion of muscle)
•Muscle Fiber (single muscle cell)
•Myofibril (muscle cell organelle)
•Sarcomere (portion of myofibril)
•Myofilament (part of sarcomere)
63. STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
•Skeletal muscles are composed of clusters of
muscle cells.
• Muscle fibers
• Myofibers
• Myocytes
•A muscle consists of packages of muscle
cells called
fascicles
•A muscle cell is long and spindle shaped
64. STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
• Cell structure
• Muscles cells contain many nuclei
• The plasma membrane→ sarcolemma
• The cytoplasm→ sarcoplasm
• Length
• ranges from 0.1cm to more the 30cm in
length
• Diameter
• ranges from 0.001cm to 0.01cm in diameter
• Myofibrils→
• elongated protein molecules
• aligned in parallel arrangements
• extend the full length of the cell.
67. STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
The myofibril consists of protein
chains called myofilaments.
• Myofilaments have a
symmetrical, alternating
pattern of thick and thin
elements.
68. STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
• Thick myofilament
• consists of a large number of bundled myosin molecules aligned in
overlappingarrays.
• hexameric proteins with two identical heavy chains and two pairs of
different lightchains.
• regulatory light chain (RLC)
• essential light chain (ELC)
69. STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
• The thin myofilament (F-actin, filamentous actin)
• made up of two helically intertwined chains of G-actin
(globular actin) units.
• Other proteins that bind to the actin molecules:
• Tropomyosin
• The Troponin complex→ made up of three members
70. PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
• SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM :
• The length of skeletal muscle shortens during contraction
because the thick and thin filaments slide over one
another. The process is known as the sliding filament
mechanism.
• The thick filament contains 300 myosin molecules.
• It contain two parts:
1. Myosin tail
2. Myosin heads
• Myosin tail forms the shaft of the thick filament and
heads projects towards the thin filament.
• Thin filament contain actin, troponin and tropomyosin.
71. PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
• Myosin tail forms the shaft of the thick filament
and heads projects towards the thin filament.
• Thin filament contain actin, troponin and
tropomyosin.
• At the onset of contraction, the sarcoplasmic
reticulum release calcium ions into cytosol
• There they bind to troponin and cause troponin-
tropomyosin complexes to move away from
binding site on actin.
• Once the binding sites are free, the repeating
sequence of events of the contraction cycle occurs
that causes the filaments to slide on each other.
72. PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
•The contraction cycle consists of 4 steps
1. ATPhydrolysis.
2. Attachment of myosin to actin to
form cross-bridges.
3. Power stroke.
4. Detachment of myosin from actin.
73. PHYSIOLOGY OFMUSCLE
CONTRACTION
1. ATP hydrolysis :
• The myosin head includes an ATP- binding site
and an ATPase, an enzyme that hydrolyses ATP
into ADP and phosphategroup.
• This hydrolysis gives energy to myosin head.
• ADP and a phosphate group remain attached to
the myosin head.
74. PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
2. Attachment of myosin to
actin to form cross-
bridges:
•The energized myosin head attaches
to the myosin binding site on actin
and releases the previously
hydrolyzed phosphate group.
•When the myosin head attach to
actin during contraction, they are
referred to as cross-bridges.
75. PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
3. Power stroke :
•Once the cross bridges are formed, the
power stroke occurs.
•The cross-bridge rotate towards the
center of the sarcomere and release the
ADPmolecule.
•The cross-bridge generates a force which
slides the thin filament over the thick
filament.
76. PHYSIOLOGY OFMUSCLE
CONTRACTION
4. Detachment of myosin from actin:
•At the end of power stroke, the cross-
bridge remains firmly attached to actin
until it binds another molecule ofATP.
•As ATPbinds to the ATPbinding site on the
myosin head,the myosin head detaches
from actin.
77. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
• A Neuromuscular Junction is the
synapse or junction of the axon terminal
of a motor neuron with the motor end
plate, responsible for initiation of action
potentials across the muscle's surface,
ultimately causing the muscle to contract.
78. • Morphology:
• The neuromuscular junction is specialized on the
nerve side and on the muscle side to transmit and
receive chemical messages.
• Each motor neuron runs without interruption
from the ventral horn of the spinal cord or
medulla to the neuromuscular junction as a large,
myelinated axon.
