This document summarizes the seismic hazard assessment conducted for the Kathmandu valley in Nepal. It describes the procedures used, including setting scenario earthquakes, developing a ground model, and assessing characteristics of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Scenario earthquakes of magnitudes 7.8-8.6 were set, and a ground model was developed using over 400 drilling data points, microtremor measurements, and geological cross sections. Site response analyses were then conducted to estimate seismic ground motions and risks of liquefaction and slope failure across the valley.
This document provides an overview of engineering geology and its scope. It discusses how geology relates to civil engineering projects in areas like construction, water resource development, and town planning. Key points covered include:
- Engineering geology deals with applying geology principles to safe and economic design of civil engineering projects.
- Geological maps, hydrological maps, and topographical maps are important for planning projects.
- Geological characteristics like bedrock, mechanical properties, and seismic activity influence project design.
- Geological knowledge aids in quality control of construction materials and sensitive construction areas.
- Geology is relevant for water resource exploration, development, and the water cycle understanding.
- Land utilization and regional planning requires considering natural geological features and
This document discusses liquefaction of soil during earthquakes and its effects based on case studies. It covers:
1) Examples of liquefaction and its effects observed during earthquakes in Chile 1960, Japan 1964, Alaska 1964, and Caracas 1967 including settlements, tilting of structures, and damage depending on soil thickness.
2) Factors influencing liquefaction potential such as soil type, density, water content, and depth to water table based on a case study of the 1964 Niigata earthquake in Japan.
3) Options for mitigating liquefaction including soil densification, stabilization, drainage, and structural measures like reinforcement and foundation modification.
There are four main types of slope failures: plane, wedge, toppling, and rotational. Plane failures occur along planar discontinuities like bedding planes or joints. Wedge failures form when two discontinuity sets intersect perpendicularly to the slope. Toppling failures involve the forward rotation of rock columns about a fixed point. Rotational failures involve movement along a curved failure surface within the soil. Each failure type has specific structural conditions required, such as the dip direction and angle of discontinuities compared to the slope face.
The document discusses dams, including their purposes, types, and factors to consider for site selection and investigation. It provides information on different types of dams including earth, rock, concrete, gravity, arch, buttress, and composite dams. Key factors for dam site selection and investigation include geological conditions, hydrology, availability of construction materials, and environmental impacts. Detailed geological investigations are necessary to evaluate the foundation stability, water tightness of the reservoir, and availability of local construction materials.
This document discusses geological hazards caused by landslides. It defines landslides as the downward sliding of land mass along steep slopes due to gravity. Heavy rains, earthquakes, floods, terrain cutting and droughts are among the main causes. Different types of landslides are described such as rock falls, lahars, earthflows, slope failures, slumps and debris slides. Areas with steep slopes, volcanoes, coasts and river valleys are prone to landslides. Landslides can damage infrastructure and block traffic. Classification, prevention measures and examples of landslide disasters are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of slope stability and analysis. It defines different types of slopes as natural, man-made, infinite and finite. Common causes of slope failure like erosion, seepage, drawdown, rainfall, earthquakes and external loading are described. Key terms used in slope stability are defined, including slip zone, slip plane, sliding mass and slope angle. Types of slope failures are identified as face/slope failure, toe failure and base failure. Methods for analyzing finite slope stability, like Swedish circle method, Bishop's simplified method and Taylor's stability number are introduced. Infinite slope analysis is described for cohesionless, cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils. Example tutorial problems on slope stability calculations are
The document discusses the importance of site investigation for building construction projects. Site investigation provides crucial information about soil, rock, and groundwater conditions that help determine appropriate foundation design and construction methods. It also identifies potential geological hazards. Proper site investigation assists in site selection and recommendations for mitigation measures to ensure safe and effective construction. Factors like accessibility, geology, environment, and costs are considered in site selection. Equipment and methods used in site investigations are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of engineering geology and its scope. It discusses how geology relates to civil engineering projects in areas like construction, water resource development, and town planning. Key points covered include:
- Engineering geology deals with applying geology principles to safe and economic design of civil engineering projects.
- Geological maps, hydrological maps, and topographical maps are important for planning projects.
- Geological characteristics like bedrock, mechanical properties, and seismic activity influence project design.
- Geological knowledge aids in quality control of construction materials and sensitive construction areas.
- Geology is relevant for water resource exploration, development, and the water cycle understanding.
- Land utilization and regional planning requires considering natural geological features and
This document discusses liquefaction of soil during earthquakes and its effects based on case studies. It covers:
1) Examples of liquefaction and its effects observed during earthquakes in Chile 1960, Japan 1964, Alaska 1964, and Caracas 1967 including settlements, tilting of structures, and damage depending on soil thickness.
2) Factors influencing liquefaction potential such as soil type, density, water content, and depth to water table based on a case study of the 1964 Niigata earthquake in Japan.
3) Options for mitigating liquefaction including soil densification, stabilization, drainage, and structural measures like reinforcement and foundation modification.
There are four main types of slope failures: plane, wedge, toppling, and rotational. Plane failures occur along planar discontinuities like bedding planes or joints. Wedge failures form when two discontinuity sets intersect perpendicularly to the slope. Toppling failures involve the forward rotation of rock columns about a fixed point. Rotational failures involve movement along a curved failure surface within the soil. Each failure type has specific structural conditions required, such as the dip direction and angle of discontinuities compared to the slope face.
The document discusses dams, including their purposes, types, and factors to consider for site selection and investigation. It provides information on different types of dams including earth, rock, concrete, gravity, arch, buttress, and composite dams. Key factors for dam site selection and investigation include geological conditions, hydrology, availability of construction materials, and environmental impacts. Detailed geological investigations are necessary to evaluate the foundation stability, water tightness of the reservoir, and availability of local construction materials.
This document discusses geological hazards caused by landslides. It defines landslides as the downward sliding of land mass along steep slopes due to gravity. Heavy rains, earthquakes, floods, terrain cutting and droughts are among the main causes. Different types of landslides are described such as rock falls, lahars, earthflows, slope failures, slumps and debris slides. Areas with steep slopes, volcanoes, coasts and river valleys are prone to landslides. Landslides can damage infrastructure and block traffic. Classification, prevention measures and examples of landslide disasters are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of slope stability and analysis. It defines different types of slopes as natural, man-made, infinite and finite. Common causes of slope failure like erosion, seepage, drawdown, rainfall, earthquakes and external loading are described. Key terms used in slope stability are defined, including slip zone, slip plane, sliding mass and slope angle. Types of slope failures are identified as face/slope failure, toe failure and base failure. Methods for analyzing finite slope stability, like Swedish circle method, Bishop's simplified method and Taylor's stability number are introduced. Infinite slope analysis is described for cohesionless, cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils. Example tutorial problems on slope stability calculations are
The document discusses the importance of site investigation for building construction projects. Site investigation provides crucial information about soil, rock, and groundwater conditions that help determine appropriate foundation design and construction methods. It also identifies potential geological hazards. Proper site investigation assists in site selection and recommendations for mitigation measures to ensure safe and effective construction. Factors like accessibility, geology, environment, and costs are considered in site selection. Equipment and methods used in site investigations are also outlined.
