Terracotta is a clay-based material that is fired in kilns, resulting in a hard material that is typically red in color. It has been used historically for sculptures and pottery as well as roof tiles and bricks. Some key properties of terracotta include its porous nature, durability, and ability to be customized, though it requires a glaze to be waterproof. Major locations of terracotta production include Pushkar and Bishnupur, and it is commonly used for decorative items, vessels, and building construction materials.
This document discusses building stones used for construction. It defines building stones as those suitable for structures like retaining walls, abutments, dams, and roads. Building stones must have strength and durability. Stones are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Common building stones include marble, granite, sandstone, limestone, chalk and laterite. Properties like hardness and durability depend on a stone's mineral composition and resistance to weathering. Stones are obtained from rocks through quarrying and are used in construction in various forms such as rubble, dimension stone, flagstone and crushed stone.
Kerala architecture is one of the best examples of preserving vernacular styles. Traditional Kerala architecture is influenced by climate and available natural resources. The architecture features pitched roofs to protect from heavy rain, verandahs around buildings, and courtyards for ventilation. Common building materials include wood, laterite stone, clay, tiles, and palm leaves. The most prominent housing type is the Nalukettu, a courtyard house with four blocks around an open space. Temple architecture also has distinctive features like a central sanctum and surrounding cloisters.
This document discusses various clay products used in construction, focusing on bricks, tiles, and roofing. It provides details on the manufacture and properties of bricks, tiles, and different types of clay roofing tiles. Bricks are made from clay or other materials and are used for walls, foundations etc. Tiles are thin clay slabs used for floors and walls, and are made through molding and firing. The document outlines the manufacturing process for tiles and desirable properties for flooring and roofing tiles. It also defines roofing terminology and provides diagrams of wooden roof structures and different types of clay roof tiles.
This document provides information on bricks as a building material. It discusses the history of bricks, which date back 7,000 years, and describes how they have evolved from being hand-molded mud bricks to modern mechanized clay bricks. It also outlines various types of modern bricks including clay, concrete, fly ash, and aerated concrete bricks. Additionally, it covers raw materials, sizes, orientations, properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of brick as a construction material. Finally, the document classifies bricks based on their manufacturing method, shape, and quality.
The document discusses traditional Kerala architecture, including residential and temple architecture. It describes the influence of Kerala's climate on architectural features like verandahs, courtyards, and sloped roofs. It outlines different house types like ekasala (single hall house) and nalukettu (courtyard house). Nair tharavad houses and Nambudiri illams are discussed in detail. Temple architecture is also summarized, noting features like the sreekovil sanctum, sloped copper roofs, and similarities to domestic architecture.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
It is a term used to categorise methods of
construction which use locally available
resources and traditions to address local
needs.
Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over
time to reflect the environmental, cultural
and historical context in which it exists.
It has often been dismissed as crude and
unrefined, but also has proponents who
highlight its importance in current design.
vernacular architecture of north east indiaHriday Das
The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of Northeast India, specifically focusing on the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya. It describes the traditional building materials and construction techniques used by tribes in the region, which include bamboo, wood, thatch, and locally available plants. Houses are designed to be elevated on stilts for protection from floods and have sloped roofs to shed heavy monsoon rains. Interior spaces are organized based on family structure and social activities. The simple designs demonstrate an adaption to the cold, hilly environment with minimal insulation and openings.
This document discusses building stones used for construction. It defines building stones as those suitable for structures like retaining walls, abutments, dams, and roads. Building stones must have strength and durability. Stones are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Common building stones include marble, granite, sandstone, limestone, chalk and laterite. Properties like hardness and durability depend on a stone's mineral composition and resistance to weathering. Stones are obtained from rocks through quarrying and are used in construction in various forms such as rubble, dimension stone, flagstone and crushed stone.