• As it approaches the muscle, it branches
repeatedly to contact many muscle cells and
gather them into a functional group known as a
motor unit .
80. • The nerve is separated from the surface of
the muscle by a gap of approximately 20
nm, called the junctional or synaptic cleft.
• The nerve and muscle are held in tight
alignment by protein filaments called basal
lamina that span the cleft between the nerve
and end plate.
• The muscle surface is heavily corrugated,
with deep invaginations of the junctional
cleft—the primary and secondary clefts.
81. The Neuromuscular junction consists of
A)Axon Terminal: contains
around 300,000 vesicles which
contain the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (Ach).
B) Synaptic Cleft :
20 – 30 nm ( nanometer ) space
between the axon terminal & the
muscle cell membrane. It contains
the enzyme cholinesterase which
can destroy Ach .
C) Synaptic Gutter ( SynapticTrough)
It is the muscle cell membrane
which is in contact with the
nerve terminal . It has many folds
called Subneural Clefts , which
greatly increase the surface area ,
allowing for accomodation of large
numbers of Ach receptors . Ach
receptors are located here .
82. • Formation of Neurotransmitter at
Motor Nerve Endings:-
• The axon of the motor nerve carries electrical signals
from the spinal cord to muscles and has all of the
biochemical apparatus needed to transform the
electrical signal into a chemical one.
• All the ion channels, enzymes, other proteins,
macromolecules, and membrane components
needed by the nerve ending to synthesize, store,
and release acetylcholine and other trophic factors
are made in the cell body and transmitted to the
nerve ending by axonal transport.
83. • Ach formed is stored in
cytoplasm until it is
transported into vesicles for the
release.
85. Ach release
Ca entry into the nerve
Opening of Ca channels
P channels L Channels (slow)
Na influx
Depolarisation
Nerve Action
Potential
86. Ach binds to the post junctionalreceptors
Opening of Na channels
depolarisation
Generation of Action Potential
Transmission of AP along sarcolemma to open Tubular Ca Channels
Muscle Contraction
87. • 1.Upon the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic
neuron terminal, voltage-dependent calcium channels open
and Ca2+ ions flow from the extracellular fluids into the
presynaptic neuron's cytosol
• 2.This influx of Ca2+ causes neurotransmitter-containing
vesicles to dock and fuse to the presynaptic neuron's cell
membrane. Fusion of the vesicular membrane with the
presynaptic cell membrane results in the emptying of the
vesicle's contents (acetylcholine) into the synaptic cleft, a
process known as exocytosis.
• 3.Acetylcholine diffuses into the synaptic cleft and binds to
the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors bound to the motor
end plate.
• 4.These receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, and when
they bind acetylcholine, they open, allowing sodium ions to
flow in and potassium ions to flow out of the muscle's
cytosol.
88. • 5.Because of the differences in electrochemical gradients across the
plasma membrane, more sodium moves in than potassium out,
producing a local depolarization of the motor end plate known as an
end-plate potential (EPP).
• 6.This depolarization spreads across the surface of the muscle fiber
into transverse tubules, eliciting the release of calcium from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum, thus initiating muscle contraction.
• 7.The action of acetylcholine is terminated when the enzyme
acetylcholinesterase degrades part of the neurotransmitter
(producing choline and an acetate group) and the rest of it diffuses
away.
• 8. The choline produced by the action of acetylcholinesterase is
recycled — it is transported, through reuptake, back into the
presynaptic
terminal, where it is used to synthesize new acetylcholine molecules.
89. Acetylcholine
Ach is synthesized locally in the
cytoplasm of the nerve terminal ,
from active acetate
(acetylcoenzyme A) and choline.
Then it is rapidly absorbed into
the synaptic vesicles and
stored there.
The synaptic vesicles themselves
are made by the Golgi Apparatus
in the nerve soma ( cell-body).
Then they are carried by
Axoplasmic Transport to the
nerve terminal , which contains
around 300,000 vesicles .
Each vesicle is then filled with
around 10,000 Ach molecules.
90. References:
1. Presentation on Introduction To Human Anatomy
& Physiology,
By Mr. Abhay Shripad Joshi.
2. Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
By Dr. Mahesh Prasad, Dr. Antesh Kumar Jha,
Mr. Ritesh Kumar Srivastav,
Nirali Prakashan, As per PCI Syllabus.
Page No. 2.4 to 2.19.
3. www.google.com.