The document discusses the subject, scope, and subdivisions of geology. It states that geology is the study of the origin, composition, and structure of the Earth. The main subdivisions of geology include physical geology, geomorphology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, and historical geology. Engineering geology also has applications in construction projects, planning, and town and regional planning by providing geological data and assessing rock properties.
This document provides information on an Engineering Geology course, including the course title, code, credit hours, instructors, and outline. The course aims to increase students' knowledge of engineering applications of geology. Key learning outcomes include understanding the impacts of geological processes and features on engineering foundations and preparing engineering geological maps for civil engineering projects. The course outline covers topics such as soils, subsurface water, hazardous earth processes, dams, tunnels, and shallow foundations. Assessment includes quizzes, assignments, tests, and a final exam.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
Neural Tree for Estimating the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock MaterialsVarun Ojha
The document presents a neural tree model for estimating the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock materials from index test parameters. It develops and compares models using fuzzy inference systems, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems, multi-layer perceptrons, and heterogeneous flexible neural trees. The best performing and lightest weight model was a multiobjective heterogeneous flexible neural tree, which estimated UCS with the lowest error and highest correlation. Among the different index test parameters, the point load strength test was found to be the most significant in estimating UCS.
Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and eventually deposited. There are four main categories of sediments based on size: gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Incipient motion, or the initial movement of sediment particles, is important to studying sediment transport and channel design. Two main approaches to modeling incipient motion are the shear stress approach and velocity approach. Shields developed a widely used diagram relating the critical shear stress needed to initiate motion to other dimensionless parameters like particle size, fluid properties, and sediment density. White's analysis also models critical shear stress as proportional to particle size. The velocity approach uses field surveys of permissible flow velocities before sediment starts moving in different channel materials.
This document discusses landslides, their causes, prevention techniques, and environmental impacts. It identifies three main causes of landslides: water, seismic activity, and volcanic activity. Heavy rain can saturate slopes and cause landslides, while earthquakes weaken slopes through ground shaking. Volcanic eruptions can melt snow and ice rapidly, generating destructive debris flows. The document outlines various landslide prevention techniques, including retaining walls, geogrids, expansive anchor bolts, and managing water drainage. It notes that landslides can damage infrastructure and ecosystems, lower property values, and disrupt transportation.
Landslides are rock, earth, and debris flowing down slopes due to gravity. They are caused by heavy rains, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and other factors. Landslides can travel over 260 feet per second and cause damage by burying villages, closing roads, and breaking infrastructure. They commonly occur in areas with steep slopes, such as mountain ranges, river valleys, and coastal areas. On average, landslides cause 25 casualties per year in the U.S. and have resulted in disasters like the 1994 Nevado del Ruiz eruption that killed over 2,000 people in Colombia.
This document discusses earthquake hazards and mitigation. It notes that approximately 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, with around 100 being potentially dangerous. Major earthquakes typically occur annually and can release large amounts of seismic energy. Earthquakes cause damage through ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, fires, and tsunamis. Mitigation strategies include avoiding hazard areas, building earthquake resistant structures using special materials and construction techniques, improving weak soils, and reducing seismic demand on structures. Proper architectural design and reinforcement of masonry and reinforced concrete buildings can also improve earthquake resistance.
This document discusses earthquakes, including their definition, causes, effects, and precautions. Some key points:
- An earthquake is caused by vibrations beneath the earth's surface due to shifting tectonic plates or other disturbances. They can be measured using seismographs.
- The Richter scale measures an earthquake's magnitude - larger quakes over 8.0 occur about once per year globally.
- Earthquakes generate seismic waves that travel through the earth, including P-waves, S-waves, and L-waves.
- Major effects of earthquakes include damage to buildings and infrastructure, tsunamis, landslides, and cracks in the ground.
- Precautions
1) The document summarizes the steps taken to perform a seismic hazard assessment of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province in Pakistan. These steps include compiling an earthquake catalog from various sources, homogenizing the magnitudes, de-clustering the catalog, performing completeness analysis, defining seismic zones, and developing Gutenberg-Richter recurrence models.
2) Shallow seismic zones were defined based on clustering of shallow earthquakes in the de-clustered catalog. Deep seismic zones were also identified based on deep earthquake locations.
3) Gutenberg-Richter recurrence models were developed for each seismic zone to obtain cumulative frequency of earthquakes per year needed for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.
This document discusses hydrograph concepts including:
- Defining a hydrograph as a graph showing variations in stream discharge over time.
- Components of a single peaked hydrograph from an isolated storm.
- Separating surface runoff, interflow, and groundwater flow.
- Estimating the concentration time of a catchment using the Izzard and Kirpich formulas.
- Defining valley storage as water temporarily stored in stream channels.
- Working through an example problem to calculate time of concentration and peak runoff rate.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation. It begins by defining reservoirs and classifying them. It then explains how sedimentation occurs as rivers carry sediments that are deposited when the river flow is blocked by a reservoir. This leads to a reduction in water storage capacity over time. The document lists indicators of reservoir sedimentation and discusses trap efficiency. It also outlines the different forms of sediment transport in rivers and the impacts of reservoir sedimentation, such as reduced storage and hydroelectric power generation. In conclusion, sedimentation diminishes storage capacity and benefits of the reservoir over the long run.
Groundwater Data Requirement and AnalysisC. P. Kumar
The document discusses groundwater data requirements, acquisition, processing, and analysis. It outlines the types of physical and hydrological data needed for groundwater studies, including maps, cross-sections, and time-series data on water levels, quality, pumping, and other factors. Key points covered include establishing monitoring networks, validating data, preparing hydrographs, water table maps, and other tools to characterize the groundwater system and identify issues like contamination or over-pumping. Statistical methods for interpolating hydrological variables from point data across regions are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of various groundwater exploration methods, including surface and subsurface techniques. Surface methods involve minimal facilities and include geomorphological analysis of landforms, geological and structural mapping, soil and vegetation analysis, remote sensing, and surface geophysical methods like electrical resistivity and seismic surveys. Subsurface methods like borehole logging and test drilling provide direct observations but are more expensive. Together, a multi-method approach can be used to explore groundwater resources and locate potential zones for development.
