This document provides an overview of software testing concepts. It discusses testing as an engineering activity and process. It introduces the Testing Maturity Model which describes stages of test process improvement. Basic definitions are provided for terms like error, fault, failure, test case, test oracle. Software testing principles and the tester's role are described. The origins and costs of defects are discussed. Defect classes are classified into requirements, design, code, and testing defects. The concept of a defect repository to catalog defect data is introduced. Examples of coin problem defects are given to illustrate defect classification.
This document discusses software testing principles and concepts. It defines key terms like validation, verification, defects, failures, and metrics. It outlines 11 testing principles like testing being a creative task and test results needing meticulous inspection. The roles of testers are discussed in collaborating with other teams. Defect classes are defined at different stages and types of defects are provided. Quality factors, process maturity models, and defect prevention strategies are also summarized.
This document discusses various software quality metrics including lines of code count, defect density as it relates to size, cyclomatic complexity, fan-in/fan-out, and other structural and data complexity metrics. It provides empirical data on the relationship between size and defects, defines key metrics like cyclomatic complexity, and discusses how these metrics can help evaluate software quality and estimate testing effort.
The document outlines seven principles of software testing: 1) Testing shows the presence of errors, not their absence; 2) Exhaustive testing of all possible test cases is impossible; 3) Testing early in the development cycle is important to more easily fix defects; 4) Defects tend to cluster together, following an 80-20 distribution; 5) Test effectiveness fades over time as software changes; 6) Testing methods depend on the type of application; 7) Finding no errors does not mean the system is usable - user requirements must still be met.
Formal verification refers to mathematical techniques for specifying, designing, and verifying software and hardware systems. It involves proving or disproving the correctness of algorithms in a system with respect to a formal specification or property using formal methods of mathematics. Formal verification techniques include manual proofs, semi-automatic theorem proving, and automatic algorithms that take a model and property to determine if the model satisfies the property. Formal verification is commonly used for safety-critical systems like embedded systems to help ensure correctness. Tools like VC formal, VC LP, and Spyglass can be used to formally verify designs early in development without complex test benches or stimulus.
Integration testing verifies the interfaces between software modules. It has two categories: bottom-up integration starts with unit testing, then subsystem testing, and finally system testing; top-down integration starts with the main routine and tests subroutines in order, using stubs. Automated tools can help with integration testing, such as module drivers, test data generators, environment simulators, and library management systems.
Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test. I hope this ppt will help u to learn about software testing.
System Testing. SYSTEM TESTING is a level of software testing where a complete and integrated software is tested. The purpose of this test is to evaluate the system's compliance with the specified requirements. system testing: The process of testing an integrated system to verify that it meets specified requirements.
This document discusses different classes of defects that can occur during software development and testing. It identifies four main defect classes:
1. Requirement/specification defects that occur early in ambiguous, incomplete, or contradictory requirements documents.
2. Design defects that happen when system components or their interactions are incorrectly designed, such as flaws in algorithms, control logic, or interface descriptions.
3. Coding defects resulting from errors implementing code, including issues with algorithms, control structures, data types, interfaces, and documentation.
4. Testing defects in test harnesses, cases, and procedures that could lead to incorrect or incomplete testing. The classes of defects guide strategies for test planning and design.
This document discusses software testing principles and concepts. It defines key terms like validation, verification, defects, failures, and metrics. It outlines 11 testing principles like testing being a creative task and test results needing meticulous inspection. The roles of testers are discussed in collaborating with other teams. Defect classes are defined at different stages and types of defects are provided. Quality factors, process maturity models, and defect prevention strategies are also summarized.
This document discusses various software quality metrics including lines of code count, defect density as it relates to size, cyclomatic complexity, fan-in/fan-out, and other structural and data complexity metrics. It provides empirical data on the relationship between size and defects, defines key metrics like cyclomatic complexity, and discusses how these metrics can help evaluate software quality and estimate testing effort.
The document outlines seven principles of software testing: 1) Testing shows the presence of errors, not their absence; 2) Exhaustive testing of all possible test cases is impossible; 3) Testing early in the development cycle is important to more easily fix defects; 4) Defects tend to cluster together, following an 80-20 distribution; 5) Test effectiveness fades over time as software changes; 6) Testing methods depend on the type of application; 7) Finding no errors does not mean the system is usable - user requirements must still be met.
