PERT & GANTT Chart.pptx

6/15/2024 1
PROGRAM EVALUATION
REVIEW TECHNIQUE(PERT)
and GANTT CHART
Ms. Jyoti Chand
MSc Nursing

Objectives
◦ to introduce programme evaluation review technique
◦ to describe purposes of PERT
◦ to enlist features of PERT
◦ to explain components of PERT
◦ to explain steps involved in PERT
◦ to enumerate advantages of PERT
◦ to elaborate limitations
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Introduction
◦ PERT is a method of analyzing the task involved in a given project,
especially the time needed to complete each task, and to identify the
minimum time needed to complete the project.
◦ In 1958, the project evaluation review technique was developed by Booz
Allen Hamilton, the US Navy to manage the Polaris submarine missile
program of their special projects office.
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Definition
◦ PERT is a work devised to complete the project work in time. It analyses
the actual work time required to complete a task.
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Purposes of PERT
◦ To minimize time and cost for completing a program.
◦ To minimize idle resources.
◦ To improve communication and coordination among different
management levels.
◦ To identify issues and obstacles.
◦ To monitor the work progress.
◦ To complete the project so as to minimize time.
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Features of PERT
◦ PERT is a task- oriented technique.
◦ It may contain hundreds or thousands of events.
◦ It identifies events.
◦ It identifies critical activities.
◦ It specifies the time required to complete each identified
event/task/activity.
◦ It calculate the minimum time for project completion.
◦ It allows uncertainty in the duration of tasks.
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3 Parameters
1. Optimistic time
2. Most likely time
3. Pessimistic time

Cont…
◦ Optimistic time: It is the minimum possible time required to complete
the task anticipating that every event has occurred better than usually
expected.
◦ Most likely time: An estimate of time based on whether the time manager
thinks that it is necessary to complete the task.
◦ Pessimistic time: An estimate of time based on the assumption that some
problem may occur.
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Components of PERT model
◦ Predecessor event: It is an event that precedes some other event; it can
be single or multiple.
◦ Successor events: It is an event that immediately follows some other
events; it can have multiple successor events.
◦ Expected time or the very best time(TH): The accurate or the actual
time required to complete the task, it is the most reliable and valid time
estimated . It can be calculates using the following relation
TH= (O+4M + P)/6
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Cont…
◦ Float or slack time: it is an amount of time that can be floated without
causing delay in the total completion of the work.
◦ Critical Path: It is the longest possible & actual total time required to
complete the full task.
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Steps involved in PERT
◦ Identify the specific activities and milestones
◦ Determine the proper sequence of the activities
◦ Construct a network diagram
◦ Estimate the time required for each activity
◦ Determine the critical path
◦ Update the PERT chart as the project progresses.
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Identify the specific activities and milestones
◦ The activities are the tasks required to complete a project. The milestones
are the events making the beginning and the end of one or more activities.
◦ It is helpful to list the tasks in a table that in later steps can be expanded to
include information on sequence.
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Determine the proper sequence of the activities:
◦ this step may be combined with the activity identification step since the
activity sequence is evident for some tasks.
◦ Other tasks may required more analysis to determine the exact order in
which they must be performed.
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Construct a network diagram
◦ Using the activity sequence information, a network diagram can be drawn
showing the sequence of the serial and parallel activities.
◦ Each activity represents a node in the network, and the arrow represents
the relation between activities.
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Determine the critical path
◦ the critical path is determined by adding the times for the activities in each
sequence & determining the longest path in the project.
Update the PERT chart as the project progresses:
◦ make adjustments in the PERT chart as the project progresses. As the
project unfolds, the estimated times can be replaced with actual times.
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Cont…
◦ The circle indicates the starting and finishing time of the task.
◦ Each ARROW represents the task- time consuming elements.
◦ Alphabets indicate different TASK and time required to carry out the
activity by NUMBERS.
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Advantages
◦ It is simple, comprehensive and the most accessible tool for organizational
planning and management development, acquisition and installation of a
system.
◦ It is an essential means to improve communication and coordination
among different management levels.
◦ It is a helpful technique to identify various issues and problems during the
process.
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Cont…
◦ It provides grounds for monitoring the continuous and timely progress of
the project.
◦ It provides a base for evaluation and control system.
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Limitation
◦ Uncertainty is attached to the time estimate
◦ Amount of resources available is a significant restriction.
◦ All activities may not be progressing on schedule.
◦ Lack of trained staff to adopt PERT technique.
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Q) For small Nursing group project, find expected time &
Draw network?
Activity Optimistic
Time(0)
Most likely
time (M)
Pessimistic
time (P)
Expected
Time
1-2 6 9 18
2-3 3 7 17
2-4 4 10 16
2-5 2 6 16
3-5 5 10 21
4-5 6 11 22
5-6 4 7 16
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Solution:
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Activity Optimistic
Time(0)
Most likely
time (M)
Pessimistic
time (P)
Expected
Time
1-2 6 9 18 10
2-3 3 7 17 08
2-4 4 10 16 10
2-5 2 6 16 07
3-5 5 10 21 11
4-5 6 11 22 12
5-6 4 7 16 08

