The document discusses requirements modeling and analysis modeling in software engineering. It provides information on:
1) The different types of models that can be created during requirements modeling, including requirements models, design models, scenario-based models, data models, class-based models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models.
2) The purposes of requirements modeling, which include representing customer requirements, gaining a better understanding of the system, and providing information to help with system design and development.
3) Key principles of requirements modeling, such as representing the information, functional, and behavioral domains of the system and partitioning models in a layered/hierarchical way.
4) Specific modeling techniques like scenario-based modeling, data
This document discusses different approaches to requirements modeling including scenario-based modeling using use cases and activity diagrams, data modeling using entity-relationship diagrams, and class-based modeling using class-responsibility-collaborator diagrams. Requirements modeling depicts requirements using text and diagrams to help validate requirements from different perspectives and uncover errors, inconsistencies, and omissions. The models focus on what the system needs to do at a high level rather than implementation details.
The document discusses a case study for the design of a next generation point-of-sale (POS) system. A POS system is used in retail stores to record sales and handle payments. The next gen POS system will need to support multiple client terminals and interfaces. It will also need a mechanism to provide flexibility for clients to customize business logic and rules. The development will follow an iterative process of requirements analysis, object-oriented analysis, design, and implementation. It will focus on the user interface, application logic and domain objects, and technical services layers.
Flow-oriented modeling represents how data objects are transformed as they move through a system. A data flow diagram (DFD) is the diagrammatic form used to depict this approach. DFDs show the flow of data through processes and external entities of a system using symbols like circles and arrows. They provide a unique view of how a system works by modeling the input, output, storage and processing of data from level to level.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
The document discusses context models and their use in system modeling. Context models illustrate the operational context of a system by showing what lies outside its boundaries, including other systems in the environment. They help define a system's boundaries and show how IT applications fit into the context of people and organizations. Two examples are provided: (1) a Mental Health Care Patient Management System (MHC-PMS) and its connections to other clinical systems; (2) an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and its links to banking systems. Context models on their own do not show relationships between external systems, so additional models are needed.
The document discusses various aspects of object-oriented systems development including the software development life cycle, use case driven analysis and design, prototyping, and component-based development. The key points are:
1) Object-oriented analysis involves identifying user requirements through use cases and actor analysis to determine system classes and their relationships. Use case driven analysis is iterative.
2) Object-oriented design further develops the classes identified in analysis and defines additional classes, attributes, methods, and relationships to support implementation. Design is also iterative.
3) Prototyping key system components early allows understanding how features will be implemented and getting user feedback to refine requirements.
4) Component-based development exploits prefabric
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
This document discusses OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) operations. It defines OLAP as a technology that allows managers and analysts to gain insight from data through fast and interactive access. The document outlines four types of OLAP servers and describes key multidimensional OLAP concepts. It then explains five common OLAP operations: roll-up, drill-down, slice, dice, and pivot.
This document discusses different approaches to requirements modeling including scenario-based modeling using use cases and activity diagrams, data modeling using entity-relationship diagrams, and class-based modeling using class-responsibility-collaborator diagrams. Requirements modeling depicts requirements using text and diagrams to help validate requirements from different perspectives and uncover errors, inconsistencies, and omissions. The models focus on what the system needs to do at a high level rather than implementation details.
The document discusses a case study for the design of a next generation point-of-sale (POS) system. A POS system is used in retail stores to record sales and handle payments. The next gen POS system will need to support multiple client terminals and interfaces. It will also need a mechanism to provide flexibility for clients to customize business logic and rules. The development will follow an iterative process of requirements analysis, object-oriented analysis, design, and implementation. It will focus on the user interface, application logic and domain objects, and technical services layers.
Flow-oriented modeling represents how data objects are transformed as they move through a system. A data flow diagram (DFD) is the diagrammatic form used to depict this approach. DFDs show the flow of data through processes and external entities of a system using symbols like circles and arrows. They provide a unique view of how a system works by modeling the input, output, storage and processing of data from level to level.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
The document discusses context models and their use in system modeling. Context models illustrate the operational context of a system by showing what lies outside its boundaries, including other systems in the environment. They help define a system's boundaries and show how IT applications fit into the context of people and organizations. Two examples are provided: (1) a Mental Health Care Patient Management System (MHC-PMS) and its connections to other clinical systems; (2) an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and its links to banking systems. Context models on their own do not show relationships between external systems, so additional models are needed.
The document discusses various aspects of object-oriented systems development including the software development life cycle, use case driven analysis and design, prototyping, and component-based development. The key points are:
1) Object-oriented analysis involves identifying user requirements through use cases and actor analysis to determine system classes and their relationships. Use case driven analysis is iterative.
2) Object-oriented design further develops the classes identified in analysis and defines additional classes, attributes, methods, and relationships to support implementation. Design is also iterative.
