The document summarizes key differences between vector scan and raster scan displays. Vector scan displays directly draw lines between points by moving the electron beam between endpoints, while raster scan displays sweep the beam across the entire screen in lines from top to bottom. Raster scan is more common as it does not flicker even with complex images and has lower cost and hardware requirements than vector scan. Both methods store images in a frame buffer but raster scan must convert graphics to pixels while vector scan does not.
This document provides an overview of video display devices and color graphics technologies. It discusses raster scan displays, which refresh the screen by sweeping the electron beam across rows of pixels stored in a frame buffer. Random scan displays direct the electron beam only where needed to draw lines, allowing higher resolution but not realistic images. Color CRT monitors use shadow mask or beam penetration methods, with the former allowing a wider range of colors by exciting red, green, and blue phosphor dots. Flat panel displays are thinner than CRTs and being used in more portable applications.
Introduction to computer graphics part 2Ankit Garg
This document discusses cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and how they work as display devices for computer graphics. It explains that CRTs contain an electron gun that emits a stream of electrons which are focused into a beam and directed to specific points on the phosphor-coated front of the picture tube. When the electron beam hits a phosphor dot, it glows proportionally to the beam strength. Color CRTs use three electron guns and a shadow mask to separately excite red, green, and blue phosphor dots, allowing for color displays. The document also covers other properties of CRTs like resolution, persistence, and aspect ratio.
This document provides information about different types of display devices used in computer graphics. It discusses cathode ray tubes (CRTs) which produce images using an electron beam striking a phosphorescent screen. CRTs are bulky and electromagnetic fields may pose health risks. Raster scan displays redraw images by sweeping an electron beam across the screen in lines. Color CRTs use phosphors and shadow masks to produce colors. Flat panel displays like liquid crystal displays are thinner alternatives to CRTs.
Raster scan displays work by sweeping an electron beam across the screen one row at a time, turning the beam on and off to illuminate spots and form an image. The intensity values for each screen point are stored in a refresh buffer and then retrieved to paint the image on the screen. Refresh rates are typically 60-80 frames per second. Random scan displays draw images using geometric primitives and store picture definitions as drawing commands in a refresh display file. Color CRT monitors use either beam penetration or a shadow mask method to display color images by emitting light from red, green, and blue phosphor dots.
The document describes various types of computer display devices and their characteristics. It discusses raster and random scan displays, CRT monitors, color CRT technologies including beam penetration and shadow mask methods, and other display types such as direct view storage tubes. Input devices are also covered, including keyboards, mice, digitizers, and touch screens.
The document describes the components and operation of a raster scan graphics display system. A video controller accesses a frame buffer in system memory to refresh the screen. It performs operations like retrieving pixel intensities from different memory areas and using two frame buffers to allow refreshing one screen while filling the other for animation. A raster scan display processor can digitize graphics into pixel intensities for storage in the frame buffer to offload this processing from the CPU.
The document discusses various types of raster images and display technologies. Raster images represent pictures as a grid of pixels stored as numerical values. Grayscale images vary pixel depth to generate different colors. Color images use three values per pixel. Display technologies discussed include CRTs, LCDs, plasma displays, and other emissive and non-emissive displays. CRTs use electron guns and phosphors to generate images while LCDs use liquid crystals and polarized light.
This document provides an introduction to computer graphics. It defines computer graphics as the creation, storage, and manipulation of pictures and drawings using digital computers. Computer graphics is used across diverse fields such as engineering, medicine, education, entertainment, and more. The document discusses basic terms related to display devices such as pixels, resolution, color depth, and frame buffers. It also describes different types of display devices including raster scan displays, random scan displays, direct view storage tubes, flat panel displays, and stereoscopic displays. Applications of computer graphics such as design, image processing, animation, simulation, and medical imaging are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of video display devices and color graphics technologies. It discusses raster scan displays, which refresh the screen by sweeping the electron beam across rows of pixels stored in a frame buffer. Random scan displays direct the electron beam only where needed to draw lines, allowing higher resolution but not realistic images. Color CRT monitors use shadow mask or beam penetration methods, with the former allowing a wider range of colors by exciting red, green, and blue phosphor dots. Flat panel displays are thinner than CRTs and being used in more portable applications.
Introduction to computer graphics part 2Ankit Garg
This document discusses cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and how they work as display devices for computer graphics. It explains that CRTs contain an electron gun that emits a stream of electrons which are focused into a beam and directed to specific points on the phosphor-coated front of the picture tube. When the electron beam hits a phosphor dot, it glows proportionally to the beam strength. Color CRTs use three electron guns and a shadow mask to separately excite red, green, and blue phosphor dots, allowing for color displays. The document also covers other properties of CRTs like resolution, persistence, and aspect ratio.
This document provides information about different types of display devices used in computer graphics. It discusses cathode ray tubes (CRTs) which produce images using an electron beam striking a phosphorescent screen. CRTs are bulky and electromagnetic fields may pose health risks. Raster scan displays redraw images by sweeping an electron beam across the screen in lines. Color CRTs use phosphors and shadow masks to produce colors. Flat panel displays like liquid crystal displays are thinner alternatives to CRTs.
Raster scan displays work by sweeping an electron beam across the screen one row at a time, turning the beam on and off to illuminate spots and form an image. The intensity values for each screen point are stored in a refresh buffer and then retrieved to paint the image on the screen. Refresh rates are typically 60-80 frames per second. Random scan displays draw images using geometric primitives and store picture definitions as drawing commands in a refresh display file. Color CRT monitors use either beam penetration or a shadow mask method to display color images by emitting light from red, green, and blue phosphor dots.
The document describes various types of computer display devices and their characteristics. It discusses raster and random scan displays, CRT monitors, color CRT technologies including beam penetration and shadow mask methods, and other display types such as direct view storage tubes. Input devices are also covered, including keyboards, mice, digitizers, and touch screens.