Gantt chart
◦ An activity plan (Gantt chart) is a traditional method of planning that
depicts the sequence of tasks to be completed within the set time frame.
◦ It is a simple graphical representation of various activities performed in
the stipulated time framework or against the progression of time in the
form of a bar diagram.
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Cont…
◦ It was developed by Henry Gantt, a mechanical engineer, in 1910.
◦ It shows time relationships between the "events" of a program; these
events are goal oriented.
◦ The Gantt chart is a tool to assess the progress of the program. It shows
the relationship between tasks and time duration in the bar diagram to
accomplish a plan
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Definition
◦ A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. This
chart lists the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis, and the time
intervals on the horizontal axis. The width of the horizontal bars in the
graphs shows the duration of each activity.
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
◦ 1896: Karol Adamiecki creates the first project management chart: the
Harmonogram, a precursor to the modern Gantt chart.
◦ 1931: Adamiecki publishes the Harmonogram.
◦ 1910-1915: Henry Gantt publishes his own project management system,
the gantt chart.
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Purposes
◦ To plan and provide a visual graphical illustration of schedule
tasks/activities.
◦ To track specific critical activity to observe carefully.
◦ To monitor and control program activities.
◦ For logistics of a project or program.
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Features of Gantt chart
◦ It gives a graphical illustration of a schedule.
◦ It is a time-oriented activity plan depicted in the graphical chart.
◦ It visualizes all activities of the project and total time of the project.
◦ It represents each event in a bar. Each bar represents the time duration of
that activity.
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Cont…
◦ Length of the bar also depicts its starting time and ending time. Each event
in a bar corresponds to other activity.
6/15/2024 30

PROCESS
Identify the
Purpose
Define the
Project
Timeline
Break the
Project Down
into
Manageable
Pieces
Create
Progress
Bars
Add
Milestone
Markers
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◦ Identify the Purpose: It is helpful to first decide whether this is a project
or a process, because diagramming a process might work better with a
flow chart.
◦ Define the Project Timeline: Decide how to divide the increments of
time for the duration of the project. Each one should have a start date, end
date.
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Break the Project Down into Manageable Pieces:
◦ Divide the project into major components, then tasks and subtasks.
Continue breaking them down until they are each straight forward tasks.
◦ They should be of short enough duration that timeframes can be
accurately estimated.
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Create Progress Bars:
◦ The next step is to create a progress bar for each task.
◦ A progress bar is simply a horizontal bar that should be in line with the
task name it represents and should begin beneath its start date and end
beneath its end date.
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◦ Add Milestone Markers: Choose a symbol to represent milestones, that
is, major events that either have a large part in the process or must be
completed before progress can continue. Place them on the chart beneath
the date or time when they occur.
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Construction of Gantt chart
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◦ A horizontal line (X-axis) is the time scale over which to complete a
program. The length of each task/event bar corresponds to the duration of
the task/event. Specify period in days, weeks or months, years, etc.
◦ A vertical axis/line depicts different activities of the project, e.g. A, B, C,
D. List the tasks sequentially/ chronologically. The event/taskbar depicts
the starting time and finishing time of that event/task.
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Uses of Gantt chart
To represent time and type of task of the project
To plan and schedule projects
To depict a sequence of the functions
To monitor the functioning of the project
To take immediate remedial action if delays.
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Advantages
◦ It is simple and easy to use.
◦ It represents activities on a scale.
◦ It expresses time of each event explicitly.
◦ It is easy to understand the starting and completion time of each
operation.
◦ It makes easy to calculate the total time of the program.
6/15/2024 41

