The document provides an introduction to software engineering and discusses software, software engineering, the software development life cycle (SDLC), and SDLC models. It defines software and its components. It describes software engineering goals and challenges. It explains the SDLC phases including feasibility study, requirements analysis, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. It discusses various SDLC models like waterfall, iterative, prototype, spiral, and agile models.
Software engineering is concerned with developing software using a systematic process and addressing factors like increasing demands and low expectations. It involves activities like specification, development, validation and evolution. Some key challenges are coping with diversity, reduced delivery times and developing trustworthy software. Different techniques are suitable depending on the type of system, and processes may incorporate elements of models like waterfall, incremental development and integration/configuration. Prototyping can help with requirements, design and testing.
The document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying scientific principles and methods to the development of software. The document then discusses the need for software engineering due to factors like managing large or scalable software, cost management, and dynamic nature of software. It also covers key concepts in software engineering like product vs process, software evolution, software development life cycle (SDLC), different SDLC models like waterfall, incremental, iterative and evolutionary.
The document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying scientific principles and methods to the development of software. The document then discusses the need for software engineering due to factors like managing large or scalable software, cost management, and dynamic nature of software. It also covers key concepts in software engineering like product vs process, software evolution, software development life cycle (SDLC), different SDLC models like waterfall, incremental, iterative and evolutionary models.
The document discusses software engineering and provides an overview of key concepts. It defines software engineering and discusses its need. It describes characteristics of good software and lists factors like operational, transitional, and maintenance characteristics. It also covers software development life cycles and models like the classical waterfall model. The classical waterfall model divides the life cycle into phases like feasibility study, requirements analysis, design, coding/unit testing, and integration/system testing.
Software engineering is concerned with the development and maintenance of software through systematic and disciplined approaches. It aims to produce high-quality software that is delivered on time and within budget. However, software projects often fail due to unrealistic plans, changing requirements, poor quality, and lack of proper processes and standards. This "software crisis" has been a long-standing problem in engineering. Proper requirements, planning, design, and adherence to processes are needed to address this crisis.
SE chp1 update and learning management .pptxssuserdee5bb1
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including definitions, types of software, software processes, life cycle models and the waterfall model. It defines software engineering as a discipline concerned with all aspects of software development and defines types of software such as system software and application software. The document also summarizes software engineering objectives, reasons for software failures, and the three R's of software engineering - reuse, re-engineering, and re-tooling. Finally, it provides a brief introduction to software process models including the waterfall model.
The document discusses several key characteristics and concepts related to software engineering:
1) Software is flexible, reliable, and does not wear out unlike manufactured products.
2) Software can be reused through copying/downloading code and components.
3) Software engineering differs from conventional engineering in its focus on abstract design and code rather than concrete products, as well as lower material costs but higher project costs.
Software engineering is concerned with developing software using a systematic process and addressing factors like increasing demands and low expectations. It involves activities like specification, development, validation and evolution. Some key challenges are coping with diversity, reduced delivery times and developing trustworthy software. Different techniques are suitable depending on the type of system, and processes may incorporate elements of models like waterfall, incremental development and integration/configuration. Prototyping can help with requirements, design and testing.
The document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying scientific principles and methods to the development of software. The document then discusses the need for software engineering due to factors like managing large or scalable software, cost management, and dynamic nature of software. It also covers key concepts in software engineering like product vs process, software evolution, software development life cycle (SDLC), different SDLC models like waterfall, incremental, iterative and evolutionary.
The document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying scientific principles and methods to the development of software. The document then discusses the need for software engineering due to factors like managing large or scalable software, cost management, and dynamic nature of software. It also covers key concepts in software engineering like product vs process, software evolution, software development life cycle (SDLC), different SDLC models like waterfall, incremental, iterative and evolutionary models.
The document discusses software engineering and provides an overview of key concepts. It defines software engineering and discusses its need. It describes characteristics of good software and lists factors like operational, transitional, and maintenance characteristics. It also covers software development life cycles and models like the classical waterfall model. The classical waterfall model divides the life cycle into phases like feasibility study, requirements analysis, design, coding/unit testing, and integration/system testing.
Software engineering is concerned with the development and maintenance of software through systematic and disciplined approaches. It aims to produce high-quality software that is delivered on time and within budget. However, software projects often fail due to unrealistic plans, changing requirements, poor quality, and lack of proper processes and standards. This "software crisis" has been a long-standing problem in engineering. Proper requirements, planning, design, and adherence to processes are needed to address this crisis.
SE chp1 update and learning management .pptxssuserdee5bb1
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including definitions, types of software, software processes, life cycle models and the waterfall model. It defines software engineering as a discipline concerned with all aspects of software development and defines types of software such as system software and application software. The document also summarizes software engineering objectives, reasons for software failures, and the three R's of software engineering - reuse, re-engineering, and re-tooling. Finally, it provides a brief introduction to software process models including the waterfall model.
