Semantic Web: A Study on Web Service Composition Approaches

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470
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IJTSRD | May-Jun 2017
Available Online @www.ijtsrd.com
Semantic Web: A Study on Web Service Composition Approaches
Michael Raj TF
Asst. Prof, Dept. of Computer Science, SRC,
SASTRA University
Siva Prakasam. P
Associate Prof., Dept. of Computer Science,
Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
A Web service is a collection of open protocols and
standards used for exchanging data between
applications and systems. Web Service discovery,
selection and composition are the important tasks of
the any automated business processes. In a web
service composition set of web services are
collectively executed to achieve the objectives. This
study reveals the existing approaches used for web
service composition in both syntactic and semantic
environments. We have reviewed more than 40
articles in this domain and concluded with merits and
demerits of the methodologies applied for the
implementation of the web service composition.
KEYWORDS
Service oriented architecture, Web service
composition, Semantic web, Semantic service
discovery
I. INTRODUCTION
Web service is a component can be remotely
identified by the URL and they are heterogeneous in
nature [1]. These components are described and
accessed by using the various standards XML, SOAP,
WSDL and UDDI [2]. Web services are constructed
based on the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA),
which is depicted in the figure 1 and are distributed
across the web to service numerous business
applications. Implementation of business applications
with the help of web services includes various
operations such as service request, request
preprocessing, service matching, service discovery,
service selection, service composition.
These operations can be done in many ways and
various methodologies and approaches have been
developed and employed. Considering and selecting
those approaches for the specific environment is a
tedious task because numbers of services are keep on
increasing over the year. This article aims to simplify
the searching process for the appropriate
methodologies for the designated web service
composition. We have surveyed more than 40
research articles and are listed with merits and
demerits of it.
A web service composition problem can have six
dimensions such as composition language, knowledge
reuse, automation, tool support, execution platform,
target users. It is also determining the work flow for
an automated process [3].The selection of the
approaches was a three-step process that involved
preliminary selection, further selection, refinement.
The general framework of a web service composition
has different components, one of them is process
generator based on the external and internal
specification of a service of a service consumer and
service provider respectively. There are 12 platforms:
eFlow, FormSys, Intalio BPMS, Self-Serv, SHOP2,
Sword, Taverna, XL, Yahoo!Pipes, YAWL, jBPM,
JOpera [8].
Fig 1. Components of SOA
Integration of web services into composite services or
applications, which is a highly sensible and
conceptually non-trivial task and is recognized in both