The document discusses landslide disaster resilience town planning with a focus on landslides. It begins with an introduction and overview of landslides, their causes and impacts. It then provides background on landslide risk in India, particularly in the Himalayan region. The document presents a case study of Uttarakhand state, analyzing vulnerability profiles, population at risk, and highly landslide-prone areas. It recommends direct and indirect remedial measures for landslides and emphasizes a systematic planning and management approach involving preparation, response, and post-disaster stages.
This document provides an overview of fault classification. It begins with definitions of fault geometry, including fault plane, dip, strike, hanging wall, footwall, throw, and rake. Faults can be classified geometrically based on attributes like rake, attitude relative to adjacent rocks, pattern, dip angle, and apparent movement. Major geometric types include strike-slip, dip-slip, and diagonal-slip faults. Genetic classification considers the relative movement, and identifies normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip, and other fault types. Major faults in India are described along with the distribution of faults globally. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the geological and economic importance of studying faults, as well as their relevance to engineering and
Towards Implementation of Disaster Reduction Measures to Build Disaster Resi...Yasuhiro Kawasoe
Presentation by Dr. Satoru NISHIKAWA
Executive Director of Research, JCADR
Ex-Vice President, Japan Water Agency
Advisory Group to SRSG on the Post-2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Global Agenda Council on Risk and Resilience, World Economic Forum
at 1st JICA ERAKV Project Seminar
DRR innovation and excellence in nepal NSET NepalDPNet
The School Earthquake Safety Program (SESP) of NSET in Nepal aims to assess and reduce the seismic vulnerability of schools, raise earthquake preparedness awareness, and build capacity. Key components of SESP include school vulnerability assessments, seismic retrofitting of existing structures or construction of new earthquake resistant buildings, training teachers, students, masons and communities, and developing school preparedness plans and drills. The program has resulted in the formation of student safety clubs, improved construction practices, and the replication of earthquake resistant construction in other buildings. Lessons learned include that schools are an effective community entry point and that transparency is important for community programs. The goal is to develop national school earthquake safety strategies and expand the program to all schools
The document discusses the subject, scope, and subdivisions of geology. It states that geology is the study of the origin, composition, and structure of the Earth. The main subdivisions of geology include physical geology, geomorphology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, and historical geology. Engineering geology also has applications in construction projects, planning, and town and regional planning by providing geological data and assessing rock properties.
This document provides information on an Engineering Geology course, including the course title, code, credit hours, instructors, and outline. The course aims to increase students' knowledge of engineering applications of geology. Key learning outcomes include understanding the impacts of geological processes and features on engineering foundations and preparing engineering geological maps for civil engineering projects. The course outline covers topics such as soils, subsurface water, hazardous earth processes, dams, tunnels, and shallow foundations. Assessment includes quizzes, assignments, tests, and a final exam.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
Neural Tree for Estimating the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock MaterialsVarun Ojha
The document presents a neural tree model for estimating the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock materials from index test parameters. It develops and compares models using fuzzy inference systems, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems, multi-layer perceptrons, and heterogeneous flexible neural trees. The best performing and lightest weight model was a multiobjective heterogeneous flexible neural tree, which estimated UCS with the lowest error and highest correlation. Among the different index test parameters, the point load strength test was found to be the most significant in estimating UCS.
Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and eventually deposited. There are four main categories of sediments based on size: gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Incipient motion, or the initial movement of sediment particles, is important to studying sediment transport and channel design. Two main approaches to modeling incipient motion are the shear stress approach and velocity approach. Shields developed a widely used diagram relating the critical shear stress needed to initiate motion to other dimensionless parameters like particle size, fluid properties, and sediment density. White's analysis also models critical shear stress as proportional to particle size. The velocity approach uses field surveys of permissible flow velocities before sediment starts moving in different channel materials.
This document discusses landslides, their causes, prevention techniques, and environmental impacts. It identifies three main causes of landslides: water, seismic activity, and volcanic activity. Heavy rain can saturate slopes and cause landslides, while earthquakes weaken slopes through ground shaking. Volcanic eruptions can melt snow and ice rapidly, generating destructive debris flows. The document outlines various landslide prevention techniques, including retaining walls, geogrids, expansive anchor bolts, and managing water drainage. It notes that landslides can damage infrastructure and ecosystems, lower property values, and disrupt transportation.
Landslides are rock, earth, and debris flowing down slopes due to gravity. They are caused by heavy rains, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and other factors. Landslides can travel over 260 feet per second and cause damage by burying villages, closing roads, and breaking infrastructure. They commonly occur in areas with steep slopes, such as mountain ranges, river valleys, and coastal areas. On average, landslides cause 25 casualties per year in the U.S. and have resulted in disasters like the 1994 Nevado del Ruiz eruption that killed over 2,000 people in Colombia.
This document discusses earthquake hazards and mitigation. It notes that approximately 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, with around 100 being potentially dangerous. Major earthquakes typically occur annually and can release large amounts of seismic energy. Earthquakes cause damage through ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, fires, and tsunamis. Mitigation strategies include avoiding hazard areas, building earthquake resistant structures using special materials and construction techniques, improving weak soils, and reducing seismic demand on structures. Proper architectural design and reinforcement of masonry and reinforced concrete buildings can also improve earthquake resistance.
This document discusses earthquakes, including their definition, causes, effects, and precautions. Some key points:
- An earthquake is caused by vibrations beneath the earth's surface due to shifting tectonic plates or other disturbances. They can be measured using seismographs.
- The Richter scale measures an earthquake's magnitude - larger quakes over 8.0 occur about once per year globally.
- Earthquakes generate seismic waves that travel through the earth, including P-waves, S-waves, and L-waves.
- Major effects of earthquakes include damage to buildings and infrastructure, tsunamis, landslides, and cracks in the ground.
- Precautions
1) The document summarizes the steps taken to perform a seismic hazard assessment of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province in Pakistan. These steps include compiling an earthquake catalog from various sources, homogenizing the magnitudes, de-clustering the catalog, performing completeness analysis, defining seismic zones, and developing Gutenberg-Richter recurrence models.
