This document provides an introduction and overview of computer hardware components. It discusses input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, and digital cameras. It also covers output devices such as monitors, printers, speakers. It describes different types of computers based on size and performance, such as microcomputers, minicomputers, and mainframes. The document then discusses computer memory, including primary memory technologies like RAM and ROM, as well as secondary magnetic storage.
This document discusses various computer input, output, and memory devices. It describes common input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, and magnetic ink character recognition devices. It also covers output devices such as monitors in CRT, LCD, LED forms and printers as impact printers like dot matrix and line printers, and non-impact printers. Memory devices discussed include primary memory like RAM and secondary storage devices like hard disks.
The document discusses various computer input, output, and memory devices. It describes keyboards, mice, scanners, and monitors as common input and output devices. It also discusses different types of memory devices, including hard disk drives, solid state drives, RAM, and ROM. The document provides definitions and examples of how these various hardware components facilitate input, output, processing and storage of data in a computer system.
Computer – Hardware
Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer, i.e. the components that can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are the following −
Input devices − keyboard, mouse, etc.
Output devices − printer, monitor, etc.
Secondary storage devices − Hard disk, CD, DVD, etc.
Internal components − RAM,CPU, motherboard, etc.
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES OF COMPUTER Input Devices A device that can be used to insert data into a computer system is called as input device. It allows people to supply information to computers without any input devices, a computer would only be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras and Light pen, joysticks, Touch-screen, OMR, OBR,OCR. Keyboard Most common and very popular input device is keyboard. The keyboard helps in inputting the data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing some additional functions. Keyboard is of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now 104 keys or 108 keys keyboard is also available for Windows and Internet. Mouse Mouse is most popular Pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device. It is a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU on pressing the buttons. Generally it has two buttons called left and right button and scroll bar is present at the mid. Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computers. It describes keyboards, mice, joysticks, scanners, and other input devices that allow data and instructions to enter the computer. It also covers different types of monitors, printers, speakers and other output devices that display processed data to the user. The document concludes by explaining primary and secondary computer memory, including RAM, ROM, hard disks, and their roles in storing programs and data both temporarily and permanently.
Computer Fundamentals Input and Output devicesKirti Verma
Peripheral devices that allow communication between the computer and outside world are called input/output devices. Input devices supply data and programs to the computer and include keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones. Output devices allow the computer to communicate information to users and include printers, monitors, speakers. Common input devices described are keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones. Common output devices described are printers, monitors, and speakers.
Input and output devices allow computers to communicate with the external environment. Input devices such as keyboards, mice, and scanners allow users to enter data and instructions. Output devices such as monitors, printers, and speakers allow the computer to display or convey the results of processing. Common input devices include keyboards for text entry, pointing devices like mice, and scanners for digitizing images. Common output devices are visual display units like computer monitors, audio speakers, and printers for producing hard copies. Together, input and output devices enable interaction between humans and computers.
Basic fundamental Computer input/output Accessoriessuraj pandey
The document discusses various computer input and output devices. For input, it describes keyboards, mice, joysticks, light pens, touch screens, data gloves, tablets, digitizers, scanners, optical character recognition, optical mark readers, bar code readers, voice recognition, electronic cards, digital cameras, and webcams. For output, it discusses monitors including CRT, LCD, LED, plasma displays, printers, and impact vs non-impact printers.
The document discusses various input, output, and memory devices used in computers. It describes keyboards as the most common input device used to enter data and mice as input devices that control cursor movement. Monitors and printers are discussed as main output devices that display and print output. Primary memory devices like RAM and ROM that interface directly with the CPU are volatile and non-volatile storage, respectively. Secondary memory provides larger but slower storage.
This document discusses various computer input, output, and memory devices. It describes common input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, and magnetic ink character recognition devices. It also covers output devices such as monitors in CRT, LCD, LED forms and printers as impact printers like dot matrix and line printers, and non-impact printers. Memory devices discussed include primary memory like RAM and secondary storage devices like hard disks.
The document discusses various computer input, output, and memory devices. It describes keyboards, mice, scanners, and monitors as common input and output devices. It also discusses different types of memory devices, including hard disk drives, solid state drives, RAM, and ROM. The document provides definitions and examples of how these various hardware components facilitate input, output, processing and storage of data in a computer system.
Computer – Hardware
Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer, i.e. the components that can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are the following −
Input devices − keyboard, mouse, etc.
Output devices − printer, monitor, etc.
Secondary storage devices − Hard disk, CD, DVD, etc.
Internal components − RAM,CPU, motherboard, etc.
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES OF COMPUTER Input Devices A device that can be used to insert data into a computer system is called as input device. It allows people to supply information to computers without any input devices, a computer would only be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras and Light pen, joysticks, Touch-screen, OMR, OBR,OCR. Keyboard Most common and very popular input device is keyboard. The keyboard helps in inputting the data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing some additional functions. Keyboard is of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now 104 keys or 108 keys keyboard is also available for Windows and Internet. Mouse Mouse is most popular Pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device. It is a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU on pressing the buttons. Generally it has two buttons called left and right button and scroll bar is present at the mid. Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computers. It describes keyboards, mice, joysticks, scanners, and other input devices that allow data and instructions to enter the computer. It also covers different types of monitors, printers, speakers and other output devices that display processed data to the user. The document concludes by explaining primary and secondary computer memory, including RAM, ROM, hard disks, and their roles in storing programs and data both temporarily and permanently.
Computer Fundamentals Input and Output devicesKirti Verma
Peripheral devices that allow communication between the computer and outside world are called input/output devices. Input devices supply data and programs to the computer and include keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones. Output devices allow the computer to communicate information to users and include printers, monitors, speakers. Common input devices described are keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones. Common output devices described are printers, monitors, and speakers.
Input and output devices allow computers to communicate with the external environment. Input devices such as keyboards, mice, and scanners allow users to enter data and instructions. Output devices such as monitors, printers, and speakers allow the computer to display or convey the results of processing. Common input devices include keyboards for text entry, pointing devices like mice, and scanners for digitizing images. Common output devices are visual display units like computer monitors, audio speakers, and printers for producing hard copies. Together, input and output devices enable interaction between humans and computers.