The document discusses several key characteristics and concepts related to software engineering:
1) Software is flexible, reliable, and does not wear out unlike manufactured products.
2) Software can be reused through copying/downloading code and components.
3) Software engineering differs from conventional engineering in its focus on abstract design and code rather than concrete products, as well as lower material costs but higher project costs.
The document discusses key concepts in software engineering including:
1. The differences between programs and software products. Software products are larger, have multiple users, and follow a more systematic development process.
2. Software is defined as the instructions, data structures, and documentation that make up a computer system. It is developed rather than manufactured.
3. Software engineering aims to apply systematic and quantifiable approaches to software development, operation, and maintenance to produce reliable software economically.
This document discusses key concepts in software engineering. It defines software engineering as the systematic development of software using scientific principles and methods. It discusses different types of software (S-type, P-type, E-type) based on their evolution characteristics. The document also covers software paradigms, components, characteristics, qualities, and evolution process. It notes that software engineering aims to develop efficient and reliable software through well-defined principles and procedures.
Software engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It involves theories, methods and tools to support the software development process from initial specification through maintenance. Key activities include specification, development, validation and evolution of software to meet changing needs. While techniques vary depending on the application type, fundamental principles like managed processes, dependability, requirements management and reuse apply universally.
Software engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It involves theories, methods and tools to support the software development process from initial specification through maintenance. Key activities include specification, development, validation and evolution of software to meet changing needs. While techniques may vary depending on the application type, fundamental principles like managed processes, dependability, requirements management and reuse apply universally.
This document provides an overview of software engineering. It discusses key topics like software evolution, paradigms, characteristics, and the software development life cycle (SDLC). The SDLC is described as a structured sequence of stages to develop software, including communication, requirements gathering, feasibility study, system analysis, design, coding, testing, integration, implementation, and operation and maintenance. Software engineering aims to develop high-quality software using well-defined principles and methods, addressing issues like exceeding timelines and budgets seen in traditional software development.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which defines the stages involved in developing software. It describes the typical phases as requirement gathering, design, implementation/coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance. The SDLC helps make the development process more systematic and efficient by defining these stages and guiding the software from requirements to maintenance. It also improves estimates of budgets, resources, and time required. Common SDLC models mentioned are waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, and agile.
MODULE 1 :
Software Product and Process
Introduction –FAQs About Software Engineering,
Definition Of Software Engineering,
Difference Between Software Engineering And Computer Science,
Difference Between Software Engineering And System Engineering,
Software Process,
Software Process Models,
The Waterfall Model,
Incremental Process Models,
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Development, Prototyping,
Component Based Software Engineering ,
The Unified Process, Attributes Of Good Software,
Key Challenges Facing By Software Engineering,
Verification – Validation,
Computer Based System,
Business Process Engineering,
fter Completing this chapter you should be able to:
understand what software engineering is and why it is important;
understand the concepts of software processes and software process models;
Compare and contrast a variety of models
understand some ethical and professional issues that are important for software engineers;
This document introduces software engineering and its importance. It defines software as a series of instructions that direct a computer to perform tasks, and software engineering as the systematic study and application of engineering principles to software design, development, implementation and maintenance. The document also discusses different types of software, software process models, the generic activities in a software development process, and attributes of good quality software such as maintainability, dependability, efficiency and cost/performance.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software engineering as the systematic approach to designing, developing, operating, and maintaining software. It discusses the need for software engineering due to past software crises where projects regularly failed or went over budget. The document outlines objectives of software engineering such as maintainability, correctness, reusability, and reliability. It also distinguishes between a program and software product and discusses challenges in software engineering.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, prototyping, and spiral models. It describes the basic stages and processes involved in each model. The waterfall model involves sequential stages of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows revisiting earlier stages and incremental releases. The prototyping model uses prototypes to gather early user feedback. Finally, the spiral model combines iterative development and risk analysis, proceeding in cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
Software development is a process that involves planning, designing, coding, testing, and maintaining software. It includes identifying requirements, analyzing requirements, designing the software architecture and components, programming, testing, and maintaining the software. There are various software development models that guide the process, such as waterfall, rapid application development, and agile development. Choosing the right development model and tools, clearly defining requirements, managing changes, and testing thoroughly are important best practices for successful software projects.
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including definitions of software and software engineering. It discusses the importance of software and characteristics that make it different than other engineered products. The document also outlines some common software applications and categories. It defines the key activities in a generic software process including communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. Finally, it provides examples of two case studies - an embedded system in an insulin pump and a patient information system for mental health care.
