This document provides information on clays and their use in pottery. It discusses the key types of clays used, including kaolin, ball clay, fire clay, and stoneware clays. It describes the physical and chemical transformations clays undergo during drying and firing, as well as the characteristics and properties of different clay bodies. The document also gives an overview of the history and types of pottery, and explains the stages involved in pottery making from forming greenware to bisque firing and glaze firing.
Clay is fine particles that form from weathered rocks and minerals. Ancient cultures discovered clay could be shaped and used to make pottery as early as 8,000 BCE in the Middle East. There are two main types of clay - primary kaolin clay found where it was originally formed, and secondary clay that has eroded and been carried elsewhere. To prepare clay, it is wedged to remove air, allowed to dry to the leather-hard stage, and then fired first in a bisque firing and finally glazed and fired again to produce finished pottery. Modern kilns use gas or electricity to fire clay to the appropriate temperature indicated by pyrometric cones on a cone chart.
This document provides an introduction to working with clay ceramics. It discusses that clay is created from the decomposition of igneous rock and involves the interplay of moisture, plasticity, and heat. The origins of ceramics date back to when people first learned to control fire. The document then covers properties of clay like plasticity, shrinkage, texture and moisture. It provides instructions for preparing clay, such as kneading or wedging to remove air bubbles. Various stages of clay are defined, from plastic to leather-hard to bisqueware and glazeware. Safety tips are also provided for handling clay.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made through heating and cooling processes. The document discusses the history and types of ceramics including clay products like bricks, tiles, and terracotta as well as other classes like stoneware, earthenware, and porcelain. It describes the manufacturing processes and properties of common ceramic materials and their uses in products like sanitary ware, insulators, and plates.
This document provides instructions for a ceramics and sculpture course. It discusses various techniques for working with clay including wedging, scoring, slip, and the stages of clay from slip to bisqueware. It outlines three handbuilding techniques - pinch pots, coiling, and slab rolling - that students will use to create small pots. Safety tips are provided such as covering clay to prevent drying out and handling clay projects carefully.
Glaze is a glossy coating applied to ceramics that provides decoration, protection, and waterproofing. The color of glaze can change when fired in a kiln. To prevent sticking, the bottom of ceramic pieces must be left unglazed. When glazing, safety precautions like wearing an apron and cleaning up spills and equipment are important as glazes contain toxic materials before firing. Once glazed, ceramics receive a second firing called a bisque firing to melt and fuse the glaze to the clay body. A variety of glaze types like speckle glazes are available and can be used alone or mixed for different visual effects.
This document provides information about ceramics and pottery materials science. It discusses the classification of solids as crystalline or amorphous and describes properties of materials like mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties. It explains the structure of solids at subatomic, atomic, microscopic and macroscopic levels. Different types of materials are outlined including metals, semiconductors, ceramics and polymers. The document also discusses the various stages of clay bodies from greenware to bisque and glaze firing. Different clay types used for pottery like earthenware, kaolin, ball clay and fire clay are described.
Ceramics are important engineering materials from engineering applications point of view.This presentation gives briefly important properties and applications of ceramics
This chapter discusses various handbuilding techniques for ceramics including pinch, coil, and slab construction. Pinch and coil construction were widely used in ancient cultures, while slab construction was more common in Mesoamerican cultures. Pinch forms can be delicate or thick, and coil construction can create almost any shape or form. Clay slabs can be used soft or stiff depending on the desired shape. The chapter provides guidelines for wedging clay, forming methods, surface effects, concentrating pressure points, and maintaining appropriate wall thickness.
Clay is fine particles that form from weathered rocks and minerals. Ancient cultures discovered clay could be shaped and used to make pottery as early as 8,000 BCE in the Middle East. There are two main types of clay - primary kaolin clay found where it was originally formed, and secondary clay that has eroded and been carried elsewhere. To prepare clay, it is wedged to remove air, allowed to dry to the leather-hard stage, and then fired first in a bisque firing and finally glazed and fired again to produce finished pottery. Modern kilns use gas or electricity to fire clay to the appropriate temperature indicated by pyrometric cones on a cone chart.
This document provides an introduction to working with clay ceramics. It discusses that clay is created from the decomposition of igneous rock and involves the interplay of moisture, plasticity, and heat. The origins of ceramics date back to when people first learned to control fire. The document then covers properties of clay like plasticity, shrinkage, texture and moisture. It provides instructions for preparing clay, such as kneading or wedging to remove air bubbles. Various stages of clay are defined, from plastic to leather-hard to bisqueware and glazeware. Safety tips are also provided for handling clay.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made through heating and cooling processes. The document discusses the history and types of ceramics including clay products like bricks, tiles, and terracotta as well as other classes like stoneware, earthenware, and porcelain. It describes the manufacturing processes and properties of common ceramic materials and their uses in products like sanitary ware, insulators, and plates.
This document provides instructions for a ceramics and sculpture course. It discusses various techniques for working with clay including wedging, scoring, slip, and the stages of clay from slip to bisqueware. It outlines three handbuilding techniques - pinch pots, coiling, and slab rolling - that students will use to create small pots. Safety tips are provided such as covering clay to prevent drying out and handling clay projects carefully.
Glaze is a glossy coating applied to ceramics that provides decoration, protection, and waterproofing. The color of glaze can change when fired in a kiln. To prevent sticking, the bottom of ceramic pieces must be left unglazed. When glazing, safety precautions like wearing an apron and cleaning up spills and equipment are important as glazes contain toxic materials before firing. Once glazed, ceramics receive a second firing called a bisque firing to melt and fuse the glaze to the clay body. A variety of glaze types like speckle glazes are available and can be used alone or mixed for different visual effects.
This document provides information about ceramics and pottery materials science. It discusses the classification of solids as crystalline or amorphous and describes properties of materials like mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties. It explains the structure of solids at subatomic, atomic, microscopic and macroscopic levels. Different types of materials are outlined including metals, semiconductors, ceramics and polymers. The document also discusses the various stages of clay bodies from greenware to bisque and glaze firing. Different clay types used for pottery like earthenware, kaolin, ball clay and fire clay are described.
Ceramics are important engineering materials from engineering applications point of view.This presentation gives briefly important properties and applications of ceramics
This chapter discusses various handbuilding techniques for ceramics including pinch, coil, and slab construction. Pinch and coil construction were widely used in ancient cultures, while slab construction was more common in Mesoamerican cultures. Pinch forms can be delicate or thick, and coil construction can create almost any shape or form. Clay slabs can be used soft or stiff depending on the desired shape. The chapter provides guidelines for wedging clay, forming methods, surface effects, concentrating pressure points, and maintaining appropriate wall thickness.
Glass is an amorphous, hard, brittle, transparent or translucent material made by fusing sand with soda, lime, and other ingredients at high temperatures. It has no definite melting point or structural formula. Glass is classified as soft or hard, with soft glass being more widely used for windows and containers due to its lower melting point and resistance to water and acids, while hard glass is used for chemical apparatus and heat-resistant items. The manufacturing process involves melting raw materials at high heat, forming the molten glass into shapes, annealing to slowly cool the glass to reduce breakage, and finishing steps like polishing.
The document provides information on creating pinch pots from clay, including basic ceramic terms, construction techniques, clay stages, tools used, and joining methods. It defines ceramics as clay objects that permanently retain their shape after firing, and pottery as functional ware like pots and bowls. Common construction methods for hand building with clay are pinch, coil, and slab techniques. Clay must go through stages like greenware, leatherhard, bone dry, bisqueware, and glazeware involving drying and firing. Tools include fettling knives and loop tools, while joining uses scoring, slip, and bond mixtures.
The document provides an overview of the ceramic making process, from working with wet clay and forming techniques like pinch pots and coil building, to firing the pieces in the bisque and glaze stages. Various forming methods like pinch pots, coil building, and slab construction are described and examples are given of ceramic artists' works. The stages of clay such as leather hard and greenware are defined to explain the ceramic creation process.
Clay is a soft, earthy material made from eroded rocks that can be shaped using different methods like pinching, coil building, working with slabs, or throwing on a pottery wheel. Common techniques for working with clay include pinching pieces by hand, creating coil structures by rolling ropes of clay, forming flat slabs using rollers or pins, and shaping items on a spinning wheel using one's hands. Once formed, clay pieces are fired in a kiln to make them strong and permanent.
