1) Malaysia faces several important transboundary animal diseases including foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, Newcastle disease in poultry, and rabies.
2) Outbreaks of these diseases are often linked to illegal animal movement across borders. Vaccination programs and stamping out policies are used to control outbreaks.
3) Effective surveillance, traceability of animal movements, import regulations, and public awareness campaigns also help Malaysia manage and control transboundary animal diseases.
Brief Overview of Global and Regional HPAI Situation 2011Tata Naipospos
The document provides an overview of the global and regional situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. It discusses how the virus has been circulating in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Middle East since 2003. While some countries have regained HPAI-free status, the virus remains endemic in poultry in 5 countries and there are still sporadic outbreaks occurring. Human cases also continue to occur sporadically wherever the virus is present in poultry. The majority of poultry outbreaks and human cases have been concentrated in a few Southeast Asian countries. Live bird markets and cross-border trade are risk factors contributing to the virus's persistence in
This document is a registration form and proposal for a study on avian influenza by Ashly Stephen, a nursing student at T. John College of Nursing in Bangalore, India. The proposed study aims to assess the effectiveness of a self-instructional module in improving knowledge about avian influenza prevention and control among workers at poultry centers. The literature review presented highlights gaps in current knowledge among poultry workers and the need for educational interventions to reduce infection risks.
Malaria history in Sri Lanka has many milestones. There was a period when thousands of people died due to malaria. At that time, Sri Lanka started official malaria control program and achieved almost eradication in 1960.
This document provides information about a proposed study on assessing the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge about prevention and control of bird flu among poultry farm workers. It includes background information on bird flu, the need for the study based on gaps in knowledge and outbreaks globally and in India, and a review of previous studies conducted on knowledge and practices of poultry workers regarding avian influenza. The study aims to educate poultry workers and help control and manage bird flu outbreaks.
a-review-on-human-deaths-associated-with-rabies-in-nigeria-2157-7560.1000262-...Philip Paul Mshelbwala
This document summarizes a review on human deaths associated with rabies in Nigeria. It finds that 78 total human deaths due to rabies were reported from 10 states in Nigeria, though none were confirmed by laboratory tests. Rabies is endemic in Nigeria, spread primarily by dog bites. Dog meat consumption and the dog trade also pose risks of human rabies transmission. Mass dog vaccination programs could help control rabies as has been seen elsewhere, but such efforts require greater cooperation between veterinary and public health authorities in Nigeria.
Nipah virus (NiV) is extremely pathogenic in nature, recently emerged paramyxovirus that has been dependable for scattered outbreaks of metastasis and encephalitic ill health in Southeast Asia. The multiplied urbanization and dynamic climate have led to rising in epidemics with incidences of recent diseases disturbing human health per annum. Most of these are zoonotic. Nipah Virus Encephalitis (NVE) is one such example that is caused by bats (flying foxes). NiV may be a new detected extremely pathogenic virus with the capability to cause devastating morbidity and mortality (an expected 100% in some cases) rate among the human populations. The illness was recorded within the sort of a significant outbreak in the Republic of India in the year of 2001 and then a tiny low incidence in the year of 2007, each the outbreaks in West Bengal only in humans without any involvement of pigs. About 1.1 million pigs had to be damaged to control the outbreak. The infection transmission from pigs acting as an intermediate host throughout Malaysian and Singapore outbreaks has adapted in NIV outbreaks in Republic of India and Bangladesh, transmission of the disease directly from bats to human followed by an individual to person. The drinking of raw date palm sap contaminated with fruit bat urine or saliva containing NiV is that the only known cause of an outbreak of the disease in Bangladesh outbreaks. High death rates have also been related to recent outbreaks in Malaysia and Bangladesh.
Key-words: Nipah Virus Infection, NiV, Fruit bats, Encephalitis disease, Infectious agent, Illness, Outbreak
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Supamit Chinsuttiwat
May 22, 2008
'Response to Avian Influenza and Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza: Thailand's Experience'
International Threats of Zoonotic Diseases - International Conference on One ...Tata Naipospos
The document summarizes an international conference presentation on zoonotic diseases and their threats. It notes that emerging zoonotic diseases pose an increasing global threat due to factors like population growth, increased animal production and trade, and human encroachment on wildlife habitats. An interdisciplinary "One Health" approach integrating human, animal, and environmental health is needed to monitor and control zoonotic diseases, which account for over 60% of all known human pathogens. Collaboration across medical, veterinary and policy sectors can help achieve efficiencies and early detection of outbreaks.
Brief Overview of Global and Regional HPAI Situation 2011Tata Naipospos
The document provides an overview of the global and regional situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. It discusses how the virus has been circulating in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Middle East since 2003. While some countries have regained HPAI-free status, the virus remains endemic in poultry in 5 countries and there are still sporadic outbreaks occurring. Human cases also continue to occur sporadically wherever the virus is present in poultry. The majority of poultry outbreaks and human cases have been concentrated in a few Southeast Asian countries. Live bird markets and cross-border trade are risk factors contributing to the virus's persistence in
This document is a registration form and proposal for a study on avian influenza by Ashly Stephen, a nursing student at T. John College of Nursing in Bangalore, India. The proposed study aims to assess the effectiveness of a self-instructional module in improving knowledge about avian influenza prevention and control among workers at poultry centers. The literature review presented highlights gaps in current knowledge among poultry workers and the need for educational interventions to reduce infection risks.
Malaria history in Sri Lanka has many milestones. There was a period when thousands of people died due to malaria. At that time, Sri Lanka started official malaria control program and achieved almost eradication in 1960.
This document provides information about a proposed study on assessing the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge about prevention and control of bird flu among poultry farm workers. It includes background information on bird flu, the need for the study based on gaps in knowledge and outbreaks globally and in India, and a review of previous studies conducted on knowledge and practices of poultry workers regarding avian influenza. The study aims to educate poultry workers and help control and manage bird flu outbreaks.
a-review-on-human-deaths-associated-with-rabies-in-nigeria-2157-7560.1000262-...Philip Paul Mshelbwala
This document summarizes a review on human deaths associated with rabies in Nigeria. It finds that 78 total human deaths due to rabies were reported from 10 states in Nigeria, though none were confirmed by laboratory tests. Rabies is endemic in Nigeria, spread primarily by dog bites. Dog meat consumption and the dog trade also pose risks of human rabies transmission. Mass dog vaccination programs could help control rabies as has been seen elsewhere, but such efforts require greater cooperation between veterinary and public health authorities in Nigeria.
Nipah virus (NiV) is extremely pathogenic in nature, recently emerged paramyxovirus that has been dependable for scattered outbreaks of metastasis and encephalitic ill health in Southeast Asia. The multiplied urbanization and dynamic climate have led to rising in epidemics with incidences of recent diseases disturbing human health per annum. Most of these are zoonotic. Nipah Virus Encephalitis (NVE) is one such example that is caused by bats (flying foxes). NiV may be a new detected extremely pathogenic virus with the capability to cause devastating morbidity and mortality (an expected 100% in some cases) rate among the human populations. The illness was recorded within the sort of a significant outbreak in the Republic of India in the year of 2001 and then a tiny low incidence in the year of 2007, each the outbreaks in West Bengal only in humans without any involvement of pigs. About 1.1 million pigs had to be damaged to control the outbreak. The infection transmission from pigs acting as an intermediate host throughout Malaysian and Singapore outbreaks has adapted in NIV outbreaks in Republic of India and Bangladesh, transmission of the disease directly from bats to human followed by an individual to person. The drinking of raw date palm sap contaminated with fruit bat urine or saliva containing NiV is that the only known cause of an outbreak of the disease in Bangladesh outbreaks. High death rates have also been related to recent outbreaks in Malaysia and Bangladesh.