Basic fundamental Computer input/output Accessoriessuraj pandey
The document discusses various computer input and output devices. For input, it describes keyboards, mice, joysticks, light pens, touch screens, data gloves, tablets, digitizers, scanners, optical character recognition, optical mark readers, bar code readers, voice recognition, electronic cards, digital cameras, and webcams. For output, it discusses monitors including CRT, LCD, LED, plasma displays, printers, and impact vs non-impact printers.
The document discusses various input, output, and memory devices used in computers. It describes keyboards as the most common input device used to enter data and mice as input devices that control cursor movement. Monitors and printers are discussed as main output devices that display and print output. Primary memory devices like RAM and ROM that interface directly with the CPU are volatile and non-volatile storage, respectively. Secondary memory provides larger but slower storage.
The document discusses input and output devices used in computers. It describes common input devices like the keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner, and optical mark recognition devices. It explains that the keyboard is used to enter text and numeric data using keys that generate ASCII codes. Mice are pointing devices that control cursor movement. Scanners are used to digitize printed text and images. Output devices discussed include computer monitors in different display technologies and printers, distinguishing between impact printers like dot matrix and line printers, and non-impact printers such as laser and inkjet printers.
The document discusses various input, output, and memory devices used in computers. It describes keyboards as the most common input device used to enter data and mice as input devices that control cursor movement. Monitors and printers are discussed as main output devices that display and print output. Memory devices covered include RAM and ROM as primary memory and their types. Secondary memory is also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses various input, output, and memory devices used in computers. It describes keyboards as the most common input device used to enter data and mice as input devices that control cursor movement. Monitors and printers are discussed as main output devices that display and print output. Memory devices covered include RAM and ROM as primary memory and their types. Secondary memory is also briefly mentioned.
The document provides an overview of computer hardware and input devices. It discusses the basic components of a computer system including the input, processing, storage and output units. It then describes various commonly used input devices such as keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones, webcams and touchscreens. Specific input devices like optical mark readers, bar code readers and digitizers are also explained along with their uses.
Input devices allow data and instructions to enter a computer. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, joysticks, light pens, trackballs, scanners, digitizers, microphones, magnetic ink card readers, optical character readers, bar code readers, and optical mark readers. Output devices send data from the computer to the user or another device. Common output devices are monitors, printers like laser and inkjet printers, plotters, sound cards, and screens.
The document provides an overview of computers, including their basic components and functions. It describes how computers perform the four basic operations of input, output, storage, and processing. It then lists and describes some common computer components like the motherboard, CPU, RAM, hard disk, and processor. It also outlines several applications of computers in areas like business, education, science, and more. Finally, it discusses input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, and digital cameras and output devices like monitors, printers, and speakers.
Input devices capture information from the external environment and translate it into a form that can be processed by computers. Common input devices include keyboards, pointing devices like mice and trackballs, game controllers, scanners, styluses, microphones, digital cameras, and webcams. Trackballs are upside-down mice that rotate in place to move the cursor, requiring less workspace but more cleaning than mice. Touchpads and pointing sticks are found on laptops to control the cursor. Light pens, touch screens, styluses, graphic tablets, and pen-based devices allow entering information via touch. Voice recognition and handwriting recognition translate spoken words and handwriting into text.
This document discusses input and output devices for computers. It provides details on common input devices like the keyboard, mouse, scanner, and light pen. The keyboard allows typing data and instructions into the computer. The mouse is a pointing device that detects motion to control a graphical user interface. Scanners convert printed information into digital format. A light pen is used to draw on the computer screen. For output, it describes monitors to display information, printers to produce hard copies, and plotters for high-quality graphics and charts.
Peripheral devices are hardware components that can be connected to a computer to allow input or output of data. Some common input devices described include keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras, and touch screens. Output devices receive processed data from the computer and display it, such as monitors which form images from pixels.
The document discusses various input, output, and memory devices used in computers. It describes keyboards, mice, touch screens, microphones, and other input devices. Output devices mentioned include monitors, printers, plotters and speakers. The main types of computer memory are described as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), cache memory, and various secondary storage devices such as hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, magnetic tapes, flash drives, and cloud storage.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computing. It describes 17 common input devices including the keyboard, mouse, joystick, touchpad, scanner, microphone, and digital camera. It then explains 15 output devices such as the monitor, printers (inkjet, laser, dot matrix), and plotters. For each device, it provides details on how they work, examples of their uses, and advantages/disadvantages.
This document discusses various computer input devices and provides details about each one. It describes keyboards, graphics tablets, touch screens, barcode readers, MICR, OMR, OCR, magnetic stripes, joysticks, concept keyboards, chip readers, tracker balls, scanners, touch pads, PIN pads, light pens, and webcams. For each input device it provides information on where and when each one is commonly used.
The document discusses various types of computer input devices including keyboards, pointing devices like mice and trackballs, touchscreens, scanners, cameras, and digitizing tablets. It describes traditional, ergonomic, flexible, and wireless keyboards. It covers mechanical, optical, and cordless mice, and mentions joysticks, light pens, and styluses as additional pointing devices.
COMPUTER FUNCTIONAL UNITS INPUT,OUTPUT,MEMORY,ALU,CU
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
OPERATIING SYSTENMS -DOS,LINUX,WINDOWS
NUMBER CONVERTIONS
This document provides an overview of the six main elements of a computer system: hardware, software, peopleware, data/information, procedures, and communication. It focuses on describing the different types of computer hardware, including input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners; processing hardware like the central processing unit and memory; storage hardware like hard disks, floppy disks, and optical disks; and output hardware like printers and displays. Key input devices summarized include keyboards, pointing devices, bar code readers, and biometric systems. Processing hardware is summarized as the CPU and main memory. Storage is summarized as primary memory (RAM) and secondary memory like magnetic tapes, disks, and optical disks.
The document introduces input and output devices used in computing. It describes various input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners that allow data to enter a computer. It also covers output devices like printers, monitors, and plotters that allow a computer to display and print data in human-readable form. A variety of technologies are discussed for both inputting data into and outputting results from a computer system.