3) Prototyping key system components early allows understanding how features will be implemented and getting user feedback to refine requirements.
4) Component-based development exploits prefabric
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
This document discusses OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) operations. It defines OLAP as a technology that allows managers and analysts to gain insight from data through fast and interactive access. The document outlines four types of OLAP servers and describes key multidimensional OLAP concepts. It then explains five common OLAP operations: roll-up, drill-down, slice, dice, and pivot.
The document discusses the process of requirements engineering. It begins by defining requirements engineering as the process of defining, documenting, and maintaining requirements. It then outlines the key tasks in requirements engineering: inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. For each task, it provides details on the goals and steps involved. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of requirements engineering and the various activities that comprise the process.
Object Oriented Methodologies discusses several object-oriented analysis and design methodologies including Rambaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), Booch methodology, and Jacobson's Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). OMT separates modeling into object, dynamic, and functional models represented by diagrams. Booch methodology uses class, object, state transition, module, process, and interaction diagrams. OOSE includes use case, domain object, analysis object, implementation, and test models.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
Artificial Intelligence: The Nine Phases of the Expert System Development Lif...The Integral Worm
This presentation is an introduction to Artificial Intelligence: The Nine Phases of the Expert System Development Lifecycle (ESDLC). Topics covered are the following: problem identification phase, feasibility study phase, project planning phase, knowledge acquisition phase, knowledge representation phase, knowledge implementation phase, verification and validation, installation/transition/ training, operation/evaluation/maintenance.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
The document discusses different approaches for identifying classes during object analysis, including the noun phrase approach, common class patterns approach, use case driven approach, and Classes, Responsibilities, and Collaborators (CRC) approach. It provides guidelines for selecting classes, naming classes, identifying attributes versus classes, and an example of applying the noun phrase approach to identify initial classes for a bank ATM system.
The document discusses class identification for a system. It identifies potential classes like homeowner, sensor, control panel, system, and sensor event by examining nouns in use cases. It then evaluates the potential classes against characteristics like retained information, needed services, and common attributes to determine which should be defined as classes in a requirements model. The security system, sensor, control panel, and sensor event classes are selected as they meet the evaluated characteristics.
Static modeling represents the static elements of software such as classes, objects, and interfaces and their relationships. It includes class diagrams and object diagrams. Class diagrams show classes, attributes, and relationships between classes. Object diagrams show instances of classes and their properties. Dynamic modeling represents the behavior and interactions of static elements through interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and communication diagrams, as well as activity diagrams.
Interaction modeling describes how objects in a system interact and communicate through message passing. It uses several UML diagrams including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. A use case diagram shows relationships between actors and use cases, while a sequence diagram depicts the temporal order of messages exchanged between objects to complete a scenario. An activity diagram models system workflows and dependencies between activities. A collaboration diagram displays message flows between objects to achieve a particular task.
Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...Drusilla918
Full clear download( no error formatting) at: https://goo.gl/XmRyGP
software engineering a practitioner's approach 8th edition pdf free download
software engineering a practitioner's approach 8th edition ppt
software engineering a practitioner's approach 6th edition pdf
software engineering pressman 9th edition pdf
software engineering a practitioner's approach 9th edition
software engineering a practitioner's approach 9th edition pdf
software engineering a practitioner's approach 7th edition solution manual pdf
roger s. pressman
Unit 4- Software Engineering System Model Notes arvind pandey
This document discusses system modeling techniques used in software engineering. It covers context models, behavioral models, data models, object models, and CASE workbenches. Different types of models present the system from external, behavioral, and structural perspectives. Common model types include data processing, composition, architectural, and classification models. The document provides examples of context models, state machine models, data flow diagrams, and object models. It also discusses semantic data models, object behavior modeling with sequence diagrams, and components of analysis and design workbenches.
The document discusses requirements analysis and analysis modeling principles for software engineering. It covers key topics such as:
1. Requirements analysis specifies a software's operational characteristics and interface with other systems to establish constraints. Analysis modeling focuses on what the software needs to do, not how it will be implemented.
2. Analysis modeling principles include representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning complex problems, and moving from essential information to implementation details.
3. Common analysis techniques involve use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, and data modeling to define attributes, relationships, cardinality and modality between data objects.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
The document discusses UML diagrams including state diagrams and activity diagrams. For state diagrams, it describes how they model the dynamic aspects and states of an object over time through states, transitions, and events. The key elements of a state diagram like states, transitions, and events are defined. It also provides an example state diagram. For activity diagrams, it describes how they model the flow of activities in a system through activity nodes and edges. The basic components of an activity diagram like activities, forks, joins, and decisions are outlined. It concludes with the main uses of activity diagrams to model workflows and business requirements.
