This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of thin films of pure TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 prepared by spin coating technique. Transparent thin films were prepared on glass substrates and annealed at different temperatures from 3000C to 6000C. Structural analysis using GIXRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2. AFM showed a homogeneous globular surface morphology. UV-Vis analysis demonstrated that the optical band gap increased with higher annealing temperatures. Photoluminescence study showed variation in emission peaks for different annealing temperatures and Sr concentrations. Electrical, gas sensing, wettability and self-cleaning properties were also investigated.
Annealing effect on the growth of nanostructured ti o2 thin films by pulsed l...sarmad
The document summarizes research on the effects of annealing temperature on the properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Key findings include:
- X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy showed the films have a good crystalline tetragonal mixed phase structure of anatase and rutile, and a homogeneous surface.
- Surface roughness of the thin films increased with higher annealing temperatures from 400-600°C.
- Optical transmission decreased with increasing annealing temperature, while the indirect optical bandgap ranged from 3.49 to 3.1 eV and direct bandgap decreased from 3.74 to 3.55 eV.
- Refractive index increased from 2.27 to
Synthesis Of Nanostructured TiO2 Thin Films By Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) ...sarmad
Sarmad Sabih Al-Obaidi
Ali Ahmed Yousif
Abstract
In this work, nanostructured TiO2 thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique on glass substrates. TiO2 thin films then were annealed at 400-600 °C in air for a period of 2 hours. Effect of annealing on the structural and morphological were studied. Many growth parameters have been considered to specify the optimum conditions, namely substrate temperature (300 °C), oxygen pressure (10-2 Torr), laser fluence energy density (0.4 J/cm2), using double frequency Q-switching Nd:YAG laser beam (wavelength 532nm), repetition rate (1-6 Hz) and the pulse duration of 10 ns. The results of the X-ray test show that all nanostructures tetragonal are polycrystalline. These results show that grain size increase from 19.5 nm to 29.5 with the increase of annealing temperature. The XRD results also reveal that the deposited thin film, annealed at 400 °C of TiO2 have anatase phase. Thin films annealed at 500 °C and 600 °C have mixed anatase and rutile phases. Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) values of the (101) peaks of these films decrease from 0.450° to 0.301° with the increase of annealing temperature. Surface morphology of the thin films have been studied by using atomic force microscopes (AFM). AFM measurements confirmed that the films have good crystalline and homogeneous surface. The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of thin films surface roughness are increased with the increase of annealing temperature.
الخلاصة
على (PLD) النانویة بوساطة تقنیة ترسیب اللیزر النبضي (TiO في ھذا البحث، تم انماء أغشیة اوكسید التیتانیوم ( 2
الرقیقة من 400 الى 600 درجة مئویة في الھواء مدة ساعتین . ودرس تأثیر TiO قواعد زجاجیة. ومن ثم لدنت أغشیة 2
التلدین في الخصائص التركیبیة والطبوغرافیة. عوامل عدیدة لأنماء الأغشیة اخذت بنظر الاعتبار لتحدید الحالة المثلى مثل
0.4 ) باستخدام J/cm 10-2 ) ،كثافة طاقة الفیض اللیزري( 2 Torr) 300 ) ،ضغط الأوكسجین ºC) درجة حرارة القاعدة
532 بمعدل تكراریة - 1 nm التردد المضاعف للیزر النیدیمیوم- یاك الذي یعمل بتقنیة عامل النوعیة عند الطول الموجي
6 ھرتز) وامد نبضة 10 نانوثانیة. تظُھر نتائج فحوصات الأشعة السینیة أن جمیع التراكیب النانویة رباعیة متعددة )
التبلور. وان ھذه النتائج تظھر زیادة في حجم الحبیبات من 19.5 نانومتر الى 29.5 نانومترمع زیادة درجة حرارة التلدین.