The document introduces various input and output devices used in computing. It describes common input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners and touch screens that allow data to enter the computer. It also outlines output devices such as printers, monitors, and plotters that allow the computer to display and print information in human-readable form. The document provides details on the purpose and functioning of different types of both input and output devices.
This document provides an overview of computers and their components. It defines a computer as an electronic machine made up of hardware and software. The main components are the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input devices, and output devices. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, and scanners, while common output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers. Memory is either primary memory (RAM) or secondary storage like hard disks. Factors that influence computer performance include CPU speed, memory capacity, hard disk speed, and bus speed.
The document discusses input and output devices used in computers. It describes common input devices like the keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner, and optical mark recognition devices. It explains that the keyboard is used to enter text and numeric data using keys that generate ASCII codes. Mice are pointing devices that control cursor movement. Scanners are used to digitize printed text and images. Output devices discussed include computer monitors in different display technologies and printers, distinguishing between impact printers like dot matrix and line printers, and non-impact printers such as laser and inkjet printers.
The document discusses various input, output, and memory devices used in computers. It describes keyboards as the most common input device used to enter data and mice as input devices that control cursor movement. Monitors and printers are discussed as main output devices that display and print output. Memory devices covered include RAM and ROM as primary memory and their types. Secondary memory is also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses various input, output, and memory devices used in computers. It describes keyboards as the most common input device used to enter data and mice as input devices that control cursor movement. Monitors and printers are discussed as main output devices that display and print output. Memory devices covered include RAM and ROM as primary memory and their types. Secondary memory is also briefly mentioned.
The document provides an overview of computer hardware and input devices. It discusses the basic components of a computer system including the input, processing, storage and output units. It then describes various commonly used input devices such as keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones, webcams and touchscreens. Specific input devices like optical mark readers, bar code readers and digitizers are also explained along with their uses.
Input devices allow data and instructions to enter a computer. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, joysticks, light pens, trackballs, scanners, digitizers, microphones, magnetic ink card readers, optical character readers, bar code readers, and optical mark readers. Output devices send data from the computer to the user or another device. Common output devices are monitors, printers like laser and inkjet printers, plotters, sound cards, and screens.
The document provides an overview of computers, including their basic components and functions. It describes how computers perform the four basic operations of input, output, storage, and processing. It then lists and describes some common computer components like the motherboard, CPU, RAM, hard disk, and processor. It also outlines several applications of computers in areas like business, education, science, and more. Finally, it discusses input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, and digital cameras and output devices like monitors, printers, and speakers.
Input devices capture information from the external environment and translate it into a form that can be processed by computers. Common input devices include keyboards, pointing devices like mice and trackballs, game controllers, scanners, styluses, microphones, digital cameras, and webcams. Trackballs are upside-down mice that rotate in place to move the cursor, requiring less workspace but more cleaning than mice. Touchpads and pointing sticks are found on laptops to control the cursor. Light pens, touch screens, styluses, graphic tablets, and pen-based devices allow entering information via touch. Voice recognition and handwriting recognition translate spoken words and handwriting into text.
This document discusses input and output devices for computers. It provides details on common input devices like the keyboard, mouse, scanner, and light pen. The keyboard allows typing data and instructions into the computer. The mouse is a pointing device that detects motion to control a graphical user interface. Scanners convert printed information into digital format. A light pen is used to draw on the computer screen. For output, it describes monitors to display information, printers to produce hard copies, and plotters for high-quality graphics and charts.
Peripheral devices are hardware components that can be connected to a computer to allow input or output of data. Some common input devices described include keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras, and touch screens. Output devices receive processed data from the computer and display it, such as monitors which form images from pixels.
The document discusses various input, output, and memory devices used in computers. It describes keyboards, mice, touch screens, microphones, and other input devices. Output devices mentioned include monitors, printers, plotters and speakers. The main types of computer memory are described as random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), cache memory, and various secondary storage devices such as hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, magnetic tapes, flash drives, and cloud storage.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computing. It describes 17 common input devices including the keyboard, mouse, joystick, touchpad, scanner, microphone, and digital camera. It then explains 15 output devices such as the monitor, printers (inkjet, laser, dot matrix), and plotters. For each device, it provides details on how they work, examples of their uses, and advantages/disadvantages.
This document discusses various computer input devices and provides details about each one. It describes keyboards, graphics tablets, touch screens, barcode readers, MICR, OMR, OCR, magnetic stripes, joysticks, concept keyboards, chip readers, tracker balls, scanners, touch pads, PIN pads, light pens, and webcams. For each input device it provides information on where and when each one is commonly used.
The document discusses various types of computer input devices including keyboards, pointing devices like mice and trackballs, touchscreens, scanners, cameras, and digitizing tablets. It describes traditional, ergonomic, flexible, and wireless keyboards. It covers mechanical, optical, and cordless mice, and mentions joysticks, light pens, and styluses as additional pointing devices.
COMPUTER FUNCTIONAL UNITS INPUT,OUTPUT,MEMORY,ALU,CU
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
OPERATIING SYSTENMS -DOS,LINUX,WINDOWS
NUMBER CONVERTIONS
This document provides an overview of the six main elements of a computer system: hardware, software, peopleware, data/information, procedures, and communication. It focuses on describing the different types of computer hardware, including input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners; processing hardware like the central processing unit and memory; storage hardware like hard disks, floppy disks, and optical disks; and output hardware like printers and displays. Key input devices summarized include keyboards, pointing devices, bar code readers, and biometric systems. Processing hardware is summarized as the CPU and main memory. Storage is summarized as primary memory (RAM) and secondary memory like magnetic tapes, disks, and optical disks.
The document introduces input and output devices used in computing. It describes various input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners that allow data to enter a computer. It also covers output devices like printers, monitors, and plotters that allow a computer to display and print data in human-readable form. A variety of technologies are discussed for both inputting data into and outputting results from a computer system.
The document introduces various input and output devices used in computing. It describes common input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners and touch screens that allow data to enter the computer. It also outlines output devices such as printers, monitors, and plotters that allow the computer to display and print information in human-readable form. The document provides details on the purpose and functioning of different types of both input and output devices.
