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Network
Transmission
Impairments
Transmission Impairments
โ€ข Signal received may differ from signal
  transmitted
โ€ข Analog - degradation of signal quality
โ€ข Digital - bit errors
โ€ข Caused by
  โ€“ Attenuation and attenuation distortion
  โ€“ Delay distortion
  โ€“ Noise
Attenuation
โ€ข Signal strength falls off with distance
โ€ข Depends on medium
โ€ข Received signal strength:
  โ€“ must be enough to be detected
  โ€“ must be sufficiently higher than noise to be
    received without error
โ€ข Attenuation is an increasing function of
  frequency
Delay Distortion
โ€ข Only in guided media
โ€ข Propagation velocity varies with frequency
NOISE
โ€ข Additional signals inserted between
  transmitter and receiver
โ€ข Thermal
  โ€“ Due to thermal agitation of electrons
  โ€“ Uniformly distributed
  โ€“ White noise
โ€ข Inter modulation
  โ€“ Signals that are the sum and difference of original
    frequencies sharing a medium
NOISE
โ€ข Crosstalk
  โ€“ A signal from one line is picked up by another
โ€ข Impulse
  โ€“ Irregular pulses or spikes
  โ€“ e.g. External electromagnetic interference
  โ€“ Short duration
  โ€“ High amplitude

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nutrition in plants chapter 1 class 7...
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Transmission impairments

  • 2. Transmission Impairments โ€ข Signal received may differ from signal transmitted โ€ข Analog - degradation of signal quality โ€ข Digital - bit errors โ€ข Caused by โ€“ Attenuation and attenuation distortion โ€“ Delay distortion โ€“ Noise
  • 3. Attenuation โ€ข Signal strength falls off with distance โ€ข Depends on medium โ€ข Received signal strength: โ€“ must be enough to be detected โ€“ must be sufficiently higher than noise to be received without error โ€ข Attenuation is an increasing function of frequency
  • 4. Delay Distortion โ€ข Only in guided media โ€ข Propagation velocity varies with frequency
  • 5. NOISE โ€ข Additional signals inserted between transmitter and receiver โ€ข Thermal โ€“ Due to thermal agitation of electrons โ€“ Uniformly distributed โ€“ White noise โ€ข Inter modulation โ€“ Signals that are the sum and difference of original frequencies sharing a medium
  • 6. NOISE โ€ข Crosstalk โ€“ A signal from one line is picked up by another โ€ข Impulse โ€“ Irregular pulses or spikes โ€“ e.g. External electromagnetic interference โ€“ Short duration โ€“ High amplitude
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