Ceramic Lecture, clay, pottery, handbuilding, stages of clay, teachingMaria Padgett
This slide show include stages of clay, hand building techniques, basic clay vocabulary, several warm ups, types of kilns, etc. It is classroom safe and good by itself or to add to and amend with your own slides. It can be delivered in about 20-40 minutes including time to talk a little, ask questions, converse with students about slides.
Vocabulary: handbuilding, slip, leather hard, dryfoot, electric kiln, gas kiln, woodfire kiln, bone dry, wet clay, slab building, coil building, pinch pot, utilitarian, slip, score, bisque fire, bisque ware, stone ware, fire, throw, toploader, frontloader, walk-in, kiln furniture, glaze, glazeware, matte, gloss, functional,
Clay is created from the decomposition of igneous rock and contains moisture, plasticity, and is shaped through the application of heat. Ceramics has the longest history of the arts dating back to when people first learned to control fire and began modeling clay. Raw clay is dug from the ground and processed to remove impurities before use. Clay goes through various stages as it dries from plastic to leather-hard to bone dry before firing turns it into bisqueware or glazeware.
This document discusses different types of polishing processes including mechanical, chemical-mechanical, flame, and vapor polishing. Mechanical polishing involves using abrasives to wear down surface irregularities until a smooth finish is achieved. Chemical-mechanical polishing combines chemical and mechanical forces using an abrasive slurry to planarize surfaces for semiconductor fabrication. Flame polishing uses heat to melt and smooth thermoplastic and glass surfaces. Vapor polishing exposes plastics to chemical vapors to improve clarity by causing surface material to flow. The document provides examples of applying these polishing methods in metalworking, woodworking, and other applications.
Ceramics are nonmetallic materials made by firing clay and other materials like silicates and metal oxides. Ceramics have been made since prehistoric times and the modern ceramics industry produces a wide range of structural materials and products. The ceramics industry relies on raw materials like clay, silica, and feldspar which are formed and fired through processes like grinding, shaping, drying, glazing, and firing to produce final ceramic goods.
A PowerPoint presentation about clay - the three types/classification of clay, the stages of clay before and after firing and other key terms used in ceramics
Clay can be used to create many types of structural materials. It is formed from the weathering of igneous rocks and feldspar. Common clay products include bricks, tiles, earthenware, china clay, stoneware, porcelain, terra cotta, and fire clay. Bricks are a popular building material made from brick clay. Tiles are similar to bricks but thinner. Earthenware is made at low temperatures. China clay is a type of residual clay known as kaolin. Stoneware and porcelain are made from clay fired at high temperatures. Terracotta is used decoratively on buildings. Fire clay withstands intense heat and is used for firebricks.
Ceramics are made from primary or secondary clay. Primary clay is formed from decomposing rock, while secondary clay is transported by water, air or ice. Earthenware is made from secondary clay and hardens at low temperatures but remains porous. Before making ceramics, clay must be wedged and kneaded to remove air bubbles and distribute water evenly to prevent explosions during firing. Clay goes through stages such as leather hard and bone dry during drying and is shaped using techniques like coil building and working with slabs. Tools are used to shape and model clay, then pieces are fired in kilns, with cones used to monitor heat levels during firing. Glazes can be applied after bisque firing to
This document provides an overview of ceramics, including the types and properties of clay, methods of construction such as pinch, coil, slab and wheel throwing techniques, kiln firing processes, and safety practices. It discusses the history of clay use and outlines topics to be covered like the chemical makeup and uses of clay, as well as presenting finished ceramic works and receiving critiques.
This document provides information about metals, including ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It discusses various metal types and their properties, uses, and melting points. Key metals mentioned include steel, cast iron, high carbon steel, high speed steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, zinc, tin, lead, silver, gold, magnesium, brass, bronze and solder. The document also covers metal shapes and metals used in everyday objects like bicycles.
introduction of ceramic: A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and all are made by firing or burning, often including silicates and metal oxides.
classification and types of ceramic, application of ceramic and innovations on it.
This document provides an overview of ceramics. It defines ceramics as compounds made from metallic and non-metallic elements, most commonly oxides, nitrides, carbides, and silicates. Ceramics are classified as either traditional or advanced, with traditional ceramics derived from natural raw materials and advanced ceramics used in specialized industrial applications. The document discusses the classification, properties, processing, and applications of various ceramic materials and products.
Clay is a fine-grained material that is created from the decomposition of igneous rock. It is composed mainly of alumina, silica, and feldspar. Clay is plastic, shrinks as it dries, and has a fine texture with tiny pores. There are three main types of clay bodies: porcelain, stoneware, and earthenware, which differ in composition and firing temperature. Clay goes through various stages as it dries and is fired, from plastic to leather hard to bisqueware to glazeware. Clay has many uses including pottery, construction materials, lubricants, and refractories in high temperature applications.
Glazing involves painting a thin layer of glass and minerals onto ceramic pieces. Underglaze can be applied all over while glaze cannot be applied to the bottom. Glazes have been used since ancient Egypt and were originally made from powdered glass and minerals. Ceramic pieces undergo bisque firing to strengthen them before glazing, which involves a second firing to fuse the glaze. It is important to take safety precautions like protective clothing and cleaning up spills when glazing ceramic pieces.
The document describes the process of slab construction in ceramic hand-building. It outlines 5 key steps:
1) Squish it - Roll out the clay slab to a uniform thickness using a roller, pin, or hands.
2) Score and slip it - Score both pieces to be joined and apply slip for adhesion.
3) Snake it - Create a reinforced edge using a coil and tool to ensure no trapped air.
4) Smooth it - Use tools and fingers to smooth edges and remove excess, being careful not to use too much slip.
5) Style it - Add personal touches and details to tell a story or message.
Clay can be formed into objects through processes like pinching, slab building, coil building, and wheel throwing. It needs to be fired in a kiln to become permanent. The document provides instructions for making clay cottage or gingerbread house facades, including drawing a sketch, building up the front wall and triangle sides with clay, scoring and slipping pieces together, allowing it to dry, glazing it, and firing it twice in a kiln. The finished pieces can have candles placed behind them.
The document discusses different types of ceramics decoration techniques. It defines under glazed and unglazed ceramics, as well as distinguishing between engraving and carved relief. Under glazed ceramics involve painting on unfired clay before glazing, while unglazed ceramics are not coated with glaze. Engraving involves carving or etching into material, while carved relief involves cutting material to form figures or designs in relief.
Glass is an amorphous, hard, brittle, transparent or translucent material made by fusing sand with soda, lime, and other ingredients at high temperatures. It has no definite melting point or structural formula. Glass is classified as soft or hard, with soft glass being more widely used for windows and containers due to its lower melting point and resistance to water and acids, while hard glass is used for chemical apparatus and heat-resistant items. The manufacturing process involves melting raw materials at high heat, forming the molten glass into shapes, annealing to slowly cool the glass to reduce breakage, and finishing steps like polishing.
The document provides information on creating pinch pots from clay, including basic ceramic terms, construction techniques, clay stages, tools used, and joining methods. It defines ceramics as clay objects that permanently retain their shape after firing, and pottery as functional ware like pots and bowls. Common construction methods for hand building with clay are pinch, coil, and slab techniques. Clay must go through stages like greenware, leatherhard, bone dry, bisqueware, and glazeware involving drying and firing. Tools include fettling knives and loop tools, while joining uses scoring, slip, and bond mixtures.
The document provides an overview of the ceramic making process, from working with wet clay and forming techniques like pinch pots and coil building, to firing the pieces in the bisque and glaze stages. Various forming methods like pinch pots, coil building, and slab construction are described and examples are given of ceramic artists' works. The stages of clay such as leather hard and greenware are defined to explain the ceramic creation process.
Clay is a soft, earthy material made from eroded rocks that can be shaped using different methods like pinching, coil building, working with slabs, or throwing on a pottery wheel. Common techniques for working with clay include pinching pieces by hand, creating coil structures by rolling ropes of clay, forming flat slabs using rollers or pins, and shaping items on a spinning wheel using one's hands. Once formed, clay pieces are fired in a kiln to make them strong and permanent.