The document describes the components and operation of a raster scan graphics display system. A video controller accesses a frame buffer in system memory to refresh the screen. It performs operations like retrieving pixel intensities from different memory areas and using two frame buffers to allow refreshing one screen while filling the other for animation. A raster scan display processor can digitize graphics into pixel intensities for storage in the frame buffer to offload this processing from the CPU.
The document discusses various types of raster images and display technologies. Raster images represent pictures as a grid of pixels stored as numerical values. Grayscale images vary pixel depth to generate different colors. Color images use three values per pixel. Display technologies discussed include CRTs, LCDs, plasma displays, and other emissive and non-emissive displays. CRTs use electron guns and phosphors to generate images while LCDs use liquid crystals and polarized light.
This document provides an introduction to computer graphics. It defines computer graphics as the creation, storage, and manipulation of pictures and drawings using digital computers. Computer graphics is used across diverse fields such as engineering, medicine, education, entertainment, and more. The document discusses basic terms related to display devices such as pixels, resolution, color depth, and frame buffers. It also describes different types of display devices including raster scan displays, random scan displays, direct view storage tubes, flat panel displays, and stereoscopic displays. Applications of computer graphics such as design, image processing, animation, simulation, and medical imaging are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of an introductory computer graphics course. It outlines the course objectives of understanding fundamental graphical operations, recent advances in computer graphics, and user interface issues. It then lists and briefly describes the main topics that will be covered in the course, including basic raster graphics, 2D transformations, clipping, filling techniques, 3D graphics, visibility, and advanced topics like rendering, raytracing, antialiasing and fractals.
Raster scan systems work like a television, using an electron beam to sweep horizontally across phosphors on the screen. As the beam reaches the right side, it retraces to the left before moving down to the next line. It paints every other line interlaced to refresh the screen 30 times per second. Progressive scan paints every line 60 times per second to reduce flicker, as used in computer monitors. Random scan directly draws points and lines in any order controlled by a display processor reading coordinates, allowing for high resolution, animation, and minimal memory use, but requiring an intelligent beam and limited screen density.
presentation By Daroko blog-where IT learners Apply skills.
This topic an presentation will introduce you to Computer graphics hardware types.
---------------------------------
• Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Presentation by Daroko blog, to see More tutorials more than this one here, Daroko blog has all tutorials related with IT course, simply visit the site by simply Entering the phrase Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com) to search engines such as Google or yahoo!, learn some Blogging, affiliate marketing ,and ways of making Money with the computer graphic Applications(it is useless to learn all these tutorials when you can apply them as a student you know),also learn where you can apply all IT skills in a real Business Environment after learning Graphics another computer realate courses.ly
• Be practically real, not just academic reader
Do Not just learn computer graphics an close your computer tab and go away..
APPLY them in real business,
Visit Daroko blog for real IT skills applications,androind, Computer graphics,Networking,Programming,IT jobs Types, IT news and applications,blogging,Builing a website, IT companies and how you can form yours, Technology news and very many More IT related subject.
-simply google:Daroko blog(professionalbloggertricks.com)
Introduction to computer graphics part 1Ankit Garg
This document discusses computer graphics systems and their components. It describes video display devices like CRTs and how they work. Color is generated using techniques like beam penetration and shadow masks. Raster scan and random scan displays are covered. Input devices for graphics like mice, tablets, and gloves are also summarized. The document provides details on graphics hardware like frame buffers, refresh rates, and video controllers.
This document discusses computer graphics systems and their components. It describes common display devices like CRT monitors and how they work. It explains color generation techniques in monitors using beam penetration or shadow mask methods. Input devices for graphics like mice, tablets, and joysticks are also covered. The document provides details on frame buffers, resolution, refresh rates and how raster scan displays redraw images.
Video monitors use cathode ray tubes to display output. In a cathode ray tube, an electron gun fires a beam of electrons that is focused and deflected to hit phosphor on the screen, causing it to glow. The beam rapidly redraws the image to keep the screen illuminated, in a process called refresh. Key components of the electron gun include a heated cathode that emits electrons, an accelerating anode that speeds up the electrons, and control and focusing systems that shape the beam. When electrons hit phosphor, their energy causes the phosphor to glow briefly.
This document summarizes computer graphics and display devices. It discusses that computer graphics involves displaying and manipulating images and data using a computer. A typical graphics system includes a host computer, display devices like monitors, and input devices like keyboards and mice. Common applications of computer graphics include GUIs, charts, CAD/CAM, maps, multimedia, and more. Display technologies discussed include CRT monitors, LCD panels, and other devices. Key aspects of CRT monitors like refresh rate, resolution, and bandwidth are also summarized.
This document discusses computer graphics hardware concepts related to video display devices and input/output devices. It describes the components and operation of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, including the electron gun, accelerating anode, focusing system, deflection system, and phosphor screen. It also covers raster scan displays, random scan displays, color CRT monitors, and flat panel displays such as plasma panels, thin-film electroluminescent displays, and liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Input devices discussed include keyboards, mice, trackballs, joysticks, digitizers, and image scanners. Output devices covered are printers, including dot matrix, laser, inkjet, and bubble jet printers.
This ppt's introduced Basics of computer graphics, which helps to diploma in computer engineering, DCA BCA, BE computer science student's to improve study in computer graphics.
This document provides information about different types of display devices used in computer graphics. It discusses cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, including how CRTs work using an electron gun and accelerating electrons to excite phosphors to emit light. It describes raster scan displays, which draw images as a grid of pixels by sweeping an electron beam across the screen, and random scan displays, which draw images line by line. The document also covers color CRT displays using beam penetration or a shadow mask to combine red, green, and blue phosphors at each pixel location.
Do Not just learn computer graphics an close your computer tab and go away..