Week_01-Intro to Software Engineering-1.ppt23017156038
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including definitions of software and software engineering. It discusses the importance of software and different types of software applications. The document also introduces a generic software engineering process framework consisting of communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment activities. Finally, it provides examples of an embedded insulin pump control system and a patient information system for mental health care to illustrate software engineering concepts and processes.
Software Engineering involves developing software systems on time, on budget, with acceptable performance and correct operation. It is concerned with theories, methods and tools for professional software development. Software costs often dominate system costs and software is more expensive to maintain than develop. There are different types of software products and processes used for development.
The document discusses key concepts in software engineering including:
1. The differences between programs and software products. Software products are larger, have multiple users, and follow a more systematic development process.
2. Software is defined as the instructions, data structures, and documentation that make up a computer system. It is developed rather than manufactured.
3. Software engineering aims to apply systematic and quantifiable approaches to software development, operation, and maintenance to produce reliable software economically.
This document discusses key concepts in software engineering. It defines software engineering as the systematic development of software using scientific principles and methods. It discusses different types of software (S-type, P-type, E-type) based on their evolution characteristics. The document also covers software paradigms, components, characteristics, qualities, and evolution process. It notes that software engineering aims to develop efficient and reliable software through well-defined principles and procedures.
Software engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It involves theories, methods and tools to support the software development process from initial specification through maintenance. Key activities include specification, development, validation and evolution of software to meet changing needs. While techniques vary depending on the application type, fundamental principles like managed processes, dependability, requirements management and reuse apply universally.
Software engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It involves theories, methods and tools to support the software development process from initial specification through maintenance. Key activities include specification, development, validation and evolution of software to meet changing needs. While techniques may vary depending on the application type, fundamental principles like managed processes, dependability, requirements management and reuse apply universally.
This document provides an overview of software engineering. It discusses key topics like software evolution, paradigms, characteristics, and the software development life cycle (SDLC). The SDLC is described as a structured sequence of stages to develop software, including communication, requirements gathering, feasibility study, system analysis, design, coding, testing, integration, implementation, and operation and maintenance. Software engineering aims to develop high-quality software using well-defined principles and methods, addressing issues like exceeding timelines and budgets seen in traditional software development.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which defines the stages involved in developing software. It describes the typical phases as requirement gathering, design, implementation/coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance. The SDLC helps make the development process more systematic and efficient by defining these stages and guiding the software from requirements to maintenance. It also improves estimates of budgets, resources, and time required. Common SDLC models mentioned are waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, and agile.
MODULE 1 :
Software Product and Process
Introduction –FAQs About Software Engineering,
Definition Of Software Engineering,
Difference Between Software Engineering And Computer Science,
Difference Between Software Engineering And System Engineering,
Software Process,
Software Process Models,
The Waterfall Model,
Incremental Process Models,
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Development, Prototyping,
Component Based Software Engineering ,
The Unified Process, Attributes Of Good Software,
Key Challenges Facing By Software Engineering,
Verification – Validation,
Computer Based System,
Business Process Engineering,
fter Completing this chapter you should be able to:
understand what software engineering is and why it is important;
understand the concepts of software processes and software process models;
Compare and contrast a variety of models
understand some ethical and professional issues that are important for software engineers;
This document introduces software engineering and its importance. It defines software as a series of instructions that direct a computer to perform tasks, and software engineering as the systematic study and application of engineering principles to software design, development, implementation and maintenance. The document also discusses different types of software, software process models, the generic activities in a software development process, and attributes of good quality software such as maintainability, dependability, efficiency and cost/performance.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software engineering as the systematic approach to designing, developing, operating, and maintaining software. It discusses the need for software engineering due to past software crises where projects regularly failed or went over budget. The document outlines objectives of software engineering such as maintainability, correctness, reusability, and reliability. It also distinguishes between a program and software product and discusses challenges in software engineering.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, prototyping, and spiral models. It describes the basic stages and processes involved in each model. The waterfall model involves sequential stages of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows revisiting earlier stages and incremental releases. The prototyping model uses prototypes to gather early user feedback. Finally, the spiral model combines iterative development and risk analysis, proceeding in cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
Software development is a process that involves planning, designing, coding, testing, and maintaining software. It includes identifying requirements, analyzing requirements, designing the software architecture and components, programming, testing, and maintaining the software. There are various software development models that guide the process, such as waterfall, rapid application development, and agile development. Choosing the right development model and tools, clearly defining requirements, managing changes, and testing thoroughly are important best practices for successful software projects.
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including definitions of software and software engineering. It discusses the importance of software and characteristics that make it different than other engineered products. The document also outlines some common software applications and categories. It defines the key activities in a generic software process including communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. Finally, it provides examples of two case studies - an embedded system in an insulin pump and a patient information system for mental health care.