Ceramic Lecture, clay, pottery, handbuilding, stages of clay, teachingMaria Padgett
This slide show include stages of clay, hand building techniques, basic clay vocabulary, several warm ups, types of kilns, etc. It is classroom safe and good by itself or to add to and amend with your own slides. It can be delivered in about 20-40 minutes including time to talk a little, ask questions, converse with students about slides.
Vocabulary: handbuilding, slip, leather hard, dryfoot, electric kiln, gas kiln, woodfire kiln, bone dry, wet clay, slab building, coil building, pinch pot, utilitarian, slip, score, bisque fire, bisque ware, stone ware, fire, throw, toploader, frontloader, walk-in, kiln furniture, glaze, glazeware, matte, gloss, functional,
Clay is created from the decomposition of igneous rock and contains moisture, plasticity, and is shaped through the application of heat. Ceramics has the longest history of the arts dating back to when people first learned to control fire and began modeling clay. Raw clay is dug from the ground and processed to remove impurities before use. Clay goes through various stages as it dries from plastic to leather-hard to bone dry before firing turns it into bisqueware or glazeware.
This document discusses different types of polishing processes including mechanical, chemical-mechanical, flame, and vapor polishing. Mechanical polishing involves using abrasives to wear down surface irregularities until a smooth finish is achieved. Chemical-mechanical polishing combines chemical and mechanical forces using an abrasive slurry to planarize surfaces for semiconductor fabrication. Flame polishing uses heat to melt and smooth thermoplastic and glass surfaces. Vapor polishing exposes plastics to chemical vapors to improve clarity by causing surface material to flow. The document provides examples of applying these polishing methods in metalworking, woodworking, and other applications.
Ceramics are nonmetallic materials made by firing clay and other materials like silicates and metal oxides. Ceramics have been made since prehistoric times and the modern ceramics industry produces a wide range of structural materials and products. The ceramics industry relies on raw materials like clay, silica, and feldspar which are formed and fired through processes like grinding, shaping, drying, glazing, and firing to produce final ceramic goods.
A PowerPoint presentation about clay - the three types/classification of clay, the stages of clay before and after firing and other key terms used in ceramics
Clay can be used to create many types of structural materials. It is formed from the weathering of igneous rocks and feldspar. Common clay products include bricks, tiles, earthenware, china clay, stoneware, porcelain, terra cotta, and fire clay. Bricks are a popular building material made from brick clay. Tiles are similar to bricks but thinner. Earthenware is made at low temperatures. China clay is a type of residual clay known as kaolin. Stoneware and porcelain are made from clay fired at high temperatures. Terracotta is used decoratively on buildings. Fire clay withstands intense heat and is used for firebricks.
Ceramics are made from primary or secondary clay. Primary clay is formed from decomposing rock, while secondary clay is transported by water, air or ice. Earthenware is made from secondary clay and hardens at low temperatures but remains porous. Before making ceramics, clay must be wedged and kneaded to remove air bubbles and distribute water evenly to prevent explosions during firing. Clay goes through stages such as leather hard and bone dry during drying and is shaped using techniques like coil building and working with slabs. Tools are used to shape and model clay, then pieces are fired in kilns, with cones used to monitor heat levels during firing. Glazes can be applied after bisque firing to
This document provides an overview of ceramics, including the types and properties of clay, methods of construction such as pinch, coil, slab and wheel throwing techniques, kiln firing processes, and safety practices. It discusses the history of clay use and outlines topics to be covered like the chemical makeup and uses of clay, as well as presenting finished ceramic works and receiving critiques.
This document provides information about metals, including ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It discusses various metal types and their properties, uses, and melting points. Key metals mentioned include steel, cast iron, high carbon steel, high speed steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, zinc, tin, lead, silver, gold, magnesium, brass, bronze and solder. The document also covers metal shapes and metals used in everyday objects like bicycles.
introduction of ceramic: A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and all are made by firing or burning, often including silicates and metal oxides.
classification and types of ceramic, application of ceramic and innovations on it.
This document provides an overview of ceramics. It defines ceramics as compounds made from metallic and non-metallic elements, most commonly oxides, nitrides, carbides, and silicates. Ceramics are classified as either traditional or advanced, with traditional ceramics derived from natural raw materials and advanced ceramics used in specialized industrial applications. The document discusses the classification, properties, processing, and applications of various ceramic materials and products.
Clay is a fine-grained material that is created from the decomposition of igneous rock. It is composed mainly of alumina, silica, and feldspar. Clay is plastic, shrinks as it dries, and has a fine texture with tiny pores. There are three main types of clay bodies: porcelain, stoneware, and earthenware, which differ in composition and firing temperature. Clay goes through various stages as it dries and is fired, from plastic to leather hard to bisqueware to glazeware. Clay has many uses including pottery, construction materials, lubricants, and refractories in high temperature applications.
Glazing involves painting a thin layer of glass and minerals onto ceramic pieces. Underglaze can be applied all over while glaze cannot be applied to the bottom. Glazes have been used since ancient Egypt and were originally made from powdered glass and minerals. Ceramic pieces undergo bisque firing to strengthen them before glazing, which involves a second firing to fuse the glaze. It is important to take safety precautions like protective clothing and cleaning up spills when glazing ceramic pieces.
The document describes the process of slab construction in ceramic hand-building. It outlines 5 key steps:
1) Squish it - Roll out the clay slab to a uniform thickness using a roller, pin, or hands.
2) Score and slip it - Score both pieces to be joined and apply slip for adhesion.
3) Snake it - Create a reinforced edge using a coil and tool to ensure no trapped air.
4) Smooth it - Use tools and fingers to smooth edges and remove excess, being careful not to use too much slip.
5) Style it - Add personal touches and details to tell a story or message.
Clay can be formed into objects through processes like pinching, slab building, coil building, and wheel throwing. It needs to be fired in a kiln to become permanent. The document provides instructions for making clay cottage or gingerbread house facades, including drawing a sketch, building up the front wall and triangle sides with clay, scoring and slipping pieces together, allowing it to dry, glazing it, and firing it twice in a kiln. The finished pieces can have candles placed behind them.
The document discusses different types of ceramics decoration techniques. It defines under glazed and unglazed ceramics, as well as distinguishing between engraving and carved relief. Under glazed ceramics involve painting on unfired clay before glazing, while unglazed ceramics are not coated with glaze. Engraving involves carving or etching into material, while carved relief involves cutting material to form figures or designs in relief.
This document provides information about ceramics vases, including their history, materials, manufacturing process, and a local manufacturer in Malaysia called CLAYTAN. It discusses that vases are typically made from ceramic materials through a process involving clay preparation, shaping, drying, bisque firing, glaze application, glaze firing, and possible decoration. CLAYTAN is highlighted as a pioneer ceramic company in Malaysia that produces a variety of ceramic products including sanitaryware, tableware, and artware.
Ceramics are hard, non-metallic materials made by firing clay at high temperatures. They have various properties including high compressive strength, electrical insulation, and resistance to corrosion. Ceramics have been used for over 24,000 years and can be found across cultures from ancient Egypt to Native American tribes. Common ceramics include pottery, tiles, and porcelain bathroom fixtures. Clay is shaped using methods like wheel throwing, slip casting, or hand building before being fired in a kiln.
This document discusses clay products used in building construction. It describes how clay is formed and composed of minerals like kaolinite. Clay is classified based on its formation (residual or transported) and characteristics (china clay, fire clay, vitrified clay, brick clay). Brick clay is most commonly used to manufacture building bricks. The process of brick making involves selecting suitable clay, preparing and molding the clay into bricks, drying the bricks, firing them in kilns, and cooling the finished bricks. The ideal composition of brick clay includes 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and 4-6% iron oxide and lime to provide strength and bind the bricks during firing.
This document provides information on various types of ceramics including terracotta, faience, fire clay, stoneware, earthenware, vitreous china, and porcelain. It discusses the composition, properties, manufacturing process, types, advantages, and uses of terracotta. For faience, it describes the Egyptian faience material as a ceramic coated with an alkali-based glaze, its composition, properties, and common uses in Egypt such as for statuary, jewelry, and pottery. The document also notes the various manufacturing methods used for faience production.
Clay deposits form through weathering processes as rocks interact with water, air, or steam. There are two main types of clay deposits: primary deposits that form through residual processes, and secondary deposits that are eroded and transported. Major clay deposits in India are found in states like Kerala, Rajasthan, West Bengal, and Odisha. In Gujarat, china clay deposits are found associated with granite rocks in Mehsana and Sabarkantha districts. Clays have various industrial and traditional uses like ceramic production, construction materials, medicine, and more.