Key-words: Nipah Virus Infection, NiV, Fruit bats, Encephalitis disease, Infectious agent, Illness, Outbreak
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Supamit Chinsuttiwat
May 22, 2008
'Response to Avian Influenza and Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza: Thailand's Experience'
International Threats of Zoonotic Diseases - International Conference on One ...Tata Naipospos
The document summarizes an international conference presentation on zoonotic diseases and their threats. It notes that emerging zoonotic diseases pose an increasing global threat due to factors like population growth, increased animal production and trade, and human encroachment on wildlife habitats. An interdisciplinary "One Health" approach integrating human, animal, and environmental health is needed to monitor and control zoonotic diseases, which account for over 60% of all known human pathogens. Collaboration across medical, veterinary and policy sectors can help achieve efficiencies and early detection of outbreaks.
Statistical analysis on household factors influencing annual episodes of malariacimran15
Malaria is responsible for about 66 per cent of all clinic visits in Nigeria. It accounts for 25% of under-5 mortality, 30% childhood mortality and 11% maternal mortality. At least 50% of the population will have at least one episode of malaria annually. Moreover, environment dictates the incidence and prevalence of diseases all over the world and if timely action is not taken, it may lead to diseases. Three (3) out of six (6) major towns in Ido local government area are considered and accumulated one hundred and ninety one (191) individuals as respondents using haphazard non probability sampling technique for selection. The obtained data through questionnaire was presented on frequency table and charts while inferential statistics were analysed using dummy variables in regression. It was revealed that majority of the respondents suffered from one or more incidences of malaria in a year, where female had the higher percentage of the incidence and there was high incidence of malaria among the adult ages 30years and above. The qualitative predictor variable in regression analysis revealed significant relationship between annual episode of malaria and number of members of household, toilet type, absent ceiling, building type, disposable site and source of domestic water. The ANOVA, F – test was significant for all predicted factors. Conclusively, in the view of the discovery, it was therefore recommended that people need awareness on densely populated area / household are more prone to experience more episodes of malaria incidence than sparsely populated one, encouragement on utilization of closed domestic water system instead of open system to avoid reservoir for mosquito, enlightenment on type toilet used and avoid absence ceiling to prevent being a breeding site for mosquitoes, government to stage more campaign against malaria especially for adult not for children under 5year alone and create a task force officer/ sanitary inspectors to checkmate sanitation of our environment to avoid unkempt toilet habit which serves as breeding site for mosquitoes.
- Avian influenza is caused by influenza A viruses that primarily infect birds but can infect humans. The H5N1 strain is of particular concern as it is highly pathogenic and can be transmitted from birds to humans.
- While human-to-human transmission of H5N1 is currently rare and inefficient, there is a risk of the virus mutating to allow more efficient human-to-human spread, which could potentially lead to a global pandemic.
- Preventing transmission requires controlling outbreaks in poultry through measures like vaccination, biosecurity protocols, and culling infected flocks. For humans, basic hygiene and avoiding contact with infected birds are the primary defenses until a vaccine specific to
- Traditional stamping-out programs have not eliminated highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5 Gs/GD) globally due to its persistence in reservoir countries. Vaccination can help control disease but also complicates diagnosis and surveillance.
- Factors limiting elimination include low biosecurity practices in small holder farms and live poultry markets, lapses in commercial farm biosecurity, lack of compensation programs, and inadequate veterinary services. Improving production systems, vaccination programs, and increasing resources for control are needed.
- Recent improvements have enhanced rapid diagnosis, depopulation, and disposal methods, strengthened veterinary infrastructure, and improved partnerships and surveillance. However, eliminating H5 Gs/GD globally remains challenging without coordinated long
This document summarizes information about bird flu (H5N1 avian influenza). It discusses the history of bird flu, including the first known cases of transmission from birds to humans in 1997. It provides details on the spread of bird flu to over 10 countries in Asia in 2004. While human-to-human transmission has been documented, it is usually between family members or caregivers. The document also outlines the symptoms of bird flu and treatment options, as well as strategies for disaster planning and prevention.
Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birdsHarm Kiezebrink
Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands.
This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.
Current Situation and Government Efforts to Fight Avian Influenza - CRS Post ...Tata Naipospos
This document discusses avian influenza in Indonesia. It provides statistics on Indonesia's poultry population and production systems. Smallholder backyard farms account for 20% of production while commercial farms make up the remaining 80%. Avian influenza has been confirmed in 29 out of 33 Indonesian provinces. The government's national strategic plan aims to control avian influenza at its source in animals through culling, compensation, vaccines, and improved biosecurity. The plan also focuses on risk communication and strengthening human pandemic preparedness.
The document provides an overview of malaria epidemiology, prevention, and control efforts in India. It discusses that malaria affects millions of people annually in India, transmitted primarily by Anopheles mosquitoes. Key prevention strategies mentioned include vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, and prompt diagnosis and treatment of cases. Major control programs launched over time aimed to reduce malaria incidence and mortality, through activities like active case detection, radical treatment, and insecticide spraying. National strategies have evolved from eradication to control efforts as challenges emerged.
This document discusses malaria, including its history, global and Indian epidemiology, life cycle, vectors, prevention methods, and control programs. It notes that malaria affected 216 million people and killed 660,000 globally in 2011, with most cases and deaths occurring in Africa and India. The life cycle involves the Plasmodium parasite infecting humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Prevention strategies include vector control, early diagnosis and treatment, and surveillance programs.
Meningococcal disease is a severe illness with high case fatality (5-10%) and frequent sequelae. Meningococcal meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the meningitis belt. Meningococcal disease is a major public health challenge in countries of sub-Saharan Africa lying in the meningitis belt. Human infections caused by meningococcal (Neisseria meningitidis) remain a serious health problem, infecting 500,000 to 1.2 million people and killing between 50,000 and 135,000 per year worldwide. The causative agent, Neisseria meningitidis normally lives in a commensal relationship with humans, colonizing the nasopharynx, and is transmitted between healthy persons by close contact. The most common symptoms are a stiff neck, high fever, sensitivity to light, confusion, headaches and vomiting. Low meningitis thresholds improve timely detection of epidemics. The diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, Gram stain, polymerase chain reaction, culture of cerebrospinal fluid. Meningococcal disease can be treated with a number of effective antibiotics. It is important that treatment be started as soon as possible. If meningococcal disease is suspected, antibiotics are given right away. Antibiotics effective for this purpose include rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or azithromycin. Currently available meningococcal vaccines include polysaccharide vaccines against serogroups A, C, W135 & Y and newer protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccines against serogroup C. This review covers key aspects of the pathogenesis and management of meningococcal disease, as well as the very recent developments in disease epidemiology, outbreaks, and the evolution of meningococcal immunizations.
This document summarizes the current status of transboundary animal diseases in Taiwan. It discusses the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). For FMD, vaccination rates for cloven-hoofed animals are over 90% and herd protection levels are over 80%. For HPAI, novel strains were introduced in 2015 through migratory birds and spread among poultry farms, leading to the culling of over 5 million birds. Through control measures, HPAI cases decreased from 1,054 in 2015 to 43 in 2016. Effective biosecurity and surveillance are needed to minimize threats from FMD and HPAI.
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
This document provides information about malaria. It begins by introducing malaria as a major public health problem in India, describing its symptoms and transmission via mosquito bites. It then discusses the global and national burden of malaria, including statistics on estimated cases and deaths worldwide and in India between 2010 and 2018. The document outlines the malaria parasites that cause disease in humans, the life cycle of the parasites, and epidemiological factors such as at-risk groups, prevalent types in India, and determinants related to the agent (parasite species) and host (factors like age, sex, pregnancy status). It also describes distinguishing features of the Anopheles mosquito and the malaria parasite's life cycle.
- In Japan, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in 2000 and 2010, and highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2004, 2007, 2010-2011, and 2014-2015 occurred, which were successfully eradicated through culling and control measures.
- A large outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea began in 2013, infecting over 1.2 million pigs and killing approximately 380,000 pigs within a year.
- Various arthropod-borne viruses have also repeatedly caused disease outbreaks in cattle in Japan, and new virus variants pose a serious threat to the livestock industry.