This document provides an overview of computers and their components. It defines a computer as an electronic machine made up of hardware and software. The main components are the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input devices, and output devices. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, and scanners, while common output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers. Memory is either primary memory (RAM) or secondary storage like hard disks. Factors that influence computer performance include CPU speed, memory capacity, hard disk speed, and bus speed.
Software engineering is concerned with developing software using a systematic process and addressing factors like increasing demands and low expectations. It involves activities like specification, development, validation and evolution. Some key challenges are coping with diversity, reduced delivery times and developing trustworthy software. Different techniques are suitable depending on the type of system, and processes may incorporate elements of models like waterfall, incremental development and integration/configuration. Prototyping can help with requirements, design and testing.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering and discusses software, software engineering, the software development life cycle (SDLC), and SDLC models. It defines software and its components. It describes software engineering goals and challenges. It explains the SDLC phases including feasibility study, requirements analysis, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. It discusses various SDLC models like waterfall, iterative, prototype, spiral, and agile models.
Software Engineering-Unit 2 "Requirement Engineering" by Adi.pdfProf. Dr. K. Adisesha
The document discusses requirement engineering and provides details on:
- Types of requirements including functional, non-functional, user, and system requirements
- The requirement engineering process including feasibility studies, elicitation, analysis, specification, validation, and management
- Software requirement specification (SRS) documents, their purpose, characteristics of a good SRS, and typical sections
- Functional and non-functional requirements in more depth
This document discusses system modeling. It defines system modeling as developing abstract models of a system from different perspectives. Common modeling techniques discussed include context models, interaction models, structural models, behavioral models, and model-driven engineering. Specific modeling languages covered are activity diagrams, use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, class diagrams, and state diagrams. The document provides examples and definitions for how to apply these modeling approaches and languages.
Architectural design establishes the framework for software development by examining requirements and designing a model that specifies system components, their inputs/outputs/functions, and interactions. It can be represented using structural, dynamic, process, functional, or framework models. The outputs are an architectural design document and various project plans. Architectural design decisions impact non-functional requirements and common decisions include architectural style and system decomposition.
The document discusses various types of software testing including unit testing, component testing, system testing, test-driven development, release testing, and user testing. It provides details on the goals and processes involved in each type of testing. Unit testing involves testing individual program units in isolation to check functionality. Component and system testing focus on interactions between units and components. Test-driven development interleaves writing tests before code. Release testing validates that software meets requirements before release. User testing involves customers providing input on a system under test.
This document discusses computer communication and networks. It defines data communication and its key characteristics of delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter. It describes the core components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium and protocols. It then discusses different types of computer networks including LANs, WANs, PANs and MANs. The key aspects covered are their definitions, examples, advantages and disadvantages.
Data communication involves the exchange of data between two devices via transmission media such as cables. It consists of five main components: a message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocol. Data can be transmitted in three modes - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. Transmission media can be guided (wired) such as twisted pair or coaxial cables, or unguided (wireless) such as radio waves. Networks are sets of connected devices that can be arranged in various topologies like bus, star, ring, or mesh. Switching techniques such as circuit, message, and packet switching determine how data is routed through a network.
The document discusses the data link layer. It covers the following key points:
- The data link layer has two sublayers: the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the medium access control (MAC) sublayer.
- The LLC sublayer controls flow and performs error checking, while the MAC sublayer handles frame encapsulation and network addressing.
- The data link layer is responsible for framing, addressing, error control, flow control, and multi-access functionality. It takes packets and converts them to frames for transmission on the physical layer.
- Error detection techniques used include parity checks and cyclic redundancy checks to validate frames are transmitted accurately. Error correction can be done through retransmission
The document provides an overview of the network layer. It discusses key topics like the functions of the network layer such as logical addressing, routing, and internetworking. It describes different routing algorithms including distance vector, link state, and hierarchical routing. It also covers congestion control mechanisms like leaky bucket algorithm, token bucket algorithm, and admission control that are used to control congestion in the network layer.
The document discusses the transport and application layers of the OSI model. It begins by describing the transport layer, including its responsibilities of process-to-process delivery, end-to-end connections, multiplexing, congestion control, data integrity, error correction, and flow control. It then discusses the transport layer protocols TCP and UDP, comparing their key differences such as connection-oriented vs. connectionless and reliability. The document next covers application layer services and protocols, including DNS, HTTP, FTP, and email. It concludes by describing models like client-server and peer-to-peer that are used in application layer communication.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the R programming language. It covers the history and development of R, which originated from the S language at Bell Labs in the 1970s. The document then outlines some key concepts in R including data structures, subsetting, control structures, functions, and debugging. It also discusses the design of the R system including its core functionality in base R and extensive library of additional packages.
The document discusses various government scholarship schemes in India and Karnataka for students. It outlines national schemes administered by ministries like Human Resource Development, Social Justice and Empowerment, Tribal Affairs and Minority Affairs. It also describes state-level schemes in Karnataka for SC/ST/OBC and minority students. Eligibility criteria include family income limits and minimum academic performance. The application process involves applying online through the National Scholarship Portal and State Scholarship Portal.
The document discusses various topics related to process management in operating systems, including:
1) A process is a program in execution that can be in different states like ready, running, waiting, or terminated. The OS uses a process control block to manage information for each process.
2) Processes communicate and synchronize access to shared resources using techniques like message passing and shared memory.
3) CPU scheduling algorithms like first-come first-served, shortest job next, priority, and round robin are used to allocate CPU time between ready processes.
This document provides an introduction to operating systems presented by Prof. K. Adisesha. It discusses key concepts of operating systems including definitions, functions, types, and properties. Specifically, it defines an operating system as an interface between the user and computer hardware. It describes functions such as processor management, memory management, and file management. It outlines different types of operating systems including batch, time-sharing, distributed, and real-time systems. Finally, it discusses properties like batch processing, multitasking, and distributed environments.