Ceramic Presentation of Building MaterialsI'mMiss Lily
The document provides information about ceramics, including:
1. It lists the 11 group members of the ceramic group and provides a brief history of ceramics dating back to 24,000 BC.
2. It describes the main compositions of clay which are feldspar minerals comprising 60% of the earth's crust. Clays are divided into primary and secondary types.
3. The manufacturing process of ceramics includes various molding techniques like injection molding and isostatic pressing. Characteristics of ceramics include high hardness, resistance to chemicals and temperatures up to 2400°C.
This document discusses fire bricks and sand lime bricks. It covers what they are, their ingredients, manufacturing processes, types/classifications, uses, and masonry/how to use them.
Fire bricks are made primarily to withstand high temperatures and contain silica, alumina, and other oxides. Their manufacturing process involves selection of materials, preparation, molding, drying, and firing. Sand lime bricks contain sand, lime, and water and are made through a similar process.
The document compares the ingredients and properties of fire bricks and sand lime bricks. It also discusses common defects in bricks and classifications based on quality.
This document provides an overview of introductory lessons on working with clay, including:
- The basic properties and composition of clay, and how it is shaped when wet and hardened when fired.
- Traditional methods used by various ancient cultures for preparing, decorating, and firing clay ceramics, including techniques like coil building and slip trailing.
- Elements of ceramic design like relief, form, and unity are discussed. Relief carving and surface decoration techniques like incising and burnishing are described.
- Examples of traditional ceramics from cultures like Japan, Africa, and North America illustrate distinctive regional styles and techniques.
This document summarizes the process of glazed pottery. It discusses the major types of pottery construction techniques like pinch pot, coiled pottery, and wheel throwing. It explains the stages of drying clay from leather hard to bone dry to bisque. It describes the bisque firing process and how glaze is applied in a glaze firing. It lists the main components of glaze as silica, alumina, and flux. It also discusses ways to apply glaze like dipping, airbrushing, painting, and techniques like sponging. Finally, it provides details on firing temperatures for low, mid, and high fire glazes and cones used to measure heat in kilns.
This document provides information on ceramic and sculpture workshops, including the types of clay used, claybodies, glazes, firing methods, and the stages of ceramic production from greenware to biscuiting. It also briefly discusses tiles, their characteristics, uses, and types. The key points covered are the different types of clay including stoneware, earthenware, and porcelain; how additives change clay into claybodies; the purpose and types of glazes; and the open kiln and tunnel kiln firing methods.
This document provides an overview of plaster of paris (POP) and clay manufacturing processes. It discusses that POP is made by heating gypsum and sets hard when mixed with water. Clay can be molded when wet and fired to become ceramic. Different clay types include porcelain, stoneware, earthenware, and fireclay. The document also outlines steps in working with clay like glazing, firing, throwing, altering, bisque firing, burnishing, and adding textures. Clay can be used to make functional and decorative products.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by describing the composition of bricks, noting that good bricks should contain 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. The document then outlines the key steps in brick manufacturing: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning. For moulding, it describes hand and machine methods, and for burning it explains the three stages of dehydration, oxidation, and vitrification. The document provides details on each stage of the manufacturing process.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by describing the composition of bricks, noting that good bricks should contain 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. The document then outlines the key steps in brick manufacturing: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning. Moulding can be done by hand or machine, drying takes 3-10 days, and burning involves dehydration, oxidation and vitrification to harden the bricks. Proper composition and manufacturing process are necessary to produce durable bricks of consistent quality.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made through heating clay or other raw materials. The document discusses the history, composition, manufacturing process, properties, applications and economics of ceramics. Ceramics have a variety of uses including bricks, tiles, bathroom fixtures, kitchenware and advanced applications in automotive and aerospace industries due to their strength, hardness and heat resistance. The global ceramics market is valued at $239.53 billion and India's ceramic tiles market is expected to reach $501.70 billion by 2023. Challenges include depleting raw materials while opportunities exist in 3D printing and improving production efficiency.
Materials and methods of ceramics potteryMADAN SINGH
Hi, I am Madan Singh from India. I am Ceramics Artist as well as Ceramics teacher. I want to share this PPT for young students of Ceramics Art. This will help them. If you have any feedback related to these materials and methods please comments.
Specific Ceramics Ltd manufactures vitrified tiles under the brand Durato. The company aims to blend design and technology expertise to provide cost-effective tile solutions. The plant is located in Gujarat with modern infrastructure. Raw materials like clays, quartz and feldspar are carefully selected and tested. The manufacturing process involves grinding, pressing, drying, firing and additional treatments. Firing at high temperatures of 1200°C forms the glass-like structure of vitrified tiles, making them resistant to wear, abrasion and frost. Quality control tests are conducted at the in-house lab to ensure product performance.
E-content is a Comprehensive package of teaching material put into hypermedia format. Hypermedia is multimedia with internet deplorability. E-content can not be created by a teaching faculty alone . It needs the role of teacher, Video editor, production assistants, web developers (HTML 5 or Adobe captivate, etc). Analyze the learner needs and goals of the instructional material development, development of a delivery system and content, pilot study of the material developed, implementation, evaluating, refining the materials etc. In designing and development of E-content we have to adopt one of the instructional design models based on our requirements.
Pedagogy is the most commonly understood approach to teaching. It refers to the theory and practice of learning. Pedagogy is often described as the act of teaching. Pedagogy has little variations between traditional teaching and online teaching. Online teaching pedagogy is a method of effective teaching practice specifically developed for teaching via the internet. It has a set of prescribed methods, strategies, and practices for teaching academic subjects in an online (or blended) environment, where students are in a physical location separate from the faculty member.
Technology has changed the possibilities within teaching and learning. Classes, which prior to the digital era were restricted to lectures, talks, and physical objects, no longer have to be designed in that manner. Training in a synchronous virtual classroom can only be successful with the active participation and engagement of the learners. Explore the Virtual Classroom’s features and see how they can support and enhance your tutoring style.
• The monitoring and evaluation of the institutional processes require a carefully structured system of internal and external review. The NAAC expects the Institutions to undertake continuous Academic and Administrative Audits (AAA). This presentation is intended to serve as advisory to all accredited HEIs who volunteer to undertake AAA. The pros and cons of this process are also highlighted. Academic and Administrative Audit is the process of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of the administrative procedure. It includes assessment of policies, strategies & functions of the various administrative departments, control of the overall administrative system, etc. This checklist gives an overview what the audit committee members may look into while visiting an institution for this purpose. It invariably follows the Quality Indicators Framework prescribed by Accreditation Council in India.
• The monitoring and evaluation of the institutional processes require a carefully structured system of internal and external review. The NAAC expects the Institutions to undertake continuous Academic and Administrative Audits (AAA). This presentation is intended to serve as advisory to all accredited HEIs who volunteer to undertake AAA.
Chemical analysis data of water samples can not be used directly for understanding. They are to be used for various calculations in order to determine the quality parameters that have a lot of significances. A. Balasubramanian and D. Nagaraju, of the Department of Studies in Earth Science, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, Karnataka, India have recently brought out a software and its application manual as a good book for reference and execution. The Name of the software is WATCHIT meaning Water Chemistry Interpretation Techniques. This software computes more than 100 parameters pertaining to water quality interpretations. The software follows its own method of approach to determine the required results. Systems International Units are used. Limited input parameters are required. This is suitable for all scientific research, government water quality data interpretations and for understanding the quality of water before using it.
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes like domestic usage, industries, agriculture etc. This technical article highlights most of the popular methods of water conservation. A special note on rainwater harvesting is also provided.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
Climate Extreme (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters.
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POSSIBILITIES IN CHAMARAJANAGAR TALUK...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
Any unplanned development and utilization of water resources with result in water scarcity. In many parts of the developing world. Such a situation exists. In order to do proper planning and
management of water resources, it is necessary to conduct detailed analyses of the factors, which influence the water availability and its uses. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis have been undertaken for proper utilization of water resources in Chamarajanagar Taluk, which has been identified as one of the drought hit districts of Karnataka, in India. The factors analysed in this work are, surface and groundwater availability, land use, cropping pattern, recharge potential of soils and the rainfall pattern in typical areas of Taluk. It is observed that the problem of water scarcity is mainly due to the lack of irrigation planning and management. Hence, a
modified cropping pattern is suggested by taking into consideration of all available water resources and other conditions.