Formal verification refers to mathematical techniques for specifying, designing, and verifying software and hardware systems. It involves proving or disproving the correctness of algorithms in a system with respect to a formal specification or property using formal methods of mathematics. Formal verification techniques include manual proofs, semi-automatic theorem proving, and automatic algorithms that take a model and property to determine if the model satisfies the property. Formal verification is commonly used for safety-critical systems like embedded systems to help ensure correctness. Tools like VC formal, VC LP, and Spyglass can be used to formally verify designs early in development without complex test benches or stimulus.
Integration testing verifies the interfaces between software modules. It has two categories: bottom-up integration starts with unit testing, then subsystem testing, and finally system testing; top-down integration starts with the main routine and tests subroutines in order, using stubs. Automated tools can help with integration testing, such as module drivers, test data generators, environment simulators, and library management systems.
Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test. I hope this ppt will help u to learn about software testing.
System Testing. SYSTEM TESTING is a level of software testing where a complete and integrated software is tested. The purpose of this test is to evaluate the system's compliance with the specified requirements. system testing: The process of testing an integrated system to verify that it meets specified requirements.
This document discusses different classes of defects that can occur during software development and testing. It identifies four main defect classes:
1. Requirement/specification defects that occur early in ambiguous, incomplete, or contradictory requirements documents.
2. Design defects that happen when system components or their interactions are incorrectly designed, such as flaws in algorithms, control logic, or interface descriptions.
3. Coding defects resulting from errors implementing code, including issues with algorithms, control structures, data types, interfaces, and documentation.
4. Testing defects in test harnesses, cases, and procedures that could lead to incorrect or incomplete testing. The classes of defects guide strategies for test planning and design.
Line of Code (LOC) Matric and Function Point MatricAnkush Singh
This document provides an overview of two popular software metrics: lines of code (LOC) and function points. It defines LOC as a measure of the size of a computer program by counting the number of lines in its source code, excluding comments and headers. LOC can be physical (including blank lines and comments) or logical (executable statements only). Function points measure software size by categorizing its functional user requirements into inputs, outputs, inquiries, internal files, and external interfaces, then calculating an unadjusted function point value based on their sum. Both metrics aim to objectively and quantitatively estimate the size and effort of a software project.
A strategy for software testing integrates the design of software test cases into a well-planned series of steps that result in successful development of the software.
What is Quality ||
Software Quality Metrics ||
Types of Software Quality Metrics ||
Three groups of Software Quality Metrics ||
Customer Satisfaction Metrics ||
Tools used for Quality Metrics/Measurements ||
PERT and CPM ||
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and processes. It discusses the importance of testing in the software development lifecycle and defines key terms like errors, bugs, faults, and failures. It also describes different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Finally, it covers quality assurance and quality control processes and how bugs are managed throughout their lifecycle.
The document discusses software quality assurance (SQA) and quality control (QC). It defines SQA as a planned set of activities to evaluate the development process and ensure software meets requirements. QC focuses on reviews, inspections, and tests to find and remove defects before product release. Formal technical reviews (FTRs) are important QC activities that involve evaluation of work products by other engineers to uncover errors early. The goal is to improve quality and catch the majority of defects in a cost-effective manner.
The document discusses software inspections and defect management. It defines key terms like defects, defect classification, and causes of defects. It explains that rework makes up 44% of project costs and discusses how inspections can help reduce defects and rework. Formal inspections involve individual preparation, overview meetings, review planning, inspection meetings, and follow up action to identify and address defects early. Benefits of inspections include increased productivity, reduced defects, and preparation for subsequent phases.
White box testing involves testing internal program structure and code. It includes static testing like code reviews and structural testing like unit testing. Static testing checks code against requirements without executing. Structural testing executes code to test paths and conditions. Code coverage metrics like statement coverage measure what code is executed by tests. Code complexity metrics like cyclomatic complexity quantify complexity to determine necessary test cases. White box testing finds defects from incorrect code but may miss realistic errors and developers can overlook own code issues.
Validation testing involves black box testing to check if the software meets customer expectations by satisfying requirements, achieving behavioral characteristics, attaining performance standards, and ensuring documentation is correct. Configuration review checks if all software elements were properly developed. Alpha testing is done by customers at developer sites in a controlled environment, while beta testing involves end users testing software in uncontrolled environments at customer sites.