This document provides an overview of predicate logic and various techniques for representing knowledge and drawing inferences using predicate logic, including:
- Representing facts as logical statements using predicates, variables, and quantifiers.
- Distinguishing between propositional logic and predicate logic and their abilities to represent objects and relationships.
- Techniques like resolution and Skolem functions that allow inferring new statements from existing ones in a logical and systematic way.
- How computable functions and predicates allow representing relationships that have infinitely many instances, like greater-than, in a computable way.
The document discusses these topics at a high-level and provides examples to illustrate key concepts in predicate logic and automated reasoning.
The document discusses the prototype model in software development. It defines a prototype model as building a working prototype of the system before full development to allow users to evaluate proposals. The key steps are requirements analysis, quick design, building the prototype, getting customer evaluation and feedback, and refining the prototype iteratively until the user is satisfied. Prototype models have advantages like early assessment, clarifying requirements, and ensuring user requirements are met. However, they can also be time-consuming and expensive if multiple prototypes are needed before finding the perfect fit.
Architectural styles and patterns provide abstract frameworks for structuring systems and solving common problems. [1] An architectural style defines rules for how components interact and is characterized by aspects like communication, deployment, structure, and domain. [2] Examples include service-oriented architecture, client/server, and layered architecture. [3] Similarly, architectural patterns are reusable solutions to recurring design problems documented with elements, relationships, constraints, and interaction mechanisms.
The document discusses compilers and their role in translating high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. It notes that compilers perform several key functions: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, generation of an intermediate representation, optimization of the intermediate code, and finally generation of assembly or machine code. The compiler allows programmers to write code in a high-level language that is easier for humans while still producing efficient low-level code that computers can execute.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
This document summarizes key aspects of data integration and transformation in data mining. It discusses data integration as combining data from multiple sources to provide a unified view. Key issues in data integration include schema integration, redundancy, and resolving data conflicts. Data transformation prepares the data for mining and can include smoothing, aggregation, generalization, normalization, and attribute construction. Specific normalization techniques are also outlined.
The document discusses the key steps in requirement engineering including requirement elicitation, analysis, specification, system modeling, validation, and management. It provides details on each step, such as guidelines for elicitation including assessing feasibility and identifying stakeholders. Requirement analysis involves organizing, examining for consistency, and ranking requirements. Specification describes requirements in documents or models. Validation ensures requirements are unambiguous and consistent. Management involves tracking requirements and changes through traceability tables.
The document discusses the unified process and use case diagrams in software development. It introduces the unified process which is an iterative and evolutionary software development methodology consisting of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases. The document also covers use cases, actors, use case diagrams, and how use cases influence analysis, design, implementation, project management, and testing in object-oriented software development.
The document discusses the process of requirements engineering. It begins by defining requirements engineering as the process of defining, documenting, and maintaining requirements. It then outlines the key tasks in requirements engineering: inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. For each task, it provides details on the goals and steps involved. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of requirements engineering and the various activities that comprise the process.
Object Oriented Methodologies discusses several object-oriented analysis and design methodologies including Rambaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), Booch methodology, and Jacobson's Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). OMT separates modeling into object, dynamic, and functional models represented by diagrams. Booch methodology uses class, object, state transition, module, process, and interaction diagrams. OOSE includes use case, domain object, analysis object, implementation, and test models.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
Artificial Intelligence: The Nine Phases of the Expert System Development Lif...The Integral Worm
This presentation is an introduction to Artificial Intelligence: The Nine Phases of the Expert System Development Lifecycle (ESDLC). Topics covered are the following: problem identification phase, feasibility study phase, project planning phase, knowledge acquisition phase, knowledge representation phase, knowledge implementation phase, verification and validation, installation/transition/ training, operation/evaluation/maintenance.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
The document discusses different approaches for identifying classes during object analysis, including the noun phrase approach, common class patterns approach, use case driven approach, and Classes, Responsibilities, and Collaborators (CRC) approach. It provides guidelines for selecting classes, naming classes, identifying attributes versus classes, and an example of applying the noun phrase approach to identify initial classes for a bank ATM system.
The document discusses class identification for a system. It identifies potential classes like homeowner, sensor, control panel, system, and sensor event by examining nouns in use cases. It then evaluates the potential classes against characteristics like retained information, needed services, and common attributes to determine which should be defined as classes in a requirements model. The security system, sensor, control panel, and sensor event classes are selected as they meet the evaluated characteristics.
Static modeling represents the static elements of software such as classes, objects, and interfaces and their relationships. It includes class diagrams and object diagrams. Class diagrams show classes, attributes, and relationships between classes. Object diagrams show instances of classes and their properties. Dynamic modeling represents the behavior and interactions of static elements through interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and communication diagrams, as well as activity diagrams.