Kerala architecture is one of the best examples of preserving vernacular styles. Traditional Kerala architecture is influenced by climate and available natural resources. The architecture features pitched roofs to protect from heavy rain, verandahs around buildings, and courtyards for ventilation. Common building materials include wood, laterite stone, clay, tiles, and palm leaves. The most prominent housing type is the Nalukettu, a courtyard house with four blocks around an open space. Temple architecture also has distinctive features like a central sanctum and surrounding cloisters.
This document discusses various clay products used in construction, focusing on bricks, tiles, and roofing. It provides details on the manufacture and properties of bricks, tiles, and different types of clay roofing tiles. Bricks are made from clay or other materials and are used for walls, foundations etc. Tiles are thin clay slabs used for floors and walls, and are made through molding and firing. The document outlines the manufacturing process for tiles and desirable properties for flooring and roofing tiles. It also defines roofing terminology and provides diagrams of wooden roof structures and different types of clay roof tiles.
This document provides information on bricks as a building material. It discusses the history of bricks, which date back 7,000 years, and describes how they have evolved from being hand-molded mud bricks to modern mechanized clay bricks. It also outlines various types of modern bricks including clay, concrete, fly ash, and aerated concrete bricks. Additionally, it covers raw materials, sizes, orientations, properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of brick as a construction material. Finally, the document classifies bricks based on their manufacturing method, shape, and quality.
The document discusses traditional Kerala architecture, including residential and temple architecture. It describes the influence of Kerala's climate on architectural features like verandahs, courtyards, and sloped roofs. It outlines different house types like ekasala (single hall house) and nalukettu (courtyard house). Nair tharavad houses and Nambudiri illams are discussed in detail. Temple architecture is also summarized, noting features like the sreekovil sanctum, sloped copper roofs, and similarities to domestic architecture.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
It is a term used to categorise methods of
construction which use locally available
resources and traditions to address local
needs.
Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over
time to reflect the environmental, cultural
and historical context in which it exists.
It has often been dismissed as crude and
unrefined, but also has proponents who
highlight its importance in current design.
vernacular architecture of north east indiaHriday Das
The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of Northeast India, specifically focusing on the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya. It describes the traditional building materials and construction techniques used by tribes in the region, which include bamboo, wood, thatch, and locally available plants. Houses are designed to be elevated on stilts for protection from floods and have sloped roofs to shed heavy monsoon rains. Interior spaces are organized based on family structure and social activities. The simple designs demonstrate an adaption to the cold, hilly environment with minimal insulation and openings.
The Bhonga is a traditional cylindrical construction used in the Kutch district of Gujarat, India, which has high earthquake risk. A Bhonga consists of a single room with thick earthen walls and a thatched roof. Bhongas are constructed using locally available materials like mud, bamboo, and cow dung in a way that makes them earthquake resistant. The circular structure, thick walls, and lightweight materials help Bhongas withstand seismic activity common to the region.
The document provides information about Hindu temples and specifically about the Lingaraja temple in Bhubaneswar, India. It discusses the symbolism and design principles of Hindu temples in general, which incorporate religious and cosmological elements. It then describes the specific architectural features of the Lingaraja temple, including its 60-meter tall tower, 150 smaller shrines in the courtyard, and the axial alignment of its bhogamandapa (hall of offerings), natamandira (festival hall), jagamohana (assembly hall), and rekha deula (sanctum). The temple exemplifies the Kalinga architectural style and is a prominent landmark in Bhubaneswar.
Pottery refers to objects made from clay that are shaped, dried, and fired. It originated in India during the neolithic period, with early evidence found in settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization. Real development occurred during the Indus Valley Civilization, which produced advanced glazed pottery in different shapes using excellent craftsmanship. Kumhars are traditional pottery castes found throughout India, described as descendants of Lord Prajapati Daksha in Hindu mythology. They create pottery using raw materials from earth, wheels, and hand tools, with division of labor between gender roles. Key production clusters exist in areas like Jhajjar and Faridabad.
