The document provides information about the musculoskeletal system, which is composed of three subsystems: the skeletal system, articular system, and muscular system. It describes the anatomy and functions of the bones, joints, and muscles that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder, pelvis, upper and lower limbs). The skeletal system provides structure, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation. Typical bones have projections like processes and depressions like foramina that serve attachment and passage functions.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attaching girdles). Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and are living tissues that undergo remodeling. The skeletal system includes various bone cell types and bone is composed of inorganic minerals and organic matrix. Common diseases include osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease.
The document discusses the skeletal system and different types of bones in the human body. It begins by introducing learning goals about the skeletal system, x-ray machines, and specific bones. It then provides details about the skeletal system, how it is made up of bones and cartilages, and its main functions of body support, organ protection, and shape determination. It also mentions that x-ray machines can take photographs of bones. Finally, it lists and describes different types of bones in the body including the skull, backbone, rib cage, shoulder bones, and pelvic bones.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, and other connective tissues. It has several functions including support, protection, movement, blood cell formation, and mineral storage. There are different types of bones classified by shape, organization, and histological structure. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while other bones like those in the skull are flat, irregular, or short. Cartilage is weaker but more flexible than bone and found in joints. The skeletal system includes the axial skeleton of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and appendicular skeleton of shoulder, pelvis, and limbs.
This document discusses the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. It describes the 64 bones of the upper limbs, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. It also describes the 62 bones of the lower limbs, including the pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. It highlights differences between male and female pelvises and discusses arches of the foot and potential clinical problems like flatfoot and clawfoot.
The document summarizes the skeletal system. It discusses that the skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. It then describes the main components of the axial skeleton - the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull is made up of numerous flat and irregular bones that form the cranium and face. The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae and intervertebral discs. The thoracic cage is formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attaching girdles). Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and are living tissues that undergo remodeling. The skeletal system includes various bone cell types and bone is composed of inorganic minerals and organic matrix. Common diseases include osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease.
The document discusses the skeletal system and different types of bones in the human body. It begins by introducing learning goals about the skeletal system, x-ray machines, and specific bones. It then provides details about the skeletal system, how it is made up of bones and cartilages, and its main functions of body support, organ protection, and shape determination. It also mentions that x-ray machines can take photographs of bones. Finally, it lists and describes different types of bones in the body including the skull, backbone, rib cage, shoulder bones, and pelvic bones.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, and other connective tissues. It has several functions including support, protection, movement, blood cell formation, and mineral storage. There are different types of bones classified by shape, organization, and histological structure. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while other bones like those in the skull are flat, irregular, or short. Cartilage is weaker but more flexible than bone and found in joints. The skeletal system includes the axial skeleton of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and appendicular skeleton of shoulder, pelvis, and limbs.
This document discusses the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. It describes the 64 bones of the upper limbs, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. It also describes the 62 bones of the lower limbs, including the pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. It highlights differences between male and female pelvises and discusses arches of the foot and potential clinical problems like flatfoot and clawfoot.
The document summarizes the skeletal system. It discusses that the skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. It then describes the main components of the axial skeleton - the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull is made up of numerous flat and irregular bones that form the cranium and face. The vertebral column consists of 26 vertebrae and intervertebral discs. The thoracic cage is formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight and reaches maximum density around age 21
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. It provides structure and support to the body, protects internal organs, allows for movement via muscle attachment, and stores minerals. The bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. Key bones include the skull, vertebral column, ribs, shoulder girdle, pelvis and bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skeletal system enables vital body functions and works with muscles for movement.
Anatomy Lesson_ Realistic Skeleton for Education by Slidesgo (2).pptxarmacxstartup2021
The skeletal system has 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (bones of the head, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It encloses and protects the brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs, and abdomen. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are joined together at joints, which can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, allowing different ranges of motion. Common disorders of the skeletal system include arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, and
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure and protection. The axial skeleton forms the central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull has multiple bones that form the cranium and face. Bones of the skull include the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, and mandible. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton.
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow.
The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.
The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.