Influenza in birds is caused by infection with viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae placed in the genus influenza virus A. Influenza A viruses are the only orthomyxoviruses known to naturally affect birds. Many species of birds have been shown to be susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses; aquatic birds form a major reservoir of these viruses, and the overwhelming majority of isolates have been of low pathogenicity (low virulence) for chickens and turkeys. Influenza A viruses have antigenically related nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, but are classified into subtypes on the basis of their haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens (World Health Organization Expert Committee, 1980). At present, 16 H subtypes (H1–H16) and 9 N subtypes (N1–N9) are recognised with proposed new subtypes (H17, H18) for influenza A viruses from bats in Guatemala (Swayne et al., 2013; Tong et al., 2012; 2013). To date, naturally occurring highly pathogenic influenza A viruses that produce acute clinical disease in chickens, turkeys and other birds of economic importance have been associated only with the H5 and H7 subtypes. Most viruses of the H5 and H7 subtype isolated from birds have been of low pathogenicity for poultry. As there is the risk of a H5 or H7 virus of low pathogenicity (H5/H7 low pathogenicity avian influenza [LPAI]) becoming highly pathogenic by mutation, all H5/H7 LPAI viruses from poultry are notifiable to OIE. In addition, all high pathogenicity viruses from poultry and other birds, including wild birds, are notifiable to the OIE.
National vector borne disease control programme 2 by nitin vermaKartikesh Gupta
The document summarizes India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) which aims to prevent and control vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, kala azar, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, and chikungunya. The strategy includes disease management through early detection and treatment, integrated vector management using indoor spraying and larvivorous fish, and behavior change communication. The objectives are to reduce mortality from malaria, dengue, and JE by half and eliminate kala azar by 2010 and lymphatic filariasis by 2015. It provides recent case numbers and trends for these diseases and outlines prevention and control efforts.
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
This document discusses recent advances in filariasis. It provides an outline of the topics to be covered, including the microbiology, lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostics, global and Indian scenarios of lymphatic filariasis, the National Filariasis Control Program in India, and new strategies and tools for elimination. Lymphatic filariasis affects over 120 million people globally and remains a major public health problem in India, where it is endemic in 20 states and impacts over 600 million people at risk of infection.
This document summarizes the evolution and pathobiological features of avian influenza viruses, with a focus on H5N1. It discusses how H5N1 viruses have evolved increased pathogenicity in chickens through mutations including additions of basic amino acids in the HA cleavage site. It also describes the emergence of novel H5N8 and H5N2 viruses in Taiwan and their spread through poultry farms and wild birds. The document emphasizes the importance of transboundary cooperation to control the spread of avian influenza viruses throughout the Asian Pacific region.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
This document provides information about India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). The key points are:
1. NVBDCP aims to prevent and control malaria and other vector-borne diseases like dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar through strategies like early detection and treatment of cases, vector control measures and community participation.
2. Malaria control is a major focus, with strategies including prompt treatment, vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and environmental management.
3. The programme aims to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India and achieve an annual parasite index of less than 1 per 1000 population by 2017.
This document discusses the management and control of important transboundary animal diseases in Malaysia. It focuses on five major diseases of concern: foot and mouth disease, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, highly pathogenic avian influenza, Newcastle disease, and African and classical swine fever. Highly pathogenic avian influenza first occurred in Malaysia in 2004, with a total of 18 outbreaks through 2007 that were successfully eradicated using a stamping out policy with full compensation. Malaysia also recently lost its rabies-free status due to a 2015 outbreak, though there were no reported human cases despite dog bites. Currently, Malaysia uses a sub-dermal RFID-based system for animal identification, monitoring, and traceability.
Statistical analysis on household factors influencing annual episodes of malariacimran15
Malaria is responsible for about 66 per cent of all clinic visits in Nigeria. It accounts for 25% of under-5 mortality, 30% childhood mortality and 11% maternal mortality. At least 50% of the population will have at least one episode of malaria annually. Moreover, environment dictates the incidence and prevalence of diseases all over the world and if timely action is not taken, it may lead to diseases. Three (3) out of six (6) major towns in Ido local government area are considered and accumulated one hundred and ninety one (191) individuals as respondents using haphazard non probability sampling technique for selection. The obtained data through questionnaire was presented on frequency table and charts while inferential statistics were analysed using dummy variables in regression. It was revealed that majority of the respondents suffered from one or more incidences of malaria in a year, where female had the higher percentage of the incidence and there was high incidence of malaria among the adult ages 30years and above. The qualitative predictor variable in regression analysis revealed significant relationship between annual episode of malaria and number of members of household, toilet type, absent ceiling, building type, disposable site and source of domestic water. The ANOVA, F – test was significant for all predicted factors. Conclusively, in the view of the discovery, it was therefore recommended that people need awareness on densely populated area / household are more prone to experience more episodes of malaria incidence than sparsely populated one, encouragement on utilization of closed domestic water system instead of open system to avoid reservoir for mosquito, enlightenment on type toilet used and avoid absence ceiling to prevent being a breeding site for mosquitoes, government to stage more campaign against malaria especially for adult not for children under 5year alone and create a task force officer/ sanitary inspectors to checkmate sanitation of our environment to avoid unkempt toilet habit which serves as breeding site for mosquitoes.
- Avian influenza is caused by influenza A viruses that primarily infect birds but can infect humans. The H5N1 strain is of particular concern as it is highly pathogenic and can be transmitted from birds to humans.
- While human-to-human transmission of H5N1 is currently rare and inefficient, there is a risk of the virus mutating to allow more efficient human-to-human spread, which could potentially lead to a global pandemic.
- Preventing transmission requires controlling outbreaks in poultry through measures like vaccination, biosecurity protocols, and culling infected flocks. For humans, basic hygiene and avoiding contact with infected birds are the primary defenses until a vaccine specific to
- Traditional stamping-out programs have not eliminated highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5 Gs/GD) globally due to its persistence in reservoir countries. Vaccination can help control disease but also complicates diagnosis and surveillance.
- Factors limiting elimination include low biosecurity practices in small holder farms and live poultry markets, lapses in commercial farm biosecurity, lack of compensation programs, and inadequate veterinary services. Improving production systems, vaccination programs, and increasing resources for control are needed.
- Recent improvements have enhanced rapid diagnosis, depopulation, and disposal methods, strengthened veterinary infrastructure, and improved partnerships and surveillance. However, eliminating H5 Gs/GD globally remains challenging without coordinated long
This document summarizes information about bird flu (H5N1 avian influenza). It discusses the history of bird flu, including the first known cases of transmission from birds to humans in 1997. It provides details on the spread of bird flu to over 10 countries in Asia in 2004. While human-to-human transmission has been documented, it is usually between family members or caregivers. The document also outlines the symptoms of bird flu and treatment options, as well as strategies for disaster planning and prevention.
Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birdsHarm Kiezebrink
Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands.
This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.
Current Situation and Government Efforts to Fight Avian Influenza - CRS Post ...Tata Naipospos
This document discusses avian influenza in Indonesia. It provides statistics on Indonesia's poultry population and production systems. Smallholder backyard farms account for 20% of production while commercial farms make up the remaining 80%. Avian influenza has been confirmed in 29 out of 33 Indonesian provinces. The government's national strategic plan aims to control avian influenza at its source in animals through culling, compensation, vaccines, and improved biosecurity. The plan also focuses on risk communication and strengthening human pandemic preparedness.
The document provides an overview of malaria epidemiology, prevention, and control efforts in India. It discusses that malaria affects millions of people annually in India, transmitted primarily by Anopheles mosquitoes. Key prevention strategies mentioned include vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, and prompt diagnosis and treatment of cases. Major control programs launched over time aimed to reduce malaria incidence and mortality, through activities like active case detection, radical treatment, and insecticide spraying. National strategies have evolved from eradication to control efforts as challenges emerged.
This document discusses malaria, including its history, global and Indian epidemiology, life cycle, vectors, prevention methods, and control programs. It notes that malaria affected 216 million people and killed 660,000 globally in 2011, with most cases and deaths occurring in Africa and India. The life cycle involves the Plasmodium parasite infecting humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Prevention strategies include vector control, early diagnosis and treatment, and surveillance programs.