In broad terms, cultural geography examines the cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society.
It also emphasizes on how cultures are distributed over space, how places and identities are produced, how people make sense of places and build senses of place, and how people produce and communicate knowledge and meaning.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
The document discusses the growth of information technology and its applications in various fields such as education, health, employment, and governance. It outlines how ICT has been applied in multimedia, mobile phones, offices, homes, and public places. It describes how educational technology has evolved and led to lifelong learning opportunities anywhere and anytime through e-learning and m-learning. The document also discusses the roles of technologies like virtual reality, virtual learning environments, and online learning platforms in transforming education.
Soils are complex mixers forming the skin of the earth's surface. Soil is a dynamic layer in which many complex chemical, physical and biological activities are going on constantly. Soils become adjusted to conditions of climate, landform and vegetation, and will change internally when those controlling conditions change. Soils are products of weathering. Soils play a dominant role in earth's geomorphic processes in a cyclic manner. The characteristics of soils are very essential for several reasons. This module highlights these characteristics.
GIS TECHNIQUES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN CHAMARAJANAGAR ...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
The over-exploitation and contamination of groundwater continue to threaten the long-term sustainability of our precious water resources, in spite of the best efforts made by various agencies.
This has many serious implications to the economic development of a country like India. Lack of
judicious planning and integration of environmental consideration to ground water development
projects are primarily responsible for such a state of affair in the ground water sector. Geographical Information Systems could be of immense help in planning sustainable ground water management strategies, especially in hard rock areas with limited ground water potential. Data collected from
Satellite Imagery and through field investigations have been integrated, on a GIS platform, for demarcation and prioritization of areas suitable for ground water development and ground water augmentation. An attempt has also been made to assess the vulnerability of the area to ground water
contamination. This paper demonstrates the utility of GIS in planning judicious management of ground water resources in a typical hard rock area of Chamarajanagar Taluk, Karnataka, state India.
Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.
A variety of Nano-biomaterials are synthesised, characterised and tested to find out their potentialities by global scientific communities, during the last three decades. Among those, nanostructured ceramics, cements and coatings are being considered for major use in orthopaedic, dental and other medical applications. The development of novel biocompatible ceramic materials with improved biomedical functions is at the forefront of health-related applications, all over the world. Understanding of the potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials will provide a major insight into the future developments. This study reviews and enlists the prominent potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials, like Calcium Phosphate (CaP), Tri-Calcium Phosphate (TCP), Hydroxy-Apatite(HAP), TCP+HAP, Si substituted HAP, Calcium Sulphate and Carbonate, Bioactive Glasses, Bioactive Glass Ceramics, Titania-Based Ceramics, Zirconia Ceramics, Alumina Ceramcis and Ceramic Polymer Composites.
The present forest and tree cover of the country is 78.37 million ha in 2007 which is 23.84% of the geographical areas and it includes 2.82% tree cover. This becomes 25.25%, if the areas above tree line i.e., 4000m are excluded from the total geographical area. The forest cover is classified into 3 canopy density classes.
1. Very Dense Forest (VDF) with canopy density more than 70%
2. Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) with Canopy density between 40-70% and
3. Open Forest (OF) with Canopy density between 10-40%
Rodents, Birds and locust_Pests of crops.pdfPirithiRaju
Mole rat or Lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicotabengalensis
•Head -round and broad muzzle
•Tail -shorter than head, body
•Prefers damp areas
•Burrows with scooped soil before entrance
•Potential rat, one pair can produce more than 800 offspringsin one year
إتصل على هذا الرقم اذا اردت الحصول على "حبوب الاجهاض الامارات" توصيلنا مجاني رقم الواتساب 00971547952044:
00971547952044. حبوب الإجهاض في دبي | أبوظبي | الشارقة | السطوة | سعر سايتوتك Cytotec يتميز دواء Cytotec (سايتوتك) بفعاليته في إجهاض الحمل. يمكن الحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بسهولة من خلال خدمات التوصيل السريع والدفع عند الاستلام. تُستخدم حبوب سايتوتك بشكل شائع لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار الأمثل لمن يبحث عن طريقة آمنة وفعالة للإجهاض المنزلي.
تتوفر حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بأسعار تنافسية، ويمكنك الحصول على خصم كبير عند الشراء الآن. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات معروفة بقدرتها الفعالة على إنهاء الحمل في الشهر الأول أو الثاني. إذا كنت تبحث عن حبوب لتنزيل الحمل في الشهر الثاني أو الأول، فإن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار المثالي.
دواء سايتوتك يحتوي على المادة الفعالة ميزوبروستول، التي تُستخدم لإجهاض الحمل والتخلص من النزيف ما بعد الولادة. يمكنك الآن الحصول على حبوب سايتوتك للبيع في دبي وأبوظبي والشارقة من خلال الاتصال برقم 00971547952044. نسعى لتقديم أفضل الخدمات في مجال حبوب الاجهاض الامارات، مع توفير حبوب سايتوتك الأصلية بأفضل الأسعار.
إذا كنت في دبي، أبوظبي، الشارقة أو العين، يمكنك الحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بسهولة وأمان. نحن نضمن لك وصول الحبوب الأصلية بسرية تامة مع خيار الدفع عند الاستلام. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الحل الفعال لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه بطريقة آمنة.
تبحث العديد من النساء في الإمارات العربية المتحدة عن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات كبديل للعمليات الجراحية التي تتطلب وقتاً طويلاً وتكلفة عالية. بفضل حبوب الاجهاض الامارات، يمكنك الآن إنهاء الحمل بسلام وأمان في منزلك. نحن نوفر حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية من إنتاج شركة فايزر، مما يضمن لك الحصول على منتج فعال وآمن.
إذا كنت تبحث عن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات في العين، دبي، أو أبوظبي، يمكنك التواصل معنا عبر الواتس آب أو الاتصال على رقم 00971547952044 للحصول على التفاصيل حول كيفية الشراء والتوصيل. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات متوفرة بأسعار تنافسية، مع تقديم خصومات كبيرة عند الشراء بالجملة.
حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار الأمثل لمن تبحث عن وسيلة آمنة وسريعة لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه. تواصل معنا اليوم للحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية وتجنب أي مشاكل أو مضاعفات صحية.
في النهاية، لا تقلق بشأن الحبوب المقلدة أو الخطرة، فنحن نوفر لك حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية بأفضل الأسعار وخدمة التوصيل السريع والآمن. اتصل بنا الآن على 00971547952044 لتأكيد طلبك والحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات التي تحتاجها. نحن هنا لمساعدتك وتقديم الدعم اللازم لضمان حصولك على الحل المناسب لمشكلتك.
Anatomy and physiology question bank by Ross and Wilson.
It's specially for nursing and paramedics students.
I hope that you people will get benefits of this book,also share it with your friends and classmates.
Doing practice and get high marks in anatomy and physiology's paper.
Continuing with the partner Introduction, Tampere University has another group operating at the INSIGHT project! Meet members of the Industrial Engineering and Management Unit - Aki, Jaakko, Olga, and Vilma!
The Limited Role of the Streaming Instability during Moon and Exomoon FormationSérgio Sacani
It is generally accepted that the Moon accreted from the disk formed by an impact between the proto-Earth and
impactor, but its details are highly debated. Some models suggest that a Mars-sized impactor formed a silicate
melt-rich (vapor-poor) disk around Earth, whereas other models suggest that a highly energetic impact produced a
silicate vapor-rich disk. Such a vapor-rich disk, however, may not be suitable for the Moon formation, because
moonlets, building blocks of the Moon, of 100 m–100 km in radius may experience strong gas drag and fall onto
Earth on a short timescale, failing to grow further. This problem may be avoided if large moonlets (?100 km)
form very quickly by streaming instability, which is a process to concentrate particles enough to cause gravitational
collapse and rapid formation of planetesimals or moonlets. Here, we investigate the effect of the streaming
instability in the Moon-forming disk for the first time and find that this instability can quickly form ∼100 km-sized
moonlets. However, these moonlets are not large enough to avoid strong drag, and they still fall onto Earth quickly.