APPLY them in real business,
Visit Daroko blog for real IT skills applications,androind, Computer graphics,Networking,Programming,IT jobs Types, IT news and applications,blogging,Builing a website, IT companies and how you can form yours, Technology news and very many More IT related subject.
-simply google:Daroko blog(professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Presentation by Daroko blog, to see More tutorials more than this one here, Daroko blog has all tutorials related with IT course, simply visit the site by simply Entering the phrase Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com) to search engines such as Google or yahoo!, learn some Blogging, affiliate marketing ,and ways of making Money with the computer graphic Applications(it is useless to learn all these tutorials when you can apply them as a student you know),also learn where you can apply all IT skills in a real Business Environment after learning Graphics another computer realate courses.ly
• Be practically real, not just academic reader
The document discusses different types of graphics display systems including raster scan displays, random scan displays, and flat panel displays. It describes the key components of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays such as the electron gun and phosphor screen and how they generate images. It also covers color reproduction methods for CRTs like beam penetration and three color guns.
This document contains 31 questions and answers about computer graphics and display technologies. It discusses topics such as the definition of computer graphics, applications of computer graphics like CAD and GUI, interactive computer graphics, RGB color model, CRT monitors and their components like phosphor and resolution, raster and random scan displays, refresh buffers and frame buffers, pixels and bitmaps, beam penetration and shadow masking color techniques, emissive and non-emissive displays, 3D viewing devices, the role of video controllers, scan conversion, and impact vs non-impact printers as well as specifics of inkjet, laser, and electrostatic printers.
Video display devices use various technologies to visually present electronic information. Common types include CRT, LCD, LED, and plasma displays. CRTs use an electron gun to excite phosphors on the screen and were widely used in monitors and TVs. They can operate in raster or random scan modes. Color CRTs use shadow mask or beam penetration methods. Flat panel displays like LCDs are thinner than CRTs and use light modulation rather than emission to display images.
This document summarizes the contents of Chapter 1 from the book "Computer Graphics Using OpenGL" by F. Hill. The chapter introduces computer graphics, describing where it is used in fields like art, entertainment and publishing. It outlines some basic elements of pictures created in CG like polylines, text, filled regions and raster images. It also discusses graphics display and input devices, covering line drawing, raster displays, color depth, video monitors, flat panel displays and hard-copy printers.
This document contains 5 questions about raster systems and frame buffers:
1) It asks for the frame buffer size in bytes needed to store 12 and 24 bits per pixel for raster systems with resolutions of 640x480, 1280x1024, and 2560x2048.
2) It asks for the number of pixels that can be accessed per second and the access time per pixel for raster systems with resolutions of 640x480 and 1280x1024 refreshing at 60Hz.
3) It asks for the raster size in bytes needed to store 4 and 8 bits per pixel for a 1024x1024 raster system.
4) It asks how much time is spent scanning each row of pixels for a 1280x1024 system
This document discusses various attributes that can be used to modify the appearance of graphical primitives like lines and curves when displaying them, including line type (solid, dashed, dotted), width, color, fill style (hollow, solid, patterned), and fill color/pattern. It describes how these attributes are specified in applications and how different rendering techniques like rasterization can be used to display primitives with various attribute settings.
This document discusses computer graphics and its applications. It defines computer graphics as the field concerned with digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. The two main types are raster (composed of pixels) and vector (composed of paths). Raster images are bitmaps mapped to a grid, while vector images use mathematical formulas. Common graphics applications include paint programs, animation software, CAD, and desktop publishing. Cathode ray tubes are used to display images by scanning an electron beam across a screen coated with phosphors.
This document discusses computer graphics and its various aspects. It defines computer graphics as the field concerned with digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. The two main types of computer graphics are raster (composed of pixels) and vector (composed of paths). Raster images are bitmap images mapped to a grid of pixels that can be edited at the pixel level. Vector images use mathematical formulas to draw objects like lines and curves. Common graphics applications include paint programs, animation software, CAD, and desktop publishing. Cathode ray tubes are used to display images by scanning an electron beam across a screen coated with phosphors.
The WHRB Training Programs in Strategic HRMSrinath M
World HR Board is the educational wing of Middle Earth HR, the world's seventh largest HR training company. Formerly known as Asian HR Board (AHRB), it was started with an objective of building global change agents in the practice of HR (Research and collaborative learning).
The document provides an overview of an introductory computer graphics course. It outlines the course objectives of understanding fundamental graphical operations, recent advances in computer graphics, and user interface issues. It then lists and briefly describes the main topics that will be covered in the course, including basic raster graphics, 2D transformations, clipping, filling techniques, 3D graphics, visibility, and advanced topics like rendering, raytracing, antialiasing and fractals.
Raster scan systems work like a television, using an electron beam to sweep horizontally across phosphors on the screen. As the beam reaches the right side, it retraces to the left before moving down to the next line. It paints every other line interlaced to refresh the screen 30 times per second. Progressive scan paints every line 60 times per second to reduce flicker, as used in computer monitors. Random scan directly draws points and lines in any order controlled by a display processor reading coordinates, allowing for high resolution, animation, and minimal memory use, but requiring an intelligent beam and limited screen density.
presentation By Daroko blog-where IT learners Apply skills.
This topic an presentation will introduce you to Computer graphics hardware types.
---------------------------------
• Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Presentation by Daroko blog, to see More tutorials more than this one here, Daroko blog has all tutorials related with IT course, simply visit the site by simply Entering the phrase Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com) to search engines such as Google or yahoo!, learn some Blogging, affiliate marketing ,and ways of making Money with the computer graphic Applications(it is useless to learn all these tutorials when you can apply them as a student you know),also learn where you can apply all IT skills in a real Business Environment after learning Graphics another computer realate courses.ly
• Be practically real, not just academic reader
Do Not just learn computer graphics an close your computer tab and go away..