The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum (end- = “inside”; oste- = “bone”), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri- = “around” or “surrounding”). The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of diploë (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone .Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts .Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue ,spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Bones of the axial skeleton protect internal organs that includes skull (22), vertebral column (26), thoracic cage (25), ear bones (6) & Hyoid (1) TOTAL = 80
Bones of the appendicular skeleton facilitate movement with TOTAL 126 (64 in the upper & 62 in the lower) appendicular skeleton.
126+80=206.Skull bones:
The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location:
Cranial bones: The 8 cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain.
Facial bones: There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face.
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column is made up 33 bones.
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. Thoracic cage: The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of ribs.
These bones form a protective cage around the organs of the upper part, including the heart and lungs & gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement.
The sternum consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.
Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attached directly to the sternum in front and vertebrae at back
Ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs.
the last two false ribs (11 & 12), have no anterior attachment, are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs.
Ear bones (6):
Bones of the inner ear: Inside the temporal bone are the 3 smallest bones of the body:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes ( the smallest bone in the body) etc..
The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeletal and muscular systems. The skeletal system includes 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs). Bones develop through the processes of ossification and remodeling. The skeletal system works with muscles to allow movement and protect organs.
The skeletal system comprises 206 bones that support the body and allow for movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The skull protects the brain and is divided into cranial and facial bones. The vertebral column is made up of individual vertebrae that protect the spinal cord and allow for flexibility. Bones are living tissues composed of minerals and connective tissues. The skeletal system provides structure, protects organs, allows body movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
Vertibrae By M Thiru murugan MSc Nursingthiru murugan
Vertebral Column
By,M. Thiru murugan
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called backbone, spinal column, and spine.
Each vertebra is separated by a disc called intervertebral disc
The vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord is divided into segments, each containing a pair of spinal nerves that send messages between the brain and the rest of the body.
Many spinal nerves extend beyond the conus medullaris (the end of the spinal cord) to form a bundle of nerves called the cauda equina.
The vertebral column is made up 26
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of the body while sitting.
Parts of the vertebrae:
The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines are independent bones and generally quite similar.
The vertebrae of the sacrum & coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently.
2 special vertebrae are the atlas (cervical 1) and axis (cervical 2), on which the head rests.
A typical vertebra consists of 2 parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch.
Vertebral body: Vertebral body is the thick oval segment of bone forming the front of the vertebra also called the centrum. The cavity of the vertebral body consists of cancellous bone tissue and is encircled by a protective layer of compact bone.
The vertebral arch is posterior, meaning it faces the back of a person.
Together, these enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.
Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they do not contain a central foramen.
The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of pedicles & a pair of laminae, and supports 7 processes (4 articular, 2 transverse, and 1 spinous)
4 articular process: 2 articular process for above vertebrae & 2 articular process for ribs.
2 transverse processes and 1spinous process are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body.
The spinous process comes out the back, The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin.
1 transverse process comes out the left, and 1 on the right.
Above & below each vertebra are joints called facet joints. These restrict the range of movement possible
In between each pair of vertebrae are 2 small holes called intervertebral foramina. The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes.
Cervical spine:
The cervical spine located in the neck area, consists of seven bones (C1 to C7)
The first two cervical spine are unique in shape and function.
first vertebra (C1), also called the atlas, The atlas holds head upright.
The second vertebra (C2), also called the axis, allows the atlas to rotation of head.
Functions:
Protecting spin
The skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and storage. There are four types of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs.
The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. It has two divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. The skeletal system performs many functions including movement, support, protection, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It contains over 200 bones that can be classified by shape and location in the body. Joints connect bones and allow different types of movement.
THE SKELETON SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SLIDESHARE Jitendra Bhargav
This document provides an overview of the skeletal system. It begins with classifying the different types of bones as long, short, flat, or irregular. It then describes the axial and appendicular skeleton in detail, identifying the specific bones that make up each part. Finally, it reviews bone tissue, the process of bone formation, growth and remodeling, and the three types of joints and movements they allow. The skeletal system has important functions of support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that form the framework of the body. There are two main parts - the axial skeleton along the body's central axis including the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage, and the appendicular skeleton of the limbs. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and protects internal organs. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage, and triglyceride reserves for the body.