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024khabri85
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 3)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
Lesson Outcomes:
- students will be able to identify and name various types of ornamental plants commonly used in landscaping and decoration, classifying them based on their characteristics such as foliage, flowering, and growth habits. They will understand the ecological, aesthetic, and economic benefits of ornamental plants, including their roles in improving air quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and enhancing the visual appeal of environments. Additionally, students will demonstrate knowledge of the basic requirements for growing ornamental plants, ensuring they can effectively cultivate and maintain these plants in various settings.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the creation of images and videos, enabling the generation of highly realistic and imaginative visual content. Utilizing advanced techniques like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and neural style transfer, AI can transform simple sketches into detailed artwork or blend various styles into unique visual masterpieces. GANs, in particular, function by pitting two neural networks against each other, resulting in the production of remarkably lifelike images. AI's ability to analyze and learn from vast datasets allows it to create visuals that not only mimic human creativity but also push the boundaries of artistic expression, making it a powerful tool in digital media and entertainment industries.
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
Environmental science 1.What is environmental science and components of envir...Deepika
Environmental science for Degree ,Engineering and pharmacy background.you can learn about multidisciplinary of nature and Natural resources with notes, examples and studies.
1.What is environmental science and components of environmental science
2. Explain about multidisciplinary of nature.
3. Explain about natural resources and its types
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
3. Computer Systems
Introduction:
Computer hardware must be carefully selected to meet the evolving needs of the
organization and of its supporting information systems.
Input-Process-Output cycle (IPO Cycle)
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
3
4. Digital Computer
4
The digital computer works upon discontinuous data operates on digital
data such as numbers.
➢ It uses binary number system in which there are only two digits 0 and 1
and all operations carried out on these digits at extremely fast rates.
➢ A digital computer basically knows how to count the digits and add the
digit. Digital Computers are much faster than an analog computer and far
more accurate.
➢ Computers used for business and scientific applications are digital
computers.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
5. Digital Computer
5
Classification based on Configuration
➢ Based on the performance, size, cost, capacity, the digital
computers are classified into four types:
1. Micro Computers
2. Mini Computers
3. Mainframe Computers
4. Supercomputers
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
6. Computer Systems
Computer hardware must be carefully selected to meet the evolving needs of the
organization and of its supporting information systems.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
6
➢ The Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains an
arithmetic and logic unit for manipulating data, a
number of registers for storing data, and a control
circuit for fetching and executing instructions.
➢ The Memory unit of a digital computer contains
storage for instructions and data.
➢ The Random Access Memory Unit (RAM) for real-
time Storage & processing of the data.
➢ The Input-Output devices for generating inputs from
the user and displaying the final results to the user.
7. Input Device :
7
The device used to accept the data and instructions from the user is
called input device.
➢An input device is used to feed data into computer.
➢Input devices are capable of converting data into a form which can be
recognized by computer.
➢A computer has several input device namely, Keyboard, Mouse,
Trackball, Joystick, Scanner, Light pen, Bar Code Reader, OCR, OMR,
MICR etc.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
8. Input Device :
8
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
Devices used to input general types of data:
•Personal computer input devices
•Speech recognition technology
•Digital cameras
•Scanning devices
•Optical data readers
•Magnetic ink character recognition
(MICR) devices
•Magnetic stripe card
9. Computer Keyboard
9
The most common input device is the keyboard.
➢It is used to enter both numerical and character type data.
➢It is like a mechanical type writer with alpha numeric and special
keys, punctuation keys, functional keys to perform specific.
➢The keyboards contain 101 keys or 104 keys.
➢The keyboard detects the key pressed and
generates the corresponding ASCII codes
which can be recognized by the computer.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
10. Types of keyboard
10
➢Standard keyboard: The standard keyboards have their basic layout. The average
number of keys on a regular keyboard is 105/108; QWERTY keyboards are the most
common and have the six alphabets Q, W, E, R, T, and Y in the first row.
➢Wireless keyboard: It is a keyboard that does not need to connect to the computer
via a wire. This makes very convenient for the use the keyboard comfortably. Wireless
keyboard use Bluetooth, Infrared (IR) to connect to the computer.
➢Ergonomics: It refers to study of method that can reduce stress
on muscles to avoid repetitive strain injury. It mostly deals with
optimizing posture and technique while working,
so the work can be carried out in the easiest manner.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
11. Types of keyboard
11
➢Virtual keyboard: It is a software device that led to use
input data just like hardware keyboard. They open up as an
application and can be controlled by a mouse or wire touch screen.
➢Compact keyboard: These keyboards are slim and usually
do not have the numerical keypad that is present on the right
side of the keyboard these are typically used in laptops.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
12. MOUSE
12
Mouse is an input device that controls the movement of the cursor on the
display screen.
➢MOUSE stands for “Mechanically Operated User Serial Engine”.
➢The Mouse is used as a pointing device.
➢Mouse is a small device; you can roll/navigate along a flat surface.
➢In a mouse, a small ball/IR rays is kept inside and touches the pad through a
hole at the bottom of the mouse.
➢There are two types of mouse.
▪Mechanical
▪Optical
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
13. MOUSE
13
➢There are two types of mouse.
▪Mechanical: This mouse has a small rubber ball underneath
that moves against two rollers as it passes across a flat surface.
▪Optical: This mouse more accurate and has no moving parts.
Ts use a laser to detect movement.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
14. JOYSTICK
14
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and
reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling.
➢The joystick can be moved in all four directions.
➢The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse.
➢It is mainly used in playing computer games.
➢Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such
as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles,
surveillance cameras and zero turning radius lawn movers.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
15. SCANNER
15
The scanner is an input device which works more like a photocopy machine.
➢It is used when some information is available on a paper and it is to be
transferred to the computer for further manipulation.
➢The scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into
the digital form.
16. Optical Mark Reading and Recognition
(OMR)
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
16
Optical Mark Reader is a device that reads pencil marks and converts them
into computer processable form.
➢Special pre-printed forms are designed with boxes which can be marked with
a dark pencil or ink. Such documents are read by a reader, which transcribes the
marks into electrical pulses which are transmitted to the computer.
➢They are widely used in applications like objective type answer papers
evaluation in which large number of candidates
appear, time shits of factory employees etc.
17. Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
17
The main use of these devices is to recognize alphabetic and numeric character
printed on paper.
➢The OCR technique permits the direct reading of any printed character without any
special ink. With OCR, a user can scan a page from a book.
➢The computer will recognize the characters in the page as a letters and punctuations
marks and stores.
➢This can be edited using a word processor the size
(width, height and depth) of the scanned.
➢OCR’s are used in applications such as Credit Card billing
and reading of pin code numbers in large post office
to sort mail geographically.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
18. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
(MICR)
18
MICR is a form of character recognition that reads the text
printed with magnetic charged ink.
➢The shapes of the characters by sensing the magnetic charge in
the ink and translates these shapes into computer processed format.
➢MICR is widely used by banks to process cheques.
➢The cheque can be read using a special input unit,
which recognizes magnetic ink characters.
➢This method eliminates the manual errors.
➢It also save time ensures security and accuracy of data.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
19. Output device
19
The device that displays output to the user is called
output device.
➢When the data and instruction are fed into the computer
and processed the next step is get the desired output.
➢This output may be displayed on the monitor or printed
on the computer.
➢The output displayed on the monitor is called soft copy
output.
➢The output produced on a computer is called hard copy
output.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
20. Monitor
20
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
It is commonly used output device sometimes called as display screen/VDU.
Monitors are connected with the computer are similar in appears to a
television set.
➢Monitor display image and text.
➢The smallest dot that can be displayed is called a pixel.
➢The resolution of the monitor determines the quality of the display. Some
popular resolutions are 640X480 pixels, 800X600 pixels and 1024X768
pixels.
➢The different size of the monitor is measured diagonally may be 12”, 14”,
17”, 19”, 21”.
21. Monitor
21
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
The different types of monitors:
➢CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
➢LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
➢TFT ( Thin Film Transistors)
➢LED (Light Emitting Diode)
22. Projector
22
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
A projector is an optical device that projects a figure or picture onto a
surface.
➢ Projectors may be used as an alternative to a television or monitor in large
gatherings.
➢ A projector could be used to demonstrate a presentation on a big screen.
➢ Projectors can produce either still images like slides or moving images
like videos.
➢ Example: OHP, CRT, LCD, DLP Projectors
23. Projector
23
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
The different types of projectors:
On the basis of its display property, Projectors can be classified in three
types. They are:
24. Printer
24
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
Printer is an output device that prints text or images on paper.
➢By printing you create a ‘hard copy’ of data.
➢There are different kinds of printers, which vary in their speed and
print quality.
➢The two main types of printer namely;
▪Impact Printers
▪Non Impact Printers.
25. Impact printers
25
It includes printers that print by striking device against inked ribbon.
➢Impact printers use a print head containing a number of metal pins, which
strike an inked ribbon placed between the print head and the paper.
➢Line printers, dot-matrix printers are some of the impact printers.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
26. Characteristics of Impact Printers
26
➢In impact printers, there is physical contact with the paper to produce an
image.
➢Due to being robust and low cost, they are useful for bulk printing.
➢Impact printers are ideal for printing multiple copies because they can easily
print through many layers of papers.
➢Due to its striking activity, impact printers are very noisy.
➢Since they are mechanical in nature, they tend to be slow.
➢Impact printers do not support transparencies.
➢Measured with characters per second.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
27. Line printer
27
Line printers are high speed printers capable of printing an entire line at
a time.
➢A line printer can print 150 lines to 3000 lines per minute.
➢The limitations of line printers are they can print only one font, they can’t
print graphics.
➢The print quality is low and they are noisy to operate.
➢It can print large volume of text data very fast compared
to the other printers.
➢It is also used to print on multi part stationeries to prepare
copies of a document.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
28. Dot matrix printer
28
➢The most popular serial printer is the dot matrix printer.
➢It prints one line of 8 or 14 points at a time, with print head moving across a
line.
➢They are similar to typewriters. They are normally slow.
➢The printing speed is around 300 characters per second.
➢It uses multi part stationeries to prepare copies of a document.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
29. Non impact printer
29
Non impact printer don’t use striking device.
➢The ink or semi –solid ink is stored in the printer cartridges and the flow
of ink is controlled by the processor.
➢It is much faster and can print color, different font and size also.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
30. Characteristics of non impact printers
30
➢ They possess the ability to change type face automatically
➢These printers produce high quality graphics.
➢These printers usually support the transparencies.
➢Measured in dots pen inches.
➢The speed is calculated by the number of pages per minute (PPM).
➢The size of the printing various A4, A3, A2, A0 and jumbo size.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
31. Thermal printer
31
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
Thermal printers are printers that produce images by pulling electrically
heated pins against special heat-sensitive paper.
➢They are inexpensive and used widely in fax machine and calculators.
➢Thermal printer paper tends to darken over time due to
➢exposure to sunlight and heat. So the printed matters
on the paper fade after a week or two.
➢It also produces a poor quality print.
32. Laser printer
32
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
Laser printer uses a laser beam and dry powered ink to produce a fine
dot matrix pattern.
➢In can produce very good quality of graphics images.
➢Laser printers print one entire page at a time and are typically faster and
have better quality output.
➢One of the chief characteristics o laser printer is their resolution- how
many dots per inch (dpi) they lay down.
➢The available resolutions range from 300 dpi at the low end to around
1200 dpi at the higher end.
33. Inkjet printer
33
➢ Inkjet printers use color cartridges which combine magenta, yellow and
cyan links to create color tones.
➢ A black cartridge is also used for crisp monochrome output.
➢ Inkjet printers works by spraying ionizing ink at a sheet of paper.
➢ Magnetized plates in the ink’s path direct the ink onto the paper in the
described shape.
➢ It prints one line at a time. Print quality is high,
speed is slow, typically about 100 CPS.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
34. Plotter
34
Plotter is an output device that draws shapes on paper based on commands
from a computer. Plotter differs from printers in that they draw lines using a
pen.
➢ As a result, they can produce continuous lines, whereas printers can only
stimulate lines printing a closely spaced series of dots.