2) Shallow seismic zones were defined based on clustering of shallow earthquakes in the de-clustered catalog. Deep seismic zones were also identified based on deep earthquake locations.
3) Gutenberg-Richter recurrence models were developed for each seismic zone to obtain cumulative frequency of earthquakes per year needed for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.
This document discusses hydrograph concepts including:
- Defining a hydrograph as a graph showing variations in stream discharge over time.
- Components of a single peaked hydrograph from an isolated storm.
- Separating surface runoff, interflow, and groundwater flow.
- Estimating the concentration time of a catchment using the Izzard and Kirpich formulas.
- Defining valley storage as water temporarily stored in stream channels.
- Working through an example problem to calculate time of concentration and peak runoff rate.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation. It begins by defining reservoirs and classifying them. It then explains how sedimentation occurs as rivers carry sediments that are deposited when the river flow is blocked by a reservoir. This leads to a reduction in water storage capacity over time. The document lists indicators of reservoir sedimentation and discusses trap efficiency. It also outlines the different forms of sediment transport in rivers and the impacts of reservoir sedimentation, such as reduced storage and hydroelectric power generation. In conclusion, sedimentation diminishes storage capacity and benefits of the reservoir over the long run.
Groundwater Data Requirement and AnalysisC. P. Kumar
The document discusses groundwater data requirements, acquisition, processing, and analysis. It outlines the types of physical and hydrological data needed for groundwater studies, including maps, cross-sections, and time-series data on water levels, quality, pumping, and other factors. Key points covered include establishing monitoring networks, validating data, preparing hydrographs, water table maps, and other tools to characterize the groundwater system and identify issues like contamination or over-pumping. Statistical methods for interpolating hydrological variables from point data across regions are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of various groundwater exploration methods, including surface and subsurface techniques. Surface methods involve minimal facilities and include geomorphological analysis of landforms, geological and structural mapping, soil and vegetation analysis, remote sensing, and surface geophysical methods like electrical resistivity and seismic surveys. Subsurface methods like borehole logging and test drilling provide direct observations but are more expensive. Together, a multi-method approach can be used to explore groundwater resources and locate potential zones for development.
The document discusses landslide disaster resilience town planning with a focus on landslides. It begins with an introduction and overview of landslides, their causes and impacts. It then provides background on landslide risk in India, particularly in the Himalayan region. The document presents a case study of Uttarakhand state, analyzing vulnerability profiles, population at risk, and highly landslide-prone areas. It recommends direct and indirect remedial measures for landslides and emphasizes a systematic planning and management approach involving preparation, response, and post-disaster stages.
This document provides an overview of fault classification. It begins with definitions of fault geometry, including fault plane, dip, strike, hanging wall, footwall, throw, and rake. Faults can be classified geometrically based on attributes like rake, attitude relative to adjacent rocks, pattern, dip angle, and apparent movement. Major geometric types include strike-slip, dip-slip, and diagonal-slip faults. Genetic classification considers the relative movement, and identifies normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip, and other fault types. Major faults in India are described along with the distribution of faults globally. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the geological and economic importance of studying faults, as well as their relevance to engineering and
Towards Implementation of Disaster Reduction Measures to Build Disaster Resi...Yasuhiro Kawasoe
Presentation by Dr. Satoru NISHIKAWA
Executive Director of Research, JCADR
Ex-Vice President, Japan Water Agency
Advisory Group to SRSG on the Post-2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Global Agenda Council on Risk and Resilience, World Economic Forum
at 1st JICA ERAKV Project Seminar
DRR innovation and excellence in nepal NSET NepalDPNet
The School Earthquake Safety Program (SESP) of NSET in Nepal aims to assess and reduce the seismic vulnerability of schools, raise earthquake preparedness awareness, and build capacity. Key components of SESP include school vulnerability assessments, seismic retrofitting of existing structures or construction of new earthquake resistant buildings, training teachers, students, masons and communities, and developing school preparedness plans and drills. The program has resulted in the formation of student safety clubs, improved construction practices, and the replication of earthquake resistant construction in other buildings. Lessons learned include that schools are an effective community entry point and that transparency is important for community programs. The goal is to develop national school earthquake safety strategies and expand the program to all schools
The document outlines the candidate's experience undertaking various disaster risk reduction projects over the past 25 years, holding positions from Research Assistant to Senior Programme Manager. It describes projects assessing vulnerability, developing risk profiles and management plans, conducting training programs, and more in over 15 countries in Asia and Africa. The candidate has extensive experience developing methodologies, building local capacity, and supporting mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction.
The document discusses retrofitting school buildings in Nepal to make them safer during earthquakes. It provides an overview of school construction practices in Nepal, which have traditionally lacked earthquake-resistant design. The 2015 Gorkha earthquake damaged many schools built with unreinforced masonry. The report examines case studies of retrofitted versus non-retrofitted schools from the earthquake and concludes that retrofitting is effective at increasing structural integrity. It recommends expanding retrofitting programs to reduce seismic vulnerability in schools.
Safe School Toolkit and Plan Nepal (Piloting Book)DPNet
This document provides an introduction and overview of a safe school toolkit developed by Plan International Nepal. The toolkit aims to help those involved in assessing, monitoring and evaluating safe schools by outlining the key pillars of safe school infrastructure, disaster management, and risk reduction education. It was created based on learning from Nepal's policy context, Plan Nepal's safe school projects, and practices in the education sector. The toolkit is intended as a reference for developing safe school plans and frameworks, with the understanding that it will be refined over time based on government policies and guidelines related to safe schools.
This document proposes a School Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) toolkit to help quantify disaster risk for schools. It aims to measure the degree of threat/risk to schools over time using a "Risk Index" scale. The toolkit would identify hazards, define vulnerability and capacity indicators, assign weights, and calculate hazard-specific and multi-hazard risk indexes. It could help prioritize high-risk schools for intervention and track changes from DRR activities. While useful, it is noted that human observation may better analyze qualitative risk factors than an algorithm alone.
The document lists 12 resource materials created by the Danish Red Cross for their CBMHRR project funded by ECHO. The materials include games, posters, manuals, lists, and videos in Nepali and English on various disaster risk reduction topics like floods, landslides, earthquakes, fire, health and hygiene. The objectives are to create awareness and educate community members, volunteers, and local governments in project areas on disaster preparedness, risks, impacts, and mitigation measures. The target audiences include people living in at-risk communities, first responders, search and rescue teams, and local authorities.