The skeleton provides structure and protection for the body. It is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skull has 22 bones that form the cranium and face. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae including 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx. The rib cage is formed by 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.
The document provides information about the human skeletal system including:
1) It describes the two main parts of the vertebrate skeletal system - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, spine and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulders, arms, hips and legs.
2) It outlines the different bones that make up the human skull including the cranium, facial bones, and auditory ossicles. It also discusses the structure of typical vertebrae and describes the different regions of the vertebral column.
3) It provides details on other bones such as the ribs, sternum, pelvis and the bones that make up the upper and lower limbs. It concludes with an overview of the
QUICK guide to Skeletal System- Dr Gurjant Singh (PT)Dr. Gurjant Singh
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The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. The 206 bones in the human body are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton supports the trunk and protects vital organs. It includes the skull, which protects the brain, and the vertebral column, which supports the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, which attaches the upper limbs, and the pelvic girdle, which attaches the lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection and more for the human body.
The skeletal system consists of the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum and supports the head, neck, and trunk. It protects organs and permits limited movement. The appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs and anchors the limbs to the axial skeleton. The vertebral column extends from the skull to the coccyx and is made up of 33 vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs. It transmits weight, protects the spinal cord, and permits movement. The skull is made up of cranial bones joined by sutures and contains foramina for nerves and vessels.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system including:
- The functions of the skeletal system which are support, protection, movement, production of blood cells, and storage of minerals.
- The parts of the skeletal system including bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments.
- Details on the structure of bones and classification of bones based on shape.
- How bones are connected through ligaments and various types of joints like hinge, ball-and-socket, and gliding joints.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system. It describes the bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, pelvis, and extremities. It discusses the types of joints in the body including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. It also covers the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle fibers and their attachments, blood supply, and function. The document is an introductory overview of the key components and structures of the musculoskeletal system.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. It defines and classifies the different types including chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and gestational hypertension. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Eclampsia involves preeclampsia with superimposed convulsions. The document outlines protocols for prevention and management including use of magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures and antihypertensive drugs if diastolic blood pressure is over 110. Close monitoring is important due to risks of magnesium sulfate therapy. Timely delivery is often needed to resolve severe preeclampsia or eclampsia.
4. Long term FP methods family planning useGalassaAbdi
Long-term family planning methods discussed in the document include implants, IUDs, and permanent methods. Implants are matchstick-sized rods or capsules placed under the skin that provide highly effective contraception for 3-5 years. IUDs are T-shaped devices placed in the uterus that are among the most effective reversible methods. Permanent methods involve sterilization procedures like bilateral tubal ligation for females or vasectomy for males that block the fallopian tubes or vas deferens, respectively, to provide lifelong contraceptive protection.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight and reaches maximum density around age 21
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. It provides structure and support to the body, protects internal organs, allows for movement via muscle attachment, and stores minerals. The bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. Key bones include the skull, vertebral column, ribs, shoulder girdle, pelvis and bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skeletal system enables vital body functions and works with muscles for movement.
Anatomy Lesson_ Realistic Skeleton for Education by Slidesgo (2).pptxarmacxstartup2021
The skeletal system has 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (bones of the head, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It encloses and protects the brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs, and abdomen. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are joined together at joints, which can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, allowing different ranges of motion. Common disorders of the skeletal system include arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, and
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that provide structure and protection. The axial skeleton forms the central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The skull has multiple bones that form the cranium and face. Bones of the skull include the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, and mandible. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton.
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow.
The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.
The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone.
The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum (end- = “inside”; oste- = “bone”), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri- = “around” or “surrounding”). The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone.Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of diploë (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone .Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts .Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue ,spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Bones of the axial skeleton protect internal organs that includes skull (22), vertebral column (26), thoracic cage (25), ear bones (6) & Hyoid (1) TOTAL = 80
Bones of the appendicular skeleton facilitate movement with TOTAL 126 (64 in the upper & 62 in the lower) appendicular skeleton.