Interaction modeling describes how objects in a system interact and communicate through message passing. It uses several UML diagrams including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. A use case diagram shows relationships between actors and use cases, while a sequence diagram depicts the temporal order of messages exchanged between objects to complete a scenario. An activity diagram models system workflows and dependencies between activities. A collaboration diagram displays message flows between objects to achieve a particular task.
Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...Drusilla918
Full clear download( no error formatting) at: https://goo.gl/XmRyGP
software engineering a practitioner's approach 8th edition pdf free download
software engineering a practitioner's approach 8th edition ppt
software engineering a practitioner's approach 6th edition pdf
software engineering pressman 9th edition pdf
software engineering a practitioner's approach 9th edition
software engineering a practitioner's approach 9th edition pdf
software engineering a practitioner's approach 7th edition solution manual pdf
roger s. pressman
Unit 4- Software Engineering System Model Notes arvind pandey
This document discusses system modeling techniques used in software engineering. It covers context models, behavioral models, data models, object models, and CASE workbenches. Different types of models present the system from external, behavioral, and structural perspectives. Common model types include data processing, composition, architectural, and classification models. The document provides examples of context models, state machine models, data flow diagrams, and object models. It also discusses semantic data models, object behavior modeling with sequence diagrams, and components of analysis and design workbenches.
The document discusses requirements analysis and analysis modeling principles for software engineering. It covers key topics such as:
1. Requirements analysis specifies a software's operational characteristics and interface with other systems to establish constraints. Analysis modeling focuses on what the software needs to do, not how it will be implemented.
2. Analysis modeling principles include representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning complex problems, and moving from essential information to implementation details.
3. Common analysis techniques involve use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, and data modeling to define attributes, relationships, cardinality and modality between data objects.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
The document discusses UML diagrams including state diagrams and activity diagrams. For state diagrams, it describes how they model the dynamic aspects and states of an object over time through states, transitions, and events. The key elements of a state diagram like states, transitions, and events are defined. It also provides an example state diagram. For activity diagrams, it describes how they model the flow of activities in a system through activity nodes and edges. The basic components of an activity diagram like activities, forks, joins, and decisions are outlined. It concludes with the main uses of activity diagrams to model workflows and business requirements.
This document provides an overview of predicate logic and various techniques for representing knowledge and drawing inferences using predicate logic, including:
- Representing facts as logical statements using predicates, variables, and quantifiers.
- Distinguishing between propositional logic and predicate logic and their abilities to represent objects and relationships.
- Techniques like resolution and Skolem functions that allow inferring new statements from existing ones in a logical and systematic way.
- How computable functions and predicates allow representing relationships that have infinitely many instances, like greater-than, in a computable way.
The document discusses these topics at a high-level and provides examples to illustrate key concepts in predicate logic and automated reasoning.
The document discusses the prototype model in software development. It defines a prototype model as building a working prototype of the system before full development to allow users to evaluate proposals. The key steps are requirements analysis, quick design, building the prototype, getting customer evaluation and feedback, and refining the prototype iteratively until the user is satisfied. Prototype models have advantages like early assessment, clarifying requirements, and ensuring user requirements are met. However, they can also be time-consuming and expensive if multiple prototypes are needed before finding the perfect fit.
Architectural styles and patterns provide abstract frameworks for structuring systems and solving common problems. [1] An architectural style defines rules for how components interact and is characterized by aspects like communication, deployment, structure, and domain. [2] Examples include service-oriented architecture, client/server, and layered architecture. [3] Similarly, architectural patterns are reusable solutions to recurring design problems documented with elements, relationships, constraints, and interaction mechanisms.
The document discusses compilers and their role in translating high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. It notes that compilers perform several key functions: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, generation of an intermediate representation, optimization of the intermediate code, and finally generation of assembly or machine code. The compiler allows programmers to write code in a high-level language that is easier for humans while still producing efficient low-level code that computers can execute.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
This document summarizes key aspects of data integration and transformation in data mining. It discusses data integration as combining data from multiple sources to provide a unified view. Key issues in data integration include schema integration, redundancy, and resolving data conflicts. Data transformation prepares the data for mining and can include smoothing, aggregation, generalization, normalization, and attribute construction. Specific normalization techniques are also outlined.
The document discusses the key steps in requirement engineering including requirement elicitation, analysis, specification, system modeling, validation, and management. It provides details on each step, such as guidelines for elicitation including assessing feasibility and identifying stakeholders. Requirement analysis involves organizing, examining for consistency, and ranking requirements. Specification describes requirements in documents or models. Validation ensures requirements are unambiguous and consistent. Management involves tracking requirements and changes through traceability tables.
The document discusses the unified process and use case diagrams in software development. It introduces the unified process which is an iterative and evolutionary software development methodology consisting of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases. The document also covers use cases, actors, use case diagrams, and how use cases influence analysis, design, implementation, project management, and testing in object-oriented software development.