The Sanchi Stupa is located in Sanchi, India and was originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. It is one of the oldest stone structures in India and was built to house Buddhist relics. The stupa has undergone several phases of construction, with Ashoka building the original structure and later additions including four ornately carved toranas or gateways around the 1st century BCE. The stupa complex contains numerous sculptures depicting Buddhist art and symbolism from its various periods of construction and was an important early center of Buddhism, until it fell into disrepair with the decline of the religion in India.
Clay can be used to create many types of structural materials. It is formed from the weathering of igneous rocks and feldspar. Common clay products include bricks, tiles, earthenware, china clay, stoneware, porcelain, terra cotta, and fire clay. Bricks are a popular building material made from brick clay. Tiles are similar to bricks but thinner. Earthenware is made at low temperatures. China clay is a type of residual clay known as kaolin. Stoneware and porcelain are made from clay fired at high temperatures. Terracotta is used decoratively on buildings. Fire clay withstands intense heat and is used for firebricks.
Vernacular architecture case study with examplesVISHAKA BOTHRA
case study on vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture, literature case study of vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture of India, Maharashtra, Nanded, Aurangabad, complete case study on vernacular architecture
Hindu Temple Architecture | History of ArchitecturePranay Kumar Tode
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples transitioned from rock-cut cave structures to free-standing structures, with early styles consisting of a sanctuary and porch. The Chalukyas established their rule in the 6th century and made Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal centers of architectural experimentation, combining North and South Indian elements into their distinctive Vesara style with features like ornate doorframes and octagonal towers. Rock-cut structures from this period can still be seen at sites like Ajanta, Ellora, Junagarh, and the cave temples of Badami.
Buddhist rock-cut architecture in India included chaitya halls and viharas. Chaitya halls were large prayer halls containing a stupa at one end to accommodate gatherings of devotees. They were influenced by ascetic lifestyles and tended to have vaulted halls with colonnades and apsidal plans without a clear division between the nave and prayer space. Viharas were monasteries consisting of cells for monks arranged around a central courtyard. Over time from the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD, chaitya halls and viharas became more ornate as the rock-cut architecture style evolved.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
Sciography is the representation of shadows and gradations of light and shade. It is used in architecture to accurately depict shadows. The document defines sciography and explains that it studies how different objects cast shadows on surfaces based on assumptions about the light source. Specifically, it assumes the light source is the sun at a 45 degree azimuth and altitude angle, with parallel light rays. It also outlines rules for how parallel and perpendicular lines will cast shadows on parallel surfaces.
Timber - Types of Woods, Plywood, Veneer, Laminate, Blockboard with Market Su...Uma Pandey
Presentation for Interior Students. Market survey on Timber (Plywood, Veneer, Laminate etc) with their prices, thickness and Sizes available in the market
This document provides an overview of vernacular architecture in Kerala, India. It discusses the concepts of vastu shastra and types of traditional houses like nalukettu and ettukettu. Common building materials used include laterite stone, timber, tiles, and thatch. The nalukettu house design incorporates structures for different functions arranged around a central courtyard. Vernacular architecture in Kerala effectively uses local materials and responds to the climate and needs of the region.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles, with silica being the most common constituent. There are different types of sand sourced from pits, rivers, seas and dredging, with each having distinct properties that make them suitable for different construction applications like plastering, masonry or concreting. Proper testing and grading of sand ensures it meets the necessary quality standards for use in various building works.
Bricks are building materials made from fired clay blocks used in masonry construction. They come in standard sizes like 230mm x 115mm x 75mm. Bricks have advantages like strength, durability, thermal performance, design flexibility, and fire resistance. The manufacturing process involves preparing clay soil, moulding bricks by hand or machine, drying for 7-14 days, and burning in clamps or kilns to harden the bricks.