126+80=206.Skull bones:
The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location:
Cranial bones: The 8 cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain.
Facial bones: There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face.
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column is made up 33 bones.
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. Thoracic cage: The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of ribs.
These bones form a protective cage around the organs of the upper part, including the heart and lungs & gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement.
The sternum consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.
Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attached directly to the sternum in front and vertebrae at back
Ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs.
the last two false ribs (11 & 12), have no anterior attachment, are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs.
Ear bones (6):
Bones of the inner ear: Inside the temporal bone are the 3 smallest bones of the body:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes ( the smallest bone in the body) etc..
The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeletal and muscular systems. The skeletal system includes 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs). Bones develop through the processes of ossification and remodeling. The skeletal system works with muscles to allow movement and protect organs.
The skeletal system comprises 206 bones that support the body and allow for movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The skull protects the brain and is divided into cranial and facial bones. The vertebral column is made up of individual vertebrae that protect the spinal cord and allow for flexibility. Bones are living tissues composed of minerals and connective tissues. The skeletal system provides structure, protects organs, allows body movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
Vertibrae By M Thiru murugan MSc Nursingthiru murugan
Vertebral Column
By,M. Thiru murugan
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called backbone, spinal column, and spine.
Each vertebra is separated by a disc called intervertebral disc
The vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord is divided into segments, each containing a pair of spinal nerves that send messages between the brain and the rest of the body.
Many spinal nerves extend beyond the conus medullaris (the end of the spinal cord) to form a bundle of nerves called the cauda equina.
The vertebral column is made up 26
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of the body while sitting.
Parts of the vertebrae:
The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines are independent bones and generally quite similar.
The vertebrae of the sacrum & coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently.
2 special vertebrae are the atlas (cervical 1) and axis (cervical 2), on which the head rests.
A typical vertebra consists of 2 parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch.
Vertebral body: Vertebral body is the thick oval segment of bone forming the front of the vertebra also called the centrum. The cavity of the vertebral body consists of cancellous bone tissue and is encircled by a protective layer of compact bone.
The vertebral arch is posterior, meaning it faces the back of a person.
Together, these enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.
Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they do not contain a central foramen.
The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of pedicles & a pair of laminae, and supports 7 processes (4 articular, 2 transverse, and 1 spinous)
4 articular process: 2 articular process for above vertebrae & 2 articular process for ribs.
2 transverse processes and 1spinous process are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body.
The spinous process comes out the back, The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin.
1 transverse process comes out the left, and 1 on the right.
Above & below each vertebra are joints called facet joints. These restrict the range of movement possible
In between each pair of vertebrae are 2 small holes called intervertebral foramina. The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes.
Cervical spine:
The cervical spine located in the neck area, consists of seven bones (C1 to C7)
The first two cervical spine are unique in shape and function.
first vertebra (C1), also called the atlas, The atlas holds head upright.
The second vertebra (C2), also called the axis, allows the atlas to rotation of head.
Functions:
Protecting spin
The skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and storage. There are four types of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs.
The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. It has two divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. The skeletal system performs many functions including movement, support, protection, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It contains over 200 bones that can be classified by shape and location in the body. Joints connect bones and allow different types of movement.
THE SKELETON SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SLIDESHARE Jitendra Bhargav
This document provides an overview of the skeletal system. It begins with classifying the different types of bones as long, short, flat, or irregular. It then describes the axial and appendicular skeleton in detail, identifying the specific bones that make up each part. Finally, it reviews bone tissue, the process of bone formation, growth and remodeling, and the three types of joints and movements they allow. The skeletal system has important functions of support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that form the framework of the body. There are two main parts - the axial skeleton along the body's central axis including the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage, and the appendicular skeleton of the limbs. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and protects internal organs. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage, and triglyceride reserves for the body.
The skeleton provides structure and protection for the body. It is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skull has 22 bones that form the cranium and face. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae including 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx. The rib cage is formed by 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.
The document provides information about the human skeletal system including:
1) It describes the two main parts of the vertebrate skeletal system - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, spine and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulders, arms, hips and legs.