➢ Multicolor plotters use different colored pens to draw different colors.
➢ Plotters are more expensive than printers.
➢ They used in engineering applications.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
35. Speakers
35
The speakers are the output device where the sound signals from analog/
digital are converted in to audible frequency in the speakers and produce
voice output [audio data].
➢ Using speakers along with speech synthesizer software, the computer can
provide voice output.
➢ Voice output has become very common in many places like airlines, banks,
automatic telephone enquiry system etc.
➢ Users can also hear music/songs using the voice output system.
➢ Namely 2.1 or 5.1 which indicates the position of the speakers and
tracking systems.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
36. Computer Memory
36
Memory is an essential component of any digital computer.
➢ It is storing device. It stores programs and data, which is required by the
CPU, and the results generated after processing.
➢ This storage enables us to use the stored data to in future.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
37. Computer Memory
37
There are two kinds of memory are commonly used in
computers.
1. Primary Memory (Semi-Conductor Memory)
2. Secondary Memory ( Magnetic Memory)
➢ The storage capacity of a computer is measured in terms
of Bytes. One byte includes a total of 8 individual units
called as bits. One bit can store either a 0 or 1 in it.
➢ The table gives the storage capacities.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
38. Primary Memory
38
The Primary memory is the main memory of the computer.
➢ It stores the programs and data, which are currently needed by the CPU.
➢ The size of the main memory is comparatively much smaller than that of the
secondary memory because of its high cost.
➢ The CPU communicates directly only with the main memory.
➢ As the CPU works at very high speed, its matching memory must be very fast.
➢ Only primary memory devices can provide the matching speed.
➢ RAM and ROM’s are used as the main memory of the computer.
➢ Primary memory is of two types.
1. RAM (Random Access Memory)
2. ROM (Read Only Memory)
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
40. Random Access Memory (RAM)
40
RAM is also called as the main memory of a computer.
➢ This is really the main store and is the place where the program gets
stored temporary.
➢ When the CPU runs a program, it fetches the program instructions from
the RAM and carries them out.
➢ If the CPU needs to store the results of the calculations it can store them
in RAM.
➢ When we switch off a computer, whatever is stored in the RAM gets
erased.
➢ It is a volatile form of memory.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
41. Random Access Memory (RAM)
41
Types of RAM
• EDO RAM (Extended data output RAM)
• SRAM ( Static RAM)
• DDR RAM ( Double Data Rate RAM)
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
42. EDO RAM (Extended data output RAM)
42
➢EDO RAM stands for Extended Data Output RAM.
➢It improves the time to read from memory on faster microprocessor such as Intel
Pentium.
➢EDO RAM was initially optimized for the 66 MHz Pentium
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
43. SRAM ( Static RAM)
43
➢ SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory.
➢ It is type of semiconductor memory that uses bi-stable latching circuitry to
store each bit.
➢ Unlike dynamic RAM (DRAM), which stores bits in cells consisting of a
capacitor and a transistor,
➢ SRAM does not have to be periodically refreshed.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
44. DDR RAM ( Double Data Rate RAM)
44
➢ DDRRAM stands for Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random
Access Memory.
➢ It is type of very fast computer memory.
➢ It’ based on the same architecture as SDRAM, but uses the clock signal
differently to transfer twice the data in the same amount of time.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
45. Read Only Memory (ROM)
45
ROM stands for “Read Only memory”.
➢ The information is pre-recorded into to ROM chip at manufacturing time.
➢ Once data has been written into a ROM Chip, it cannot be erased but you can read it.
➢ When we switch OFF the computer, the contents of ROM are not erased, but remain
stored permanently.
➢ ROM is non-volatile memory.
➢ ROM stores critical programs such as the programs that boot the computer.
➢ Types of ROM
▪ PROM (Programmable ROM)
▪ EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
▪ EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM )
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
46. PROM (Programmable ROM)
46
➢Programmable ROM: It is a memory on which data can be written only
once. A variation of the PROM chip that is not burnt at the
manufacturing time, but can be programmed using PROM programmer
or a PROM burner.
➢Erasable Programmable ROM: The information can e erased and re-
programmed using a special PROM – programmer. AN EPROM differs
from a PROM in that PROM can be written only once and cannot be
erased. But an ultraviolet light is used to erase the contents of EPROM.
➢Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM: This is equivalent to
EPROM, but does not require ultraviolet light to erase its content. It can
be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
47. Difference between RAM and ROM
47
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
RAM ROM
RAM stands for Random Access
Memory
ROM stands for Read-Only Memory
RAM allows the computer to read data
quickly to run applications. It allows
reading and writing.
ROM stores the program required to
initially boot the computer. It only allows
reading.
RAM is volatile i.e. its contents are lost
when the device is powered off.
It is non-volatile i.e. its contents are
retained even when the device is powered
off.
The two main types of RAM are static
RAM and dynamic RAM.
The types of ROM include PROM,
EPROM and EEPROM.
48. Secondary Memory
48
Since the storage capacity of the primary memory is not very large, it cannot hold a
large amount of data, including programs, which may be needed for processing.
Thus, secondary storage devices are necessary.
➢ The secondary memory is used as auxiliary memory. The secondary memory is
used for bulk storage or mass storage of programs, data, and other information.
➢ It has much larger capacity than main memory.
➢ The secondary memory retains the information once stored on it.
➢ The magnetic memory such as Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Compact Disk, Pen Drive,
Memory cards is the most commonly used secondary memory in the computer.
➢ The average time required to reach a storage location and obtain its contents is
called its access time. Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
49. Magnetic Disks
49
Magnetic disks are thin circular plastic plates on which some magnetic
material is coated. Magnetic disks come in various sizes and materials.
➢They use the properties of magnetism to store the data on a magnetic surface.
➢A disk pack normally consists of such disks mounted on a central shaft.
➢The central shaft rotates at speeds of about 7200 revolutions per minute (RPM).
➢In a disk plate information is stored on both surfaces. The surface is further divided into a
number of invisible concentric circles called as tracks which are further divided into
various sections called as sectors.