Meningococcal disease is a severe illness with high case fatality (5-10%) and frequent sequelae. Meningococcal meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the meningitis belt. Meningococcal disease is a major public health challenge in countries of sub-Saharan Africa lying in the meningitis belt. Human infections caused by meningococcal (Neisseria meningitidis) remain a serious health problem, infecting 500,000 to 1.2 million people and killing between 50,000 and 135,000 per year worldwide. The causative agent, Neisseria meningitidis normally lives in a commensal relationship with humans, colonizing the nasopharynx, and is transmitted between healthy persons by close contact. The most common symptoms are a stiff neck, high fever, sensitivity to light, confusion, headaches and vomiting. Low meningitis thresholds improve timely detection of epidemics. The diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, Gram stain, polymerase chain reaction, culture of cerebrospinal fluid. Meningococcal disease can be treated with a number of effective antibiotics. It is important that treatment be started as soon as possible. If meningococcal disease is suspected, antibiotics are given right away. Antibiotics effective for this purpose include rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or azithromycin. Currently available meningococcal vaccines include polysaccharide vaccines against serogroups A, C, W135 & Y and newer protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccines against serogroup C. This review covers key aspects of the pathogenesis and management of meningococcal disease, as well as the very recent developments in disease epidemiology, outbreaks, and the evolution of meningococcal immunizations.
This document summarizes the current status of transboundary animal diseases in Taiwan. It discusses the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). For FMD, vaccination rates for cloven-hoofed animals are over 90% and herd protection levels are over 80%. For HPAI, novel strains were introduced in 2015 through migratory birds and spread among poultry farms, leading to the culling of over 5 million birds. Through control measures, HPAI cases decreased from 1,054 in 2015 to 43 in 2016. Effective biosecurity and surveillance are needed to minimize threats from FMD and HPAI.
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
This document provides information about malaria. It begins by introducing malaria as a major public health problem in India, describing its symptoms and transmission via mosquito bites. It then discusses the global and national burden of malaria, including statistics on estimated cases and deaths worldwide and in India between 2010 and 2018. The document outlines the malaria parasites that cause disease in humans, the life cycle of the parasites, and epidemiological factors such as at-risk groups, prevalent types in India, and determinants related to the agent (parasite species) and host (factors like age, sex, pregnancy status). It also describes distinguishing features of the Anopheles mosquito and the malaria parasite's life cycle.
- In Japan, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in 2000 and 2010, and highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2004, 2007, 2010-2011, and 2014-2015 occurred, which were successfully eradicated through culling and control measures.
- A large outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea began in 2013, infecting over 1.2 million pigs and killing approximately 380,000 pigs within a year.
- Various arthropod-borne viruses have also repeatedly caused disease outbreaks in cattle in Japan, and new virus variants pose a serious threat to the livestock industry.
Influenza in birds is caused by infection with viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae placed in the genus influenza virus A. Influenza A viruses are the only orthomyxoviruses known to naturally affect birds. Many species of birds have been shown to be susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses; aquatic birds form a major reservoir of these viruses, and the overwhelming majority of isolates have been of low pathogenicity (low virulence) for chickens and turkeys. Influenza A viruses have antigenically related nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, but are classified into subtypes on the basis of their haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens (World Health Organization Expert Committee, 1980). At present, 16 H subtypes (H1–H16) and 9 N subtypes (N1–N9) are recognised with proposed new subtypes (H17, H18) for influenza A viruses from bats in Guatemala (Swayne et al., 2013; Tong et al., 2012; 2013). To date, naturally occurring highly pathogenic influenza A viruses that produce acute clinical disease in chickens, turkeys and other birds of economic importance have been associated only with the H5 and H7 subtypes. Most viruses of the H5 and H7 subtype isolated from birds have been of low pathogenicity for poultry. As there is the risk of a H5 or H7 virus of low pathogenicity (H5/H7 low pathogenicity avian influenza [LPAI]) becoming highly pathogenic by mutation, all H5/H7 LPAI viruses from poultry are notifiable to OIE. In addition, all high pathogenicity viruses from poultry and other birds, including wild birds, are notifiable to the OIE.
National vector borne disease control programme 2 by nitin vermaKartikesh Gupta
The document summarizes India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) which aims to prevent and control vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, kala azar, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, and chikungunya. The strategy includes disease management through early detection and treatment, integrated vector management using indoor spraying and larvivorous fish, and behavior change communication. The objectives are to reduce mortality from malaria, dengue, and JE by half and eliminate kala azar by 2010 and lymphatic filariasis by 2015. It provides recent case numbers and trends for these diseases and outlines prevention and control efforts.
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
This document discusses recent advances in filariasis. It provides an outline of the topics to be covered, including the microbiology, lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostics, global and Indian scenarios of lymphatic filariasis, the National Filariasis Control Program in India, and new strategies and tools for elimination. Lymphatic filariasis affects over 120 million people globally and remains a major public health problem in India, where it is endemic in 20 states and impacts over 600 million people at risk of infection.
This document summarizes the evolution and pathobiological features of avian influenza viruses, with a focus on H5N1. It discusses how H5N1 viruses have evolved increased pathogenicity in chickens through mutations including additions of basic amino acids in the HA cleavage site. It also describes the emergence of novel H5N8 and H5N2 viruses in Taiwan and their spread through poultry farms and wild birds. The document emphasizes the importance of transboundary cooperation to control the spread of avian influenza viruses throughout the Asian Pacific region.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
This document provides information about India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). The key points are:
1. NVBDCP aims to prevent and control malaria and other vector-borne diseases like dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar through strategies like early detection and treatment of cases, vector control measures and community participation.
2. Malaria control is a major focus, with strategies including prompt treatment, vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and environmental management.
3. The programme aims to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India and achieve an annual parasite index of less than 1 per 1000 population by 2017.
This document discusses the management and control of important transboundary animal diseases in Malaysia. It focuses on five major diseases of concern: foot and mouth disease, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, highly pathogenic avian influenza, Newcastle disease, and African and classical swine fever. Highly pathogenic avian influenza first occurred in Malaysia in 2004, with a total of 18 outbreaks through 2007 that were successfully eradicated using a stamping out policy with full compensation. Malaysia also recently lost its rabies-free status due to a 2015 outbreak, though there were no reported human cases despite dog bites. Currently, Malaysia uses a sub-dermal RFID-based system for animal identification, monitoring, and traceability.
Transboundary animal diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) pose threats to Taiwan's livestock industry. For FMD, over 90% of cloven-hoofed animal farms are vaccinated annually and surveillance shows over 80% have herd-level protection. No FMD cases have been detected since mid-2013 except for two cattle in 2015. For HPAI, novel H5 strains were introduced in 2015 by migratory birds, infecting over 1,000 poultry farms until strong control measures like culling and quarantines reduced cases to 43 in 2016. Cross-border disease spread remains a risk to Taiwan's livestock.
Clinical Profile of Envenomation in Children With Reference To Snake Biteiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Poliomyelitis uploaded by Samrat GurungSamrat Gurung
Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by an RNA virus that affects children under 5 years old. It can cause paralysis if the virus infects the central nervous system. Three types of poliovirus exist. While most infections are asymptomatic, paralysis occurs in less than 1% of cases. Transmission is primarily through the fecal-oral route. Nepal was declared polio-free in 2014 through vaccination efforts. Oral polio vaccine is effective at inducing immunity and spreading to non-immunized individuals. Maintaining high vaccination coverage is important to prevent new outbreaks.
Avian influenza in herd health and production economicsShareef Ngunguni
Avian influenza is a zoonotic and notifiable disease which occurs world wide. Different risk factors are associated with transmission of the disease to humans. It has two forms HPAI and LPAI. The disease has an impact on public health and economics of the country. In Malawi,it seems the disease appeared in 2005 where it attacked migratory birds
Newcastle Disease: Present status and future challenges for developing countriesSyed Tajamal Naqvi
سید تجمل حسین نقوی
Ashraf, A1. and Shah, M. S.2*
1Department of Wild Life and Fisheries, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
The document discusses the threat of agroterrorism in Southeast Asia. It defines agroterrorism and outlines several animal diseases that could be used for this purpose, including foot-and-mouth disease, avian influenza, Rift Valley fever, and Ebola. It notes the vulnerability of the region's livestock industry and food system. Several viruses are highlighted as potential bioweapons, such as Zika, that could have devastating economic and public health impacts through the agricultural sector. Close monitoring is needed to prevent the deliberate or accidental spread of dangerous diseases.