Week_01-Intro to Software Engineering-1.ppt23017156038
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including definitions of software and software engineering. It discusses the importance of software and different types of software applications. The document also introduces a generic software engineering process framework consisting of communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment activities. Finally, it provides examples of an embedded insulin pump control system and a patient information system for mental health care to illustrate software engineering concepts and processes.
Software Engineering involves developing software systems on time, on budget, with acceptable performance and correct operation. It is concerned with theories, methods and tools for professional software development. Software costs often dominate system costs and software is more expensive to maintain than develop. There are different types of software products and processes used for development.
Similar to Software Engineering-Unit 1 by Adisesha.pdf (20)
Software Engineering-Unit 2 "Requirement Engineering" by Adi.pdfProf. Dr. K. Adisesha
The document discusses requirement engineering and provides details on:
- Types of requirements including functional, non-functional, user, and system requirements
- The requirement engineering process including feasibility studies, elicitation, analysis, specification, validation, and management
- Software requirement specification (SRS) documents, their purpose, characteristics of a good SRS, and typical sections
- Functional and non-functional requirements in more depth
This document discusses system modeling. It defines system modeling as developing abstract models of a system from different perspectives. Common modeling techniques discussed include context models, interaction models, structural models, behavioral models, and model-driven engineering. Specific modeling languages covered are activity diagrams, use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, class diagrams, and state diagrams. The document provides examples and definitions for how to apply these modeling approaches and languages.
Architectural design establishes the framework for software development by examining requirements and designing a model that specifies system components, their inputs/outputs/functions, and interactions. It can be represented using structural, dynamic, process, functional, or framework models. The outputs are an architectural design document and various project plans. Architectural design decisions impact non-functional requirements and common decisions include architectural style and system decomposition.
The document discusses various types of software testing including unit testing, component testing, system testing, test-driven development, release testing, and user testing. It provides details on the goals and processes involved in each type of testing. Unit testing involves testing individual program units in isolation to check functionality. Component and system testing focus on interactions between units and components. Test-driven development interleaves writing tests before code. Release testing validates that software meets requirements before release. User testing involves customers providing input on a system under test.
This document discusses computer communication and networks. It defines data communication and its key characteristics of delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter. It describes the core components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium and protocols. It then discusses different types of computer networks including LANs, WANs, PANs and MANs. The key aspects covered are their definitions, examples, advantages and disadvantages.
Data communication involves the exchange of data between two devices via transmission media such as cables. It consists of five main components: a message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocol. Data can be transmitted in three modes - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. Transmission media can be guided (wired) such as twisted pair or coaxial cables, or unguided (wireless) such as radio waves. Networks are sets of connected devices that can be arranged in various topologies like bus, star, ring, or mesh. Switching techniques such as circuit, message, and packet switching determine how data is routed through a network.
The document discusses the data link layer. It covers the following key points:
- The data link layer has two sublayers: the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the medium access control (MAC) sublayer.
- The LLC sublayer controls flow and performs error checking, while the MAC sublayer handles frame encapsulation and network addressing.
- The data link layer is responsible for framing, addressing, error control, flow control, and multi-access functionality. It takes packets and converts them to frames for transmission on the physical layer.
- Error detection techniques used include parity checks and cyclic redundancy checks to validate frames are transmitted accurately. Error correction can be done through retransmission
The document provides an overview of the network layer. It discusses key topics like the functions of the network layer such as logical addressing, routing, and internetworking. It describes different routing algorithms including distance vector, link state, and hierarchical routing. It also covers congestion control mechanisms like leaky bucket algorithm, token bucket algorithm, and admission control that are used to control congestion in the network layer.
The document discusses the transport and application layers of the OSI model. It begins by describing the transport layer, including its responsibilities of process-to-process delivery, end-to-end connections, multiplexing, congestion control, data integrity, error correction, and flow control. It then discusses the transport layer protocols TCP and UDP, comparing their key differences such as connection-oriented vs. connectionless and reliability. The document next covers application layer services and protocols, including DNS, HTTP, FTP, and email. It concludes by describing models like client-server and peer-to-peer that are used in application layer communication.
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3. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
3
Software:
The term software specifies to the set of computer programs, procedures and associated
documents (Flowcharts, manuals, etc.) that describe the program and how they are to
be used.
➢ Software is more than programs. Any program is a subset of software, and it becomes
software only if documentation & operating procedures manuals are prepared.
➢ There are three components of the software:
➢ Program: Program is a combination of source code & object code.
➢ Documentation: Documentation consists of different types of manuals. Examples of
documentation manuals are: Data Flow Diagram, Flow Charts, ER diagrams, etc.