The document discusses different software engineering process models including:
1. The waterfall model which is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before moving to the next.
2. Prototyping models which allow requirements to be refined through building prototypes.
3. RAD (Rapid Application Development) which emphasizes short development cycles through reuse and code generation.
4. Incremental models which deliver functionality in increments with early increments focusing on high priority requirements.
5. The spiral model which has multiple iterations of planning, risk analysis, engineering and evaluation phases.
The document discusses various techniques for software testing including whitebox testing, blackbox testing, unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. It provides details on techniques like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, orthogonal array testing, and graph matrices. The objective of testing is to systematically uncover errors in a minimum amount of time and effort. Testing should begin with unit testing and progress towards integration and system-level testing.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on software reliability modeling. The seminar covers topics such as what software reliability is, software failure mechanisms, measuring software reliability, software reliability models, and statistical testing. It discusses concepts like the difference between hardware and software reliability curves. It also summarizes various software reliability models and challenges in software reliability modeling.
The document discusses requirements modeling and analysis modeling in software engineering. It provides information on:
1) The different types of models that can be created during requirements modeling, including requirements models, design models, scenario-based models, data models, class-based models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models.
2) The purposes of requirements modeling, which include representing customer requirements, gaining a better understanding of the system, and providing information to help with system design and development.
3) Key principles of requirements modeling, such as representing the information, functional, and behavioral domains of the system and partitioning models in a layered/hierarchical way.
4) Specific modeling techniques like scenario-based modeling, data
This document discusses segmentation and paging techniques for memory management. It begins with a brief overview of paging and segmentation. It then explains how segmentation and paging can be combined to achieve efficient memory utilization while allowing for protection and sharing. Under the combined approach, a process's address space is divided into segments, and each segment is divided into pages of fixed size. This allows sharing at both the segment and page level. The document provides examples of address translation under this combined approach.
Concept of Failure, error, fault and defectchaklee191
1. The document discusses key concepts in software engineering including failure, error, fault, and defect.
2. A failure occurs when software fails to perform its required function, an error is a mistake by a programmer, a fault is a condition that causes software to fail, and a defect is a bug or flaw in software.
3. The differences are that a defect is a programming mistake, an error causes a defect, a fault is a condition from an error that causes failure when the software does not function as required.
This document discusses the fundamentals of software quality assurance including ethical bases, quality concepts, quality control, quality assurance, cost of quality, and total quality management principles. It defines key terms like quality, quality control, quality assurance, defines two types of quality (design and conformance), and describes the goals and tasks of quality assurance groups to help software engineering teams achieve high quality products.
Static testing is a software testing method that involves examination of program's code and its associated documentation but does not require the program to be executed.
Static Testing Techniques
Informal Reviews
Formal Reviews
Technical Reviews
Walk Through
Inspection Process
Static Code Review
The document discusses software testing concepts like verification, validation, whitebox testing, and blackbox testing. Verification ensures the product satisfies specifications, while validation ensures it meets customer requirements. Whitebox testing uses internal knowledge to test code, while blackbox testing treats the system as a black box without internal knowledge. The document also covers different types of testing like unit, integration, and functional testing.
The document discusses concepts related to software reliability. It describes how software reliability is modeled using a "bathtub curve" with two phases - an initial high failure rate period and a useful life period with an approximately constant failure rate. The document defines software reliability and discusses factors that influence it like faults in the software and the execution environment. It also outlines various ways of characterizing software failures over time and presents models of failure probability distributions. Finally, it discusses uses of reliability studies and defines software quality in terms of attributes like reliability, correctness and maintainability.
The document discusses software testing terminology, principles, and phases. It defines errors, faults, failures, and their relationships. It also covers software quality metrics and attributes like correctness, reliability, and maintainability. Twelve principles of software testing are outlined around test planning, invalid/unexpected inputs, regression testing, and integrating testing into the development lifecycle. The phases of a software project are described as requirements gathering, planning, design, development, and testing.
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and best practices. It defines key terms like errors, defects, and failures. It describes different testing approaches like black box and white box testing. It also outlines different testing levels from unit to system testing. The document emphasizes that testing aims to find defects, but it's impossible to test all possibilities. It stresses the importance of test planning, test cases, defect reports, and regression testing with new versions.