This suggests that the vapor-rich disks may not form the large Moon, and therefore the models that produce vaporpoor disks are supported. This result is applicable to general impact-induced moon-forming disks, supporting the
previous suggestion that small planets (<1.6 R⊕) are good candidates to host large moons because their impactinduced disks would likely be vapor-poor. We find a limited role of streaming instability in satellite formation in an
impact-induced disk, whereas it plays a key role during planet formation.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Earth-moon system (436)
Complement Activation Pathways: Key Mechanisms in Immune Defensedeepsarao2001
The complement system is a key part of the immune response, made up of proteins that eliminate pathogens. It is activated through three main pathways:
Classical Pathway: Triggered by antibodies bound to antigens on a pathogen's surface.
Lectin Pathway: Initiated by mannose-binding lectin binding to sugars on pathogens.
Alternative Pathway: Activated spontaneously on pathogen surfaces without antibodies.
All pathways converge to form C3 convertase, leading to the destruction of pathogens by marking them for immune attack and creating pores in their membranes. This process enhances the body's ability to fight infections quickly and effectively.
Discovery of Merging Twin Quasars at z=6.05Sérgio Sacani
We report the discovery of two quasars at a redshift of z = 6.05 in the process of merging. They were
serendipitously discovered from the deep multiband imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
Subaru Strategic Program survey. The quasars, HSC J121503.42−014858.7 (C1) and HSC J121503.55−014859.3
(C2), both have luminous (>1043 erg s−1
) Lyα emission with a clear broad component (full width at half
maximum >1000 km s−1
). The rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) absolute magnitudes are M1450 = − 23.106 ± 0.017
(C1) and −22.662 ± 0.024 (C2). Our crude estimates of the black hole masses provide log 8.1 0. ( ) M M BH = 3
in both sources. The two quasars are separated by 12 kpc in projected proper distance, bridged by a structure in the
rest-UV light suggesting that they are undergoing a merger. This pair is one of the most distant merging quasars
reported to date, providing crucial insight into galaxy and black hole build-up in the hierarchical structure
formation scenario. A companion paper will present the gas and dust properties captured by Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, which provide additional evidence for and detailed measurements of
the merger, and also demonstrate that the two sources are not gravitationally lensed images of a single quasar.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Double quasars (406); Quasars (1319); Reionization (1383); High-redshift
galaxies (734); Active galactic nuclei (16); Galaxy mergers (608); Supermassive black holes (1663)
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Use of clay in pottery
1. USE OF CLAY IN POTTERY
By
Prof A. Balasubramanian
Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science,
University of Mysore,
Mysore
2. What is clay?
• Soil contains sand, silt and
clay components.
• Topsoil contains a lot of
organic material, which
makes it good for growing
plants.
• Clays and inelastic earths
are the results of
decomposing rocks, in
which the particle size is
extremely small.
3. Clay Is...
• Clay differs from the inelastic earths and fine
sand because of its ability, when wet with the
proper amount of water, to form a cohesive
mass and to retain its shape when molded.
• This quality is known as clay’s plasticity.
• When heated to high temperatures, clay also
partially melts, resulting in the tight, hard
rock-like substance known as ceramic
material.
4. Clay minerals
The clay minerals kaolin, smectite and palygorskite-sepiolite
are among the world's most important and useful
industrial minerals.
Clay minerals are important in a number of geological
applications such as stratigraphic correlations, indicators
of environments of deposition and temperature for
generation of hydrocarbons.
In agriculture, the clay minerals are a major component of
soils and determinant of soil properties.
The clay minerals are important in construction where they
are a major constituent in brick and tile.
The physical and chemical properties of the clay minerals
determine their utilization in the process industries.
5. Classes of Clay
• Clay can be divided into several classes, based
on characteristics and at what temperature
the clay must be fired to in order for it to
become mature, or reach its optimum
hardness and durability.
6. Clays- important characteristics
The important characteristics relating to the
applications of clay minerals are
a) particle size and shape,
b) surface chemistry,
c) surface area,
d) Surface charge, and
e) other properties specific to particular applications,
including viscosity, colour, plasticity, green, dry and fired
strength, absorption and adsorption, abrasion and pH.
In all applications, the clay minerals perform a function and
are not just inert components of the system.
7. Three types of clays
• The three most commonly used clay
bodies are earthenware clay bodies, mid-fire
stoneware clay bodies, and high-fire
stoneware clay bodies.
• All three are available commercially in moist
and ready-to-use form.
• Clay bodies can also be produced by mixing
dry clays and additives with water to create
your own desired clay body.
8. Physical stages of clay
• Clay ware takes on varying physical characteristics during the making of pottery.
• Greenware: refers to unfired objects. At sufficient moisture content. Most plastic
in form. Soft and malleable. Easily deformed by handling.
• Leather-hard : refers to a clay body that has been dried partially. 15% moisture
content. Very firm and only slightly pliable. Trimming and handle attachment
possible.
• Bone-dry : clay body reaches a moisture content at or near 0%. It is now ready to
be bisque fired.
• Bisque : clay after the object is shaped to the desired form and fired in the kiln for
the first time. It is "bisque fired" or "biscuit fired". This firing changes the clay
body in several ways. Mineral components of the clay body will undergo chemical
changes that will change the colour of the clay.
• Glaze fired : Final stage of pottery making. A glaze may be applied to the bisque
form and the object can be decorated in several ways. After this the object is
"glazed fired", which causes the glaze material to melt, then adhere to the object.
The glaze firing will also harden the body still more as chemical processes can
continue to occur in the body.
9. Stages with temperature rise
• Spinel = Further heating to 925–950 °C converts
metakaolin to an aluminium-silicon spinel which is
sometimes also referred to as a gamma-alumina type
structure: 2 Al2Si2O7 → Si3Al4O12 + SiO2.
• Platelet mullite = Upon calcination above 1050 °C, the
spinel phase nucleates and transforms to platelet
mullite and highly crystalline cristobalite: 3 Si3Al4O12
→ 2(3 Al2O3 · 2 SiO2) + 5 SiO2.
• Needle mullite = Finally, at 1400 °C the "needle" form
of mullite appears, offering substantial increases in
structural strength and heat resistance. This is a
structural but not chemical transformation.
11. Pottery and ceramics
• Pottery and ceramics are made by forming
and firing raw materials including clay and
pottery stones.
• They are divided into several categories, such
as earthenware and porcelain, depending on
such factors as raw material composition,
firing temperatures and water absorption.
• Fine Ceramics are primarily composed of
unique minerals such as alumina porcelain.
12. Pottery
• Pottery is the ceramic act of making pottery
wares, of which major types include
• earthenware, stoneware and porcelain.
• The place where such wares are made is also
called a pottery (plural "potteries").
• Pottery also refers to the art or craft of a
potter or the manufacture of pottery.
13. Definition of pottery
• “all fired ceramic wares that contain clay
when formed, except technical, structural, and
refractory products.”
• Some archaeologists use a different definition
by excluding ceramic objects such as figurines
which are made by similar processes and of
similar materials but are not vessels.
14. Origin of pottery
• Pottery originated during the Neolithic period.
• Ceramic objects like the Gravettian culture( Venus
of Dolní Věstonice) figurine discovered in the
Czech Republic date back to 29,000–25,000 BC.
• Pottery vessels discovered in Jiangxi, China date
back to 20,000 BP.
• Early Neolithic pottery has also been found in
Jomon Japan (10,500 BC)
• the Russian Far East (14,000 BC)& Sub-Saharan
Africa and South America.
15. HISTORY OF POTTERY AND
PORCELAIN
• The potter's wheel: 3000 BC
• Greek vases: 6th - 5th century BC
• Glazed ceramics: 9th - 1st century BC
• African terracotta figures: from the 5th century BC
• T'ang pottery: 7th - 9th century
• Islamic pottery: 9th-12th century
• Pottery of the Song dynasty: 10th - 13th century
• Japanese pottery and the Tea Ceremony: 13th - 16th c
• Raku:1588 Korean
• Kakiemon porcelain: 17th century – Japan
• Majolica, faience and delftware: 14th-17th century – Europe
• The European quest for porcelain: 16th-18th century
• The porcelain prisoner: 1700-1714
16. Pottery using clay body
• Pottery is made by forming a clay body into
objects of a required shape and heating them
to high temperatures in a kiln which removes
all the water from the clay, which induces
reactions that lead to permanent changes
including increasing their strength and
hardening and setting their shape.