2) It outlines the different bones that make up the human skull including the cranium, facial bones, and auditory ossicles. It also discusses the structure of typical vertebrae and describes the different regions of the vertebral column.
3) It provides details on other bones such as the ribs, sternum, pelvis and the bones that make up the upper and lower limbs. It concludes with an overview of the
QUICK guide to Skeletal System- Dr Gurjant Singh (PT)Dr. Gurjant Singh
So you have read well about human skeletal system and now just want to revise or go through it quickly? Here is the perfect one for you
Dont forget to like and follow for more presentations
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. The 206 bones in the human body are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton supports the trunk and protects vital organs. It includes the skull, which protects the brain, and the vertebral column, which supports the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, which attaches the upper limbs, and the pelvic girdle, which attaches the lower limbs. Together the skeletal system provides structure, movement, protection and more for the human body.
The skeletal system consists of the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum and supports the head, neck, and trunk. It protects organs and permits limited movement. The appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs and anchors the limbs to the axial skeleton. The vertebral column extends from the skull to the coccyx and is made up of 33 vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs. It transmits weight, protects the spinal cord, and permits movement. The skull is made up of cranial bones joined by sutures and contains foramina for nerves and vessels.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system including:
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- The parts of the skeletal system including bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments.
- Details on the structure of bones and classification of bones based on shape.
- How bones are connected through ligaments and various types of joints like hinge, ball-and-socket, and gliding joints.
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2. 7-2
MUSCLOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Muscloskeletal system coordinates the
voluntary movements of the entire or parts
of the body.
• This system is composed of three d/t systems
of the body, namely:
1. Skeletal System: bones & cartilages
2. Articular System: movable joints
3. Muscular System: skeletal muscles
3. 7-3
Muscloskeletal System
• The skeletal system, articular system, &
muscular system coordinate to move
the entire body or parts of the body as
follow.
Bones: acting as levers.
Joints: acting as furculum.
Muscles: applying the force.
The body or parts of it: load
6. 7-6
The Skeletal System
• Provides framework of the body.
• Human skeleton has 206 bones
• Without skeleton, muscles couldn’t
move body.
• Components of skeletal system are:
–Bones
–Cartilage
–Ligaments
–Tendons
7. Function of Bones
Support – form the framework that
supports the body and cradles soft organs.
Protection – provide a protective case for
the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs.
Movement – provide levers for muscles.
Mineral Storage – reservoir for minerals,
especially calcium and phosphorus.
Blood Cell Formation – hematopoiesis
occurs within the marrow cavities of bones.
8. Bone Markings
• Bones have d/t features that have their
own specific function.
• Bulges, depressions, & holes are the
major ones that are adapted for d/t
function.
• They serve as:
–sites of attachment for muscles,
ligaments, & tendons.
–joint surfaces.
–conduits for blood vessels and nerves.
9. Projections:- that are adapted for
attachment are the following.
–Tuberosity: rounded projection
–Tubercle: small rounded projection
–Trochanter: large, blunt, irregular surface
–Crest: narrow, prominent ridge
–Line: narrow ridge
–Epicondyle: raised area above a condyle
–Spine: sharp, slender projection
–Process: any bony prominence
10. Projections:- w/h are articular surfaces:
–Head: expansion carried on a narrow neck
–Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface
–Condyle: smooth rounded articular surface
11. Depressions & Openings:- that are
adapted for passage of structures are:
• Sinus: cavity within a bone
• Fossa: shallow, basin like depression
• Groove: shallow, narrow furrow
• Fissure: deep narrow, slit like depression
• Meatus: canal-like passageway
• Foramen: an oval opening through a bone
12. Classification of Bones: By Shape
• Long Bones:- longer than are wide and
are the only with diaphysis & epiphyses.
• Short Bones:- Cube-shaped bones of the
wrist & ankle and Bones that form
within tendons.
• Flat Bones:- thin, flat, and a bit curved.
• Irregular Bones:- are the bones with
complicated shapes.
13.