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the enterprise and the consumer areas [10] [13][20].
The criteria based web service selection methods are
mostly used to achieve the objectives of domain,
which can be classified as follows [14]
 service-ranking approach
 linear programming method
 fuzzy model
 QoS-based service selection method
 hybrid models
 ANP
The entire article is organized as follows Section-I
contains the introductory concepts. Section-II give the
overview of the various approaches, merits and
demerits of them and Section-III concludes article
with the observations of the review.
II. OVERVIEW
Web service integration is an important task of any
automation of business process. Web Service
Discovery is the process of finding a suitable web
service for a given task. The life cycle for semantic
web services composition includes technologies used
for composition approaches, modeling and service
management [32]. Web Service Composition is the
process of integrating related web services, is to
provide set of composite services. Web service
searching, selection and composition can be done in
two ways: a) syntactic b) semantic [31]
The various approaches for dynamic web service
composition have been discussed. To meet the user’s
requirements regarding on-demand delivery of
customized services, dynamic web service
composition approaches have emerged. In a dynamic
environment, realizing dynamic web service
composition is not so easy. The evaluation shows that
transactional support is still missing. The verification
of the compositional correctness is also missing Self-
Healing Web Service Compositions [43].
This literature survey about web service composition,
discovery and selection shows evaluation in the
service oriented architecture domain. The following
Table 1 lists the methodologies, outcome, merits and
demerits of those approaches. The primary task of any
web service composition can be started with service
discovery. The semantic based discovery model is
explained in [33].
Petri Net based approach, which focuses on the
reliability calculation method. It uses Fuzzy
Reasoning Colored Petri Net (FRCPN), Service-
Oriented Architecture (SOA), Supercomputing Cloud
Platform (SCP); Sequential Linked List for Filling
Reliability Value (SLLFRV), Ontology, Web
language for Services (OWL-S), a method called T is
proposed to quantify the reliability of a repairable
system [4].
Non-deterministic planning methods for automated
web service composition is explained in [5].
Performance of a web service composition can be
improved by minimizing the response time of web
service composition. QoS Properties Response Time,
Execution Time, Reputation, Availability,
Accessibility, Throughput and Scalability
[6].Consideration of e-government services and its
service composition is discussed with semantic
features. It encompasses information and
communications technologies (ICT) with customer-
centric approach. It is a Semantic Web (SW) enabled
Multi-Agent System (MAS), Autonomic Computing
especially self-healing propriety, Artificial Intelligent
Planning (AIP), ontoGov (Ontology-enabled e-Gov
Service Configuration), WebDG, eGOIA (Electronic
Government, Innovation and Access) eMayer [7].
Dynamic Web Services Composition uses QoS
parameters with the utilization of genetic algorithm is
described in [9] and gives optimized results. [11]
Proposed an approach to compose the web service
based on the trustworthiness of it. From the basic
observation a graph is formed which denotes the web
service participated in the service composition. The
basic notions used for representing the graph is such
as Petri nets, oWF-nets, Labeled Transition Systems
and Opacity of a Labeled Transition System [12].
Criteria based service selection methods were
introduced and approach considers various parameters
such as Quality of service, User Preference and
Scalability [14].
Semantic web service discovery has so many
challenges in-terms of technologies to be used such as
OWL-S, WSMO,WSML,WSMX,SAWSDL and the
tasks needs to be carried out by the discovery process
such as publishing, mediation, storage, request,
matchmaking, negotiation and selection [17][27][31]
[35].

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The privacy data are distributed across the web for
example medical data. These data are to be shared by
means of web services and its composition. This type
of composition is disused in [15]. The level of privacy
is determined by the rules defined in the composition
architecture. Clustering Web services is very much
important to facilitate service discovery. It can be
done in many ways, one of them is based on the
parameters used in the web service invocation
[16].QOS-based web service composition based on
Genetic Algorithm (GA) is introduced in [18][21].
This GA based approach is considering QoS
parameters. Business Process Execution Language
(BPEL) based composition uses behavioral approach
by verifying the concurrent properties [19].
Web service composition process can employ either
manual or semi-automatic or automatic
methodologies. Automatic web service composition is
used when dynamic composition is required [22].
Firefly approach is the which provides optimal
solutions for dynamic service composition[23] and
another web service composition framework provides
the solution for the composition problems on the fly
that is dynamically called User-Centric WS-Mediator
framework for on-the-fly Web Service Composition
[24] [26].
An Optimization Method of Workflow-based Web
Service Composition Model is a computational
model, calculates QoS and then formulates the
composition [25].The researchers, software
developers, advanced practitioners, documentation
writers, and users involved in Web services domain
for QOS predictions exploring development
opportunities especially in web databases.
Log-based mining techniques are used to identify the
patterns of the web service access and composition.
It’s a reengineering approach for service composition
and another easy web service discovery approach is a
query-by-example approach [28] [29]. Well defined
business process can employ the goal-based approach
for Web service composition [34]. A linear approach
for web service composition uses QoS parameters and
provides transactional aware results [36] and context
aware solution is useful for domain specific problem
and yields better results [34].
A theorem proving framework for the formal
verification of web services composition has
explained and the methodologies can be used in post
composition[38] [39].Optimization and Ranking in
web service composition using Performance Index
(PI) [42]. Huge number of services in the repository
increases the processing time for selection, discovery
and composition. The performance of the composition
framework can be reduced by means of parallel
processing [44].
A number of web services have been carried out on
cloud computing, including performance analysis,
market-oriented graph Semantic Web Services,
management tool, workload balance, dynamic
selection, etc. semantic I/O information of the
services. presenting the nonfunctional characteristics
of the software systems and services.
QoS of cloud services can be measured from either
the client side (e.g., response time, throughput, etc.) or
at the server side (e.g., price, availability, etc.).
A. QOS Perspective
Quality-of-service can be measured either at the
server side or at the client side. Client-side QoS
properties provide more accurate measurements of the
user usage experience. The commonly used client-
side QoS properties include response time,
throughput, failure probability, etc. This paper mainly
focuses on ranking prediction of client-side QoS
properties, which likely have different values for
different users (or user applications) of the same cloud
service.
Definition and Execution of Composite Web Services
The SELF-SERV Project [40] The SELF-SERV
project aims at providing tool support and middleware
infrastructure for the definition and execution of
composite Web services. SELF_SERV system: key
aspects, Declarative service composition the number
of services to be composed may be large and
continually evolving highly distributed nature of
services. In SELF-SERV, the process model is
specified as a state chart, states and invocations to
Web services transitions events, conditions, and
variable assignment operations.
SELF-SERV exploits the concept of service
community. Prototype system in which Web services
are declaratively composed and the resulting
composite services can be orchestrated either in a