APPLY them in real business,
Visit Daroko blog for real IT skills applications,androind, Computer graphics,Networking,Programming,IT jobs Types, IT news and applications,blogging,Builing a website, IT companies and how you can form yours, Technology news and very many More IT related subject.
-simply google:Daroko blog(professionalbloggertricks.com)
Introduction to computer graphics part 1Ankit Garg
This document discusses computer graphics systems and their components. It describes video display devices like CRTs and how they work. Color is generated using techniques like beam penetration and shadow masks. Raster scan and random scan displays are covered. Input devices for graphics like mice, tablets, and gloves are also summarized. The document provides details on graphics hardware like frame buffers, refresh rates, and video controllers.
This document discusses computer graphics systems and their components. It describes common display devices like CRT monitors and how they work. It explains color generation techniques in monitors using beam penetration or shadow mask methods. Input devices for graphics like mice, tablets, and joysticks are also covered. The document provides details on frame buffers, resolution, refresh rates and how raster scan displays redraw images.
Video monitors use cathode ray tubes to display output. In a cathode ray tube, an electron gun fires a beam of electrons that is focused and deflected to hit phosphor on the screen, causing it to glow. The beam rapidly redraws the image to keep the screen illuminated, in a process called refresh. Key components of the electron gun include a heated cathode that emits electrons, an accelerating anode that speeds up the electrons, and control and focusing systems that shape the beam. When electrons hit phosphor, their energy causes the phosphor to glow briefly.
This document summarizes computer graphics and display devices. It discusses that computer graphics involves displaying and manipulating images and data using a computer. A typical graphics system includes a host computer, display devices like monitors, and input devices like keyboards and mice. Common applications of computer graphics include GUIs, charts, CAD/CAM, maps, multimedia, and more. Display technologies discussed include CRT monitors, LCD panels, and other devices. Key aspects of CRT monitors like refresh rate, resolution, and bandwidth are also summarized.
This document discusses computer graphics hardware concepts related to video display devices and input/output devices. It describes the components and operation of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, including the electron gun, accelerating anode, focusing system, deflection system, and phosphor screen. It also covers raster scan displays, random scan displays, color CRT monitors, and flat panel displays such as plasma panels, thin-film electroluminescent displays, and liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Input devices discussed include keyboards, mice, trackballs, joysticks, digitizers, and image scanners. Output devices covered are printers, including dot matrix, laser, inkjet, and bubble jet printers.
This ppt's introduced Basics of computer graphics, which helps to diploma in computer engineering, DCA BCA, BE computer science student's to improve study in computer graphics.
This document provides information about different types of display devices used in computer graphics. It discusses cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, including how CRTs work using an electron gun and accelerating electrons to excite phosphors to emit light. It describes raster scan displays, which draw images as a grid of pixels by sweeping an electron beam across the screen, and random scan displays, which draw images line by line. The document also covers color CRT displays using beam penetration or a shadow mask to combine red, green, and blue phosphors at each pixel location.
Do Not just learn computer graphics an close your computer tab and go away..
APPLY them in real business,
Visit Daroko blog for real IT skills applications,androind, Computer graphics,Networking,Programming,IT jobs Types, IT news and applications,blogging,Builing a website, IT companies and how you can form yours, Technology news and very many More IT related subject.
-simply google:Daroko blog(professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Presentation by Daroko blog, to see More tutorials more than this one here, Daroko blog has all tutorials related with IT course, simply visit the site by simply Entering the phrase Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com) to search engines such as Google or yahoo!, learn some Blogging, affiliate marketing ,and ways of making Money with the computer graphic Applications(it is useless to learn all these tutorials when you can apply them as a student you know),also learn where you can apply all IT skills in a real Business Environment after learning Graphics another computer realate courses.ly
• Be practically real, not just academic reader
The document discusses different types of graphics display systems including raster scan displays, random scan displays, and flat panel displays. It describes the key components of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays such as the electron gun and phosphor screen and how they generate images. It also covers color reproduction methods for CRTs like beam penetration and three color guns.
This document contains 31 questions and answers about computer graphics and display technologies. It discusses topics such as the definition of computer graphics, applications of computer graphics like CAD and GUI, interactive computer graphics, RGB color model, CRT monitors and their components like phosphor and resolution, raster and random scan displays, refresh buffers and frame buffers, pixels and bitmaps, beam penetration and shadow masking color techniques, emissive and non-emissive displays, 3D viewing devices, the role of video controllers, scan conversion, and impact vs non-impact printers as well as specifics of inkjet, laser, and electrostatic printers.
Video display devices use various technologies to visually present electronic information. Common types include CRT, LCD, LED, and plasma displays. CRTs use an electron gun to excite phosphors on the screen and were widely used in monitors and TVs. They can operate in raster or random scan modes. Color CRTs use shadow mask or beam penetration methods. Flat panel displays like LCDs are thinner than CRTs and use light modulation rather than emission to display images.
This document summarizes the contents of Chapter 1 from the book "Computer Graphics Using OpenGL" by F. Hill. The chapter introduces computer graphics, describing where it is used in fields like art, entertainment and publishing. It outlines some basic elements of pictures created in CG like polylines, text, filled regions and raster images. It also discusses graphics display and input devices, covering line drawing, raster displays, color depth, video monitors, flat panel displays and hard-copy printers.
This document contains 5 questions about raster systems and frame buffers:
1) It asks for the frame buffer size in bytes needed to store 12 and 24 bits per pixel for raster systems with resolutions of 640x480, 1280x1024, and 2560x2048.
2) It asks for the number of pixels that can be accessed per second and the access time per pixel for raster systems with resolutions of 640x480 and 1280x1024 refreshing at 60Hz.
3) It asks for the raster size in bytes needed to store 4 and 8 bits per pixel for a 1024x1024 raster system.