Line of Code (LOC) Matric and Function Point MatricAnkush Singh
This document provides an overview of two popular software metrics: lines of code (LOC) and function points. It defines LOC as a measure of the size of a computer program by counting the number of lines in its source code, excluding comments and headers. LOC can be physical (including blank lines and comments) or logical (executable statements only). Function points measure software size by categorizing its functional user requirements into inputs, outputs, inquiries, internal files, and external interfaces, then calculating an unadjusted function point value based on their sum. Both metrics aim to objectively and quantitatively estimate the size and effort of a software project.
A strategy for software testing integrates the design of software test cases into a well-planned series of steps that result in successful development of the software.
What is Quality ||
Software Quality Metrics ||
Types of Software Quality Metrics ||
Three groups of Software Quality Metrics ||
Customer Satisfaction Metrics ||
Tools used for Quality Metrics/Measurements ||
PERT and CPM ||
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and processes. It discusses the importance of testing in the software development lifecycle and defines key terms like errors, bugs, faults, and failures. It also describes different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Finally, it covers quality assurance and quality control processes and how bugs are managed throughout their lifecycle.
The document discusses software quality assurance (SQA) and quality control (QC). It defines SQA as a planned set of activities to evaluate the development process and ensure software meets requirements. QC focuses on reviews, inspections, and tests to find and remove defects before product release. Formal technical reviews (FTRs) are important QC activities that involve evaluation of work products by other engineers to uncover errors early. The goal is to improve quality and catch the majority of defects in a cost-effective manner.
The document discusses software inspections and defect management. It defines key terms like defects, defect classification, and causes of defects. It explains that rework makes up 44% of project costs and discusses how inspections can help reduce defects and rework. Formal inspections involve individual preparation, overview meetings, review planning, inspection meetings, and follow up action to identify and address defects early. Benefits of inspections include increased productivity, reduced defects, and preparation for subsequent phases.
White box testing involves testing internal program structure and code. It includes static testing like code reviews and structural testing like unit testing. Static testing checks code against requirements without executing. Structural testing executes code to test paths and conditions. Code coverage metrics like statement coverage measure what code is executed by tests. Code complexity metrics like cyclomatic complexity quantify complexity to determine necessary test cases. White box testing finds defects from incorrect code but may miss realistic errors and developers can overlook own code issues.
Validation testing involves black box testing to check if the software meets customer expectations by satisfying requirements, achieving behavioral characteristics, attaining performance standards, and ensuring documentation is correct. Configuration review checks if all software elements were properly developed. Alpha testing is done by customers at developer sites in a controlled environment, while beta testing involves end users testing software in uncontrolled environments at customer sites.
The document discusses different software engineering process models including:
1. The waterfall model which is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before moving to the next.
2. Prototyping models which allow requirements to be refined through building prototypes.
3. RAD (Rapid Application Development) which emphasizes short development cycles through reuse and code generation.
4. Incremental models which deliver functionality in increments with early increments focusing on high priority requirements.
5. The spiral model which has multiple iterations of planning, risk analysis, engineering and evaluation phases.
The document discusses various techniques for software testing including whitebox testing, blackbox testing, unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. It provides details on techniques like equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, orthogonal array testing, and graph matrices. The objective of testing is to systematically uncover errors in a minimum amount of time and effort. Testing should begin with unit testing and progress towards integration and system-level testing.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on software reliability modeling. The seminar covers topics such as what software reliability is, software failure mechanisms, measuring software reliability, software reliability models, and statistical testing. It discusses concepts like the difference between hardware and software reliability curves. It also summarizes various software reliability models and challenges in software reliability modeling.
The document discusses requirements modeling and analysis modeling in software engineering. It provides information on:
1) The different types of models that can be created during requirements modeling, including requirements models, design models, scenario-based models, data models, class-based models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models.
2) The purposes of requirements modeling, which include representing customer requirements, gaining a better understanding of the system, and providing information to help with system design and development.
3) Key principles of requirements modeling, such as representing the information, functional, and behavioral domains of the system and partitioning models in a layered/hierarchical way.
4) Specific modeling techniques like scenario-based modeling, data
This document discusses segmentation and paging techniques for memory management. It begins with a brief overview of paging and segmentation. It then explains how segmentation and paging can be combined to achieve efficient memory utilization while allowing for protection and sharing. Under the combined approach, a process's address space is divided into segments, and each segment is divided into pages of fixed size. This allows sharing at both the segment and page level. The document provides examples of address translation under this combined approach.