17. Clay body can be decorated
• A clay body can be decorated before or after firing.
• Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be prepared.
• Kneading helps to ensure presence of an even moisture
content throughout the clay body.
• Air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed.
• This is called de-airing and can be accomplished by a
machine called a vacuum pug or manually by wedging.
• Wedging can also help produce an even moisture content.
• Once a clay body has been kneaded and de-aired or
wedged, it is shaped by a variety of techniques.
• After shaping it is dried and then fired.
18. Clays bodies and mineral contents
• There are several materials that are referred to
as clay.
• The properties of the clays differ, including:
• Plasticity,
• the malleability of the body;
• the extent to which they will absorb water after
firing; and
• shrinkage, the extent of reduction in size of a
body as water is removed.
19. Different clay bodies
• Different clay bodies also differ in the way in
which they respond when fired in the kiln.
• A clay body can be decorated before or after
firing.
• Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be
prepared.
• Each of these different clays are composed of
different types and amounts of minerals that
determine the characteristics of resulting
pottery.
20. Mineral contents of clay
• It is common for clays and other materials to
be mixed to produce clay bodies suited to
specific purposes.
• A common component of clay bodies is the
mineral kaolinite.
• Other mineral compounds in the clay may act
as fluxes which lowers the vitrification
temperature of bodies.
21. Pottery
• Includes glazed ceramics fired at higher
temperatures than earthenware (1,000 -
1,250oC / 1,832 - 2,282oF), but which possess
water absorption properties.
• Used in many modern products such as tea
cups, tableware, vases and roof tiles.
22. Different types of clays used for
pottery
• Earthernware clays
• Kaolin
• Ball clay
• Fire clay
• Stoneware clay
• Common red clay and Shale clay
• Bentonite clay
23. Earthenware Clays
• the earliest clays used by potters
• the most common type of clay found.
• highly plastic (easily worked) and can be sticky.
• contain iron and other mineral impurities which cause the
clay to reach its optimum hardness at between 1745°F and
2012°F (950°C and 1100°C).
• Typical colors for under moist status -red, orange, yellow,
and light gray.
• Colors for fired earthenware includes brown, red, orange,
buff, medium grey, and white.
• Fired colors are determined by the mineral impurities and
the type of firing.
24. Earthernware
• Includes clay biscuit vessels that are kneaded,
shaped and fired at low temperatures (approx.
800oC / 1,472oF).
• Typical examples are many.
• Archaeological artifacts from the Middle East
dating from around 6000 B.C. were the first.
• Modern uses include terracotta, flowerpots,
red bricks, stoves and water filters.
25. Kaolin (Porcelain) Clays
• Due to their mineral purity, kaolins are used for porcelain.
• They are all very light in color.
• While moist, they will be light grey and will fire in the
range between a very light grey or buff, to near-white and
white.
• Kaolin clays are not nearly as plastic as other clays.
• They are difficult to work with.
• Pure kaolin clays fire to maturity at about 3272°F (1800°C).
• They are often mixed with other clays to both increase
workability and lower the firing temperature.
• Many porcelain bodies are a mixture of kaolin and ball
clays.
26. Kaolin
• Another very large user of kaolins is the ceramics
industry, particularly in
• whiteware,
• sanitaryware,
• insulators,
• pottery and
• refractories.
• Both primary and secondary kaolins can have
excellent ceramic properties.
27. Industrial uses of kaolin
• Paper coating , Cement, Food additives
• Paper filling , Pencil leads , Bleaching
• Extender in paint , Adhesives, Fertilizers
• Ceramic raw material , Tanning leather Plaster
• Filler in rubber , Pharmaceuticals , Filter aids
• Filler in plastics, Enamels , Cosmetics
• Extender in ink Pastes, and glues Crayons
• Cracking catalysts, Insecticide carriers, Detergents
• Fibreglass, Medicines, Roofing granules
• Foundries, Sizing, Linoleum
• Desiccants, Textiles, Polishing compounds
28. Kaolin- China Clay
• Kaolin, is sometimes referred to as China clay
because it was first used in China.
• part of the group of industrial minerals, with
the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4.
• It is a layered silicate mineral, with one
tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen
atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina
octahedra.
• Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as
kaolin or china clay.
29. Structural transformations
• Kaolinite structure
• Kaolinite group clays
undergo a series of
phase transformations
upon thermal
treatment in air at
atmospheric pressure.
30. Drying kaolin
• Below 100 °C, exposure to dry air will slowly remove liquid
water from the kaolin.
• The end-state for this transformation is referred to as
"leather dry".
• Between 100 °C and about 550 °C, any remaining liquid
water is expelled from kaolinite. The end state for this
transformation is referred to as "bone dry".
• Through this state, the expulsion of water is reversible: if
the kaolin is exposed to liquid water, it will be reabsorbed
and disintegrate into its fine particulate form.
• Subsequent transformations are not reversible, and
represent permanent chemical changes.
31. Metakaolin
• Endothermic dehydration of kaolinite begins
at 550–600 °C producing
disordered metakaolin, but
continuous hydroxyl loss is observed up to
900 °C.
• Comp: Al2Si2O5(OH)4 → Al2Si2O7 + 2 H2O.
32. Ball Clays
• Ball clays are highly plastic and contain few
mineral impurities.
• They fire to their mature hardness at about
2336°F (1300°C).
• When moist , they are dark grey and when
fired they are either light grey or light buff in
color.
33. Common Dry Ball Clays Used in
Pottery
• Ball clays are light-colored, highly plastic clays
that are used to help clay bodies become more
workable. They are also very prone to
excessive shrinkage (generally between 12% and
15%) and warping. Because of these problems,
they are not used by themselves in a clay body.
• Champion Ball Clay
• Champion ball clay fires to white and is known for
excellent dry strength.
34. Problems of Ball clays
• Ball clays do have a serious drawback.
• They cannot be used by themselves due to
their excessive shrinkage during drying and
firing.
• They are extremely useful, however, when
added to other clays to increase workability
and plasticity.
35. Ball clay
• Ball clay An extremely plastic, fine grained
sedimentary clay, which may contain some
organic matter. Small amounts can be added to
porcelain to increase plasticity.
• Ball clays are kaolinitic sedimentary clays.
• They consist of 20-80% kaolinite, 10-25% mica,
and 6-65% quartz.
• They are fine-grained and plastic in nature.
• Ball clays are relatively scarce deposits
36. Fire Clays
• Fire clays vary widely in their characteristics.
• The hallmark is their high firing range.
• They mature at about 2696°F (1500°C).
• Although relatively free from mineral impurities, they
tend to have spots of iron which lend a speckled
appearance once fired.
• Often used in stoneware clay bodies to increase their
maturation temperature and to give the fired clay a bit
extra roughness, or "tooth".
• Used in fuel-fired kilns to create cone packs and to seal
doors.
37. Fire clay
• Fire clay is a term applied to a range
of refractory clays used in the manufacture
of ceramics, especially fire brick.
• This kind of clay has a slightly lower percentage
of fluxes than kaolin.
• It is usually quite plastic.
• It is a highly heat resistant form of clay.
• It can be combined with other clays to increase
the firing temperature and may be used as an
ingredient to make stoneware type bodies.
38. Fire clay
• Fire clay has a "mineral aggregate composed of
hydrous silicates of aluminium (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) with
or without free silica.
• A "fire clay“ material must withstand a minimum
temperature of 1,515 °C .
• High-grade fire clays can withstand temperatures of
1775 °C (3227 °F).
• Fire clay is resistant to high temperatures,
having fusion points higher than 1,600 °C (2,910 °F).
• It is suitable for lining furnaces, as fire brick.
• Suitable for the manufacture of utensils used in
the metalworking industries(crucibles & glassware).
39. Porcelain Clay Bodies
• Porcelain clay bodies are known for their hardness, their extremely
tight density, their whiteness, and their translucence when the
pottery's walls are thin.
• Kaolin clays are the foundation of all porcelain clay bodies.
• Kaolin is the purest form of clay.
• It is also so non-plastic as to be nearly unworkable if not mixed with
other clays.