4) It asks how much time is spent scanning each row of pixels for a 1280x1024 system
This document discusses various attributes that can be used to modify the appearance of graphical primitives like lines and curves when displaying them, including line type (solid, dashed, dotted), width, color, fill style (hollow, solid, patterned), and fill color/pattern. It describes how these attributes are specified in applications and how different rendering techniques like rasterization can be used to display primitives with various attribute settings.
This document discusses computer graphics and its applications. It defines computer graphics as the field concerned with digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. The two main types are raster (composed of pixels) and vector (composed of paths). Raster images are bitmaps mapped to a grid, while vector images use mathematical formulas. Common graphics applications include paint programs, animation software, CAD, and desktop publishing. Cathode ray tubes are used to display images by scanning an electron beam across a screen coated with phosphors.
This document discusses computer graphics and its various aspects. It defines computer graphics as the field concerned with digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. The two main types of computer graphics are raster (composed of pixels) and vector (composed of paths). Raster images are bitmap images mapped to a grid of pixels that can be edited at the pixel level. Vector images use mathematical formulas to draw objects like lines and curves. Common graphics applications include paint programs, animation software, CAD, and desktop publishing. Cathode ray tubes are used to display images by scanning an electron beam across a screen coated with phosphors.
The WHRB Training Programs in Strategic HRMSrinath M
World HR Board is the educational wing of Middle Earth HR, the world's seventh largest HR training company. Formerly known as Asian HR Board (AHRB), it was started with an objective of building global change agents in the practice of HR (Research and collaborative learning).
AP Art History - Early twentieth Century Art - Fauvism, expressionism, cubism, futurism, surrealism, dada, constructivism, DeStijl, Suprematism, International Style, Bauhaus, Prairie Style, Frida b
AP World History - Mesopotamia and EgyptS Sandoval
Both Egypt and Mesopotamia developed along major river valleys and depended on irrigation for agriculture. However, Egypt was more politically and culturally stable due to the predictable flooding of the Nile, while Mesopotamia's environment was harsher and less predictable due to the violent flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Mesopotamian society developed sharp social divisions and a bleak outlook, whereas Egyptian society was less stratified and had a more hopeful worldview centered around the cycles of the Nile. Overall, these civilizations exhibited both continuity and change over thousands of years.
Chapter 9 world of islam: Afro-Eurasian connections, Ways of the World bookS Sandoval
AP World History Book, Ways of the World, Second Edition by Robert W. Strayer, Summary of Chapter 11: The Worlds of Islam 600-1500. An age of Accelerating Connections. Study and Enjoy!
Chapter 12 Ways of the World, Worlds of 15th century S Sandoval
AP World History / Ways of the World second edition by Robert W. Strayer. Summary of Chapter 12 An Age of Accelerating Connections 500-1500, The worlds of the fifteenth century.
Chapter 8 Ways of the World AP World History Book By R. Strayer - China and t...S Sandoval
AP World History - Ways of the World by Strayer. Chapter 8: China and the world. Tribute System, China and Korea, China and Vietnam, China and Buddhism, China and Japan.
Chapter 11 Mongol Monument Empire - Ways of the World AP World History BookS Sandoval
Summary of Chapter 11 from AP World History book, Ways of the World by Robert W. Strayer. Chapter 11 Pastoral peoples on the global stage: Mongol Monument 1200-1500
Chapter 22 End of Empires and global south to global stage 1914- PresentS Sandoval
This document summarizes major global events from 1914 to the present related to the end of European colonial empires and the rise of independence movements and new states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It discusses the collapse of European empires after World War I and WWII, the independence of countries like India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and nations in Africa in the post-war period, and the variety of political systems and paths of development that emerged, including democracy, authoritarianism, and communism. It also analyzes independence movements, challenges to colonial rule, and different regional experiences in gaining freedom across the global South.
AP ART HISTORY: Symbolism, Arts and Crafts movement, Art Nouveau, Austrian Se...S Sandoval
AP ART HISTORY : Other Art Styles of the Late Nineteenth Century.
Art Nouveau, Arts and Crafts Movement, Austrian Secession, Symbolism.
Artists, architects: Redon, Moreau, Rousseau, Carpeaux, Horta, Gaudi, Tiffany, Klimt
AP WORLD HISTORY: Chapter 17 Revolutions of Industrialization 1750-1914S Sandoval
AP world history - Ways of the World book by Strayer. Summary of Chapter 17: European moment in world history - Revolutions of industrialization 1750 to 1914.
Chapter 13 political transformations : Empires and encounters 1450-1750S Sandoval
AP WORLD HISTORY - CHAPTER 16 WAYS OF THE WORLD.
The Early Modern world, 1450 to 1750- Political transformations of empires and encounters. (sorry for the grammar mistakes)
1. This is an application form for a 2015 program that collects personal information such as name, age, contact details, addresses, and education history.
2. It requests professional details including current and past organizations, designations, tenure, and responsibilities.
3. The form asks the applicant to explain in 100 words or less what prompts them to apply for the program and requires their signature and the date.
This PPT gives detailed information about Computer Graphics, Raster Scan System, Random Scan System, CRT Display, Color CRT Monitors, Input and Output Devices
Computer graphics refers to creating, manipulating, and displaying visual images and animations using computers. There are two main types: interactive and non-interactive. Computer graphics has many applications including graphical user interfaces, plotting graphs and charts, simulations, entertainment, CAD/CAM, medicine, history, art, and cartography. Raster and vector graphics are the two main types of computer graphics representations. Raster uses a grid of pixels while vector uses mathematical formulas to define shapes.
The document provides an overview of computer graphics systems. It discusses different types of display devices including refresh cathode-ray tubes, raster-scan displays, random-scan displays, color CRT monitors, and flat panel displays. It also covers basics of raster graphics systems and random scan systems, including components like the video controller, display processor, and frame buffer. Input devices for graphics systems such as the keyboard, mouse, and digitizer are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of computer graphics. It discusses what computer graphics is, the basic components of a computer graphics system including display devices like CRT monitors. It describes the two main techniques for displaying images on a CRT - vector/random scan and raster scan. The document also discusses color CRT monitors and the two techniques used - beam penetration and shadow mask. It outlines several applications of computer graphics like user interfaces, modeling, simulation and animation.