The document discusses key features of Buddhist architecture that developed in India. It began with symbolic structures representing Buddha's life, promoted by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major architectural forms included stupas to house Buddhist relics, pillars (stambhas) bearing inscriptions, and chaityas/viharas that were temples and monastery halls carved into rock. The Great Stupa at Sanchi and reliefs at sites like Amaravati and the caves/temples at Ellora and Elephanta are highlighted as iconic examples that demonstrate the evolution of Buddhist architectural styles and motifs over centuries.
Natural Stone Application for InteriorsHolly Smith
This document provides an overview of natural stone applications for interiors. It discusses various types of natural stone such as travertine, limestone, marble, granite and others. It covers the formation, characteristics and common applications of each stone type. Additional sections describe stone production, cuts and finishes, construction considerations, maintenance and installation examples. The goal is to educate on selecting and specifying natural stone for different interior design projects.
sakshi vaswani - use of teracotta in interior design.pdfsakshivaswani2
Terracotta is a type of fired clay that is typically brownish red in color. It is used for ornamental building materials and modeling. Terracotta has been used throughout history for pottery, sculpture, bricks and roofing. Some key properties of terracotta include its porous nature, durability, and ability to be customized. It is mainly produced in parts of India and has many uses including sculptures, vessels, water pipes, and roofing tiles.
Terracotta is a type of fired clay that is typically red in color. It is used for ornamental building materials and modeling. Terracotta is created by shaping clay and then firing it, which solidifies it while retaining its shape. The word terracotta comes from the Italian translation of "baked earth." Terracotta has been used for sculptures, pottery, bricks and roofing throughout history around the world. It has properties such as durability, cost effectiveness and fire protection. Common uses of terracotta include sculptures, vessels, roofing tiles, bricks and surface embellishments on buildings.
The Bhonga is a traditional cylindrical construction used in the Kutch district of Gujarat, India, which has high earthquake risk. A Bhonga consists of a single room with thick earthen walls and a thatched roof. Bhongas are constructed using locally available materials like mud, bamboo, and cow dung in a way that makes them earthquake resistant. The circular structure, thick walls, and lightweight materials help Bhongas withstand seismic activity common to the region.
The document provides information about Hindu temples and specifically about the Lingaraja temple in Bhubaneswar, India. It discusses the symbolism and design principles of Hindu temples in general, which incorporate religious and cosmological elements. It then describes the specific architectural features of the Lingaraja temple, including its 60-meter tall tower, 150 smaller shrines in the courtyard, and the axial alignment of its bhogamandapa (hall of offerings), natamandira (festival hall), jagamohana (assembly hall), and rekha deula (sanctum). The temple exemplifies the Kalinga architectural style and is a prominent landmark in Bhubaneswar.
Pottery refers to objects made from clay that are shaped, dried, and fired. It originated in India during the neolithic period, with early evidence found in settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization. Real development occurred during the Indus Valley Civilization, which produced advanced glazed pottery in different shapes using excellent craftsmanship. Kumhars are traditional pottery castes found throughout India, described as descendants of Lord Prajapati Daksha in Hindu mythology. They create pottery using raw materials from earth, wheels, and hand tools, with division of labor between gender roles. Key production clusters exist in areas like Jhajjar and Faridabad.
The Sanchi Stupa is located in Sanchi, India and was originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. It is one of the oldest stone structures in India and was built to house Buddhist relics. The stupa has undergone several phases of construction, with Ashoka building the original structure and later additions including four ornately carved toranas or gateways around the 1st century BCE. The stupa complex contains numerous sculptures depicting Buddhist art and symbolism from its various periods of construction and was an important early center of Buddhism, until it fell into disrepair with the decline of the religion in India.
Clay can be used to create many types of structural materials. It is formed from the weathering of igneous rocks and feldspar. Common clay products include bricks, tiles, earthenware, china clay, stoneware, porcelain, terra cotta, and fire clay. Bricks are a popular building material made from brick clay. Tiles are similar to bricks but thinner. Earthenware is made at low temperatures. China clay is a type of residual clay known as kaolin. Stoneware and porcelain are made from clay fired at high temperatures. Terracotta is used decoratively on buildings. Fire clay withstands intense heat and is used for firebricks.