The document discusses a program initiated by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and the World Bank to develop a strategy for improving seismic safety in schools in Nepal. The two-year, $200,000 program aims to develop a national strategy through pilot projects at six schools in two districts. The program assessed school buildings, retrofitted or reconstructed vulnerable buildings, trained teachers, students, and local masons, and raised awareness of earthquake preparedness in communities. The demonstration projects are meant to develop an approach that can be scaled up across Nepal to improve seismic safety in schools.
Mercy corps dipecho iec resource material templateDIPECHO Nepal
The document describes 23 information, education, and communication (IEC) materials created by Mercy Corps for their Kailali Disaster Risk Reduction Initiative in Nepal. The materials include books, booklets, games, posters, flyers, and videos in Nepali and Tharu languages. They aim to raise awareness and build capacity around disaster preparedness, response, and risk reduction topics like floods, fires, and cold waves among students, communities, and first responders in Kailali district. The IEC materials were funded by the EC DIPECHO program and focus on sharing lessons on community-based disaster risk reduction practices.
The document provides guidance on conducting a school safety audit at Calallen Middle School. It recommends establishing a safety audit committee consisting of 3-6 members from various stakeholder groups. The committee should conduct a full safety audit every 3 years and annual reviews of recommendations. The audit examines school policies, procedures, facilities, and stakeholder feedback to identify areas for improved safety.
The document discusses the 2015 M7.8 Nepal earthquake. It was the largest earthquake in Nepal in over 80 years and caused around 8,000 fatalities due to strong shaking and secondary effects like landslides. The earthquake occurred along the collision zone between the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Analysis of seismic and satellite data provided insights into the earthquake's effects, aftershocks, and rupture process, but further research is still needed to fully understand the regional seismic hazard in this area of high seismic activity.
Nepal experienced a devastating earthquake in April 2015 measuring between 7.8-8.1 on the Richter scale centered near Kathmandu. The earthquake caused over 8,700 casualties and left approximately 2.5 million people homeless as it collapsed around 500,000 houses and 100,000 government buildings. Previous major earthquakes in Nepal include one in 1934 measuring 8.0 that killed between 10,700-12,000 people and one in 1988 measuring 6.9 that killed 721 people. International donations helped provide relief and aid to Nepal following the widespread damage from the 2015 earthquake.
My school is supposed to be my safe place. However, violence occurs there daily through bullying behaviors like laughing at, pushing, taunting, or isolating others. Violence is not just physical, but can also take the form of hurtful words or gestures. Students who are victims of violence may feel sad, lonely, ashamed, or less than their peers. Instead of allowing stronger students to harm weaker ones, students should speak up, build confidence, and tell trusted adults like teachers or parents if they face oppression at school.
The document outlines 7 steps that schools can take to improve safety, including developing and enforcing a code of conduct, conducting emergency drills, personalizing the school environment with help boxes, analyzing incident reports, implementing effective programs, engaging parents and community, and training students and staff to recognize warning signs of violence. The school discussed has implemented several of these steps, such as an annually updated code of conduct, regular emergency drills, help boxes built by students, an after school program, and communicating with parents about incidents.
This report on policy mapping study on Safe Schools policy practices analyses the Safe School perspective in South Asia and safe schools programme in Nepal since last few decades and suggest the gaps and needs towards fulfilling the comprehensive school safety framework.
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
TMT steel is a type of reinforced steel used in concrete structures that undergoes a thermo-mechanical treatment process. This process integrates work hardening and heat treatment into a single step, resulting in bars with excellent corrosion resistance that do not require cold twisting. TMT steel is commonly used in bridges, buildings, dams, and other concrete structures. It has a carbon content of 0.3%, sulfur content of 0.05%, and manganese content of 0.5-1.2%, along with other properties that make it well-suited for concrete reinforcement.
The document discusses the definitions of safety and security, the differences between them, and the roles of staff, students, and parents in ensuring school safety and security. It also outlines requirements for effective implementation of safety and security in schools such as establishing emergency plans and drills, designating restricted areas, and controlling school access.
This document provides an introduction and overview of reinforcement bar (rebar), including:
1) It describes the different types of steel used for rebar based on carbon content, including mild steel.
2) It explains the differences between deformed bar and tor steel, with deformed bar being more cost effective.
3) It lists several top steel manufacturing companies in Bangladesh and the grades of rebar they produce.
4) It outlines the typical applications of Grade 40 and Grade 60 rebar and their differences in yield strength and ultimate strength.
The Final Seminar of the Project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk for the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal was held on 14 February 2018.
The public seminar was held three times during the project.
The Final Seminar, “ Understanding Disaster Risks and Moving Towards DRR and Resilience”, presented on the activities and accomplishment of the project, construction of robust and resilient society against natural disaster risk.
Thank you all for your support and enthusiastic participation in this seminar.
Presentation: Overview of Hazard Assessment Results
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1. 1
The project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk for the
Kathmandu valley in Nepal (ERAKV)
Seismic Hazard Assessment and Results
By
Mukunda Bhattarai
Seismologist
(NSC/DMG)
&
Fumio Kaneko
JICA Project Team
First Seminar, “Towards Resilient Kathmandu Valley”
September 16, 2016
2. 2
Contents
Schedule of seismic Hazard Assessment
Procedure of Seismic Hazard Assessment
Setting of Scenario Earthquakes
Development of Ground Model
Characteristics of Gorkha Earthquake
Assessment Results
3. Bedrock layer
(3) Evaluation of
Bedrock Motion
(2) Ground
Modelling
Deposit Layer
Ground Surface
Seismic Source
Attenuation Equation
3
Response Analysis
(1) Setting of
Scenario Earthquake
(4) Site Response
Analysis
(5) Seismic Motion at Ground Surface
Schematic Image of Seismic Wave
Propagation
(6) Estimation of Liquefaction & Slope Failure
4. Determined after taking into account of comments from Scientific Community 4
Three Scenario Earthquakes
(1) Far-Mid Western Nepal Eq., Magnitude = 8.6
(2) Western Nepal Eq., Magnitude = 7.8
(3) Central Nepal South Eq., Magnitude = 7.8
Two Verification Earthquakes
(a) Recurrence of the 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, Magnitude = 8.3
(b) Recurrence of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, Magnitude = 7.8, 7.3
KV
Setting of Scenario Earthquakes
5. 5
KV
SATREPS (Tokyo Univ., DMG) provided the fault model details
M=8.6
M=7.8
M=7.8
M=7.8
M=8.3
Largest
Aftershock
M=7.3
Far-Mid Western
Nepal Scenario Eq.