Disadvantages
They can become extraordinarily complex.
The size of the bar does not indicate the amount of work
Difficult to see on one sheet of paper.
They need to be constantly updated.
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Difference between PERT chart and GANTT chart
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PERT CHART GANTT CHART
First developed and introduced by US Navy in
1950
First developed and introduced by Henry Gantt
in 1917
Each task associated with the project is
represented as flowchart in boxes or Network
diagrams
Each activity of the project is represented as a
bar in the Bar charts
Each box represents each task. Each task shows
the task duration. Arrows are used to represent
interdependencies of each task.
The position, length of the bar is a
representation of start, end and duration of the
activity.
Used for large and complex projects Employed for small projects
PERT chart focuses on the dependency of
relationship
GANTT chart focuses on the time required to
complete a task.
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Practice Exercise
Create a Gantt chart using the chart below:
Activity Predecessor Duration (days)
A - 2
B A 3
C B 4
D C 3
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Conclusion:
◦ PERT has been widely used in all types of management to carry out the
work efficiently. Both PERT and GANTT diagrams can simplify working
with projects, increase productivity, and make the workflow more
transparent for everyone. GANTT charts are used in nursing field to
represent mortality and morbidity rates and also indicates duty roaster.
6/15/2024 46

Application of Research
◦ The use of “Program Evaluation and Review Technique” (PERT) in the
design and control of a medical research project
Authors: Woolf C.R, Cass W., Mc Elroy, J.
◦ Abstract: Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) was
developed in 1958 by the United States Navy in order to control a large
research and development project. This technique has now been applied
to a medical research project, “The Surgical Treatment of Emphysema, the
Selection of Patients and the Evaluation of Results” at the Toronto General
Hospital.
6/15/2024 47

Cont…
◦ In order to use PERT, the project is broken down into the individual tasks
that must be performed. A network is drawn showing the sequence of
activities from start to final completion, thus defining the work to be done.
◦ As each activity is completed, an IBM card is sent to the project director
who compares the actual completion date with the date on the schedule
report. In this way it is possible to determine whether the project is on
time, behind or ahead of schedule.
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Cont…
◦ Conclusion: The PERT technique has significantly helped to organize the
project and maintain progress toward its conclusion. It is suggested that
this technique can be used successfully in complex medical research work
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References:
◦ Vati J. “Principles and Practice of Nursing Management and Administration” Jaypee Brothers
Publications Ltd. Haryana 2013; 164-168
◦ Clement. I “ Management of Nursing Services and Education” Jaypee brothers Publications. Ltd.
New delhi; 107-108
◦ Roussel .L “ Management and leadership for Nurse Administrators” Jones & Bartlet Publications.
Ltd. 5 th Edition Haryana. 2017; 256-258
◦ Woolf CR, Cass W, McElroy J. The use of "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" (PERT) in the
design and control of a medical research project. Comput Biomed Res.2015 Oct;2(2):176-86. doi:
10.1016/0010-4809(68)90036-0.
◦ Dawson MR. A case study in Gantt charts as historiophoty: A century of psychology at the
University of Alberta. Hist Psychol. 2013 May;16(2):145-57. doi: 10.1037/a0031079.
6/15/2024 50

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