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peer-to-peer or in a centralized way within a dynamic
environment. SELF-SERV is an ongoing research
project that aims at providing tool support and
middleware infrastructure for facilitating the
composition of Web services in large, autonomous,
heterogeneous, and dynamic environments. Several
obstacles still hinder the seamless provisioning of
Web services in mobile environments. Examples of
such obstacles are:
 throughput
 connectivity of wireless networks,
 limited computing resources of mobile devices
 risks of communication channel
 disconnections
The SELF-SERV architecture to support service
provisioning in mobile environments. The issues are,
 Context-sensitive service selection and
 Handling disconnections during composite
service execution
TABLE 1 Web service composition methodologies
S.No Approach/Methodology Outcome Features Limitations
1.
Fuzzy approach [4]
Composition
is returned as
SLLFRV
linked list
with the
reliability
value of
FRCPN
Reliability of the
Web service
composition has a
correlation with
the number of web
services and the
range of reliability
transition values.
If the FRCPN
values of the
reliability range of
transitions is
smaller, then the
reliability value of
FRCPN is smaller.
2. Non-Deterministic planning
methods:
1) Background
2) Probabilistic planning
3) Determination methods
4) Planning in the belief state
space
5) Translation methods
Web service composition methods:
1) Deterministic methods
2) Middle ground methods
3) Non-deterministic and
contingent planning methods
[5]
Deterministic
method
generates all
feasible
solution based
on service
graph.
Fully automatic
and Graph based
composition
In a stochastic
environment, output
is not predictable.
Outcome of the
execution of n web
service cannot
always be
anticipated.
3. QoS Normalization [6] Based on QoS
properties
QoS score and user
requirements.
Optimized
response time.
Web service
selection and
discovery system is
essential to provide
clients with proper
results according to
their requirements.
It is impossible to
fulfill this task
without considering
the ranking relation