The document provides an overview of the Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM). It describes SSADM as a comprehensive, structured approach to systems development that is considered the true successor to traditional system development lifecycles. The key techniques of SSADM are described as logical data modeling, data flow modeling, and entity event modeling. The stages of the SSADM methodology are then outlined, including feasibility study, investigation of the current environment, business system options, requirements specification, technical system options, logical design, and physical design.
Requirement engineering is the key phase in software development that determines what to build and outlines the quality of the final product. It involves discovering, modeling, documenting, and managing requirements through elicitation, analysis, specification, validation, and management processes. The goal is to develop a system requirements specification document that describes required system functionalities at varying levels of detail, from abstract statements to precise mathematical specifications.
Requirements engineering involves analyzing user needs and constraints to define the services and limitations of a software system. It has several key steps:
1. Requirements analysis identifies stakeholders and understands requirements through client interviews to define both functional requirements about system services and non-functional constraints.
2. Requirements are documented in a requirements specification that defines what the system should do without describing how.
3. The document is validated through reviews and prototyping to ensure requirements accurately capture user needs before development begins.
Use case diagrams depict the functionality of a system from a user perspective by showing actors, use cases, and relationships between them. Actors represent roles that interact with the system, while use cases represent system functions. Relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. Each use case contains details like preconditions, postconditions, normal and alternative flows, and exceptions. Use cases are identified through actor-based and event-based methods by determining actor tasks and system responses to external events.
Requirement analysis and UML modelling in Software engineeringsnehalkulkarni74
Receptionist
Patient: Patient
Doctor: Doctor
- The vertical solid line represents the life of an
object.
- It runs from top to bottom.
Messages:-
- The arrow represents the message passing
between objects.
- The arrow head points to the receiver.
- The message name is written near arrow.
- Synchronous and asynchronous message
Receptionist
Patient
Doctor
makeAppointment()
checkAvailability()
scheduleAppointment()
confirmAppointment()
treatPatient()
billPatient()
- Sequence diagram shows the time sequence of
messages between objects.
- It emphasizes on
Use case modeling is a technique for capturing requirements by describing how system actors interact with the system. Key aspects of use case modeling include: identifying actors and use cases; creating a use case diagram; describing use cases and their flows; and identifying relationships between use cases using include, extend, and generalization. Use case modeling helps elicit requirements, communicate with stakeholders, and generate test cases. The analysis process involves developing problem statements, identifying actors and use cases, creating an initial diagram, describing use cases, and refining the model through elaboration and prioritization.
The document discusses requirement analysis and software design. It defines requirement analysis as determining user expectations for a new product. Several techniques for gathering requirements are described, including interviews, questionnaires, observation, and document analysis. The document then discusses software design, including architectural models like 3-tier architecture. It also covers domain modeling, database design, coding practices, and testing approaches like unit testing and acceptance testing. Documentation for requirements, design, and testing is recommended.
Requirement analysis and specification, software engineeringRupesh Vaishnav
The document discusses the key tasks in requirements engineering including inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation and management. It describes each task such as inception involves establishing a basic understanding of the problem and potential solutions through questioning stakeholders. Elicitation involves drawing requirements from stakeholders through techniques like meetings. Specification can take the form of documents, models, scenarios or prototypes. The requirements specification is an important output and should have certain characteristics like being unambiguous and traceable.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) process. It describes the key phases of SDLC including planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. It provides details on various techniques used during analysis such as interviews, questionnaires, documentation review, and observation. It also discusses modeling approaches for system design like data flow diagrams, entity-relationship diagrams, and decision trees/tables. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the SDLC methodology for developing and maintaining information systems.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented software design using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses key concepts in object-oriented design like classes, methods, inheritance, and relationships. It also describes UML diagrams for modeling different aspects of a system, including use case diagrams for capturing user requirements, class diagrams for modeling the structural design, and how UML was developed through the merging of earlier object-oriented modeling notations. The document aims to introduce software engineering principles and object-oriented modeling techniques using UML.
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).pptxsandhyakiran10
The document describes the system development life cycle (SDLC) process. It involves several key phases: problem definition, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, system development, implementation, and maintenance. In the system analysis phase, requirements are gathered through interviews, documentation review, and other techniques. System design then specifies how the system will meet requirements through elements like the user interface, data design, and process design. The system is built during development, tested, and then implemented, which may involve training, file conversion, and evaluation. Maintenance keeps the system meeting needs with ongoing support. Accountants can be involved throughout by specifying needs, testing, and using the new system.