نتائج الأشعة السینیة اظھرت ایضا ان الغشاء المرسب والملدن في 400 درجة مئویة لثنائي اوكسید
Study of Annealing Effect on the Some Physical Properties of Nanostructured T...sarmad
Ali A.Yousif ● , Sarmad S. Al-Obaidi ●●
Abstract
Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) thin films were prepared by pulsed
laser deposition (PLD) on the glass substrates. The effects of different annealing
temperature (400, 500 and 600 °C) towards the some physical properties such as
structural, morphological and optical have been studied. From X-ray diffraction
result, the crystallinity of TiO2 thin films improved at higher annealing
temperature. It also could be observed that the rutile phase start to exist at
annealing temperatures of 500 °C and 600 °C. The Full Width at Half
Maximum (FWHM) of the (101) peaks of these films decreases from 0.450° to
0.301° with increasing of annealing temperature. AFM measurements confirmed
that the films grown by this technique have good crystalline and homogeneous
surface. The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of thin films surface roughness
increased with increasing of the annealing temperature. From UV-VIS
spectrophotometer measurements, the optical transmission results shows that the transmission over than ~65% in the near-infrared region which decrease with the increasing of annealing temperatures. The allowed indirect optical band gap of the films was estimated to be in the range from 3.49 to 3.1 eV. The allowed direct band gap was found to decrease from 3.74 eV to 3.55 eV with the increase of annealing temperature. The refractive index of the films was found from 2.27 -2.98 at 550nm. The extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant increase with annealing temperature.
Effect of Annealing on the Structural and Optical Properties of Nanostr...sarmad
Effect of Annealing on the Structural and Optical Properties of Nanostructured TiO2 Films Prepared By PLD. تأثير التلدين على الخواص التركيبية والبصرية لأغشية أوكسيد التيتانيوم (TiO2) ذات التراكيب النانوية المحضرة بتقنية ترسيب الليزر النبضي (PLD)
This document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing thin films of TiO2, SiO2, TiO2-SiO2, and TiO2/SiO2 for potential use in solar cells. The films were deposited on glass substrates using a hydrothermal method. Characterization using XRD, SEM, and UV analysis showed the films had brookite crystal structures with uniform particle sizes around 230-240nm. Optical properties like band gap, refractive index, and extinction coefficient were calculated from UV data. The TiO2-SiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 films showed slightly higher band gaps and lower reflectance, making them suitable as anti-reflection coatings for solar cells. In conclusion, the hydro
Effect of sintering time on the particle size and dielectric properties of La...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
OPTICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHESIZED ZNO NANOTABLETS AND ITS TRANSFORMED NANORODS...antjjournal
We are reporting the preparation of ZnO nanotablets at relatively low temperature (1500C) using zinc acetate [Zn(Ac)2], NaOH, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by solvothermal method. By adjusting
the molar ratio of the reactants we obtained nanorods and we also obtained the variation of the dimension
of the nanorods using hydrazine hydrate as capping reagent. The prepared samples were morphologically
recognized as well crystallized. The average diameter of the ZnO nanotablets were ranging from 500 to 600 nm and the average thickness of the nanotablets were ranging from 85 to 90 nm. The length of ZnO nanorods were ranging from 300 to several micrometers and breadth of the ZnO nanorods were ranging from 80 to 160 nm. The optical properties of the prepared materials have also been studied with the exhibition of its interesting behavior.
Annealing effect on the growth of nanostructured ti o2 thin films by pulsed l...sarmad
The document summarizes research on the effects of annealing temperature on the properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Key findings include:
- X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy showed the films have a good crystalline tetragonal mixed phase structure of anatase and rutile, and a homogeneous surface.
- Surface roughness of the thin films increased with higher annealing temperatures from 400-600°C.
- Optical transmission decreased with increasing annealing temperature, while the indirect optical bandgap ranged from 3.49 to 3.1 eV and direct bandgap decreased from 3.74 to 3.55 eV.