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between thousands
of available
candidates with
similar
functionalities
4. customer-centric approach, Multi-
Agent System (MAS) [7]
Dynamic way
to provide a
personalized
service that
improves the
satisfaction
of the citizen
andthus
increase the
quality of
publicservices.
e-GovernmentWeb
services, enabling
citizens to
dynamically
compose services
according to their
goals andthrough a
single point of
access.
Its faster, cheaper,
more
personalized and
more efficient
delivery services
5. QoS Parameters and Genetic
Algorithm(GA) [9]
Optimal
composition.
Dynamic web
services
composition use of
QoS parameters
and GA.
6. Diversified Service Rank (DSR).
Web service reputation update
algorithm.Reputation module
discovery approach [11]
Returns the
matching list
of
services.
Consumer
provides more
accurate values of
reputation.
Returned list of
nominated web
service is the most
relevant to the
consumer request.
7. Symbolic Observation Graphs
(SOGs)-verification of their
individual abstractions [12].
Abstract and
check the
opacity
of Web
services and
their
composition,
and therefore
prove
their
Privacy, through
the use of
Symbolic
Observation
Graphs.
Information leakage,
hiding the
encryption keys of
protocols and
systemsis not
enough to hide
protocol workings
and secret
information
8 Criteria based service selection
methods [14].
Determines
the weights of
criteria based
on user
preference
and accounts
for the
confidence
More efficient The behavior of
QoS-based
service selection
leads to service
selection problems
in Multi-Criteria
Decision Making
(MCDM).

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level of
decision
makers.
9 Privacy based
1) Privacy Level
2) Privacy Rule
3) Privacy Policy
Mechanism:
Negotiation
Approaches:Privacy Preserving
DaaS composition [15].
Data as a Service
(DaaS) builds on
service-oriented
technologies to
enable fast access
to data resources
on the Web.
DaaS composition
may reveal
privacy-sensitive
information.
The privacy model
allows a service
todefine a privacy
policy and a set of
privacy
requirements.
Two factors
exacerbate the
problem of privacy
in DaaS.
1) DaaS services
collect and store
a
large amount of
private information
about users.
2) DaaS services are
able to share
thisinformation
withother entities.
10 Hybrid Web service
tagrecommendation strategy, named
WSTRec
Normalized Google
Distance(NGD)-to compute the
content-level similarity between 2
web services [16].
Utilize tagging
data to
improve the
performance
of traditional
WSDL
document-
basedWeb
service
clustering for
the purpose
ofmore
accurateWeb
service
discovery.
92%ofWeb
services cached by
Web service search
engines are valid
and active.
Web services
search engine
Seekda!1 allows
users to manually
associate tags
withWeb services.
More than 53% of
registered services
in UDDI
businessregistries
are
invalid.
11.
QoS approach.GA based algorithm
has 2 constraints:
1) only one web service among
candidate web services
should be chosen for a task
2) the service composition
must satisfy user constraints
[18].
GA, plan
optimizer with
constraints
It overcome local
optimums with
less computation
time.
GA is a K beam
search; it can find
suitable
composition plan
much faster than
other random
search approaches.

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12. Extended control flowgraph
(XCFG). WS-BPEL Two main
tasks:
1) XCFG construction
2) property verification.
XCFGV4BPEL: a tool for verifying
concurrent properties
1) Automata Based Techniques
2) Process Algebra Based
Techniques
3) Petri Net Based Techniques
[19]
Verifies
concurrent
behavior in
BPEL.
XCFG can model
not only the
workflow ofBPEL
but also the
synchronization
control
dependencies
amongconcurrent
activities.
XCFG
Advantages:
1) XCFG
supports
concurrent
control
flow compared
with traditional
CFG
2) XCFG can
model
link which
indicates the
synchronization
dependency
between
concurrent
activities
3) field in XCFG
is introduced to
recordthe
information of
related elements
for the purpose of
analysis and
verification.
13. Hybrid firefly method for selecting
the optimal solution in
semanticWeb service composition
[23].
Firefly-
inspired
method for
selecting the
optimal or a
near optimal
solution in
semantic Web
service
composition.
Biological systems
have led to the
design of efficient
techniques that can
be used to solve
optimization
problems.
14. A User-Centric WS-Mediator
framework foron-the-fly Web
Service Composition Next
Generation Network(NGN)Next
User centric
WS-mediator
which allows
the end-user to
Comprehensive
framework for a
user centric WS-
mediator which is
Existing work has
limitation on their
agility to create a
composed service