Concept of Failure, error, fault and defectchaklee191
1. The document discusses key concepts in software engineering including failure, error, fault, and defect.
2. A failure occurs when software fails to perform its required function, an error is a mistake by a programmer, a fault is a condition that causes software to fail, and a defect is a bug or flaw in software.
3. The differences are that a defect is a programming mistake, an error causes a defect, a fault is a condition from an error that causes failure when the software does not function as required.
This document discusses the fundamentals of software quality assurance including ethical bases, quality concepts, quality control, quality assurance, cost of quality, and total quality management principles. It defines key terms like quality, quality control, quality assurance, defines two types of quality (design and conformance), and describes the goals and tasks of quality assurance groups to help software engineering teams achieve high quality products.
Static testing is a software testing method that involves examination of program's code and its associated documentation but does not require the program to be executed.
Static Testing Techniques
Informal Reviews
Formal Reviews
Technical Reviews
Walk Through
Inspection Process
Static Code Review
The document discusses software testing concepts like verification, validation, whitebox testing, and blackbox testing. Verification ensures the product satisfies specifications, while validation ensures it meets customer requirements. Whitebox testing uses internal knowledge to test code, while blackbox testing treats the system as a black box without internal knowledge. The document also covers different types of testing like unit, integration, and functional testing.
The document discusses concepts related to software reliability. It describes how software reliability is modeled using a "bathtub curve" with two phases - an initial high failure rate period and a useful life period with an approximately constant failure rate. The document defines software reliability and discusses factors that influence it like faults in the software and the execution environment. It also outlines various ways of characterizing software failures over time and presents models of failure probability distributions. Finally, it discusses uses of reliability studies and defines software quality in terms of attributes like reliability, correctness and maintainability.
The document discusses software testing terminology, principles, and phases. It defines errors, faults, failures, and their relationships. It also covers software quality metrics and attributes like correctness, reliability, and maintainability. Twelve principles of software testing are outlined around test planning, invalid/unexpected inputs, regression testing, and integrating testing into the development lifecycle. The phases of a software project are described as requirements gathering, planning, design, development, and testing.
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and best practices. It defines key terms like errors, defects, and failures. It describes different testing approaches like black box and white box testing. It also outlines different testing levels from unit to system testing. The document emphasizes that testing aims to find defects, but it's impossible to test all possibilities. It stresses the importance of test planning, test cases, defect reports, and regression testing with new versions.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing such as the testing life cycle, requirement traceability matrix, test planning, different types of testing, challenges in testing, test team approaches, and cost aspects. It emphasizes that testing is an important process to identify defects and improve quality but is often undervalued. A structured approach and clear policies are needed to make testing effective. Tracking metrics like defect trends and test team efficiency can help optimize the testing process.
This document discusses various software testing techniques. It begins by explaining the goals of verification and validation as establishing confidence that software is fit for its intended use. It then covers different testing phases from component to integration testing. The document discusses both static and dynamic verification methods like inspections, walkthroughs, and testing. It details test case development techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. Finally, it covers white-box and structural testing methods that derive test cases from examining a program's internal structure.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing such as test case design strategies, levels of testing, test management, and test automation. It covers black box and white box test design approaches like boundary value analysis, equivalence partitioning, state-based testing and requirements-based testing. It also discusses different levels of testing from unit to system testing and the need for test planning, tracking, and reporting. The last unit covers test automation topics like skills required, challenges, and metrics.
This document provides an overview of a course on Software Quality Assurance. It discusses several key points:
- The course introduces students to Software Quality Assurance principles as practiced in industry.
- Several methods are used for process and product assurance, including audits, inspections, reviews, testing, and assessments.
- Embedded quality assurance activities aim to detect and remove errors early in the development cycle to reduce costs.
- A case study of the Space Shuttle flight software project demonstrates how a rigorous quality assurance process using embedded activities achieved extremely high reliability.
This lecture is about the detail definition of software quality and quality assurance. Provide details about software tesing and its types. Clear the basic concepts of software quality and software testing.
Software testing is an important phase of the software development process that evaluates the functionality and quality of a software application. It involves executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors. Some key points:
- Software testing is needed to identify defects, ensure customer satisfaction, and deliver high quality products with lower maintenance costs.
- It is important for different stakeholders like developers, testers, managers, and end users to work together throughout the testing process.
- There are various types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and different methodologies like manual and automated testing. Proper documentation is also important.