Vernacular architecture case study with examplesVISHAKA BOTHRA
case study on vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture, literature case study of vernacular architecture, examples of vernacular architecture of India, Maharashtra, Nanded, Aurangabad, complete case study on vernacular architecture
Hindu Temple Architecture | History of ArchitecturePranay Kumar Tode
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples transitioned from rock-cut cave structures to free-standing structures, with early styles consisting of a sanctuary and porch. The Chalukyas established their rule in the 6th century and made Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal centers of architectural experimentation, combining North and South Indian elements into their distinctive Vesara style with features like ornate doorframes and octagonal towers. Rock-cut structures from this period can still be seen at sites like Ajanta, Ellora, Junagarh, and the cave temples of Badami.
Buddhist rock-cut architecture in India included chaitya halls and viharas. Chaitya halls were large prayer halls containing a stupa at one end to accommodate gatherings of devotees. They were influenced by ascetic lifestyles and tended to have vaulted halls with colonnades and apsidal plans without a clear division between the nave and prayer space. Viharas were monasteries consisting of cells for monks arranged around a central courtyard. Over time from the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD, chaitya halls and viharas became more ornate as the rock-cut architecture style evolved.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
Sciography is the representation of shadows and gradations of light and shade. It is used in architecture to accurately depict shadows. The document defines sciography and explains that it studies how different objects cast shadows on surfaces based on assumptions about the light source. Specifically, it assumes the light source is the sun at a 45 degree azimuth and altitude angle, with parallel light rays. It also outlines rules for how parallel and perpendicular lines will cast shadows on parallel surfaces.
Timber - Types of Woods, Plywood, Veneer, Laminate, Blockboard with Market Su...Uma Pandey
Presentation for Interior Students. Market survey on Timber (Plywood, Veneer, Laminate etc) with their prices, thickness and Sizes available in the market
This document provides an overview of vernacular architecture in Kerala, India. It discusses the concepts of vastu shastra and types of traditional houses like nalukettu and ettukettu. Common building materials used include laterite stone, timber, tiles, and thatch. The nalukettu house design incorporates structures for different functions arranged around a central courtyard. Vernacular architecture in Kerala effectively uses local materials and responds to the climate and needs of the region.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles, with silica being the most common constituent. There are different types of sand sourced from pits, rivers, seas and dredging, with each having distinct properties that make them suitable for different construction applications like plastering, masonry or concreting. Proper testing and grading of sand ensures it meets the necessary quality standards for use in various building works.
Bricks are building materials made from fired clay blocks used in masonry construction. They come in standard sizes like 230mm x 115mm x 75mm. Bricks have advantages like strength, durability, thermal performance, design flexibility, and fire resistance. The manufacturing process involves preparing clay soil, moulding bricks by hand or machine, drying for 7-14 days, and burning in clamps or kilns to harden the bricks.
The document discusses key features of Buddhist architecture that developed in India. It began with symbolic structures representing Buddha's life, promoted by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major architectural forms included stupas to house Buddhist relics, pillars (stambhas) bearing inscriptions, and chaityas/viharas that were temples and monastery halls carved into rock. The Great Stupa at Sanchi and reliefs at sites like Amaravati and the caves/temples at Ellora and Elephanta are highlighted as iconic examples that demonstrate the evolution of Buddhist architectural styles and motifs over centuries.