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Generation
Service(NGS)composition engine
which generates an executable
autonomous entity. Next-
Generation Service Overlay
Networks (NGSON) [24].
mash up the
service in his
way on the
fly.
capable of
dynamic service
composition.
on the fly according
to the
desire/need of an
end-user at a given
time/place.
15 Computational model of service
quality to calculate the service
parameters of specific quality
topological sorting algorithm [25].
The
combinatorial
optimization
method for
web services
based on
workflow
model.
Scheduling
algorithm for
service
composition
have been
optimized.
Optimization
program enhances
the web services
quality of service,
optimizes service
scheduling
function, and
shorts the response
time of the
application
services portfolio,
in the case of
large-scale
applications.
Existing workflow-
based web service
composition
programs lack the
flexibility to choose
high-quality
services.
The scheduling
performance
degenerates as the
size increases.
16 1. “Local” pattern’s discovery that
covers partial results through a
dynamic programming
algorithm.
2. Composite service (CS) mining
algorithm.
3. Approach Summarization:
4. Collecting execution history
5. Analyzing the execution history
6. Improving the composition
model
7. Composite service log:
8. Collecting Web service logs
9. Composite Service log structure
10. Sufficient and minimal number
of CS instances
11. SDT: Statistics Dependency
Table [28].
Mining
approach
discovers
more
Complex
features
with a better
specification
of the “fork”
operator and
the “join”
operator.
CS mining
supports
business process
rediscovery based
on a log analysis.
A set of mining
techniques to
discover CS
transactional flow
in order to improve
CS recovery
mechanisms.
Deals better with
concurrency
through the
introduction of the
“concurrent
window”
Previous approaches
may fail to ensure
CS reliable
executions in some
cases, even if they
formally validate the
CS model.
17 Novel search method for Web
services called WSQBE.
providers may manually assign a
category to their services from a
number of predefined options [29].
Representing
Web services
and queries
as a collection
of vector
subspaces.
UDDI registries
with search
facilities
UDDI registries-
difficult to use and
often require service
consumers to spend
too much time
manually browsing
and selecting service
descriptions.
18 Grid technology provides an
information infrastructure.
Semantic Web Services Integration
Life Cycle:
Semantic
based
discovery and
composition
A new and generic
semantic Web
services
integration and
Manual, discovery,
invocation and
composition of Web
services. Significant

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 Business Process
Modelling.
 Semantics Enrichment of
Workflow.
 Runtime Phase.
 Development.
 Service Management [32].
of SWSs composition
lifecycle to
facilitate the
semantic based
integration and
composition of
Grid services.
hamper the
automatic process of
enterprise
application
integration.
19 Ontology based model [33] Semantic
model for web
service
discovery and
description.
Similarity
matching of web
services is
implemented
through
summarization of
semantic similarity
value.
Method has poor
precision and recall
for service
discovery.
20 Engineering approach:
1) Reflecting the dynamic nature
of environment.
2) Understanding the types of
requirements.
3) Linking some of these
requirements to capacity
development [34].
Capacities
empower Web
service with
additional
‘skills’, which
make them
select the
appropriate
actions to
carry out in
response to
specific
environment
requirements.
The first goal
identifies the types
of requirements
The second goal
details the
Capacities
The third goal
reviews the
business logic
21. Mathematical programming model:
0-1 linear program is solved
using a standard solver (CPLEX)
QoS criteria represent the non
functional properties of web
services [36].
QoS aggregate
measure
and satisfying
transactional
properties.
CPLEX is very
performing
for solving such
very big size
problems
QoS is measured
by a weighted
sum.
22 Web service composition using
SHOP2 system
architecture:BPEL4WS [37].
SHOP2 and
BPEL4WS for
web service
composition
to facilitate
context
awareness.
Scenario: mail
replication system-
2 sub processes
1) Retrieve
mail
2) Send mail
Often static and
inflexible.
Not suited to
operate in a
pervasive
computing
environment.
The network
bandwidth
and the type of
computing device