This document provides an overview of graphics display systems. It discusses the basic components and operation of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, including the electron gun, focusing and deflection systems. It describes the refresh process of raster-scan CRTs and how random-scan CRTs work. Color CRT monitors are discussed, specifically the beam penetration and shadow mask methods. Key characteristics like resolution, persistence and aspect ratio are also summarized.
The document summarizes video display devices, specifically cathode ray tubes (CRTs). It describes the basic design of CRTs including the electron gun, phosphor coating, and refresh process. CRTs use an electron beam directed by deflection systems to illuminate spots on the screen in a raster pattern, maintained by refreshing the screen rapidly. Color CRTs employ different color phosphors and methods like beam penetration or shadow masks to combine colors. Random scan displays draw images as lines rather than pixels.
Raster scan displays work by sweeping an electron beam across the screen in horizontal lines from top to bottom. As the beam moves, its intensity is turned on and off to illuminate pixels and form an image. The pixel values are stored in and retrieved from a refresh buffer or frame buffer. Random scan displays draw images using geometric primitives like points and lines based on mathematical equations, directing the electron beam only where needed. Raster scans have higher resolution but jagged lines, while random scans produce smooth lines but cannot display complex images. Both use a video controller and frame buffer in memory to control the display process.
Random scan displays and raster scan displaysSomya Bagai
Raster scan displays work by sweeping an electron beam across the screen in horizontal lines from top to bottom. As the beam moves, its intensity is turned on and off to illuminate pixels and form an image. The pixel values are stored in and retrieved from a refresh buffer or frame buffer. Random scan displays draw images using geometric primitives like points and lines based on mathematical equations, directing the electron beam only where needed. Raster scans have higher resolution but jagged lines, while random scans produce smooth lines but cannot display complex images. Both use a video controller and frame buffer in memory to control the display process.
The document discusses different types of displays including emissive displays like CRTs and non-emissive displays like LCDs. It then provides details on how CRTs work including the electron gun, deflection coils, and phosphor screen. Key properties of CRTs are described such as resolution, refresh rate, and color reproduction using an electron gun and shadow mask arrangement. Raster scanning is introduced as the process of drawing the image line by line using a frame buffer and video controller. Color mapping with a lookup table is also summarized.
The document discusses different types of displays including emissive displays like CRTs and non-emissive displays like LCDs. It then provides details on how CRTs work including the electron gun, deflection coils, and phosphor screen. Key properties of CRTs are described such as resolution, refresh rate, and color reproduction using an electron gun and shadow mask arrangement. Raster scanning is introduced as the process of drawing the image line by line using a frame buffer and video controller. Color mapping with a lookup table is also summarized.
Raster scan displays work by sweeping an electron beam across the screen one row at a time from top to bottom, turning the beam's intensity on and off to create illuminated spots. This allows the display to store an entire frame of picture data in a frame buffer memory. Raster scanning is well suited for realistic scenes like television and refreshes at 60-80 frames per second. Random scan displays direct the electron beam only where a picture element needs to be drawn, storing pictures as a set of line drawing commands rather than a frame buffer. It is better for applications like plotters that draw individual lines.
This document discusses different types of displays including emissive displays like CRTs and LEDs, and non-emissive displays like LCDs. It focuses on describing the components and workings of CRT displays, including the electron gun, phosphor coating, and use of shadow masks for color displays. Key properties of CRTs discussed are phosphor persistence, refresh rate, resolution, and dot pitch. The document also compares vector and raster output scan technologies, and describes the components of a basic raster display system including the frame buffer, video controller, and color look-up table.
This document discusses computer graphics and various computer graphics concepts. It provides definitions and explanations of terms like scan conversion, rasterization, computer graphics, input devices, color displays, video controllers, frame buffers, transformations, lines, circles, fonts, clipping, projections, animation, and random/raster scan displays. It also includes examples of computer graphics concepts and algorithms like Bresenham's line drawing algorithm.
CG03 Random Raster Scan displays and Color CRTs.ppsxjyoti_lakhani
The document discusses different types of graphics displays. It describes raster-scan displays, which use an electron beam that sweeps across the screen from top to bottom to display an image. Picture definition is stored in a frame buffer. It also describes random-scan displays, which direct the electron beam only where lines need to be drawn. Color CRT monitors use phosphors and a shadow mask to display color. Flat panel displays like plasma panels, thin-film electroluminescent displays, and liquid crystal displays provide thinner alternatives to CRTs.
Computer graphics uses computers to draw and display pictures, graphics, and data in pictorial form. It expresses data visually instead of just text. Computer graphics is used in movies, games, medical imaging, design, education, simulators, art, presentations, image processing, and graphical user interfaces. Pixels are the smallest display elements on a screen, each with an intensity and color value. Interactive graphics allow user input to modify images, while passive graphics do not. Common display devices are CRT monitors which use electron beams to excite phosphors and LCD screens which use pixels to control light transmission. Algorithms like DDA and Bresenham's are used to draw lines on these displays.
Raster scan displays use a sweeping electron beam to illuminate spots on the screen in a row-by-row fashion to generate an image. Intensity values for each pixel are stored in a refresh buffer and read out row-by-row to control the beam. Raster scan allows for photorealistic color images but requires high memory and has lower resolution than random scan displays.
Random scan displays draw images by directing the electron beam only to locations with picture elements, tracing out lines specified by commands in a refresh buffer. This allows for higher resolution with less memory usage but limits images to simple drawings with few colors.