Natural Stone Application for InteriorsHolly Smith
This document provides an overview of natural stone applications for interiors. It discusses various types of natural stone such as travertine, limestone, marble, granite and others. It covers the formation, characteristics and common applications of each stone type. Additional sections describe stone production, cuts and finishes, construction considerations, maintenance and installation examples. The goal is to educate on selecting and specifying natural stone for different interior design projects.
sakshi vaswani - use of teracotta in interior design.pdfsakshivaswani2
Terracotta is a type of fired clay that is typically brownish red in color. It is used for ornamental building materials and modeling. Terracotta has been used throughout history for pottery, sculpture, bricks and roofing. Some key properties of terracotta include its porous nature, durability, and ability to be customized. It is mainly produced in parts of India and has many uses including sculptures, vessels, water pipes, and roofing tiles.
Terracotta is a type of fired clay that is typically red in color. It is used for ornamental building materials and modeling. Terracotta is created by shaping clay and then firing it, which solidifies it while retaining its shape. The word terracotta comes from the Italian translation of "baked earth." Terracotta has been used for sculptures, pottery, bricks and roofing throughout history around the world. It has properties such as durability, cost effectiveness and fire protection. Common uses of terracotta include sculptures, vessels, roofing tiles, bricks and surface embellishments on buildings.
SAKSHI VASWANI- EVOLUTION OF TERRACOTTA IN INTERIOR DESIGN.pdfsakshivaswani2
Terracotta is a type of fired clay that is typically red in color. It is used for ornamental building materials and modeling. Terracotta is created by shaping clay and then firing it, which hardens the clay into a solid structure. The word terracotta comes from the Italian translation of "baked earth". Terracotta has been used for sculptures, pottery, bricks and roofing throughout history around the world. It has properties such as durability, cost effectiveness and fire protection. Common uses of terracotta today include sculptures, roof tiles, bricks and decorative items.
This document provides information on various types of ceramics including terracotta, faience, fire clay, stoneware, earthenware, vitreous china, and porcelain. It discusses the composition, properties, manufacturing process, types, advantages, and uses of terracotta. For faience, it describes the Egyptian faience material as a ceramic coated with an alkali-based glaze, its composition, properties, and common uses in Egypt such as for statuary, jewelry, and pottery. The document also notes the various manufacturing methods used for faience production.
vernacular architecture and the different materials of construction used in the regions of India. Terracotta, ceramic, and many more.
Also, the Construction Techniques Using Earth Material in this region.
*contents
Ceramics (classification)
Clay products employed in building industry.
Tiles
Terracotta
Earthenware
Stoneware
Porcelain
Bricks
Manufacturing process of common tiles.
Types of common tiles used in building industries.
Characteristics of good tiles
Terracotta jewellery is one of the oldest forms of jewellery in the world. Terracotta is an Italian word that means “cooked earth”. Thus it is hard red earthenware. Its history dates back to the Harappa and Mohenjodaro civilization. The designs of the jewellery back then were mostly inspired by nature and depicted animals, leaves, flowers and then moved on to traditional motifs and elaborate patterns
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made through heating and cooling processes. The document discusses the history and types of ceramics including clay products like bricks, tiles, and terracotta as well as other classes like stoneware, earthenware, and porcelain. It describes the manufacturing processes and properties of common ceramic materials and their uses in products like sanitary ware, insulators, and plates.
Clay deposits form through weathering processes as rocks interact with water, air, or steam. There are two main types of clay deposits: primary deposits that form through residual processes, and secondary deposits that are eroded and transported. Major clay deposits in India are found in states like Kerala, Rajasthan, West Bengal, and Odisha. In Gujarat, china clay deposits are found associated with granite rocks in Mehsana and Sabarkantha districts. Clays have various industrial and traditional uses like ceramic production, construction materials, medicine, and more.
India has a wide variety of dimensional stone resources found across the country, including granite, marble, sandstone, limestone, slate, and quartzite. It is a major producer and exporter of raw stone materials. The stone industry produces products like flooring slabs, sculptures, and landscape stones. Key stone types found in India include granite, sandstone, slate, limestone, and marble. Important stone producing regions include Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
Clay is created through the decomposition of various rocks and minerals. It is structured with flat, disk-like particles that allow it to be molded when wet. Clay composition varies by source. Clay is used to make masonry units, tiles, and decorative architectural elements. Proper cleaning, identifying causes of deterioration, and using appropriate repair methods help preserve ceramic materials.