Model
Western Nepal
Scenario Eq.
Model
Central Nepal
South Scenario
Eq. Model
Gorkha Eq. Model 1934 Eq. Model
Magnitude 8.6 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.3
Type Reverse Reverse Reverse Reverse Reverse
Scenario Earthquake Verification Earthquake
Scenario Earthquake Fault Model
Three Scenario Earthquakes and Two Verification Earthquakes
(set technically, for disaster management purpose)
6. 6
Scenario Earthquake Fault Model (2002)
Three Scenario Earthquakes and One Verification Earthquakes
(different from 2015 Gorkha earthquake)
7. 7
Final-slip distribution of Gorkha earthquale
2015 Gorkha earthquake
is different from
2002 Scenario earthquakes,
Mid Nepal
Earthquake
North Bagmati
Earthquake
8. 8
1. Collect & Produce Ground Information
a) Drilling data (449), PS logging (5),
b) Geotechnical and Geophysical (Gravity Anomaly) data etc.
c) (Produced) Geomorphology map, geological cross sections
2. Conduct Microtremor Measurements for Vs structure
a) 210 single points from Ehime University (existing),
b) 308 single points, 74 L-shape array, 39 three-points array,
c) 5 tripartite large scale array (conducted by this project)
Development of Ground Model
9. 9
3. Grid size: 250mx250m, 11,934 grids, max depth more than 550m
(2002 project: grid size 500mx500m, 2,826 grids, max 100m depth)
4. Geological structures based on geological cross sections,
and Vs structures based on array microtremor measurements
5. Ground Model at each grid for ground motion analysis
- layer classification, soil type, thickness, Vs, density etc.
6. Preparation of AVS30, Susceptibility maps, Tg, etc.
Contd…
10. 1. Originally “mountainous area”
2. Gradually settled due to tectonic movement and formed basin
3. <around one million years ago>
Kathmandu Valley was turned to “Old Kathmandu Lake”
4. Lake deposits were piled as Tarebhir, Lukundol and Kalimati
Layers, etc.
5. <after around 50 thousand year ago>
lake water level changes made several terrace faces such
as Tokha, Gokarna, Thimi and Patan with each elevation level
6. <around 10 thousand years ago? to nowadays>
Lake water flown out from Chobar canyon, and
Recently rivers deposit alluvial layers (sub-surface layers)
along river, forming alluvial plain, valley plain etc.
Brief History of Kathmandu valley
10
11. Reflecting surface geology and topography
derived from sedimentary environment 11
Based on
1:15,000 aero photos
Contd…
Geomorphological Map
13. 13
Chandragiri fault is “active” or not?
Tectonic Structure in Kathmandu Valley
If active, If generate earthquake, what will happen?
Serious condition for Kathmandu.
14. • Setting target area and grid size
• Setting depth of bedrock distribution (gravity exploration and
drilling)
• Compiling sub-surface ground layers,
• Setting their composition and structure (geomorphological
map, geological cross sections etc.)
• Surveying Vs value for sub-surface ground layers ( In this
project by microtremor measurement)
• Adjusting Vs values for each ground layers
• Setting ground model (soil column) with numerical values
• Modelling factors are Vs, density, width etc. for earthquake
response calculation 14
Ground Modelling
for Seismic Hazard Assessment
15. 15
Rock depth contour
by gravity anomaly
Rock Surface contour
Rock Depth and Rock Surface Contour
Bed rock surface shape
is originally
mountainous area?
16. Geological Cross Section Development
G-line
E-line
F-line
16
Lines1-11
A – N lines
ERAKV 4th JCC WG1 2016/09/14Produced by this project
from geological map,
drilling data etc.
for 25 sections
with interval 2km
Rock surface and layer
distribution are
not simple
Many outcrops
Kirtipur, Pashupatinath,
Swayanbu,
hidden ridge
at Lalitpur etc.
17. Geological Cross Sections
E-Line
F-Line
G-Line
Ground Models (soil structure) for Grid System
(for around 12,000 grids of 250mx250m,
maximum depth more than 550m)
Lines1-11
A – N lines
ERAKV 4th JCC WG1 2016/09/14
19. Setting Vs structure of Geological Layer
Vs structure for Sub-surface
layers are given from the
developed relations based on
the results of L-shape
Microtremor Measurement
and Geomorphological units.
19
AM01 AM02 AM03 AM04 AM05
(TU) (IoE) (Thimi) (Tundikhel) (Manohara)
0 f 0 vp 200 0 Th 200 0 vp 170 0 al
180 11 klm 15 klm
20 klm 25 klm 28 lkl
36 klm 290
300 230 45 Tarebhir
50
77 lkl 230
87 Tarebhir 370 410
94 WR 520
103 lkl
119 lkl 116 Tarebhir
128 Tarebhir 130 Tarebhir
134 WR 610
420
390 400
230
250 WR 450
500 275
520
360 WR 580
454 WR 730
Geological
Layer
Vs (m/sec)
Kalimati 250 - 320
Tarebhir 400 - 500
Weathered
Rock
600
Determined by Triangle Array Microtremor Survey results with DMG
20. 20
Predominant Period of
Single Point Microtremor Measurement
Longer periods of
predominant period of ground
for central area
21. 21
0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
QuaterWaveleng
Observed MT 1st Peak Period (sec)
dot line 1
dot line 2
solid line
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TransferFunc.1stPeakPeriod(sec)
Observed MT 1st Peak Period (sec)
Comparison of 1st Peak Period between MT (1st)
and Ground Model (1st, transfer fuction)
ERAKV 1
ERAKV 2
Kukidome
Paudyal
ERAKV1 (Array)
dot line 1
dot line 2
solid line
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TransferFunc.2ndPeakPeriod(sec)
Observed MT 1st Peak Period (sec)
Comparison of Peak Period between MT (1st) and
Ground Model (2nd, transfer fuction)
ERAKV 1
ERAKV 2
Kukidome
Paudyal
ERAKV1 (Array)
dot line 1
dot line 2
solid line
0
1
2
0
QuaterWaveleng
0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
QuaterWaveleng
Observed MT 1st Peak Period (sec)
dot line 1
dot line 2
solid line
Tg by Single-Point Microtremor corresponding to
First peak, Second peak of Transfer function
by SH wave multi-reflection theory using ground models.