14. Divisions of the Skeletal System
1. Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton
15. 7-15
Divisions of Skeleton
1. Axial Skeleton: is composed of the
bones in the axis of the body & form:
i. Skull
ii. Hyoid bone
iii. Thoracic (rib) cage
iV. Vertebral column
2. Appendicular Skeleton: includes the:
i. Bones of the limbs
ii. Girdles
19. • most of these bones are joined by
sutures, the immovable joints, thus
most of the bones are firmly fixed.
Mandible is movable and strongest.
• in-house the brain and also bound
many cavities such as the orbit, oral,
nasal cavities.
• They are flat or irregular bones.
• subdivided into two: cranial & facial
bones.
The Skull Bones
20. Cranial Bones: are 8 in number and form
nuerocranium making the cranial cavity.
1. Frontal Bone: flat bone
2. Parietal Bones (2): flat bones
3. Temporal Bones (2): flat bones
4. Occipital Bone: flat bone
5. Sphenoid Bone: irregular bone
6. Ethmoid Bone: irregular bone
21. Facial Bones:
• are 20 in number and most of them
form skeleton of the face.
• Malleus, Incus, & Stapes are located in
the middle ear.
1. Vomer
2. Mandible
3. Maxillae (2)
4. Nasal Bones(2)
5. Lacrimal Bones(2)
6. Palatine Bones (2)
7. Zygomatic Bones(2)
8. Inf. Nasal Conchae(2)
9. Malleus(2)
10. Incus (2)
11. Stapes (2)
31. 7-31
Hyoid Bone
• is a single bone at the neck region.
• does not join with any bone.
• has attachment sites for some tongue
and neck muscles.
• is an attachment point for the muscles
that elevate the larynx during speech
and swallowing.
33. 7-33
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• is commonly called “Backbone”.
• supports weight of head and trunk.
• protects the spinal cord making the
vertebral canal.
• allow spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord.
• provides site for muscle attachment.
• permits movement of head and trunk.
• transmits body weight to the lower body
regions.
34. • Vertebral column is at the central axis of
skeleton w/c has five parts that are formed
by overlapping vertebral bones (vertebrae)
• The five parts and their bones:
1. Cervical part: has 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
2. Thoracic part: has 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
3. Lumbar part: has 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
4. Sacrum: formed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae
5. Coccyx: formed by fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae
35. • While viewed dorsally, vertebral column
shows four normal curvatures
i. Cervical part has a concave curve
ii. Thoracic part has a convex curve
iii. Lumbar part has a concave curve
iv. Sacrum part has a convex curve
41. 7-41
• The atypical cervical vertebrae
• Atlas: first cervical vertebra
•Axis: second cervical vertebra
42. 7-42
Intervertebral Disks
• located between adjacent vertebrae
• provide support & prevent vertebrae rubbing
• has annulus fibrosus & nucleus pulposus parts
46. 7-46
THORACIC (RIB) CAGE
• The rib cage forms the thoracic cavity
that protects vital organs and forms
semi-rigid chamber for respiration
• Parts of the thoracic cage:
i. Thoracic vertebrae
ii. Ribs
iii. Sternum
48. The Ribs
• are 12 pair and grouped into 3 as follow:
1. True Ribs (1-7): b/c they attach directly
to sternum by separate costal
cartilages.
2. False Ribs (8-10): b/c they attach
indirectly to sternum by attaching to
costal cartilages immediately above.
3. Floating Ribs (11 & 12): b/c they have
no any anterior attachments. 48
49. • A typical rib has:
Shaft: major part, w/h is flat & curved.
Head: articulates with vertebrae.
Tubercle: join with transverse process.
Neck: between head and tubercle.
Angle: greatest change in curvature.
49
50. 7-50
Sternum (Breastbone)
• has three parts
Manubrium: the superiormost part
Body: the middle and largest part
Xiphoid process: the inferior pointed part
52. 7-52
• Each bone is paired being
present on both sides of the
body
• They are grouped as follow:
Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Upper limb bones (found in
the arm, forearm, wrist, &
hand parts)
Lower limb bones (found in
the thigh, leg, & foot pars)
Appendicular Skeleton
53. Clavicles & Scapula: in shoulder region
Humerus: in the arm
Ulna & Radius: in the forearm
Carpal bones (8): in the wrist
Metacarpal (5): in the hand
Phalanges (14): in the fingers
Bones of the Upper Limb
54. 7-54
Clavicle
• medial 2/3 is convex and lat 1/3 is
concave as viewed anteriorly.