Avian Influenza H7N9
Winnifred Brefo-kesse
Hlth 626
March 31, 2019
Professor Hughes
Part I: THE SITUATION ASSESSMENT
In February and March 2013, a novel influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in China, causing an acute respiratory distress syndrome and occasionally multiple organ failure with high fatality rates in humans (Li et al., 2014). A total of 681 laboratory-confirmed cases and 275 deaths have been reported as of November 13th, 2015, with a fatality rate of 40% (http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/HAI_Risk_Assessment/en/). H7N9 has been evolving and established amongst chickens in China over the past two years with occasional human infections (Lam et al., 2015; Su et al., 2015), thus posing a threat to public health. In the absence of an annually-updated effective vaccine, antiviral drugs constitute the first line of defense against H7N9 infections. H7N9 viruses already possess natural resistance to M2-ion channel blockers (amantadine and rimantadine) when it first emerged in 2013 (Gao et al., 2013). Therefore, neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), which include oseltamivir (TamifluH), zanamivir (RelenzaH) and peramivir constitute the main antiviral drugs against H7N9 infections (Hu et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2013). However, treatment with NAIs against H7N9 infections has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant mutant viruses, as soon as 1~9 days after administration (Gao et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2013). Moreover, the first H7N9 isolate (A/Shanghai/1/2013(H7N9), SH-H7N9) was resistant to oseltamivir (Gao et al., 2013). Avian influenza A H7 viruses are a group of viruses that is mostly found amongst birds. The H7N9 virus is a subgroup of the H7 viruses and was recently discovered in China. There were three cases discovered in March of 2013 which ultimately increased in May by 132 cases. Of those cases, the 39 infected, died because of the virus (Peipei Song1, 2013). The clinical features described in the three patients with H7N9 virus infection, included fulminant pneumonia, respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, multi-organ failure, rhabdomyolysis, and encephalopathy, are very troubling (Timothy M. Uyeki, 2013). As of now, this virus has reached stage two of three which is poultry passing the virus to humans. There is one more stage left which is human to human transmission which the Chinese health officials have confirmed it is not yet occurring. Creating an anti-virus takes a lot of time and until then public health officials should create new tactics in battling this epidemic.
Since there isn’t an anti-virus for the H7N9 virus, different health policies must be put in place to control the outbreak as well as preventative strategies from escalating. This vir.
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of livestock that causes severe economic losses. Implementing effective surveillance and control programs is important for preventing outbreaks. Rapid testing for antibodies to non-structural proteins allows for quick, on-site screening to identify infected animals, establish infection perimeters, and monitor imported livestock, helping refine Kerala's control program and work towards eradicating the disease.
This study examined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from 159 sheep and 265 goats and tested for Brucella antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 2.6%, with 1.9% in sheep and 3.0% in goats. There was no significant difference in prevalence between age groups, sexes, or species. Most respondents (66.7%) lacked awareness of brucellosis's zoonotic importance. Many flock owners (72.2%) drank raw milk and most (96.3%) handled fetal materials with bare hands, exposing themselves and the community to Br
This study examined the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from 159 sheep and 265 goats and tested for Brucella antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 2.6%, with 1.9% in sheep and 3.0% in goats. There was no significant difference in prevalence between age groups, sexes, or species. Most respondents (66.7%) lacked awareness of brucellosis's zoonotic importance. Many flock owners (72.2%) drank raw milk and most (96.3%) handled fetal materials with bare hands, exposing them to Brucella infection
1) Researchers identified a new genotype (genotype XXIII) of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) in domestic pigs from Ethiopia. 2) Analysis of partial p72 and full p54 gene sequences showed this new genotype shares ancestors with genotypes IX and X found in Eastern Africa. 3) Analysis of the central variable region of the B602L gene also identified novel amino acid repeats not previously characterized.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
One Health research at ILRI to address neglected tropical diseases, zoonoses ...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger, Hu Suk Lee, Johanna Lindahl, Thang Nguyen, Bernard Bett, Eric Fèvre, Sothyra Tum, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Arshnee Moodley and Delia Grace at a webinar by the One Health Collaborating Center Universitas Gadjah Mada, ‘World Zoonoses Day 2020: Lessons learned and future directions’, 7 July 2020.
Epidemiology of smallpox,chickenpox,rubella and measlesDr.Rani Komal Lata
This document discusses four infectious diseases: smallpox, chickenpox, rubella, and measles. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission, epidemiology, and global status of each disease. For smallpox, it notes it has been eradicated worldwide since the last case in 1977. For chickenpox and measles, introduction of vaccines has led to a significant reduction in deaths. Rubella cases also occur worldwide but vaccination aims to eliminate it in several WHO regions by targeted dates. Overall, the document outlines the key facts about these four viral diseases.
New castle disease outbreak in region III by Dr E LapuzPerez Eric
A Newcastle disease outbreak occurred in Region III of the Philippines in early 2016 following typhoons in late 2015. Over 400,000 backyard chickens died as the highly contagious virus spread across the 7 provinces. In response, meetings were held with stakeholders, surveillance increased, an education campaign launched, over 1 million vaccine doses distributed and administered to 238,204 birds, quarantine checkpoints established, and a regional response team created through collaboration between the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, and Central Luzon State University. Coordinated control efforts successfully contained the outbreak by the end of April 2016 with no further significant cases reported.
The document discusses acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and polio eradication efforts. It defines AFP and lists potential causes. It then outlines the components of AFP surveillance, including case notification, investigation, follow up, and data management. Specifics of case investigation, stool sample collection and transport are provided. Details are given on poliovirus transmission and pathogenesis. The global polio eradication strategy involves high routine immunization, national immunization days, active surveillance of AFP cases, and mop-up activities in areas of transmission. Milestones for achieving eradication by 2012 are proposed.
- Native pigs have a higher digestive capacity and microbial activity in their hindgut compared to improved pigs, allowing them to utilize low-quality feed materials.
- General feeding practices for native pigs include feeding a combination of concentrate and forage twice daily. Feeding practices vary based on life stage from sows and boars getting 1-1.5kg of mixed feed and supplements, to suckling piglets getting ad-libitum starter mash and supplements, to weaners getting 0.3-1kg of mixed feed and supplements.
- Sample mixed feeds for native pigs contain ingredients like rice bran, corn, copra, and molasses. Establishing forage production areas can help minimize feed
Marketing and income potential of philippine native pig (glenda p. fule)Perez Eric
This document discusses native pig farming in the Philippines. It begins by outlining the demand and consumption of pork in the country. It then provides details on marketing the native pig, including potential products (lechon), target markets (lechon consumers), and pricing. The document also analyzes the costs and returns of raising native pigs, including feed costs, sales projections, and estimated profits from selling weanlings and slaughter pigs (lechon-type). In summary, the document finds that native pig farming in the Philippines can be a profitable endeavor.
Health care in native pig production (dr. aleli a. collado)Perez Eric
This document discusses herd health programs for native pig production. It outlines the epidemiologic triad and describes key elements of a herd health program including biosecurity, vaccination against hog cholera, and control of internal and external parasites. Common diseases of pigs are also listed, along with signs of unhealthy animals and preventive measures. First aid recommendations for diarrhea, fever and colds in pigs are provided.
Breed development, production and commecial utilization of native pigsPerez Eric
- Native pigs are an important part of rural farming communities in the Philippines, providing food security, income, and cultural/social roles. However, native pig production typically remains a small-scale backyard activity without consistent profits.
- There is increasing demand for organically and naturally produced foods, as well as interest in conserving native genetic resources. Improved native pig breeds are desired that are adapted to local conditions but also provide uniform, predictable production and product quality.