Rmr Marmo deals in marble and our company showroom located at rajouri garden,new delhi,india.Rmr marmo deals in Marble,Granite,Oynx,travertino etc.We are one of the largest stone supplier of New Delhi.
The document discusses different types of ceramics including terracotta, fireclay, stoneware, earthenware, vitreous china, and porcelain. It describes their key properties and manufacturing processes. Terracotta is a clay ceramic that is porous when fired, while stoneware is vitrified or semi-vitrified and can withstand higher temperatures than earthenware. Porcelain is made from specific mineral ingredients and fired at very high temperatures, resulting in a hard, translucent material. Different forming, decorating, glazing and firing techniques are used to produce ceramic wares.
This document provides information about ceramics vases, including their history, materials, manufacturing process, and a local manufacturer in Malaysia called CLAYTAN. It discusses that vases are typically made from ceramic materials through a process involving clay preparation, shaping, drying, bisque firing, glaze application, glaze firing, and possible decoration. CLAYTAN is highlighted as a pioneer ceramic company in Malaysia that produces a variety of ceramic products including sanitaryware, tableware, and artware.
This document provides information on clays and their use in pottery. It discusses the key types of clays used, including kaolin, ball clay, fire clay, and stoneware clays. It describes the physical and chemical transformations clays undergo during drying and firing, as well as the characteristics and properties of different clay bodies. The document also gives an overview of the history and types of pottery, and explains the stages involved in pottery making from forming greenware to bisque firing and glaze firing.
Stone and Details about the stone and types of all natural and man-made .pdfttasharmishthawakcha
The document provides information about different types of stone, including their formation, classification, and uses. It discusses natural stones such as granite, marble, limestone, and sandstone that were formed by geological processes over millions of years. It also describes man-made stones like agglomerate, faux marble, and terrazzo that are composite materials produced by binding stone chips. The document outlines various tests conducted on stones and preservation methods used to increase their lifespan. It discusses the applications of both natural and man-made stones in construction, architecture, interior and landscape design.
Basalt & Porphyry Stone from Shivstonartshivstonart
We feel proude to introduce porphyry stone from India very first time in natural stone Industry.
We posses quarry area of 60 hecteier of land in our ownership and we exctract stones with latest technology and equiepments like wire saw machines and excavator, etc.
We have our own processing factory for tiles and slabs and all other stone products.
Porphyry stones: We have four colors (1) Red ( chocolate colored), (2) Dove grey )(3) Yellow (4) Lotus Pink
Basalt: Black and Grey
This document provides information about natural stones that have been used as building materials for centuries. It discusses the formation process of different rock types including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Examples of common stones used in construction are described such as granite, marble, sandstone, and their properties. Various Indian varieties are listed with their prices. In conclusion, it discusses the applications of these natural stones as flooring materials and in architecture.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
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3. A type of fired clay , typically of a brownish red color and
unglazed , used as an ornamental building material and
in modeling.
Terracotta is a clay based product which even emerged as
a trend in sculpture making times. Usually , terracotta is
usually manufactured by putting the clay in its desired
shape and then burning it after which it retains its shape
and gains a solidified structure.
Terracotta is just a name for "low fired clay" or
"Earthenware clay".
What is Terracotta ?
4.
5. HISTORY
The word Terracotta originated quite literally from the
Italian translation "Baked Earth" and its use across the
globe has a prominent place in history.
Terracotta designs in the form of human and animal
figurines were excavated from the archaelogical sites of
the Indus Valley Civilisations in Mohenjodaro that dates
back to 3000-1500 B.C.
This craft continues to thrive in India. Potters and
craftsmen in India have learned the skill of creating
Terracotta products from their forefathers to carry forth
the legacy of this art.