- Testing helps improve the overall quality of software but can never prove that there
This document summarizes a lecture on software testing. It defines software testing and its objectives, including finding bugs, reducing risk, and ensuring requirements are met. Principles of testing discussed include that testing shows bugs but not their absence, exhaustion is impossible, and early testing is important. Factors that can lead to failures like pressures and complexity are reviewed. The document also discusses testing standards, the psychology of testing versus development, and careers in software testing.
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts. It discusses the meaning of software testing, the software testing lifecycle, and principles and techniques of software testing. The principles section explains 7 key principles such as that exhaustive testing is impossible and defects cluster in some modules. The techniques section describes manual testing approaches like walkthroughs and inspections, as well as automated testing types including correctness, performance, reliability, and security testing. The overall purpose is to introduce students to fundamental software testing concepts.
The document provides an overview of software testing, including definitions of key terms, objectives and goals of testing, different testing methodologies and levels, and the typical phases of the software testing lifecycle. It describes error, bug, fault, and failure. It also outlines different types of testing like white box and black box testing and discusses unit, integration, and system testing. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of planning testing to be most effective and cost-efficient.
This document provides an overview of software testing. It discusses the objectives, goals, methodologies and phases of testing. Testing aims to identify correctness, completeness and quality of software. Various types of testing are covered, including white box and black box testing, as well as unit, integration and system testing. Testing levels like alpha, beta and acceptance testing are also summarized. The document concludes that effective testing requires investigation rather than just following procedures, and should focus testing efforts in the most effective areas.
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not. In simple words, testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps, errors, or missing requirements in contrary to the actual requirements.
QA and testing are both important for software quality but have different goals. QA is a preventative, process-oriented activity aimed at preventing bugs, while testing is product-oriented and aimed at finding bugs. Key differences between QA and testing are outlined. The document also defines terms like quality control, verification and validation. It describes various testing types like unit, integration, system and acceptance testing as well as techniques like black-box vs white-box testing and manual vs automated testing. Concepts covered include test plans, cases, scripts, suites, logs, beds and deliverables. The importance of a successful test plan is emphasized.
The document discusses software testing and analysis. It describes the goals of verification and validation as establishing confidence that software is fit for purpose without being completely defect-free. Both verification and validation are whole-life cycle processes involving static and dynamic techniques to discover defects and assess usability. The document outlines different testing and inspection methods like unit testing, integration testing, walkthroughs, and inspections and their roles in the verification and validation process.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
2. UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Testing as an Engineering Activity – Testing as a Process – Testing
Maturity Model- Testing axioms – Basic definitions – Software Testing
Principles – The Tester’s Role in a Software Development Organization –
Origins of Defects – Cost of defects – Defect Classes – The Defect
Repository and Test Design –Defect Examples- Developer/Tester upport
of Developing a Defect Repository
4. SOFTWARE TESTING
• Testing is generally described as a group of procedures carried out to
evaluate some aspect of a piece of software.
• Testing can be described as a process used for revealing defects in
software, and for establishing that the software has attained a
specified degree of quality with respect to selected attributes.
5. Testing as an Engineering Activity
• Software systems are becoming more challenging to build.
• New methods, techniques, and tools are becoming available to support
development and maintenance tasks.
• Poor quality software that can cause loss of life or property is no longer
acceptable to society.
• Highly qualified staff ensures that software products are built on time, within
budget, and are of the highest quality with respect to attributes such as reliability,
correctness, usability, and the ability to meet all user requirements.
6. Using an engineering approach to software
development implies that:
• The development process is well understood
• Projects are planned
• Life cycle models are defined
• Standards are in place for product and process
• Measurements are employed to evaluate product and process quality
• Components are reused
• Validation and verification processes play a key role in quality determination
• Engineers have proper education, training, and certification.
8. Testing as a Process
Process in Engineering Domain
• Process, in the software engineering domain, is the set of methods,
practices, standards, documents, activities, policies, and procedures
that software engineers use to develop and maintain a software
system and its associated artifacts, such as project and test plans,
design documents, code, and manuals.
9. Testing as a Process
The Role of Process in Software Quality
• The need for software products of high quality has pressured those in
the profession to identify and quantify quality factors such as
usability, testability, maintainability, and reliability, and to identify
engineering practices that support the production of quality
products having these favorable attributes.
10. Testing as a Process
• The software development process has been described as a series of
phases, procedures, and steps that result in the production of a
software product.