➢To store information, it is necessary for us to identify the track and sector where it has to be
stored. The stored information can be read any number of times without affecting the stored
data. But when new data is written it erases the previously written data.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
51. Hard Disk
51
➢The most common physical device for storing files in the hard disk.
➢The hard disk typically contains several rotating disk plates, which are permanently
encased in a hard disk.
➢The surfaces of the plates are covered by metal oxide; electromagnetic recording
heads.
➢It performs read/write operation.
➢There is one head for each surface, and all the head move together.
➢The disk rotates at around 7200 rpm.
➢Modern disks typically hold 260 GB to 2000 GB (TB) of data.
➢The surface of a plate is organized has a number of concentric tracks. Each track is
divided into sectors. Set of matched tracks are called cylinders.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
52. Floppy Disk
52
➢Floppy diskette contains a single flat piece of circular plate (the disk) coated with
metal oxide and enclosed in plastic cover.
➢Floppy disks are small and portable.
➢The three common sizes are 3.5”, 5.25” and 8” diameter.
➢Most commonly used floppy disks is of 3.5" in size with storage capacity of 1.44
MB of data.
➢Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives.
➢Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks and have less storage capacity.
➢It is less expensive.
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
53. Optical Disk
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
53
Optical disk is a random access, removable disk on which data is written and
read through the use of laser beam.
➢ Optical disk consists of rotating disk, which is coated with highly reflective material.
➢ Data recording on the disk is done by focusing a laser beam on the surface of the spinning
disk, which stores data as microscopic light and dark spots on the disk surface.
➢ The dark spots are called pits. The lighter, non-spitted surface areas of the disk are called
lands.
➢ The process of recording data onto a optical disk are called burning.
➢ There are different types of optical laser disks.
o CD ROM
o DVD ROM
o BD ROM
54. CD ROM
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
54
CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. It is read only optical
storage medium capable of holding up to 682 MB of data. Accessing of data
from CD ROM is quite a bit faster than a floppy disk but slower than hard
disk.
➢ To read a CD-ROM a device called CD-ROM drive is needed.
➢ CD technology uses a near infrared laser.
➢ There are two types of CD-ROM’s.
▪ CD-R: It is also called as Recordable CD
▪ CD-RW: It is also called as Re-Writable CD
55. DVD
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
55
DVD stands for “Digital Versatile Disk”.
➢ It is an optical disk technology with a 4.7 GB storage capacity.
➢ DVD can be single or double sided, and can have two layers on each side.
➢ A double sided, two-layered DVD will hold up to 17 GB of Video, Audio
or other information. DVD technology uses a red laser.
➢ There are two types of DVD.
▪ DVD-R: It is also called as DVD Recordable.
▪ DVD-RW: It is also called as DVD Re-Writable.
56. Blu-Ray Disk
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
56
Blu-ray Disk, referred as BD.
➢ It is a high capacity storage technology with 25 GB to 50 GB capacity to
store HD movies and other information.
➢ The name Blu-ray is derived from the blue-violet color laser, used to read
data stored on disk.
57. Portable Storage Device
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
57
A Portable Storage Device (PSD) is a small hard drive designed to hold
any kind of digital data.
➢ This is slightly different from a portable media player which stores and
plays music and movies.
➢ Some are fixed size hard drives of 256 GB, 320 GB, 500 GB and 1 TB.
➢ It may be useful alternative to backing up or
purging memory cards if a computer is
unavailable for downloading.
59. Cache Memory
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
59
The cache memory (pronounced as cash) is placed in between the CPU and
Main memory.
➢ It is much faster than main memory. Its access time is much less compared to that of the
main memory.
➢ The cache memory is an intermediate memory and is not accessible to users.
➢ It stores instructions and data, which are to be immediately executed.
➢ It is used to reduce the average access time reading data, which normally stored in the
main memory.
➢ The cache memory increases the operating speed of the system. But it is much costlier
than main memory.
➢ There are two levels of cache memory L1 and L2. L1 cache memory will present inside
the CPU, whereas L2 cache will be present on the motherboard..
60. Cache Memory
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
60
The cache memory (pronounced as cash) is placed in between the CPU and
Main memory.
61. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
61
Central Processing Unit : It is a brain of the computer. All types of data processing
operations and all the important functions of a computer are performed by the CPU.
➢ Different Parts of CPU:
❖Memory or Storage Unit: this unit can store instructions, data, and
intermediate results. The memory unit is responsible for transferring
information to other units of the computer when needed.
❖Control Unit: A control unit controls the operations of all parts of the
computer but it does not carry out any data processing operations. The
control unit is responsible for managing all the units of the computer.
❖ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit): ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is responsible
for performing arithmetic and logical functions or operations. It consists of
two subsections, which are:
❖Arithmetic Section
62. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
62
Computer Instructions: Computer instructions are a set of machine language
instructions that a particular processor understands and executes. A computer performs
tasks on the basis of the instruction provided.
➢ An instruction comprises of groups called fields. These fields include:
❖ The Operation code (Opcode) field which specifies the operation to be performed.
❖ The Address field which contains the location of the operand, i.e., register or memory
location.
❖ The Mode field which specifies how the operand will be located.
➢ A basic computer has three instruction code formats which are:
❖ Memory - reference instruction
❖ Register - reference instruction
❖ Input-Output instruction
63. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
63
Instruction Cycle: A program residing in the memory unit of a computer consists of a
sequence of instructions. These instructions are executed by the processor by going through
a cycle for each instruction.
➢ In a basic computer, each instruction cycle consists of the following phases:
❖ Fetch instruction from memory.
❖ Decode the instruction.
❖ Read the effective address from memory.
❖ Execute the instruction.
64. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
64
Instruction Cycle: A program residing in the memory unit of a computer consists of a
sequence of instructions. These instructions are executed by the processor by going through
a cycle for each instruction.
➢ An arbitrary state to illustrate the Instruction Execution Cycle:
65. Microcontroller
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
65
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in
an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and
input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.
➢ Microcontroller unit (MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated
circuit.
➢ A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with
memory and programmable input/output peripherals
➢ The microcontroller used in Embedded System. for example:
❖Security Systems
❖Laser Printers
❖Automation System
❖Robotics