• Another difficulty is that porcelain clay bodies are very prone to
warping during drying and in the kiln.
• The purest porcelain bodies are fired at the highest temperatures
used in pottery, usually between cone 11 and cone 14.
• However, many porcelain clay bodies are modified to make the clay
more workable and also to bring the firing temperature down.
40. Porcelain
• Includes colorfully glazed, white ceramics
hardened by forming and firing mixtures of
high-purity clays (or pottery stones), silica and
feldspars.
• They were developed during China's Sui and
Tang Dynasties (600 - 700 A.D.) and adopted
worldwide.
• Widely used in modern tableware, insulators,
arts & craftworks and exterior tiles.
41. Stoneware Clays
• Stoneware clays are plastic and are often grey
in color when occur with moisture.
• Their fired colors range through light grey and
buff, to medium grey and brown.
• Fired colors are greatly affected by the type of
firing.
42. Stoneware clay
• Suitable for creating stoneware.
• has many of the characteristics between fire
clay and ball clay,
• It contains finer grains, like ball clay
• It is more heat resistant like fire clays.
43. Stoneware Clay Bodies
• Generally speaking, stoneware clay bodies fire to a gray, buff, tan,
or light brown color.
• Color will vary with the same clay, depending on the
kiln's atmosphere.
• Darker colors are possible with the addition of slips, such as Alberta
Slip, or of coloring oxides.
• Stoneware clays get their name from the dense, rock-like nature of
the clay body when it is fired to its maturation temperature.
• There are some naturally occurring stoneware clays that need little
modification.
• Usually, however, a stoneware clay body adds other ingredients for
optimal performance.
• For example, ball clays may be added for plasticity, or fire clays may
be added to raise the maturation temperature of the clay body.
44. Stoneware
• These ceramics are
composed of purer clay,
fire-hardened and
lacking water absorption
properties.
• Today, they are used for
clay pipes, pavement
bricks, artisan pots and
tea sets.
45. Dry Stoneware and Fire Clays
• There are several dry fire clays and stoneware
clays available to the studio potter.
• These dry clays are used to create custom clay
bodies, using clay body recipes.
46. Low-fire bodies
• Low-fire bodies are defined by when the temperature
at which the clay body matures, generally considered
to be between cones 09 and 02 (1700⁰ and 2000⁰ F or
927⁰ and 1093⁰ C).
• Low-fire clays tend to have good workability and
usually will not shrink, warp, or sag excessively.
• However, they are softer which means that they are
less durable and will absorb liquids.
• Low-fire clays are divided into two types according to
their color after firing.
• Darker-colored bodies (most commonly red), and the
white and buff clay bodies.
47. Mid-Fire Stoneware Clay Bodies
• Mid-Fire Stoneware Clay Bodies
• are formulated to fire to maturity between
2150°F and 2260°F (1160°C and 1225°C).
• High-Fire Stoneware Clay Bodies
• fire to their mature hardness between 2200°F
and 2336°F (1200°C and 1300°C).
48. Differences Between Mid-Range and
High-Fire Clays
• the distinguishing factor is the temperature at which the
clay matures. (heating cones in sequence)
• Mid-range clay bodies high to maturity between cone 4 and
cone 7.
• High-fire clay bodies are usually considered to be those that
mature between cone 8 and cone 11, although some
porcelains go all the way to cone 14.
• The ingredients used in mid-range and high-fire clay bodies
are very similar within their type.
• The main difference is that, in relation to high-fire bodies,
mid-range bodies will have either less refractory elements,
more fluxing agents, or a combination of these two.
49. Red or Dark Earthenware Clays
• can range from a orange-red to a dark brown, with red being
the most common.
• Their color derives from the iron-bearing clays used their
clay bodies.
• The iron already within the clay body acts as a fluxing
(melting) agent, which matures the clay at relatively low
temperatures.
• Earthenware clays melt at such low temperatures that they
seldom become fully vitrified. Because of this, the fired
ware will continue to absorb liquids.
• For this reason, functional ware is almost always glazed.
50. White or Buff Earthenware Clays
• Because of an increased interest in low-temperature firing, new
varieties of low-fire clay bodies have been developed.
• These clay bodies have also been given the label “earthenware”
due to the fact that they mature in the earthenware temperature
range.
• The idea of low-firing white clay bodies actually began further
back to Europe, when pottery factories began trying to duplicate
the porcelain ware that had become available from the eastern
Asia.
• These clay bodies required large quantities of fluxing agents, in
order to lower the melting temperature for the relatively clean
mixtures of kaolin and ball clays.
• The white bodies of today are still composed of about half clay
and half added fluxing agent, such as talc.
51. Common red clay and Shale
• Common red clay and Shale clay have
vegetable and ferric oxide impurities which
make them useful for bricks.
• Generally unsatisfactory for pottery except
under special conditions of a particular
deposit.
52. Bentonite
• An extremely plastic clay which can be added in
small quantities to short clay to increase the
plasticity.
• Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium
phyllosilicate,
• It is an impure clay consisting mostly of
montmorillonite.
• There are different types of bentonite, each
named after the respective dominant element,
such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca),
and aluminium (Al).
53. Smectite
Smectite is the mineral name given to a group of
Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Li-A1 silicates.
The mineral names in the smectite group which
are most commonly used are Na-
montmorillonite, Ca-montmorillonite,
saponite (Mg), nontronite (Fe), and hectorite
(Li).
The rock in which these smectite minerals are
dominant is bentonite.
54. Methods of shaping in pottery
• Hand building
• The potter's wheel
• Granulate pressing
• Injection moulding
• Jiggering and jolleying
• Roller-head machine
• Pressure casting
• RAM pressing
• Slipcasting
55. Glaze
• Glaze is a glassy coating on pottery
• The primary purposes is for decoration and protection.
• One important use of glaze is to render porous pottery
vessels impermeable to water and other liquids.
• Glaze may be applied by dusting the unfired
composition over the ware or by spraying, dipping,
trailing or brushing on a thin slurry composed of the
unfired glaze and water.
• The colour of a glaze after it has been fired may be
significantly different from before firing.
56. Specialised glazing techniques;
Salt-glazing
• In Salt-glazing, common
salt is introduced to the
kiln during the firing
process.
• The high temperatures
cause the salt to
volatize, depositing it
on the surface of the
ware to react with the
body to form a sodium
aluminosilicate glaze.
57. Glazing Methods -Ash glazing
• Ash glazing - ash from the combustion of plant
matter has been used as the flux component of
glazes.
• The source of the ash was generally the
combustion waste from the fuelling of kilns
although the potential of ash derived from arable
crop wastes has been investigated.
• They are now limited to small numbers of studio
potters who value the unpredictability arising
from the variable nature of the raw material.
58. Glazing Methods
• Underglaze decoration (in the manner of
many blue and white wares).
• Underglaze may be applied by brush strokes,
air brush, or by pouring the underglaze into
the mold, covering the inside, creating a
swirling effect, then the mold is filled with slip.
• In-glaze decoration
• On-glaze decoration
• Enamel
59. Firing
• Firing produces irreversible changes in the body.
• It is only after firing that the article or material is
pottery.
• In lower-fired pottery, the changes include
sintering, the fusing together of coarser particles
in the body at their points of contact with each
other.
• In the case of porcelain, where different materials
and higher firing-temperatures are used, the
physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of
the constituents in the body are greatly altered.
60. Object of firing
• In all cases, the object of firing is to permanently
harden the wares and the firing regime must be
appropriate to the materials used to make them.
• As a rough guide, earthenwares are normally
fired at temperatures in the range of about
1,000°C (1,830 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F);
stonewares at between about 1,100 °C (2,010 °F)
to 1,300 °C (2,370 °F); and
• porcelains at between about 1,200 °C (2,190 °F)
to 1,400 °C (2,550 °F).
61. Kilns
• Kilns may be heated by burning wood, coal and gas or
by electricity.
• When used as fuels, coal and wood can introduce
smoke, soot and ash into the kiln which can affect the
appearance of unprotected wares.
• For this reason, wares fired in wood- or coal-fired kilns
are often placed in the kiln in saggars, lidded ceramic
boxes, to protect them.
• Modern kilns powered by gas or electricity are cleaner
and more easily controlled than older wood- or coal-
fired kilns and often allow shorter firing times to be
used.