System Analysis and Design Project documentationMAHERMOHAMED27
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The document discusses software engineering concepts related to eliciting requirements and developing use cases. It defines eliciting requirements as collecting requirements through collaborative meetings between developers and customers. Key steps in eliciting requirements include quality function deployment to translate customer needs to technical requirements. Usage scenarios help understand how end users will utilize features. Developing use cases describes them as sequences of user-system interactions to achieve a goal from the user's perspective. Actors represent roles that interact with the system, and user stories provide abbreviated use case descriptions in a problem/solution format.
The document discusses the systems development life cycle approach to developing information systems. It involves defining the problem, designing alternative solutions, selecting and implementing a solution, and monitoring/evaluating results. Key aspects include conducting a feasibility study in systems investigation, performing requirements analysis and logical/physical design in systems analysis/design, implementing the design, and maintaining the system based on evaluation. The goal is to take a systematic, interdependent approach to conceptualizing and solving business problems through information system solutions.
The document discusses use case modeling and UML diagrams. It provides an overview of commonly used UML diagrams such as use case diagrams, activity diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It then describes use cases, use case diagrams, and relationships between use cases including include, extend, and generalize relationships.
The document discusses systems analysis and design. It states that system analysis describes what a system should do to meet user needs, while system design specifies how the system will accomplish this through design activities that produce specifications satisfying requirements developed in analysis. The document then provides details on various aspects of systems analysis, design, feasibility, lifecycles and more.
This document provides an overview of requirements documentation and modeling techniques. It discusses guidelines for writing requirements, such as using standard templates and natural language. Requirements documents establish what a system should do and provide validation. The document also discusses use case modeling and defines actors, flows of events, and extensions. It provides an example case study of an ATM banking system and describes associated use cases. Finally, it discusses principles of modeling like abstraction and partitioning, as well as modeling techniques like object-oriented and functional modeling.
This document provides an overview of use case modeling. It defines what use cases are, how they are created, and the elements that comprise them. Use cases describe the functional requirements of a system from the perspective of an actor. They are developed through user interviews and documentation analysis to understand how users interact with the system. Use cases are then written as text descriptions and organized visually in a use case diagram to show relationships between use cases and actors.
Similar to Analysis modeling & scenario based modeling (20)
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
2. Modeling
• We create models to gain a better understanding of the
actual entity to be built. When the entity is a physical
thing (e.g., a building, a plane, a machine), we can build a
model that is identical in form and shape but smaller in
scale.
• In software engineering work, two classes of models can
be created: requirements models and design models.
Requirements models (also called analysis models)
• Represent customer requirements by depicting the
software in three different domains: the information
domain, the functional domain, and the behavioral
domain.
Design models represent characteristics of the software
that help practitioners to construct it effectively: the
architecture, the user interface, and component-level
detail.
3. Requirements Modeling/
Analysis Modeling
• Requirements modeling in software engineering is
essentially the planning stage of a software application or
system.
• Generally the process will begin when a business or an entity,
for example an educational institution, approaches a
software development team to create an application or
system from scratch or update an existing one.
• Requirements modeling comprises several stages or
'patterns': scenario-based modeling, data modeling, flow-
oriented modeling, class-based modeling and behavioral
modeling.
• Each of these stages/patterns examines the same problem
from a different perspective.
4. Why Requirements Modeling/
Analysis Modeling?
• Attempt to produce the simplest model that will
describe the problem or the software.
• Build models in a way that makes them amenable to
change.
• Be able to state an explicit purpose for each model
that is created: Every time you create a model, ask
yourself why you’re doing so.
• Adapt the models you develop to the system at
hand.
• Get feedback as soon as you can.
5. Requirements Modeling principles /
Analysis Modeling principles.
• Principle 1. The information domain of a
problem must be represented and
understood.
– The information domain encompasses the data
that flow into the system (from end users, other
systems, or external devices), the data that flow
out of the system (via the user interface, network
interfaces, reports, graphics, and other means),
and the data stores that collect and organize
persistent data objects (i.e., data that are
maintained permanently).
6. Requirements Modeling principles /
Analysis Modeling principles.
• Principle 2. The functions that the software
performs must be defined.
– Software functions provide direct benefit to end users
and also provide internal support for those features
that are user visible. Some functions transform data
that flow into the system. In other cases, functions
effect some level of control over internal software
processing or external system elements. Functions can
be described at many different levels of abstraction,
ranging from a general statement of purpose to a
detailed description of the processing elements that
must be invoked.
7. Requirements Modeling principles /
Analysis Modeling principles.
• Principle 3. The behavior of the software (as a
consequence of external events) must be
represented.
– The behavior of computer software is driven by its
interaction with the external environment. Input
provided by end users, control data provided by an
external system, or monitoring data collected over a
network all cause the software to behave in a specific
way.
8. Requirements Modeling principles /
Analysis Modeling principles.
• Principle 4. The models that depict information,
function, and behavior must be partitioned in a
manner that uncovers detail in a layered (or
hierarchical) fashion.