➢ Operating Procedures: Operating Procedures consist of instructions to set up and use the
software system and instructions on how react to the system failure.
4. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
4
Components of Software :
Operating Procedures –Set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to
help workers carry out complex routine operations.
➢ Code: the instructions that a computer executes in order to perform a specific task or
set of tasks.
➢ Data: the information that the software uses or manipulates.
➢ User interface: the means by which the user interacts with the software, such as
buttons, menus, and text fields.
➢ Libraries: pre-written code that can be reused by the software to perform common
tasks.
➢ Documentation: information that explains how to use and maintain the software, such
as user manuals and technical guides.
5. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
5
Characteristics of Software:
Software products may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed for
a general market.
➢ Software is engineered not manufactured.
❖ Software does not wear out, failed components must be re-engineered.
❖ Software is intangible – It has no mass, no volume, no color, no odor and it cannot
be touched.
❖ Maintainability – Software should meet the changing needs of customers.
❖ Usability – The software should have appropriate user interface and enough
number of documentations.
❖ Dependability – Means reliability, it should be safe and secure to use the software
without causing system failure.
6. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
6
Components of Software :
Operating Procedures –Set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to
help workers carry out complex routine operations.
➢ Test cases: a set of inputs, execution conditions, and expected outputs that are used to
test the software for correctness and reliability.
➢ Configuration files: files that contain settings and parameters that are used to
configure the software to run in a specific environment.
➢ Build and deployment scripts: scripts or tools that are used to build, package, and
deploy the software to different environments.
➢ Metadata: information about the software, such as version numbers, authors, and
copyright information.
7. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
7
Software:
The term software specifies to the set of computer programs, procedures and associated
documents (Flowcharts, manuals, etc.) that describe the program and how they are to
be used.
➢ Process: A process is the sequence of steps executed to achieve a goal. A process is
defined by cycles. Similar to a project, a process also has a beginning, middle, and end;
however, this cycle repeats itself over an average period of time.
➢ Project: A project is defined by a fixed time, scope, and resources. When
implementing a project, the goal is to execute change, usually drastic, and to
incorporate that change into the day-to-day processes of the company.
8. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
8
Software Crisis:
There are several various general models or paradigms of software development:
➢ Size: Software is becoming more expensive and more complex with the growing complexity
and expectation out of software. For example, the code in the consumer product is doubling
every couple of years.
➢ Quality: Many software products have poor quality, i.e., the software products defects after
putting into use due to ineffective testing technique.
➢ Cost: Software development is costly i.e. in terms of time taken to develop and the money
involved.
➢ Delayed Delivery: Serious schedule overruns are common. Very often the software takes longer
than the estimated time to develop, which in turn leads to cost shooting up.
9. Software Engineering
Dr. K. Adisesha
9
Software Engineering:
A systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance and retirement of
software.
➢ Definition by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): The application
of systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation,
maintenance of software that is the application of engineering to the software.
➢ Goals of Software Engineering
❖ To improve the quality of the software product
❖ To increase productivity and
❖ To give job satisfaction to the Software engineers.
10. Software Engineering
Dr. K. Adisesha
10
Software Engineering:
Key Challenges of Software Engineering.
➢ The legacy challenge: The challenging method of maintaining and updating the
software in such a way that high costs are avoided and essential business services
continue to be delivered.
➢ The Heterogeneity challenge: Systems are required to operate as distributed systems
across networks. The challenge of developing techniques to build dependable software
which is flexible to cope with is called heterogeneity.
➢ The delivery challenge: A challenge of shortening delivery time for large and complex
systems without compromising system quality.
11. Software Engineering
Dr. K. Adisesha
11
Software Product:
Software products are software systems that are delivered to a customer with
documentation which describes how to install and use this system.
➢ Software products may be classified into two types.
❖ Generic products: Generic products are stand-alone systems
that are developed by a production unit and sold on the open
market to any customer who is able to buy them.
❖ Customized Products: Customized products are the systems
that are commissioned by a particular customer. Some
contractor develops the software for that customer.
12. Software Processes
Dr. K. Adisesha
12
Software Processes:
A software process is the set of activities and associated outcome that produce a
software product. Software engineers mostly carry out these activities.
➢ These are four key process activities, which are common to all software processes:
❖ Software specifications: The functionality of the software and constraints on its
operation must be defined.
❖ Software development: The software to meet the requirement must be produced.
❖ Software validation: The software must be validated to ensure that it does what the
customer wants.
❖ Software evolution: The software must evolve to meet changing client needs.
13. Software Development Life Cycle
Dr. K. Adisesha
13
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC):
SDLC is a sequence of activities carried out by analyst, designer and user to develop
and implement an information system.