• connects the axial skeleton with the
appendicular skeleton.
• its major parts are:
–Sternal end: joins with sternum
–Shaft: having sup & inf surfaces
–Acromial end: flat and joins with
acromion
56. 7-56
Scapula
• is a flat, triangular bone and has:
–3 Angles: sup, inf, & lat
–3 Borders: sup, med, & lat
–3 Fossae: 2 pos & 1 ant
–Acromion process: joins with clavicle
and has attachment for muscles
–Coracoid process: attaches muscles
–Glenoid cavity: joins with humerus
58. 7-58
Humerus
• The major parts at its proximal end are:
Head: joins with scapula
Anatomic & Surgical necks: constrictions
Greater & Lesser tubercles: attach strs
Intertubercular groove: passes a tendon
• The major parts at its distal end are:
Capitulum: articulates with radius
Trochlea: articulates with ulna
Epicondyles: attachment sites
61. 7-61
1. Ulna: is located on the little finger side,
w/h is more massive proximally, and has:
• Trochlear notch
• Olecranon process
• Coronoid process
2. Radius: is located on the thumb side
and is more massive distally
• most commonly fractured bone
• distally joins with three carpal bones
Bones of Forearm
63. CARPALS
• There are 8 bones that may are grouped
into two rows as proximal & distal rows:
• The proximal row consists of 4 bones:
the Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, &
Pisiform.
• The distal row consists of 4 bones: the
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate &
Hamate.
65. METACARPALS
• They are named, from lat to med, as 1st (I),
2nd(II), 3rd(III), 4th(IV), & 5th (V) metacarpal.
• They form the metacarpus, the skeleton of
the palm of the hand.
• Each metacarpal consists of a base, shaft, &
head, in w/h the bases join with carpal bones
and the heads join with proximal phalanges.
• The 1st metacarpal bone is the thickest &
shortest of these bones.
• The 3rd metacarpal bone is distinguished by a
styloid process on the lat side of its base
By JEMAL y. O6
66. PHALANGES
• Each digit has three phalanges except for the
first which has only two.
• Each phalanx has base proximally, head
distally, and shaft, b/n the former two.
• The proximal phalanges are the largest, the
middle ones are intermediate in size, & the
distal ones are the smallest
• The shafts of the phalanges taper distally.
• The distal phalanges are flat and expanded
distally, w/h underlie the nail beds.
68. Coxae: in the pelvis
Femur: in the thigh
Tibia & Fibula: in the leg
Patella: at the knee joint
Tarsal bones (7): in the wrist
Metatarsal (5): at the ankle joint
Phalanges (14): in the toes
Bones of the Lower Limb
70. 7-70
Coxae
• also called hip bone and has:
–Ilium: the sup part w/h joins with sacrum
–Ischium: sit down bone & has tuberosity
–Pubis: forms pubic symphysis
–Acetabulum: joins with femur
–Obturator foramen: vessels & nerves pase
73. 7-73
Femur
• it has the following major part:
• Head
• Neck
• Trochanters ( Greater & Lesser)
• Condyles (med & lat)
• Epicondyles( med & lat)
Patella
• known as kneecap
• has a base, an apex, & pos & ant surfaces
75. 7-75
Tibia
• is larger and supports and transmits the
body weight; it and has:
- Tibial tuberosity
- Condyles (med & lat)
- Medial malleolus
Fibula
• articulates with tibia not femur; and it has:
- Lateral malleolus: distally
- Head & neck: proximally
77. Tarsals
• are 7 bones which form the ankle joint;
talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3
cuneiforms & cuboid.
• Only talus articulate with leg bones.
Talus: rests on ant 2/3 of calcaneus and
bears weight of the body.
Calcaneus: is the heel bone, w/h is
largest and strongest bone and joins
with talus and cuboid.