The document provides an overview of computer display systems, including monitors and graphics cards. It discusses cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors and how they work using electron guns and phosphor coatings. It also covers features of monitors like resolution, dot pitch, refresh rate, and screen size. Flat panel displays (FPDs) like liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are also introduced, along with different types of LCD technologies. The roles of the graphics card and monitor in the overall display system are explained.
This document provides an overview of graphics systems including video display devices, input devices, and raster-scan systems. It describes cathode ray tube monitors as the primary output device and discusses raster-scan and random-scan display principles. Color CRT monitors use color phosphors and shadow masks or electron guns to produce color. Flat panel displays like plasma panels and LCDs are also covered. Common input devices include mice, keyboards, tablets, and touchscreens. Raster-scan systems use a frame buffer in video memory that is refreshed by a video controller to display an image on a monitor.
Empowering Excellence Gala Night/Education awareness Dubaiibedark
The primary goal is to raise funds for our cause, which is to help support educational programs for underprivileged children in Dubai. The gala also aims to increase awareness of our mission and foster a sense of community among attendees
Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | ΜΑΙΝ ΜΑΤΚΑ❾❸❹❽❺❾❼❾❾⓿
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi_compressed.pdfKhaled Al Awadi
Greetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
It takes all kinds of AI and Humans to make Good Business DecisionDenis Gagné
In today’s rapidly evolving markets, the integration of human insight with advanced AI technologies is crucial for making sophisticated, timely decisions. This presentation delves into how businesses in regulated industries such as finance, healthcare, and government can leverage AI to balance mission-critical risks with profitability, ensure compliance, and maintain necessary transparency. We'll explore strategic, tactical, and operational decisions across various scenarios, demonstrating the power of AI to augment human decision-making processes, thus optimizing outcomes. Whether you are looking to enhance your existing protocols or build new frameworks, this webinar will equip you with the insights and tools to advance your decision-making capabilities.
Vision and Goals: The primary aim of the 1st Defence Tech Meetup is to create a Defence Tech cluster in Portugal, bringing together key technology and defence players, accelerating Defence Tech startups, and making Portugal an attractive hub for innovation in this sector.
Historical Context and Industry Evolution: The presentation provides an overview of the evolution of the Portuguese military industry from the 1970s to the present, highlighting significant shifts such as the privatisation of military capabilities and Portugal's integration into international defence and space programs.
Innovation and Defence Linkage: Emphasis on the historical linkage between innovation and defence, citing examples like the military genesis of Silicon Valley and the Cold War's technological dividends that fueled the digital economy, highlighting the potential for similar growth in Portugal.
Proposals for Growth: Recommendations include promoting dual-use technologies and open innovation, streamlining procurement processes, supporting and financing new ICT/BTID companies, and creating a Defence Startup Accelerator to spur innovation and economic growth.
Current and Future Technologies: Discussion on emerging defence technologies such as drone warfare, advancements in AI, and new military applications, along with the importance of integrating these innovations to enhance Portugal's defence capabilities and economic resilience.
Satta matka guessing Kalyan fxxjodi panna➑➌➋➑➒➎➑➑➊➍
8328958814 Kalyan result satta guessing Satta Matka Kalyan Main Mumbai Fastest Results
Satta Matka ❋ Sattamatka ❋ New Mumbai Ratan Satta Matka ❋ Fast Matka ❋ Milan Market ❋ Kalyan Matka Results ❋ Satta Game ❋ Matka Game ❋ Satta Matka ❋ Kalyan Satta Matka ❋ Mumbai Main ❋ Online Matka Results ❋ Satta Matka Tips ❋ Milan Chart ❋ Satta Matka Boss❋ New Star Day ❋ Satta King ❋ Live Satta Matka Results ❋ Satta Matka Company ❋ Indian Matka ❋ Satta Matka 143❋ Kalyan Night Matka..
Satta Matka Dpboss Kalyan Matka Results Kalyan Chart KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka Satta Matta Matka KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143
Kanban Coaching Exchange with Dave White - Example SDR Report
Unit i
1. Computer Graphics Lecture 2
1
Video Display Devices
The display devices are known as output devices. The most commonly used
output device in a graphics video monitor. The operations of most video monitors are
based on the standard cathode-ray-tube (CRT) design.
How the Interactive Graphics display works
The modern graphics display is extremely simple in construction.
It consists of three components:
1- A digital memory, or frame buffer, in which the displayed Image is stored as a matrix
of intensity values.
2- A monitor
3- A display controller, which is a simple interface that passes the contents of the frame
buffer to the monitor. Inside the frame buffer the image is stored as a pattern of binary
digital numbers, which represent a rectangular array of picture elements, or pixel.
The pixel is the smallest addressable screen element. In the Simplest case where we
wish to store only black and white images, we can represent black pixels by 0's in the
frame buffer and white Pixels by 1's. The display controller simply reads each successive
byte of data from the frame buffer and converts each 0 and 1 to the corresponding
video signal. This signal is then fed to the monitor. If we wish to change the displayed
picture all we need to do is to change of modify the frame buffer contents to represent
the new pattern of pixels.
Cathode-Ray-Tubes
A CRT is an evacuated glass tube. An electron gun at the rear of the tube
produces a beam of electrons which is directed towards the front of the tube (screen).
The inner side of the screen is coated with phosphor substance which gives off light
when it is stroked by electrons. It is possible to control the point at which the electron
beam strikes the screen, and therefore the position of the dot upon the screen, by
deflecting the electron beam. The fig below shows the electrostatic deflection of the
electron beam in a CRT.
The deflection system of the cathode-ray-tube consists of two pairs of parallel
plates, referred to as the vertical and horizontal deflection plates. The voltage applied to
vertical plates controls the vertical deflection of the electron beam and voltage applied
to the horizontal deflection plates controls the horizontal deflection of the electron
2. Computer Graphics Lecture 2
2
beam. There are two techniques used for producing image on the CRT screen: Vector
scan / random scan and Raster scan.