➢ SDLC can be broadly classified into 7 phases.
➢ Feasibility Study
➢ Requirement analysis
➢ System Design
➢ Development
➢ Testing
➢ Deployment
➢ Software Maintenance
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Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC):
SDLC is a sequence of activities carried out by analyst, designer and user to develop
and implement an information system.
➢ SDLC can be broadly classified into 7 phases.
➢ Feasibility Study: The main aim is to determine whether the product is financially
worthwhile and technically feasible.
➢ Requirement analysis: In this phase the aim is to find exact requirement of the
customers,
➢ System Design: Software architecture is derived from SRS document. A new system is
designed according to the needs of the user.
➢ Development: This is the actual phase where the system is developed. The whole
design is built and implemented.
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Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC):
SDLC is a sequence of activities carried out by analyst, designer and user to develop
and implement an information system.
➢ SDLC can be broadly classified into 7 phases.
➢ Testing: During implementation phase each module of the design is coded and each
module is unit tested individually. This is to check if each individual module works
correctly. This is the most critical phase.
➢ Deployment: The developed system is handed over to the client. The old system is
dispensed and the new system is put to operations and used.
➢ Software Maintenance: In this phase adding enhancements, improvements and updates
to the new versions are done.
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SDLC Models:
Software Development life cycle (SDLC) is a spiritual model used in project
management that defines the stages include in an information system development
project.
➢ Each process model follows a series of phase unique to its type to ensure success in the
step of software development.
➢ Different types of SDLC Models are:
❖ Waterfall Model
❖ Iterative Model
❖ Prototype model
❖ Iterative enhancement model
❖ Agile Model
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Waterfall Model:
This model is a software life cycle where the stages are depicted as cascading from one
to another. It was described by W.W. Royce in 1970.
➢ The waterfall model arranges all the phases sequentially so that each new phase
depends on the outcome of the previous phase. Conceptually, the design flows from
one phase down to the next, like that of a waterfall.
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Waterfall Model:
This model is a software life cycle where the stages are depicted as cascading from one
to another. It was described by W.W. Royce in 1970.
➢ Advantages of Waterfall Model
❖ Easy to explain to the user.
❖ Stages and activities are well defined
❖ Verification at each stage ensures early detection of errors
❖ Widely used to identify and meet the milestones
❖ Establishes communication between customer and developer to meet the
specifications.
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Waterfall Model:
This model is a software life cycle where the stages are depicted as cascading from one
to another. It was described by W.W. Royce in 1970.
➢ Disadvantages of Waterfall Model
❖ The next stage begins only after the previous stage is complete, making it rigid.
❖ User training is not given much importance.
❖ Interaction with the user takes place right at the beginning and then at the time of
deployment, which creates a gap between the phases.
❖ Due to its cascading flow there is very little interaction from the user.
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Iterative Model:
The iterative process suggests that teams begin software development with a small
subset of requirements. Then, they iteratively enhance versions over time until the
complete software is ready for production.
➢ iterative development is a way of breaking down the software development of a large
application into smaller pieces.
➢ The team produces a new software version at the end of each iteration.
➢ Pros and cons
❖ It’s easy to identify and manage risks, as
requirements can change between iterations.
However, repeated cycles could lead to scope
change and underestimation of resources.
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Prototype model:
Prototype is a partially developed product /dummy model that allow customers and
developers to analyze if the proposed system is suitable for the finished product.
➢ A prototype is a toy implementation which is built before starting actual development.
❖ The reason for developing a prototype is it is impossible to
“get it right” the first time; we must plan to throw away
the first product in order to develop a good product.
❖ The developed prototype is submitted to the customer/user
for evaluation, based on the customer feedback the model
is modified/refined. The cycle continues until the customer
approves the prototype.
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Prototype model:
Prototype is a partially developed product /dummy model that allow customers and
developers to analyze if the proposed system is suitable for the finished product.
➢ Advantages of Prototype Model
❖ Modification in prototype is faster.
❖ Helps determine feasibility of the system.
❖ Software Developers commitment is higher.
➢ Disadvantages of Prototype Model
❖ Prototyping tools are expensive.
❖ Design and code for the prototype is usually thrown away.
❖ In order to get the prototype work quickly the quality is compromised.
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Spiral model:
The spiral model is a risk-driven process model. This SDLC model helps the group to
adopt elements of one or more process models like a waterfall, incremental, waterfall, etc.
➢ Spiral model was proposed by Boehm in 1988.
➢ Innermost loop is concerned with system feasibility, next loop system requirement,
followed by system design and so on.
➢ Each loop in the spiral represents a phase of the software process.