- A strategy is proposed to develop homogeneous but genetically diverse native pig populations through organized breeding programs, improved production systems, and marketing of native pig products.
WESVAARDEC & DOST-PCAARRD Fiesta 2019 (Tentative) ProgramPerez Eric
This document provides the schedule for a three-day conference hosted by the Western Visayas Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development Consortium. Day 1 activities include registration, an opening program launching a new logo and portal, exhibits and a bazaar viewing, and technology forums on sustainable Darag Native Chicken production. Day 2 consists of cooking contests, a poster making contest, a student quiz, and technology forums on mango and green mussels. Day 3 covers technology forums on organic muscovado sugar production, bamboo varieties and uses, and concludes with closing ceremonies and awards.
2019 newton agham researcher links workshop vaccines and diagnostics confer...Perez Eric
This document provides the program for a workshop on Novel Vaccines and Diagnostic Technologies Against Emerging and Re-emerging Veterinary Pathogens. The workshop will take place over two days and include sessions on emerging veterinary diseases, modulating the gut microbiome to control diseases, molecular characterization of poultry pathogens, molecular determinants of avian influenza vaccines, rapid diagnostics for enteric pathogens, antimicrobial resistance in dairy cattle, and genomic resistance to Campylobacter in chickens. Speakers will come from the UK, Philippines, and other countries. The goal is to forge long-term research partnerships between researchers and industry to address disease challenges in livestock and poultry.
This document provides an overview of the Philippine Native Pig Business Summit that took place on November 21, 2018 in Cebu City, Philippines. It includes messages of support from government officials, the program agenda, and summaries of presentations on topics such as native pig production, processing, and marketing. The goal of the summit was to bring together researchers, producers, traders, processors and consumers to discuss trends and innovations in the native pig industry and promote its sustainable development.
R&D initiatives on Philippine Native Pigs Perez Eric
This document discusses enhancing Philippine native pigs to create livelihood opportunities through research and development. It outlines the value of native pigs in providing income and food for rural families as they are resilient to climate extremes. It describes strategies to establish more homogeneous native pig populations through selection while maintaining genetic diversity. This includes establishing true-to-type breeding populations to meet producer and consumer preferences for consistent quality and performance. Research demonstrates improvements in birth weight, 6-month weight and litter size through selection. Native pig production is shown to provide net income for farmers with the right management.
Science-based native pig production to meet quality requirements of native pi...Perez Eric
This document summarizes the presentation of Fabian Maximillan B. Cabriga on science-based native pig production in the Philippines. It discusses the current situation of small-scale native pig farmers, including issues like lack of training, standards, and market support. It then outlines how the Philippine Native Pig Owners Network Association was established in 2015 to address these issues. The association has helped organize farmers, establish stable prices, and promote native pork. It also describes Teofely Nature Farms, a model native pig farm started by Cabriga, and how it aims to produce high quality native pork and vegetables sustainably through good practices.
Benefits and Market Potential of Native Pig Lechon Processing and MarketingPerez Eric
Lechon, or roasted pig, is a Filipino delicacy traditionally made with native Philippine pigs. The document discusses lechon production in La Loma, Philippines, which is considered the lechon capital. Ping Ping Native Lechon & Restaurant is one of the established brands in La Loma that uses 100% native pigs for lechon. While there is steady demand, production is limited by the supply and high costs of quality native pigs. The lechon industry needs government support to address issues around native pig supply and transportation regulations.
Native Pig Trading and Lechon Processing and Marketing in CebuPerez Eric
Ms. Claire C. Silva owns Claire's Lechon de Cebu, which began in 1989 processing one pig per week and has since expanded to processing 10-15 pigs per week normally and up to 40 pigs on weekends during peak seasons. Native pigs from Negros and Bohol are used for their juicy and tasty meat. The pigs are slaughtered and seasoned in-house before being roasted over open wood charcoal. While lechon production has grown, challenges include fluctuating pig prices and quality as well as competition from other processors. Future plans include breeding their own pigs and expanding markets.
The document summarizes a FIESTA event held in Zamboanga City to promote the ZamPen native chicken breed. It discusses the 10 years of research that went into developing the ZamPen breed. The event featured exhibits, forums, and competitions to encourage local farmers and businesses to raise ZamPen chickens as a livelihood option. The goal was to connect producers with potential buyers and introduce technology that can help the native chicken industry. Samples of dishes made from ZamPen chicken were served to event attendees.
The FLS-GEM project trained over 2,500 goat farmers through 28-week courses focusing on improved feeding, breeding, health and waste management. This led to increases in productivity such as higher conception rates, shorter kidding intervals, and greater survival rates and kid weights. Farmers saw higher profits as a result, with income increasing by over 30% on average. The project had wide social impacts as well, with increased cooperation between farmers and new businesses developing around goat farming. The project was so successful that its training model was adopted as the national standard for goat production in the Philippines.
The document discusses an e-learning program on goat raising offered by the DOST-Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD). The program offers free online certificate courses on topics related to goat production. As of November 2017, over 2,100 students have graduated from the program, consisting of farmers, extension workers, businessmen, and overseas Filipino workers. Students can enroll by creating an account on the e-extension website and selecting from the available goat raising course modules.
The document discusses the Test-Interval Method (TIM), a common practice for measuring total milk yield (TMY) in small ruminants. TIM uses a formula that calculates TMY based on milk measurements taken at intervals after birth and between subsequent milkings. It originated as a way for farmers and organizations to evaluate goat performance and rank animals for selective breeding programs to improve genetics. TIM can be used on individual farms or in government programs.
This document discusses standards for slaughtering and cutting goats. It outlines proper procedures for transporting goats to slaughter, ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection, and slaughter methods. Detailed cutting schemes for six prime cuts of chevon are also presented. Adopting these standards would help produce clean meat through proper hygiene, allow for higher carcass recovery, demand higher prices, and serve as a guideline for developing policies around goat slaughtering.
The document summarizes research on a herbal dewormer called MCM for goats. MCM is created from a mixture of three Philippine plants - makahiya, caimito, and makabuhay. Clinical trials showed MCM, administered as either a 500mg capsule or 500ul liquid twice at a 2 week interval, was effective at eliminating the parasitic roundworm Haemonchus contortus in goats. This led to increased health, milk and meat production in treated goats. The document provides details on the formulation, dosage, availability and pricing of the herbal MCM dewormer and encourages farmers to try and support this natural treatment option for healthier goats.
Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stella...Sérgio Sacani
The growth of supermassive black holes is strongly linked to their galaxies. It has been shown that the population
mean black hole accretion rate (BHAR) primarily correlates with the galaxy stellar mass (Må) and redshift for the
general galaxy population. This work aims to provide the best measurements of BHAR as a function of Må and
redshift over ranges of 109.5 < Må < 1012 Me and z < 4. We compile an unprecedentedly large sample with 8000
active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and 1.3 million normal galaxies from nine high-quality survey fields following a
wedding cake design. We further develop a semiparametric Bayesian method that can reasonably estimate BHAR
and the corresponding uncertainties, even for sparsely populated regions in the parameter space. BHAR is
constrained by X-ray surveys sampling the AGN accretion power and UV-to-infrared multiwavelength surveys
sampling the galaxy population. Our results can independently predict the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) from
the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), and the prediction is consistent with the observed XLF. We also try adding
external constraints from the observed SMF and XLF. We further measure BHAR for star-forming and quiescent
galaxies and show that star-forming BHAR is generally larger than or at least comparable to the quiescent BHAR.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Supermassive black holes (1663); X-ray active galactic nuclei (2035);
Galaxies (573)
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
Rodents, Birds and locust_Pests of crops.pdfPirithiRaju
Mole rat or Lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicotabengalensis
•Head -round and broad muzzle
•Tail -shorter than head, body
•Prefers damp areas
•Burrows with scooped soil before entrance
•Potential rat, one pair can produce more than 800 offspringsin one year
The Limited Role of the Streaming Instability during Moon and Exomoon FormationSérgio Sacani
It is generally accepted that the Moon accreted from the disk formed by an impact between the proto-Earth and
impactor, but its details are highly debated. Some models suggest that a Mars-sized impactor formed a silicate
melt-rich (vapor-poor) disk around Earth, whereas other models suggest that a highly energetic impact produced a
silicate vapor-rich disk. Such a vapor-rich disk, however, may not be suitable for the Moon formation, because
moonlets, building blocks of the Moon, of 100 m–100 km in radius may experience strong gas drag and fall onto
Earth on a short timescale, failing to grow further. This problem may be avoided if large moonlets (?100 km)
form very quickly by streaming instability, which is a process to concentrate particles enough to cause gravitational
collapse and rapid formation of planetesimals or moonlets. Here, we investigate the effect of the streaming
instability in the Moon-forming disk for the first time and find that this instability can quickly form ∼100 km-sized
moonlets. However, these moonlets are not large enough to avoid strong drag, and they still fall onto Earth quickly.