Vector Scan / Random Scan Display
As shown in fig, vector scan CRT display directly traces out only the desired lines on CRT
i.e. If we want a line connecting point A with point B on the vector graphics display, we
simply drive the beam deflection circuitry, which will cause beam to go directly from
point A to B. if we want to move the beam from point A to point B without showing a
line between points, we can blank the beam as we move it. To move the beam across
A
B
3. Computer Graphics Lecture 2
3
CRT, the information about, magnitude and direction is required. This information is
generated with the help of vector graphics generator.
The figure bellow shows the typical vector display architecture. It consists of
display controller, central processing unit (CPU), display buffer memory and a CRT. A
display controller is connected as an I/O peripheral to the central processing unit. The
display buffer memory stores the computer produced display list or display program.
The program contains point and line plotting commands with (x,y) or (x,y,z) end point
co-ordinates, as well as character plotting commands. The display controller interprets
commands for plotting points, lines and characters and sends digital and point
coordinates to a vector generator. The vector generator then converts the digital co-
ordinate values to analog voltages for beam-deflection circuits that displace an electron
beam writing on CRT’s phosphor coating.
Display buffer memory
In vector display beam is deflected from end point to end point, hence this technique is
also called random scan. We know as beam, strikes phosphor it emits light. But
phosphor light decays after few milliseconds and therefore it is necessary to repeat
through the display list to refresh the phosphor at least 30 times per second to avoid
(Interaction data)
CUP
I/O Port
(Display
commands)
CRT
.
Move
100
300
LINE
400
300
CHAR
CAR
MOVE
100
100
LINE
.
.
JMP
Display controller
Keyboard Mouse
4. Computer Graphics Lecture 2
4
flicker. As display buffer is used to store display list and it is used for refreshing, the
display buffer memory is also called refresh buffer.
Raster Scan Display
The Figure below shows the architecture of a raster display. It consists of display
controller, central processing unit (CPU), video controller, refresh buffer, keyboard,
mouse and the CRT.
As shown in the fig below the display image is stored in the form of 1s and 0s in the
refresh buffer. The video controller reads this refresh buffer and produces the actual
image on the screen. It does this by scanning one scan line at a time, from top to bottom
and then back to the top.
(Interaction data) (Display commands)
Refresh buffer
00000000000000000000
00000001111110000000
00000001111110000000
00000000011000000000
00000000011000000000
CPU
I/O port
Display controller
Video controller
Keyboard
Mouse
T
5. Computer Graphics Lecture 2
5
Raster scan is the most common method of displaying images on the CRT screen.
In this method, the horizontal and vertical deflection signals are generated to move the
beam all over the screen in a pattern.
Here, the beam is swept back and forth from the left to the right across the
screen. When the beam is moved from the left to the right, it is ON. The beam is OFF,
when it is moved from the right to the left.
When the beam reaches the bottom of the screen, it is made OFF and rapidly
retraced back to the top left to start again. A display produced in this way is called raster
scan display.
In raster scan displays a special area of memory is dedicated to graphics only.
This memory area is called frame buffer. It holds the set of intensity values for all the
screen points. The stored intensity values are retrieved from frame buffer and displayed
on the screen one row (scan line) at a time. Each screen point is referred to as a pixel.
Each pixel on the screen can be specified by its row and column number. Thus by
specifying row and column number we can specify the pixel position on the screen.
Intensity range for pixel positions depends on the capability of the raster system.
It can be a simple black and white system or color system. In a simple black and white
system, each pixel position is either on or off, so only one bit per pixel is needed to
control the intensity of the pixel positions. Additional bits are required when color and
intensity variations can be displayed. Up to 24 bits per pixel are included in high quality
display systems, which can require several megabytes of storage space for the frame
buffer. On a black and white system with one bit per pixel, the frame buffer is called a
bitmap. For systems with multiple bits per pixel, the frame buffer is often referred to as
a pixmap.
Vector Scan Display Raster Scan Display
1. In vector scan display the beam is
moved between the end points of
the graphics primitives.
In raster scan display the beam is moved
all over the screen one scan line at a
time, from top to bottom and then back
to top.
2. Vector display flickers when the
number of primitives in the buffer
becomes too large.
In raster display, the refresh process is
independent of the complexity of the
image.
3. Scan conversion is not required. Graphics primitives are specified in terms
of their endpoints and must be scan
6. Computer Graphics Lecture 2
6
converted into their corresponding pixels
in the frame buffer.
4. Scan conversion hardware is not
required.
Because each primitive must be scan-
converted, real time dynamics is far
more computational and requires
separate scan conversion hardware.
5. Vector display draws continuous
and smooth lines.
Raster display can display
mathematically smooth lines, polygons,
and boundaries of curved primitives only
by approximating them with pixels on
the raster grid.
6. Cost is more. Cost is low.
7. Vector display only draws line
characters.
Raster display has ability to display areas
filled with solid colors or patterns.
Important Characteristics of Video Display Devices
Persistence: The major difference between phosphors is their persistence. It decides
how long they continue to emit light after the electron beam is removed. Persistence is
defined as the time it takes the emitted light from the screen to decay to one-tenth of
its original intensity. Lower persistence phosphors require higher refreshing rates to
maintain a picture on the screen without flicker. However it is useful for displaying
animations. On the other hand higher persistence phosphors are useful for displaying
static and highly complex pictures.
Resolution: Resolution indicates the maximum number of points that can be displayed
without overlap on the CRT. It is defined as the number of points per centimeter that
can be plotted horizontally and vertically.
Resolution depends on the type of phosphor, the intensity to be displayed and the
focusing and deflection systems used in the CRT.
Aspect Ratio: It is the ratio of vertical points to horizontal points to produce equal
length lines in both directions on the screen. An aspect ratio of 4/5 means that a vertical
line plotted with four points has the same length as a horizontal line plotted with five
points.
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