78. Navicular: flattened, boat shaped,
located between talar head and
cuneiforms.
Cuboid: most lateral bone of the tarsals.
Cuneiforms (med, intermediate, & lat):
wedge shaped and each articulate with
navicular posteriorly and metatarsal
anteriorly.
80. Metatarsals
–are 5 bones which form part of the
foot.
–Each bone has base, body & head.
–Bases articulate with cuneiform and
cuboid bones.
–Heads articulate with proximal
phalanges.
81. Phalanges
–are 14 bones of the toes that are
similar to those of fingers.
–lateral four digits have proximal,
middle & distal phalanx.
–great toe (hallux) has only proximal &
distal phalanx.
–each phalanx has base, body & head.
85. Bone Fractures
• The fracture can simply be a crack or
collapse in the structure of the bone, or a
complete break, producing two or more
fragments.
• Bone fractures are classified by:
Position of the bone ends after fracture.
Completeness of the break.
Orientation of the bone to the long axis.
Whether or not the bones’ ends
penetrate the skin. etc.
87. Complicated Fracture
Types of Bone Fractures
Complete Fracture– broken
all the way through
•Simple Fracture
•Complicated Fracture
Incomplete Fracture– bone
is not broken all the way
through
•Simple Fracture
•Complicated Fracture
88. Compound (Open)
Fracture: bone ends
penetrate the skin.
Simple (Closed) Fracture:
bone ends do not
penetrate the skin. Open
Fracture
89. Nondisplaced Fracture– bone ends
retain their normal position.
Displaced Fracture– bone ends are out
of normal alignment.
90. Spiral Fracture – ragged break when bone is
excessively twisted; common sports injury.
Oblique Fracture–the fracture is straight
diagonally break.
91. Fissure Fracture:-is a groove-like
fracture parallel to the long axis of the
bone.
Greenstick Fracture:-
incomplete fracture – one
side of the bone breaks and
the other side bends;
common in children.
92. Comminuted Fracture:- bone fragments into
three or more pieces; common in the elderly.
Compression (Impacted) Fracture:- bone is
crushed; common in porous bones.
Comminuted
Impacted
93. Depressed Fracture– (e.g, skull) broken
bone portion pressed inward.
Epiphyseal Fracture– epiphysis separates
from diaphysis along epiphyseal line.
94. TYPES OF FRACTURES
From Ignativicius, D. & Workman, M. (2002). Medical-surgical nursing, ed 4, Philadelphia: W.B.
Saunders.
95. Repair of Bone Fracture
During healing of a bone fracture
Hematoma forms first.
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms in the
hematoma.
Capillaries grow into the tissue and
phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris.
Bony callus forms.
Finally remodeling takes place.
96. •is similar to embryonic bone formation.
Repair of Bone Fracture
98. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma formation
–Torn blood vessels hemorrhage.
–A mass of clotted blood (hematoma)
forms at the fracture site.
–Site becomes swollen, painful, and
inflamed.
99. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms when:
• Osteoblasts & fibroblasts migrate to the
fracture and begin reconstructing it.
• Fibroblasts secret collagen fibers that
connect broken bone ends.
• Osteoblast begin forming spongy bone.
• Osteoblasts furthest from capillaries
secrete an externally bulging
cartilaginous matrix that later calcifies.
100. Bony callus formation
–New bone trabeculae appear in the
fibrocartilaginous callus.
–Fibrocartilaginous callus converts into
a bony (hard) callus.
–Bone callus begins 3-4 weeks after
injury, and continues until firm union
is formed 2-3 months later.
101. Bone remodeling
• Excess material on the bone shaft
exterior and in the medullary canal is
removed by osteoclasts.
• Compact bone is laid down to
reconstruct shaft walls.
102. Repair of Bone Fractures
Fig. 6.8
A
C
D
B
Hematoma formation Bone replacement
105. Rickets
• inadequately mineralize
causing softened,
weakened bones.
• Bowed legs & deformities
of pelvis, skull, & rib cage
are common.
• Caused by insufficient
calcium in the diet, or by
vitamin D deficiency.