This suggests that the vapor-rich disks may not form the large Moon, and therefore the models that produce vaporpoor disks are supported. This result is applicable to general impact-induced moon-forming disks, supporting the
previous suggestion that small planets (<1.6 R⊕) are good candidates to host large moons because their impactinduced disks would likely be vapor-poor. We find a limited role of streaming instability in satellite formation in an
impact-induced disk, whereas it plays a key role during planet formation.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Earth-moon system (436)
Dr. Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet is an innovator in Middle Eastern Studies and approaches her work, particularly focused on Iran, with a depth and commitment that has resulted in multiple book publications. She is notable for her work with the University of Pennsylvania, where she serves as the Walter H. Annenberg Professor of History.
Measuring gravitational attraction with a lattice atom interferometerSérgio Sacani
Despite being the dominant force of nature on large scales, gravity remains relatively
elusive to precision laboratory experiments. Atom interferometers are powerful tools
for investigating, for example, Earth’s gravity1
, the gravitational constant2
, deviations
from Newtonian gravity3–6
and general relativity7
. However, using atoms in free fall
limits measurement time to a few seconds8
, and much less when measuring
interactions with a small source mass2,5,6,9
. Recently, interferometers with atoms
suspended for 70 s in an optical-lattice mode fltered by an optical cavity have been
demonstrated10–14. However, the optical lattice must balance Earth’s gravity by
applying forces that are a billionfold stronger than the putative signals, so even tiny
imperfections may generate complex systematic efects. Thus, lattice interferometers
have yet to be used for precision tests of gravity. Here we optimize the gravitational
sensitivity of a lattice interferometer and use a system of signal inversions to suppress
and quantify systematic efects. We measure the attraction of a miniature source mass
to be amass = 33.3 ± 5.6stat ± 2.7syst nm s−2, consistent with Newtonian gravity, ruling out
‘screened ffth force’ theories3,15,16 over their natural parameter space. The overall
accuracy of 6.2 nm s−2 surpasses by more than a factor of four the best similar
measurements with atoms in free fall5,6
. Improved atom cooling and tilt-noise
suppression may further increase sensitivity for investigating forces at sub-millimetre
ranges17,18, compact gravimetry19–22, measuring the gravitational Aharonov–Bohm
efect9,23 and the gravitational constant2
, and testing whether the gravitational feld
has quantum properties24.
The use of probiotics and antibiotics in aquaculture production.pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing agriculture sectors in the world, providing food and nutritional security to millions of people. However, disease outbreaks are a constraint to aquaculture production, thereby affecting the socio-economic status of people in many countries. Due to intensive farming practices, infectious diseases are a major problem in finfish and shellfish aquaculture, causing heavy loss to farmers (Austin & Sharifuzzaman, 2022). For instance Bacterial fish diseases are responsible for a huge annual loss estimated at USD 6 billion in 2014, and this figure has increased to 9.58 in 2020 globally.
Disease control in the aquaculture industry has been achieved using various methods, including traditional means, synthetic chemicals and antibiotics. In the 1970s and 1980s oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline (OTC), furazolidone, potential sulphonamides (sulphadiazine and trimethoprim) and amoxicillin were the most commonly used antibiotics in fish farming (Amenyogbe et al., 2020). However, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in disease control has led to selective pressure of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, a property that may be readily transferred to other bacteria (Bondad‐Reantaso et al., 2023a). Traditional methods are ineffective against controlling new disease in large aquaculture systems. Therefore, alternative methods need to be developed to maintain a healthy microbial environment in aquaculture systems, thereby maintaining the health of the cultured organisms.
Anatomy and physiology question bank by Ross and Wilson.
It's specially for nursing and paramedics students.
I hope that you people will get benefits of this book,also share it with your friends and classmates.
Doing practice and get high marks in anatomy and physiology's paper.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
1. MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF
IMPORTANT
TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL
DISEASES IN MALAYSIA
Mohd Rosly Shaari
Animal Science Research Centre
Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development
Institute (MARDI)
2. Population = 30.9 million (Census 2015)
Total land area = 329,847 km2
The two parts of Malaysia, separated by the South China Sea
Peninsular Malaysia extends 740 km (north to south),
maximum width is 322 km (east to west)
East Malaysia, on the Borneo Island, coastline of 2,607 km
INTRODUCTION
3.
4. The FAO defined TADs are diseases that are of economic and
food security importance
Easily spread to other countries and reach epidemic
proportions rapidly
Requires cooperation between several neighbouring countries
to control, manage and eradicate
INTRODUCTION
5. Listed 125 of animal diseases as a notifiable diseases which
need to be monitored and reported (50 never recorded, 31
presence and 44 absence)
Important TADs in Malaysia – ruminant, poultry, zonoses and
re-emergence
INTRODUCTION
6. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) - contagious diseases of
cloven-hoofed animals.
Quickly spread by global animal movements
Sabah and Sarawak are FMD free states without vaccination
while Peninsular Malaysia is endemic states.
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
7.
8. The cattle industry in Malaysia is small while the demand for
beef is increasing over the years
In need to fulfill the demand – import a large number of live
cattle from various countries
15% of the domestic beef consumption supplied from live
cattle purchased from Australia, New Zealand - expansive
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
9. Malaysia has to import live animals from neighbouring
countries such as Thailand and Myanmar
Importation - increase the risk of introducing new infection
among the local animal populations.
New import policy in 2007 - Thailand became the major
contributor
The highest FMD occurrence was recorded in 2008 with 137
outbreaks (DVS, 2011).
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
10. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Parameters
Year
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Total
Outbreaks 28 77 24 8 9
Animal
susceptible 1396 3097 1173 222 445
Cases 205 378 156 43 110
Vaccination in
response to
outbreak
- - - - 1412
Source: DVS (2015), OIE (2015)
11. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
The outbreaks were consistently low except the year 2012
The increase occurrence - probably due to increasing in
smuggling activities across Malaysia-Thailand border
Vaccination activities in response to the outbreak – a). reduce
the magnitude of the outbreak b). increase the antibody
response
12. Poultry production is the most important livestock industry in
Malaysia
The total consumption climbing by 21.3 % , per capita
consumption of poultry meat also rise from 41.11 kg to 46.49
kg (2009 – 2013)
Malaysia has attained self-sufficiency levels in poultry meat
Newcastle disease (ND), Avian Infectious Bronchitis (IB) and
Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) - a major threat
NEWCASTLE DISEASE
13. Newcastle Disease (ND) is endemic in Malaysia - significant
economic losses to the poultry industry
In 2013, Malaysia experienced several outbreaks causing huge
impact - 32,094 chicken deaths from 76,592 cases reported
The outbreak not only in unvaccinated backyard poultry but
also in vaccinated commercial poultry
The virus responsible for the outbreak was genotype VII strain
NEWCASTLE DISEASE
16. Many risk factors involved such as multi-age production
practices, the proximity of farms, biosecurity, and sanitation
practices appear to have a role in the outcome of the disease,
regarding severity and mortality
NEWCASTLE DISEASE
17. HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA
In Malaysia, HPAI defined as any detection of HPAI H5N1
virus with or without clinical manifestation
The first outbreak of HPAI among poultry occurred on 17
August 2004.