• Principle 5. The analysis task should move from
essential information toward implementation
detail.
9. What is Requirements analysis /
Analysis modeling
• Requirements modeling uses a combination of text and
diagrammatic forms to depict requirements in a way that
is relatively easy to understand, and more important,
straightforward to review for correctness, completeness,
and consistency.
• Who does it?
– A software engineer (sometimes called an “analyst”)
builds the model using requirements elicited from the
customer.
• Why is it important?
– To validate software requirements, you need to
examine them from a number of different points of
view.
10. Analysis modeling
• Analysis modeling
focuses on three
attributes of
software:
– information to be
processed
– function to be
delivered
– behavior to be
exhibited.
It gives the
situation to
discover what the
problem really is
11. Requirements analysis /
Analysis modeling
• Requirements analysis results in the specification of
software’s operational characteristics, indicates
software’s interface with other system elements,
and establishes constraints that software must
meet.
• Requirements analysis allows you (regardless of
whether you’re called a software engineer, an
analyst, or a modeler) to elaborate on basic
requirements established during the inception,
elicitation, and negotiation tasks that are part of
requirements engineering.
12. Requirements analysis /
Analysis modeling
• These models provide a software designer
with information that can be translated to
architectural, interface, and component-level
designs.
• Finally, the requirements model (and the
software requirements specification) provides
the developer and the customer with the
means to assess quality once software is built.
13. Types of Requirements analysis /
Analysis modeling
(It is the first technical representation of systems)
• Scenario-based models of requirements from the point of
view of various system “actors”
• Data models that depict the information domain for the
problem
• Class-based models that represent object-oriented classes
(attributes and operations) and the manner in which classes
collaborate to achieve system requirements
• Flow-oriented models that represent the functional elements
of the system and how they transform data as it moves
through the system3
• Behavioral models that depict how the software behaves as a
consequence of external “events”.
– The most common method for creating these diagrams is UML,
Unified Modeling Language.
15. Scenario-based Modeling
• For the building of analysis and design models, it is
essential for software engineers to understand how end
users and other actors want to interact with the system.
• it identifies the possible use cases for the system and
produces the use case diagram, to which all the other
stages of requirements modeling refer.
• Analysis Modeling with UML begins with the creation of
scenarios in the form :
• Use-cases Text
• Use-cases diagrams
• Activity Diagrams
• Swim lane Diagrams
16. Usecase
• The use case is essentially a primary example of
how the proposed software application or
system is meant to be used, from the user's
point of view. A use case diagram will typically
show system 'actors' (humans or other entities
external to the system) and how they interact
with the system. Technically, each action such a
system actor can perform with the application
or system is considered to be a separate use
case.
• Usecase can be represented in 2 ways as
usecase text and usecase diagram.
17. Use-cases Text
• The first step in defining a use case is to define the name,
using the verb-noun naming convention.
Sample Use Case Brief
• Use Case Name: Place Order
• Actors:
– Shopper
– Fulfillment System
– Billing System
• Use Case Description: After the user has selected items to
purchase and then order the items. The user will provide
payment and shipping information. The system will respond
with confirmation of the order and a tracking number that
the user can use to check on order status in the future. The
system will also provide the user with an estimated delivery
date for the order, which will include all selected items. The
user may already have an account with the company with
billing and shipping information.
18. Detail/Formal Use Case Example
• You can clarify the use case further by refining the use case into a formal use case.
Example Usecase
• Use Case Name: Place Order
• Actors:
• Registered Shopper (Has an existing account, possibly with billing and shipping
information)
• Non-registered Shopper (Does not have an existing account)
• Fulfillment System (processes orders for delivery to customers)
• Billing System (bills customers for orders that have been placed)
• Triggers:
• The user indicates that she wants to purchase items that she has selected.
• Preconditions:
• User has selected the items to be purchased.
• Post-conditions:
• The order will be placed in the system.
• The user will have a tracking ID for the order.
• The user will know the estimated delivery date for the order.
19. Detail/Formal Use Case Example
• Normal Flow:
• The user will indicate that she wants to order the items that have already been
selected.
• The system will present the billing and shipping information that the user previously
stored.
• The user will confirm that the existing billing and shipping information should be used
for this order.
• The system will present the amount that the order will cost, including applicable taxes
and shipping charges.
• The user will confirm that the order information is accurate.
• The system will provide the user with a tracking ID for the order.
• The system will submit the order to the fulfillment system for evaluation.
• The fulfillment system will provide the system with an estimated delivery date.
• The system will present the estimated delivery date to the user.
• The user will indicate that the order should be placed.
• The system will request that the billing system should charge the user for the order.
• The billing system will confirm that the charge has been placed for the order.
• The system will submit the order to the fulfillment system for processing.
• The fulfillment system will confirm that the order is being processed.