Predominant Period of
Single Point Microtremor Measurement
Showing 2 groups of longer period and shorter period
22. Predominant Period by ground model
22
Tg (first peak) of
Transfer function by SH wave multi reflection theory
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
QuaterWavelengthPeakPeriodatUpperWR
Observed MT 1st Peak Period (sec)
ERAKV 1
ERAKV 2
Kukidome
Paudyal
ERAKV1 (Array)
dot line 1
dot line 2
solid line
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TransferFunc.1stPeakPeriod(sec) Observed MT 1st Peak Period (sec)
Comparison of 1st Peak Period between MT (1st)
and Ground Model (1st, transfer fuction)
ERAKV 1
ERAKV 2
Kukidome
Paudyal
ERAKV1 (Array)
dot line 1
dot line 2
solid line
2-4 seconds of
predominant period of ground
for central area
corresponding to first peak by ground model
23. 0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
QuaterWavelen
Observed MT 1st Peak Period (sec)
dot line 1
dot line 2
solid line
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TransferFunc.1stPeakPeriod(sec)
Observed MT 1st Peak Period (sec)
Comparison of 1st Peak Period between MT (1st)
and Ground Model (1st, transfer fuction)
ERAKV 1
ERAKV 2
Kukidome
Paudyal
ERAKV1 (Array)
dot line 1
dot line 2
solid line
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TransferFunc.2ndPeakPeriod(sec)
Observed MT 1st Peak Period (sec)
Comparison of Peak Period between MT (1st) and
Ground Model (2nd, transfer fuction)
ERAKV 1
ERAKV 2
Kukidome
Paudyal
ERAKV1 (Array)
dot line 1
dot line 2
solid line
0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
QuaterWavelen
Observed MT 1st Peak Period (sec)
dot line 1
dot line 2
solid line
Second Dominant Period by ground model
23
Tg (second peak) of
Transfer function by SH wave multi reflection theory
1-1.5 seconds of
predominant period of ground
for central area
corresponding to second peak by ground model
24. Ground Model Confirmation
24
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10
H/V
Period(sec)
H/V of Earthquake Obs. at DMG
20150425
20150426
20150512
Average
0.1
1
10
0.1 1 10
H/V
Period (sec)
H/V Microtremor at DMG
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10
FourierSpectralRatio
Period (sec)
DMG/PKI Fourier of Earthquakes
201505120705
20150512073709
Average
0.1
1
10
0.1 1 10
Amplification
Period (sec)
Amplification by Response Analysis
at DMG
Records are courtesy of DMG
first peakfirst peak second peaksecond peak
25. Development of Ground Model
25
Ground Models for Grid System with 250mx250m,
and maximum depth more than 550m Predominant Period
of the ground calculated
from ground model
3 dimensional view
S edim ent
K lm
Lkl
T arebhir
W R
Pashupatinath
Kirtipur
Lalitpur Madhyapur
26. 26
Attenuation Equations
(calculation of bedrock motion)
Since in Nepal strong motion attenuation equation has not been developed,
Among the numerous Attenuation Equations in the World,
New 4 equations of NGA (New Generation Attenuation by USGS) are selected.
Because NGA equations are popularly used in the world and
NGA equations can be utilized many regions of the world
with various parameters like fault type, ground condition etc.
Therefore, they can be applied to Nepal.
1) Abrahamson N. and W. Silva (2008)
2) Boore D. M. and G. M. Atkinson (2008)
3) Campbell K. W. and Y. Bozorgnia (2008)
4) Chiou B. S.-J. and R. R. Youngs (2008)
31. Singularity of the Gorkha Earthquake
31
PGAs observed values were
very less than calculated values
observed≪calculated in PGA
Ratios are
around from 1/5 to 1/3
(main shock),
around from 1/3 to2/3
(largest aftershock)
Correction Factors
are adopted
in the project
50
500
1/4
1/2
Observed
Calculated
PGA(gal)
100
200
2015 Gorkha earthquake
Main Shock largest
aftershock
Ex. Source regions of
1985 Chile and Mexico earthquakes
32. (Modification by x1/5) (Modification by x1/2)
The 2015 Gorkha Eq.
(No Modification by x1/1)
The largest aftershock of the
2015 Gorkha Eq.
(No Modification by x1/1)
The 1934 Bihar-Nepal Eq.
(No Modification by x1/1)
PGA for Verification Earthquakes (1)
32
Need no correction
Adjust to observed
33. 33
The 1934 Bihar-Nepal Eq.
(Modification by x1/2)
The 1934 Bihar-Nepal Eq.
(No Modification)
The 1934 Bihar-Nepal Eq.
(2002 project)
Year
Total
Buildings
Population Remarks
1833 7.3-7.7 3,565 29% 296 0.59% 12,500 50,000 Masonry
1934 8.4 55,739 71% 4,296 1.36% 78,750 315,000 Masonry
2015 7.8 91,150 15% 1,713 0.07% 614,777 2,517,023 RC+Masonry
2015 7.8 72,920 39% 1,370 0.18% 188,750 755,000 Masonry
Damage to
Buildings
Deaths
(references: Oldham(1883), Rana(1935), UNDP(1994), Bilham(1995, Web), NPC(2015),
Ohsumi(2015) , Sapkota(2016) and Bollinger(2016))
PGA for Verification Earthquakes (2)
Need no correction compared with actual Damage at the time
Tried x1/2 factor, but
Smaller than
actual damage level
due to 1934 EQ
34. PGA for Scenario Earthquakes
34
Far-Mid Western Nepal Eq.
No Modification by x1/1
Western Nepal Eq.
No Modification by x1/1
Central Nepal South Eq.
Case 1 : Modification by
x1/3
Central Nepal South Eq.
Case 2 : Modification by
x1/2
Central Nepal South Eq.
Case 3 : Modification by
X2/3
Central Nepal South Eq.