Eight (8) more outbreaks occurred with the last outbreak
being on 22 September 2004.
An active surveillance conducted surrounding the infected
area, detected HPAI virus from apparently healthy birds in
3 locations.
18. HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA
The virus, discovered in fighting cocks smuggled from a
neighbouring country, was transmitted mainly among the
local village chickens.
Molecular analysis showed that the H5N1 strain was similar to
the H5N1 strains previously isolated from Thailand and
Vietnam
All outbreaks and HPAI virus detection were confined only in
Kelantan, the state situated in the North East of the
Peninsular Malaysia and bordering Thailand.
19. HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA
The outbreaks were probably due to movement of affected
chickens from an affected neighbouring country.
There was no outbreak in 2005
In February 2006 five outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 occurred in in
Kuala Lumpur and the states of Perak and Pulau Pinang.
20. HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA
Mixed strains of Thailand/Vietnam (3), Fujian (1) and
Hunan (1) strains, which was different from that of the
2004 outbreaks.
The strains of Hunan and Fijian were highly similar to the
H5N1 strains from Indonesia and China.
The outbreaks were possibly by the poultry trade rather
than through migratory birds because it occurred outside
the migration months (October – January) where this
period the birds migrate from north to south.
21. HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA
The last outbreak occurred in June 2007 in the state of
Selangor and since then Malaysia was declared free of HPAI.
The HPAI resolved date for Malaysia was 7 September 2007.
A total of 18 outbreaks has occurred since the first confirmed
case on 17 August 2004, 12 in 2004, 5 in 2006 and 1 in 2007
All outbreaks were successfully eradicated by stamping out
with full compensation.
22. RABIES
OIE declared Malaysia as rabies free country in 2012 since last
dog cases in 1999
Malaysia has lost its rabies-free status in July 2015 where the
first outbreak case was reported in Perlis after 13 years.
The outbreak started in Perlis on the 27th July 2015 with a
total number of 6 cases involving 1 owned dog and 5 stray
dogs.
Three (3) more cases occurred in Pulau Pinang and 1 case in
Kedah during the period of 9th to 17th September 2015
involving stray dogs
23. RABIES
All outbreaks and rabies virus detection were confined only in
Perlis, Kedah and Pulau Pinang, the states situated in the
Immune Belt Zone
The rabies buffer zone the areas within a radius of 50 km to
80 km of the Malaysia-Thailand border
Comprehensive active surveillance for rabies and dog control
programs including ongoing vaccination of all owned pets and
removal of stray dogs
24. RABIES
This buffer zone is important because Thailand is endemic for
rabies.
High risk factor due to the free movement of people and
illegal transportation of dogs across the border
The outbreak in Perlis and Kedah were hypothesized to have
originated from neighbouring country by land movement
The outbreak in Pulau Pinang was hypothesized to have
originated by sea through fishermen boats and sea vessels
26. RABIES
The outbreak resolved by November 2015 after a thorough
control measures were applied.
Movement control, screening, vaccination, quarantine, and
active surveillance outside and within containment zone
The best approach in handling rabies outbreak may be culling
of stray dogs and followed by mass vaccination of all dogs
27.
28.
29. RABIES
On 3rd November 2015 the outbreak which started on 27th
July 2015 officially resolved
Malaysia would have to wait another two years to get a rabies
free status from the OIE
30. MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
The management of TADs can be divided into two situations 1).
During and after the outbreak and 2). During freedom of diseases.
During the outbreak/s the control measures taken always follow
(depending on the disease), those recommended by OIE (9 control
measures)
In Malaysia, most of the TADs are under control, through effective
vaccination, eradication and control programmes and most
importantly public or farmers education.
31. SURVEILLANCE
Generally, there are four main purposes of surveillance (a).
Demonstrating freedom from disease (b). Early detection of
disease (c). Measuring the level of disease (d). Finding cases
of disease
In Malaysia, National Animal Diseases Surveillance Program is
an active surveillance program focuses on six animal diseases
including Avian Influenza, Newcastle disease and Rabies
32. SURVEILLANCE
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), Nipah virus and
Swine fever are also included in the program.
FMD falls under B category, which the surveillance only
conducted when necessary.
33. VACCINATION
Vaccination should meet the number of objectives, among
which are; preventing morbidity and mortality, avoiding
immunosuppression, preventing associated effects of
infections and for breeders, development of high levels of
protective maternal antibodies in young offsprings.
Vaccination programmes and procedures may differ from one
farm to another, depending on the type of vaccines used, the
source of vaccines, disease situation and local condition
34. VACCINATION
Routine vaccination is carried out in commercial farms but
may be lacking in small farms and also the small holder.
In Malaysia vaccination program for FMD in cattle, ND in
poultry and rabies in dogs are regularly conducted, example
twice a year for FMD.
ND in poultry vaccination programmes and procedures may
vary, in the form of the strains of the virus used, the
frequency of vaccination and the number of vaccines
employed on a particular farm.
Rabies vaccination program is only compulsory for dogs in
immune belt zone in Perlis, Kedah and Pulau Pinang.
35. STAMPING OUT POLICY
Stamping-out is the most effective strategy for disease
eradication
The main objective of stamping-out is completely to eliminate
the disease agent from the population.
Policies on culling are different among Asian countries.
A compensation scheme with acceptable rates facilitates and
improves the effectiveness of the stamping out operation.
36. STAMPING OUT POLICY
The disease eradication campaign is shorter and achieved for
a lower overall cost,
A shorter waiting period before the country can be recognized
as free of the disease and resume export of livestock and
animal products.
Well organized veterinary services with full support by
government are crucial to the success of the disease-
eradication campaign
37. TRACEABILITY
Helps to trace the source of infection and identify other
animals exposed to the same disease.
It is also important to be able to trace forward animals
exposed to the infected herd or flock may have been
transported to another location
The smuggling activities and illegal movement of infected
animal within the country had consistently sustained the FMD
of the local cattle production.
38. TRACEABILITY
The use of unique identification for each livestock in the
adoption of RFID tagging provided a possible solution
Cost of RFID set for each cattle is high and only can afford by
government owned farm or commercial farm.
Malaysia Agricultural Research and Development Institute
(MARDI) developed a Sub-dermal RFID System for Ruminant.
The RFID chip technology was developed using High-
Frequency waves (HF, 13.56 MHz) for faster, lower cost and
have anti-collision or be able to read more than one chip at a
time.
39.
40.
41. IMPORT REGULATION
There are rules and regulations for importing animal and
animal products into Malaysia
Exporting country has to apply an Import Permit
Inspection of abbattoir and processing plant, have to be
audited and approved by DVS and JAKIM (for HALAL products)
All animal and animal products that are imported into the
country are subjected to a period of quarantine
42. ANIMAL ACT
“The Laws of Malaysia Act A1452 Animals Amendment Act
2013” Cover special issues relating to dog rabies including (a)
licensing (section 38) (b) handling of rabies-infected areas
(section 39) (c) culling or detention of any animal suspected to
be infected with rabies (section 40) (d) detention of any dogs
that have bitten a person (section 41) (e) administering of
anti-rabies vaccines in dogs (section 42) (Parliament-Malaysia,
2013).
This usually becomes very important in the face of an
outbreak like the recent.
43. PUBLIC AWARENESS
The awareness campaign conducted during the outbreak also
help a lot in creating public awareness especially dogs owner
to vaccinate their dogs and importance of eradication process
44.
45. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The prevention, control and eradication is only possible
through coordinated efforts among neighboring countries.
Prevention begins with early detection of changes in diseases
viruses and rapid action
The control of poultry diseases in Malaysia is achieved
through routine monitoring programmes, government import
regulations, biosecurity measures, prophylactic medication
and vaccinations.
46. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The control of livestock diseases must take into consideration
the type of animal industry, the type of farmers as well the
epidemiology of the diseases in the individual country.
In Malaysia, we have come to recognise that no disease
control measures can possibly succeed without public and
farmers’ cooperation.
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