• The system will indicate to the user that the user has been charged for the order.
• The system will indicate to the user that the order has been placed.
• The user will exit the system.
20. Use-cases diagrams
• In the Unified Modeling Language (UML), a use case
diagram can summarize the details of your system's
users (also known as actors) and their interactions with
the system.
• Create a professional diagram for any use case using
UML diagram tool.
• To build one, you'll use a set of specialized symbols and
connectors.
• An effective use case diagram can help project team to
discuss and represent(use of use- case Model):
– Representing the goals of system-user interactions
– Defining and organizing functional requirements in a system
– Specifying the context and requirements of a system
– Modeling the basic flow of events in a use case
– The scope of your system
21. Use case diagram components
• Actors: The users that interact with a system. An
actor can be a person, an organization, or an
outside system that interacts with your application
or system. They must be external objects that
produce or consume data.
• System: A specific sequence of actions and
interactions between actors and the system. A
system may also be referred to as a scenario.
• Goals: The end result of most use cases. A
successful diagram should describe the activities
and variants used to reach the goal.
23. Use case diagram symbols and notation
• Use cases: Horizontally shaped ovals that represent the
different uses that a user might have.
• Actors: Stick figures that represent the people actually
employing the use cases.
• Associations: A line between actors and use cases. In
complex diagrams, it is important to know which actors
are associated with which use cases.
• System boundary boxes: A box that sets a system scope
to use cases. All use cases outside the box would be
considered outside the scope of that system. For
example, Psycho Killer is outside the scope of occupations
in the chainsaw example found below.
• Packages: A UML shape that allows you to put different
elements into groups. Just as with component diagrams,
these groupings are represented as file folders.
26. Activity Diagrams
• Activity diagram is another important diagram in
UML to describe the dynamic aspects of the
system.
• Activity diagram is basically a flowchart to
represent the flow from one activity to another
activity. The activity can be described as an
operation of the system.
• The control flow is drawn from one operation to
another. This flow can be sequential, branched,
or concurrent. Activity diagrams deal with all
type of flow control by using different elements
such as fork, join, etc
27. Purpose of Activity Diagrams
Activity diagram is another important behavioural diagram
in UML diagram to describe dynamic aspects of the system.
Activity diagram is essentially an advanced version of flow chart
that modelling the flow from one activity to another activity.
Activity diagram can be used for
o Modeling work flow by using activities.
o Modeling business requirements.
o High level understanding of the system's functionalities.
o Describe the sequence from one activity to another.
28. How to Draw an Activity Diagram?
• Before drawing an activity diagram, we must have a clear
understanding about the elements used in activity
diagram.
• The main element of an activity diagram is the activity
itself. An activity is a function performed by the system.
• After identifying the activities, we need to understand
how they are associated with constraints and conditions.
• Components of Activity Diagram:
– Activities
– Association
– Conditions
– Constraints
29. Example - order management system
• The activity diagram is made to understand the flow of
activities and is mainly used by the business users.
• Following diagram is drawn with the four main activities −
– Send order by the customer
– Receipt of the order
– Confirm the order
– Dispatch the order
• After receiving the order request, condition checks are
performed to check if it is normal or special order. After
the type of order is identified, dispatch activity is
performed and that is marked as the termination of the
process.
31. Activity diagram can be used for
• Activity diagram can be used for −
–Modeling work flow by using activities.
–Modeling business requirements.
–High level understanding of the system's
functionalities.
–Investigating business requirements at a
later stage.
32. Swimlane Diagram
• A swimlane diagram is a type of flowchart that delineates who
does what in a process.
• Activity diagrams tell you what happens, but they do not tell you
who does what.
• Like a flowchart, it diagrams a process from start to finish, but it
also divides these steps into categories(lanes) to help distinguish
which departments or employees are responsible for each set of
actions.
• It shows connections, communication and handoffs between
these lanes, and it can serve to highlight waste, redundancy and
inefficiency in a process.
33. Why Swimlane Diagrams Are Useful
• During any process improvement initiative, swimlanes help identify not just the
bottlenecks in a process, but also which department is responsible for them.
• Helping to clarify responsibilities and help departments work together in a world
where departments often don't understand what the other departments do.
• You may find costly redundancies and duplications or gaps and communication
problems.
How to Create a Swim Lane Flowchart
• Identify the lanes. Decide what divisions you need represented by swimlanes
and label them.
• Start your chart. Define the starting point of the process. Add a rounded
rectangle to the top of the appropriate swim lane to indicate its starting point
and label it.
• Add steps. Next add more steps to your chart. Each step should be connected
to the one before it with a line. To draw steps in the same swimlane, draw
from top to bottom. To add a step in another division go from left to right.
With each step, describe what it represents until you reach the end of the
process. The arrows between the steps indicate the transfer of information or
flow.