➢ Each loop is split into 4 sectors:
❖ Objective setting
❖ Risk assessment and reduction
❖ Development and Validation
❖ Planning
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Spiral model:
The spiral model is a risk-driven process model. This SDLC model helps the group to
adopt elements of one or more process models like a waterfall, incremental, waterfall, etc.
➢ Advantages of Spiral Model
❖ High amount of risk analysis
❖ Supports large and high risk projects
❖ Spiral model is one of the most flexible SDLC models.
❖ Changes can be introduced later in the life cycle as well
➢ Disadvantages of Spiral model
❖ When to stop the spiral process is not clear.
❖ Cost involved in this model is usually high.
❖ Does not work well for smaller projects.
❖ Project’s success is highly dependent on the risk analysis phase.
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Agile Model:
The agile model was mainly designed to adapt to changing requests quickly. The main
goal of the Agile model is to facilitate quick project completion.
➢ Agile methodology is a practice which promotes continues interaction of development
and testing during the SDLC process of any project.
➢ In the Agile method, the entire project is
divided into small incremental builds.
➢ All of these builds are provided in iterations,
and each iteration lasts from one to three
weeks.
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The Agile software development cycle:
Agile software development refers to a group of software development methodologies
based on iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve through
collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams.
➢ The Agile software development cycle can be broken down into the following six steps:
❖ Concept
❖ Inception
❖ Iteration/construction
❖ Release
❖ Production
❖ Retirement
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Advantages of Agile methodologies:
The goal of every Agile methodology is to embrace and adapt to change while
delivering working software as efficiently as possible.
➢ Advantages:
❖ Deployment of software is quicker and thus helps in increasing the trust of the
customer.
❖ Helps in getting immediate feedback which can be used to improve the software in
the next increment.
❖ Increased collaboration and communication
❖ Flexibility and adaptability
❖ Improved quality and reliability
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Disadvantages of Agile methodologies:
In the case of large software projects, it is difficult to assess the effort required at the
initial stages of the software development life cycle.
➢ Disadvantages:
❖ Lack of predictability
❖ Limited scope control
❖ Lack of emphasis on testing
❖ Risk of team burnout
❖ Lack of structure and governance
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The Software Process Model:
A software process model is a specified definition of a software process, which is
presented from a particular perspective.
➢ Models, by their nature, are a simplification, so a software process model is an
abstraction of the actual process, which is being described.
➢ Some examples of the types of software process models that may be produced are:
❖ A workflow model
❖ A dataflow or activity model
❖ A role/action model
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Software Process Model:
Some examples of the types of software process models that may be produced are:
➢ A workflow model: This shows the series of activities in the process along with their inputs,
outputs and dependencies.
❖ The activities in this model perform human actions.
➢ A dataflow or activity model: This represents the process as a set of activities, each of which
carries out some data transformations.
❖ The activities here may be at a lower level than activities in a workflow model.
❖ They may perform transformations carried out by people or by computers.
➢ 3. A role/action model: This means the roles of the people involved in the software process
and the activities for which they are responsible.
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Software Process Model :
A software process model is a specified few Software Crisis, which is presented from a
particular perspective:
➢ The waterfall approach: This takes the above activities and produces them as separate process
phases such as requirements specification, software design, implementation, testing, and so on.
➢ Evolutionary development: This method interleaves the activities of specification,
development, and validation. An initial system is rapidly developed from a very abstract
specification.
➢ Formal transformation: This method is based on producing a formal mathematical system
specification and transforming this specification, using mathematical methods to a program.
These transformations are 'correctness preserving
➢ System assembly from reusable components: This method assumes the parts of the system
already exist.
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Software Process Model:
The software development team must decide the process model that is to be used for
software product development and then the entire team must adhere to it.:
➢ The Waterfall Model – It is a sequential design process in which progress is seen as
flowing steadily downwards.
➢ A workflow Model – It is the sequential series of tasks and decisions that make up a business
process.
➢ Phases in waterfall model:
(i) Requirements Specification
(ii) Software Design
(iii) Implementation
(iv) Testing
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Agile software development:
Agile software development refers to a group of software development methodologies
based on iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve through
collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams.
➢ In 2001, 17 software development professionals gathered to discuss concepts around the idea
of lightweight software development and ended up creating the Agile Manifesto.
➢ The four core values outlined in the Agile Manifesto are as follows:
❖ Individual interactions are more important than processes and tools.
❖ A focus on working software rather than thorough documentation.
❖ Collaboration instead of contract negotiations.
❖ A focus on responding to change.
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Agile software development:
Here is the working of Agile -
➢ Define the project: The team, along with the customer, defines the project's goals,
objectives, and requirements.
➢ Create a backlog: A backlog is a prioritized list of tasks that need to be completed. The
customer, product owner, and the team work together to create the backlog.