Case 4 : No Modification by
x1/1
Similar level of Gorkha EQ
PGA will be overestimated
35. Comparison of historical earthquake damage
in the Kathmandu Valley
35
1934 > 2015~1833 > 2015 largest aftershock
2015 Gorkha (M7.8) 50,984 (8.3%) 40,166 (6.5%) 1,713 (0.1%) 9,024 (0.4%) 614,777 2,517,023
Mid Nepal (M8.0) 53,465 (20.9%) 74,941 (29.3%) 17,695 (1.3%) 146,874 (10.6%)
North Bagmati (M6.0) 17,796 (6.9%) 28,345 (11.1%) 2,616 (0.2%) 21,913 (1.6%)
KV local (M5.7) 46,596 (18.2%) 68,820 (26.9%) 14,333 (1.0%) 119,066 (8.6%)
1934 Bihar (M8.4) 58,701 (22.9%) 77,773 (30.4%) 19,523 (1.4%) 162,041 (11.7%)
Damage of 2015 Gorkha earthquake Current
Scenario earthquakes and damage assessment of 2002 project At the time ot 2002
256,203 1,387,826
Earthquakes
Damage of Buildings Casualty No. of
Buildings
Population
Heavily Partly Death Injured
After JICA, 2002
Year
Total
Buildings
Population Remarks
1833 7.3-7.7 3,565 29% 296 0.59% 12,500 50,000 Masonry
1934 8.4 55,739 71% 4,296 1.36% 78,750 315,000 Masonry
2015 7.8 91,150 15% 1,713 0.07% 614,777 2,517,023 RC+Masonry
2015 7.8 72,920 39% 1,370 0.18% 188,750 755,000 Masonry
Damage to
Buildings
Deaths
(references: Oldham(1883), Rana(1935), UNDP(1994), Bilham(1995, Web), NPC(2015),
Ohsumi(2015) , Sapkota(2016) and Bollinger(2016))
36. Liquefaction history in the Kathmandu Valley
during 1934 and 2015 earthquakes
36
Liquefaction sites are locating in
Geomorphological units of al, vp, fr, nl
For 2015 EQ.
11 locations are
identified by
J-RAPID, but
are small scale
and most area
Not-liquefied.
37. 37
Liquefactionresistanceratio(τl/σ’z)or
Equivalentcyclicshearstressratio(τd/σ’z)
Corrected N-value (Na)
FL (Liquefaction Factor) = (force to liquefy)/(resist liquefaction)
FL>1 liquefaction possible
FL<1 liquefaction not possible
PL = depth weighted (1-FL)
Criteria for liquefaction possibility
(Architectural Institute of Japan)
Judgement of liquefaction possibility
PL=0 (O) No possibility
0<PL<=5 (L) Low possibility
5<PL<=15 (M) Moderate possibility
15<PL (H) High possibility
(left)
Depression at Tundhikel
(right)
Fissure in the road to Balaju
during the 1934 Bihar-Nepal
earthquake (Rana, 1935)resist liquefaction
forcetoliquefy
38. Liquefaction assumption result for
verification earthquakes (rainy season)
2015Gorkha EQ Largest Aftershock
of 2015Gorkha EQ
1934 Bihar-Nepal EQ
1 Bagmati River drainage (South of Chobar) Distance from River Dry Season Rainy Season
2 lower than 1290m (Valley central) a. within 250m 1m 0m
3 1290-1295m (Valley central) b. 250m - 500m 3m 2m
4 1295-1305m (Valley central) c. More than 500m 5m 4m
5 1305-1325m (Valley central)
6 higher than 1325m (Valley central)
al Alluvial Low land (O)
fr Former River Course (L)
nl Natural Levee (M)
vp Valley Plain (H)
Area Division Ground Water Level
High possibility
Geomorphology Judgment of Liquefaction Possibility
No possibility
Low possibility
Moderate possibility
38
Soil Properties are insufficient and they are assumed!
Only a few
None
Some
39. Far-Mid Western Nepal Scenario EQ Western Nepal Scenario EQ Central Nepal South Scenario EQ
(x1/3)
Central Nepal South Scenario EQ
(x1/2)
Central Nepal South Scenario EQ
(x2/3)
Central Nepal South Scenario EQ
(x1/1)
Liquefaction assumption result
for Scenario earthquakes (rainy season)
39
Soil Properties are insufficient and they are assumed!
Only a fewNone Some
Some more More Much
Similar level of Gorkha EQ
41. Concept of earthquake induced slope failure
assessment method by Tanaka et al. (1980)
Tanaka (1980)’s equation
ac = g*(C/γ*h + (cosθ*tanφ- sinθ))
Where
ac: critical acceleration including the slide (PGA)
g: acceleration of gravity
C: cohesion of soil
φ:internal friction angle of the layer
γ: unit weight of soil
θ: angle of slope
h: thickness of the sliding layer
Failure of road along Bagmati River near
Khokana
caused by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake
(after KUKL)
Soil Properties are insufficient!
PGA, Soil Properties and slope
angle are fundamental factors
42. Earthquake induced slope failure assumption
result for verification earthquakes
Gorkha EQ
Largest aftershock
of Gorkha EQ
1934 Bihar-Nepal EQ
42
Soil Properties are insufficient and they are assumed!
Only a few None
Some
43. Far-Mid Western Nepal
Scenario EQ
Western Nepal
Scenario EQ
Central Nepal South
Scenario EQ (x1/3)
Central Nepal South
Scenario EQ (x1/2)
Central Nepal South
Scenario EQ (x2/3)
Central Nepal South
Scenario EQ (x1/1)
Earthquake induced slope failure assessment result for scenario earthquakes
43
Soil Properties are insufficient and they are assumed!
Only a fewNone Some
Some more More Much
Similar level of Gorkha EQ
44. 1. 2015 Gorkha Earthquake Records and Damage data provided
most important information.
2. Setting Scenario Earthquakes discussed with DMG as well as
through national and international experts comments.
3. Gorkha Earthquake brought Singular facts, many experts said
“Lucky”, in low input motion and soil non-linearity
4. This Project could provide remarkable Soil Modelling data:
1) Detailed Geomorphological map development
2) Geological cross section development provided structure and distribution
of geology and soils
3) Array Microtremor measurements provided dynamic properties such as
Vs structures of geological layers
4) Detailed modelling for 250mx250m of 11,934 grids, max depth ~550m
5. These results of PGA, PGV, MMI, Sa(T), Liquefaction,
Earthquake induced Slope Failure can be used for Seismic Risk
Assessment as well as Disaster Management Planning.
Output of Seismic Hazard Assessment
45. Some observations
• This Project focused KV, but Earthquakes affect not only KV.
At the same time, western portions, Terai and other regions shall be
affected and to be taken care of.
• Magnitude of Central Nepal South Scenario earthquake would be
overestimated. According to historical experiences, PGA due to the
cases of x1/1 or sometimes x2/3 would be overestimated.
• Insufficient data often provides rough but more vulnerable output,
from disaster management point of views. Especially for liquefaction
and slope failure assumption in the Project.
• Some remaining issues are expected to be followed and enhanced by
SATREPS.
• Damage to buildings by Gorkha earthquake were affected some from
ground/soil condition, but mainly from building condition.
• Need more historical study, basic study and more resources!
• Thank you for your cooperation