• Embedded within the software development process are several
other processes including testing.
12. Testing as a Process
Testing is related to two other processes.
• Validation is the process of evaluating a software system or component
during, or at the end of, the development cycle in order to determine
whether it satisfies specified requirements.
• Verification is the process of evaluating a software system or component
to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy
the conditions imposed at the start of that phase.
13. Testing Maturity Model
Testing Maturity Model is a means for developing quality software
The focus of the TMM is on testing as a process in itself that can be evaluated and
improved.
In the testing domain possible benefits of test process improvement are the
following:
• smarter testers
• higher quality software
• the ability to meet budget and scheduling goals
• improved planning
• the ability to meet quantifiable testing goals
14. Testing Maturity Model
• TMM follows a staged architecture for process improvement models.
• It contains stages or levels through which an organization passes as its
testing
• process evolves from one that is ad hoc and unmanaged to one that is
managed, defined, measured, and optimizable.
17. Testing Axioms
An axiom is a sentence or proposition that is not proved or
demonstrated and is considered as obvious or as an initial
necessary consensus for a theory building or acceptation.
18. Testing Axioms
1. It is impossible to test a program completely.
2. Software testing is a risk-based exercise.
3. Testing cannot show the absence of bugs.
4. The more bugs you find, the more bugs there are.
5. Not all bugs found will be fixed.
19. Testing Axioms
6. It is difficult to say when a bug is indeed a bug.
7. Specifications are never final.
8. Software testers are not the most popular members of a project.
9. Software testing is a disciplined and technical profession.
20. Basic Definitions
Error
• An error is a mistake, misconception, or misunderstanding on the part of
a software developer.
• For example, a developer may misunderstand a design notation, or a
programmer might type a variable name incorrectly.
21. Basic Definitions
Faults (Defects)
• A fault (defect) is introduced into the software as the result of an error.
• It is an anomaly in the software that may cause it to behave incorrectly,
and not according to its specification.
• Faults or defects are sometimes called ―bugs.
22. Basic Definitions
Failures
A failure is the inability of a software system or component
to perform its required functions within specified
performance requirements
23. Basic Definitions
Test Cases
A test case in a practical sense is a test-related item which contains the following
information:
1. A set of test inputs.
2. Execution conditions.
3. Expected outputs.
24. Basic Definitions
Test
A test is a group of related test cases, or a group of related test cases and test
procedures.
• A group of related tests – Test Set
• A group of related tests that are associated with a DB and are usually run
together - Test Suite
25. Basic Definitions
Test Oracle
A test oracle is a document, or piece of software that allows testers to
determine whether a test has been passed or failed.
Test Bed
A test bed is an environment that contains all the hardware and software
needed to test a software component or a software system.
Eg‘s Simulators, emulators, Memory Checkers, software tools.
26. Software Testing Principles
Principle 1
Testing is the process of exercising a software component using a selected set of test
cases, with the intent of
(i) revealing defects, and
(ii) evaluating quality.
27. Software Testing Principles
Principle 2
When the test objective is to detect defects, then a good test case is one that has a high
probability of revealing a yet undetected defect(s).
Principle 3
Test results should be inspected meticulously.
28. Software Testing Principles
Principle 4
A test case must contain the expected output or result.
Principle 5
Test cases should be developed for both valid and invalid input conditions.
Principle 6
The probability of the existence of additional defects in a software component is
proportional to the number of defects already detected in that component.
29. Software Testing Principles
Principle 7
Testing should be carried out by a group that is independent of the
development group.
Principle 8
Tests must be repeatable and reusable.
Principle 9
Testing should be planned.
30. Software Testing Principles
Principle 10
Testing activities should be integrated into the software life cycle.
Principle 11
Testing is a creative and challenging task
31. Difficulties And Challenges For The
Tester
• A tester needs to have comprehensive knowledge of the software
engineering discipline.
• A tester needs to have knowledge from both experience and education as
to how software is specified, designed, and developed.
• A tester needs to be able to manage many details.
32. Difficulties And Challenges For The
Tester
• A tester needs to have knowledge of fault types and where faults of a
certain type might occur in code constructs.
• A tester needs to reason like a scientist and propose hypotheses that
relate to presence of specific types of defects.
• A tester needs to have a good grasp of the problem domain of the
software that he/she is testing. Familiarly with a domain may come from
educational, training, and work-related experiences.