➢ Plan the sprint: The team plans the sprint by selecting the highest-priority tasks from
the backlog and determining how much work can be completed in the upcoming sprint.
➢ Execute the sprint: The team works on completing the tasks planned for the sprint, with
daily meetings to check progress and address any issues.
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Agile software development:
Here is the working of Agile -
➢ Review and demo: At the end of the sprint, the team demonstrates the completed work
to the customer and gets feedback.
➢ Retrospect: The team retrospects on the sprint, discussing what went well, what didn't,
and what can be improved for the next sprint.
➢ Repeat: The process is repeated for each sprint until the project is completed. The
product is incrementally developed and delivered to the customer in small chunks.
➢ Continuously improve: Agile methodologies focus on continuous improvement. The
team reflects on its progress and makes adjustments as necessary to improve processes,
tools, and communication for the next sprint.
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Types of Agile methodologies:
The goal of every Agile methodology is to embrace and adapt to change while
delivering working software as efficiently as possible.
➢ The most widely used Agile methods include the following:
❖ Scrum
❖ Kanban
❖ Crystal
❖ Continuous Integration
❖ Test-Driven Development
❖ Dynamic systems development method
❖ Feature-driven development
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Types of Agile methodologies:
The goal of every Agile methodology is to embrace and adapt to change while
delivering working software as efficiently as possible.
➢ The most widely used Agile methods include the following:
❖ Scrum: Scrum is a framework for agile software development that involves
iterative cycles called sprints, daily stand-up meetings, and a product backlog that
is prioritized by the customer.
❖ Kanban: Kanban is a visual system that helps teams manage their work and
improve their processes. It involves using a board with columns to represent
different stages of the development process, and cards or sticky notes to represent
work items.
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Types of Agile methodologies:
The goal of every Agile methodology is to embrace and adapt to change while
delivering working software as efficiently as possible.
➢ The most widely used Agile methods include the following:
❖ Continuous Integration: Continuous Integration is the practice of frequently merging code
changes into a shared repository, which helps to identify and resolve conflicts early in the
development process.
❖ Test-Driven Development: Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a development practice that
involves writing automated tests before writing the code. This helps to ensure that the code
meets the requirements and reduces the likelihood of defects.
❖ Pair Programming: Pair programming involves two developers working together on the
same code. This helps to improve code quality, share knowledge, and reduce the defects.
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Types of Agile methodologies:
The goal of every Agile methodology is to embrace and adapt to change while
delivering working software as efficiently as possible.
➢ The most widely used Agile methods include the following:
❖ Continuous Integration: Continuous Integration is the practice of frequently merging code
changes into a shared repository, which helps to identify and resolve conflicts early in the
development process.
❖ Test-Driven Development: Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a development practice that
involves writing automated tests before writing the code. This helps to ensure that the code
meets the requirements and reduces the likelihood of defects.
❖ Pair Programming: Pair programming involves two developers working together on the
same code. This helps to improve code quality, share knowledge, and reduce the defects.
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Scrum methodologies:
Scrum is a subset of Agile. It is a lightweight process framework for agile development,
and the most widely-used one..
➢ A Scrum process is distinguished from other agile processes by specific concepts and
practices, divided into the three categories of the ScrumMaster, the Product Owner, and the
Team.
➢ An agile Scrum process benefits the organization by helping it to
❖ Increase the quality of the deliverables
❖ Cope better with change (and expect the changes)
❖ Provide better estimates while spending less time creating them
❖ Be more in control of the project schedule and state
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Scrum methodologies:
Scrum is a popular framework that enables teams to work together. Based on Agile
principles, Scrum enables the development, delivery, and sustenance of complex
projects.
➢ It enables teams to hypothesize how they think something works, try it out, learn and
reflect from their experiences, and make appropriate changes.
❖ Project deliverables are completed quickly and efficiently
❖ Time and money are used properly
❖ Projects are manageable since they’re divided into smaller units called sprints
❖ Teams have greater visibility, thanks to scrum meetings and stand-up sessions
❖ There’s constant feedback from customers and clients
❖ Individual efforts of the team members can be focused on
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Kanban board template:
The main benefit of using a template for your Kanban board is that it allows you to
quickly set up your project task list, especially when you create your template in project
management software.
➢ Kanban board templates are simple workflow management tools.
➢ From there, you and your team can see project work in real time, watching as other team
members move tasks from “to-do” to “in progress.”
❖ Software development teams working through product backlogs.
❖ Startups who need a clear and easy way to coordinate work with limited team members or
resources.
❖ Content marketing teams who need to assign articles to a variety of writers. The article
can move through different stages, in this example the columns could be: to-do, assigned,
drafting, editing, and published.