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affect the mail
retrieval and
sending.
23 Rigorous framework for the
composition of Web Services
within a higher order logictheorem
prover [39].
Approach:
proofs-as-
processes
paradigm that
enables
inference rules
of Classical
Linear Logic
(CLL) to be
translated into
p-calculus
processes.
Web Services
compositions
described using
thep-calculus by
performing CLL
proofs.
Interesting
properties such as
liveness, safety, and
deadlock-freedom
have
not been
investigated
24 Optimization is carried out by ACO
(Ant Colony Optimization)
algorithm.Ranking is done using
performance index which is
calculated dynamically from the
non-functional QoS parameters.
GA approach-finding the optimal
composition [42].
For a scalable
application,
servicing
increasing
number of
requests is
critical for its
performance.
Both Optimization
and Ranking on
this composite
Web Service
which delivers
high performance.
 Reusability
 Robustness
 Fault tolerance
Optimization and
ranking that
ultimately leads to
the execution of
the best service.
Composite web
service without any
optimization
or Ranking- no
guarantee
that the best
performing web
service is selected.
25 Graph based approach. DAG to
represent web service composition
[44].
The
composition
algorithm
is designed to
effectively
exploit the
possibilities of
multiprocessor
platforms. The
framework’s
architecture is
adjusted to
parallel
processing
over a single
data structure.
A huge amount of
computation is
performed during
preprocessing.
Supports
multiprocessor
platforms.
Immediate
response to queries
Approach-issues,
 Find all possible
solutions
 Maximize pre
processing
 Parallel
processing
B. Evaluation of composition approaches
An Evaluation of dynamic Web Service
Composition Approaches described and are
very much important for the measurement of
the performance of it [41]. Business-to-
Business Integration (B2Bi)-technology web
service composition languages: WS-BPEL

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with WSDL, OWL-S with Golog /Planning.
Framework categories:
• Monolithic,
• Staged,
• Template-based service composition
and execution.
The following dynamic service composition
approaches uses the effective performance
evaluation methodologies
• eFlow
• METEOR-S
• WebTransact
• DynamiCoS
• SeGSeC
The trustworthiness of the web services is very
much important in defining the QoS and
obtaining trustworthiness of SOAs can also be
achieved as follows [43]
• self-healing web service
compositions
• service and process description,
• monitoring and recovery strategies.
Roadmap for research finalizedto obtaining
self-healing service compositions. The three
recovery strategies are easier to understand
when used to recover from functional errors.
In the field of dynamic composition of web
services, WSCG(Web Service Composition
Graph) proposes a framework that provides
visual design, validation and development of
compositions using graph theories. Triana as a
Graphical Web Services Composition Toolkit
[45]. Extend the functionality of the Triana
problem-solving environment into the Web
services world. Triana uses a peer to peer
subset of the GridLab GAT Interface. Web
services composition system needs the
following mechanisms:
• Service discovery methods
• Service composition methods
• Transparent invocation methods
• Transparent publishing of services
outlined
Triana is a framework to integrate graphical
creation of Web services workflows within the
open source. In particular, Triana handles
discovery, invocation, composition, and
publishing of Web services through the
WServe API. The GAT/GAP are middle ware
independent APIs that allows transparent
access to various underlying middle ware
architectures. By facilitating the transparent
construction of Web services workflows, users
can create new composite services which offer
more functionality thanatomic services; Share
and replicate workflows with other users.
III. CONCLUSION
This review has an objective to give an
overview about the recent trends in the
development of various web service
composition approaches. Initially we identified
the existing approaches used for the
composition. These approaches are classified
according to the processing of the service
descriptions, which can be either syntactic or
semantic based service process. The review
also comprises the methodologies used for
composition and the parameters used for
selection and matching processes. Every
composition approaches have its own merits
and demerits. Most of the syntactic approaches
have used QoS parameters for composition
and semantic approaches are domain specific
and the implementation needs basic
knowledge about the domain, semantic
description, ontologies and composition
engine tasks.

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