33. The Tester’s Role In A Software
Development Organization
•The tester’s job is to
•Reveal defects,
•Find weak points,
•Inconsistent behaviour,
34. The Tester’s Role In A Software
Development Organization
• The tester’s job is to identify:
• Circumstances where the software does not work as expected.
• It is difficult for developers to effectively test their own code. A tester needs very
good programming experience in order to understand how code is constructed, and
to know where and what types of, defects could occur.
• A tester should work with the developers to produce high-quality software that
meets the customers’ requirements.
35. ORIGINS OF DEFECTS
• Defects have detrimental affects on software users, and software engineers work very
hard to produce high-quality software with a low number of defects.
1. Education
2. Communication
3. Oversight
4. Transcription
5. Process
37. FAULT MODEL
• A fault (defect) model can be described as a link between the error made (e.g., a
missing requirement, a misunderstood design element, a typographical error), and the
fault/defect in the software.
• In the past, fault models and fault lists have often been used by developers/ testers in
an informal manner, since many organizations did not save or catalog defect-related
information in an easily accessible form.
• To increase the effectiveness of their testing and debugging processes, software
organizations need to initiate the creation of a defect database, or defect repository.
38. COST OF DEFECTS
• The cost of defects can be measured by the impact of the defects and when we find
them.
• Earlier the defect is found lesser is the cost of defect.
• For example if error is found in the requirement specifications during requirements
gathering and analysis, then it is somewhat cheap to fix it.
• The correction to the requirement specification can be done and then it can be re-
issued.
39. DEFECT CLASSES
• Defects can be classified in many ways.
• The four classes of defects are as follows,
• Requirements and specifications defects,
• Design defects,
• Code defects,
• Testing defects
40. 1. Requirements and Specifications Defects
• Defects injected in early phases can be very difficult to remove in
later phases.
• Since many requirements documents are written using a natural
language representation, they may become
• Ambiguous,
• Contradictory,
• Unclear,
• Redundant,
• Imprecise.
42. 2. Design Defects
•Design defects occur when the following are
incorrectly designed,
• System components,
• Interactions between system components,
• Interactions between the components and outside
software/hardware, or users
44. 3. Coding Defects
• Coding defects are derived from errors in implementing the code.
• Coding defects classes are similar to design defect classes.
• Some coding defects come from a failure to understand
programming language constructs, and miscommunication with
the designers.
47. 4. Testing Defects
• Test plans, test cases, test harnesses, and test procedures can also
contain defects. These defects are called testing defects.
• Defects in test plans are best detected using review techniques.
• 4.1 Test Harness Defects
4.2 Test Case Design and Test Procedure Defects
49. DEFECT REPOSITORY
• The defect repository concept supports storage and retrieval of defect data
from all projects in a centrally accessible location.
• Defect classification scheme is a necessary first step for developing the
repository.
• Defects found both during reviews and execution-based testing should be
cataloged.
• Supplementary information can be added to the defect repository, Staff
members can use this data for test planning, test design, and fault/defect
diagnosis
50. Developer/Tester Support for Developing a
Defect Repository
• Software engineers and test specialists should follow the examples of
engineers in other disciplines who make use of defect data.
• A requirement for repository development should be a part of testing and/or
debugging policy statements.
• Forms and templates should be designed to collect the data. Each defect and
frequency of occurrence must be recorded after testing.
• Defect monitoring should be done for each on-going project. The distribution
of defects will change when changes are made to the process.
52. Developer/Tester Support for Developing a
Defect Repository
• The defect data is useful for test planning.
• It is a TMM level 2 maturity goal.
• It helps a tester to select applicable testing techniques, design the test cases,
and allocate the amount of resources needed to detect and remove defects.
• This allows tester to estimate testing schedules and costs.
53. Developer/Tester Support for Developing a
Defect Repository
• The defect data can support debugging activities also.
• A defect repository can help in implementing several TMM maturity goals
including
• Controlling and monitoring of test,
• Software quality evaluation and control,
• Test measurement,
• Test process improvement.
54. Defect Examples: Coin Problem
• This program calculates the total rupees value for a set of coins. The
user inputs the amount of 25p, 50p and 1rs coins. There are size
different denominations of coins. The program outputs the total
rupees and paise value of the coins to the user
• Input : number_of_coins is an integer
• Output : number_of_rupees is an integer
• number_of_paise is an integer
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