This depicts that this art has never perished instead have
always grown in popularity with time.
6. HISTORY
Terracotta / earthernware was the
only known type of ceramic produced
by Western and pre-Columbian
people until 14th century . Terracotta
has been used throughout the history
for sculpture and pottery as well as
for bricks and roof shingles.
It was used as exterior surfaces for
buildings in Asia for some centuries
before becoming popular in the West
in the 19th century.
It made a large contribution to the
appearance of temples and other
buildings in the classical architecture
of Europe ,as well as in the Ancient
Near East.
7.
8. PROPERTIES
Terracotta is one of the most distinct type of clay you will find,
given its rich , rust red/orange coloring. the reason for this
distinct color is that the iron content in Terracotta's clay body
reacts with oxygen and gives it a hue that ranges through reds
, oranges , yellows and even pinks.
Fired terracotta is a porous clay(not watertight) ,but a layer of
glaze can make it watertight.
Other properties of Terracotta includes:
fire protection
durability
cost effective
light in weight
customizable
environment friendly
porous nature (makes it good for making flower pots)
nutritious values , less oil requirement and pH balancing properties (for
making utensils in kitchen)
9. LOCATION
Terracotta is mainly found at Pushkar
(Rajasthan) Bishnupur (West Bengal) and some
parts of Gujarat.
Bisnupur is popular for its terracotta artefacts ,
temples , jewelery , pottery and statues like
Nataraj ,Lord ganesha and elephants as well as
beautifully decorated jars.
10. USES
Terracotta is used for
sculpture made in
earthernware and also for
various utilitarian uses
including vessels (notably
flower pots),water and waste
water pipes , roofing tiles ,
bricks and surface
embellishment in building
construction.
Besides using Terracotta for
decorative items , it is now
increasingly being used for
making a variety of products
such as jewelry , smoking
pipes and bangles.
11. COST
Tiles- 75 to 130
rupees per sq .
foot.
Can go as high as
1050 per piece
for special tiles.
Bricks - its price
ranges from 25
to 50 rupees per
piece
12. .
Vitrified parking tiles are the tiles
which are produced leveraging the
process of vitrification. This
process ensures that the tiles very
low porosity which makes them
very strong and highly stain-
resistant. These tiles are produced
by baking the finest tile making
materials like silica and clay at
extremely high temperatures
where the individual grains and
particles melt and fuse together to
make a vitreous surface on the top
of the tile. This converts the whole
tile in a single mass which is very
hard and possesses quite low
porosity. Our vitrified parking floor
tiles ensure superior quality and
longer life owing to their hardness
and strength. These are available
in a variety of styles and sizes,
from which you can choose the
ones perfectly suiting your
requisites.
13. DISADVANTAGES
Terracotta is quite porous and must be properly treated
or glazed before using it around water.
It is hard to calculate accurate time duration of the
material.
It usually cracks and deteriorates if not treated properly.
It can get oxidised and absorbs stains resulting in change
of color.
Its quality can vary a great deal and is difficult for an
inexperienced person to evaluate.
14. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLAY AND
TERRACOTTA
CLAY
Clay is the raw material
found from soil.
Clay is not much porous
material
TERRACOTTA
Terracotta is made out of
clay after firing it in low
temperature.
Terracotta is very porous
and has permeable
surface.
15. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CERAMIC AND
TERRACOTTA
CERAMIC
Ceramic is an inorganic , non-
metallic solid prepared by the
action of heat and cooling under
pressure.
Have crystalline or partly
crystalline structure.
Strong in compression and hard
and brittle
Withstands chemical erosion due
to acidic or humid environment.
Costlier than terracotta
TERRACOTTA
Terracotta is organic due to
presence of clay
Is usually amorphous and brittle
Typically hollow with porous
structure
Cannot withstand chemical
erosion and humid environment if
not glazed
Eco-friendly , cost effective and
recyclable.
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