- Refractive index increased from 2.27 to
Synthesis Of Nanostructured TiO2 Thin Films By Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) ...sarmad
Sarmad Sabih Al-Obaidi
Ali Ahmed Yousif
Abstract
In this work, nanostructured TiO2 thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique on glass substrates. TiO2 thin films then were annealed at 400-600 °C in air for a period of 2 hours. Effect of annealing on the structural and morphological were studied. Many growth parameters have been considered to specify the optimum conditions, namely substrate temperature (300 °C), oxygen pressure (10-2 Torr), laser fluence energy density (0.4 J/cm2), using double frequency Q-switching Nd:YAG laser beam (wavelength 532nm), repetition rate (1-6 Hz) and the pulse duration of 10 ns. The results of the X-ray test show that all nanostructures tetragonal are polycrystalline. These results show that grain size increase from 19.5 nm to 29.5 with the increase of annealing temperature. The XRD results also reveal that the deposited thin film, annealed at 400 °C of TiO2 have anatase phase. Thin films annealed at 500 °C and 600 °C have mixed anatase and rutile phases. Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) values of the (101) peaks of these films decrease from 0.450° to 0.301° with the increase of annealing temperature. Surface morphology of the thin films have been studied by using atomic force microscopes (AFM). AFM measurements confirmed that the films have good crystalline and homogeneous surface. The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of thin films surface roughness are increased with the increase of annealing temperature.
الخلاصة
على (PLD) النانویة بوساطة تقنیة ترسیب اللیزر النبضي (TiO في ھذا البحث، تم انماء أغشیة اوكسید التیتانیوم ( 2
الرقیقة من 400 الى 600 درجة مئویة في الھواء مدة ساعتین . ودرس تأثیر TiO قواعد زجاجیة. ومن ثم لدنت أغشیة 2
التلدین في الخصائص التركیبیة والطبوغرافیة. عوامل عدیدة لأنماء الأغشیة اخذت بنظر الاعتبار لتحدید الحالة المثلى مثل
0.4 ) باستخدام J/cm 10-2 ) ،كثافة طاقة الفیض اللیزري( 2 Torr) 300 ) ،ضغط الأوكسجین ºC) درجة حرارة القاعدة
532 بمعدل تكراریة - 1 nm التردد المضاعف للیزر النیدیمیوم- یاك الذي یعمل بتقنیة عامل النوعیة عند الطول الموجي
6 ھرتز) وامد نبضة 10 نانوثانیة. تظُھر نتائج فحوصات الأشعة السینیة أن جمیع التراكیب النانویة رباعیة متعددة )
التبلور. وان ھذه النتائج تظھر زیادة في حجم الحبیبات من 19.5 نانومتر الى 29.5 نانومترمع زیادة درجة حرارة التلدین.
نتائج الأشعة السینیة اظھرت ایضا ان الغشاء المرسب والملدن في 400 درجة مئویة لثنائي اوكسید
Study of Annealing Effect on the Some Physical Properties of Nanostructured T...sarmad
Ali A.Yousif ● , Sarmad S. Al-Obaidi ●●
Abstract
Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) thin films were prepared by pulsed
laser deposition (PLD) on the glass substrates. The effects of different annealing
temperature (400, 500 and 600 °C) towards the some physical properties such as
structural, morphological and optical have been studied. From X-ray diffraction
result, the crystallinity of TiO2 thin films improved at higher annealing
temperature. It also could be observed that the rutile phase start to exist at
annealing temperatures of 500 °C and 600 °C. The Full Width at Half
Maximum (FWHM) of the (101) peaks of these films decreases from 0.450° to
0.301° with increasing of annealing temperature. AFM measurements confirmed
that the films grown by this technique have good crystalline and homogeneous
surface. The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of thin films surface roughness
increased with increasing of the annealing temperature. From UV-VIS
spectrophotometer measurements, the optical transmission results shows that the transmission over than ~65% in the near-infrared region which decrease with the increasing of annealing temperatures. The allowed indirect optical band gap of the films was estimated to be in the range from 3.49 to 3.1 eV. The allowed direct band gap was found to decrease from 3.74 eV to 3.55 eV with the increase of annealing temperature. The refractive index of the films was found from 2.27 -2.98 at 550nm. The extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant increase with annealing temperature.
Effect of Annealing on the Structural and Optical Properties of Nanostr...sarmad
Effect of Annealing on the Structural and Optical Properties of Nanostructured TiO2 Films Prepared By PLD. تأثير التلدين على الخواص التركيبية والبصرية لأغشية أوكسيد التيتانيوم (TiO2) ذات التراكيب النانوية المحضرة بتقنية ترسيب الليزر النبضي (PLD)
This document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing thin films of TiO2, SiO2, TiO2-SiO2, and TiO2/SiO2 for potential use in solar cells. The films were deposited on glass substrates using a hydrothermal method. Characterization using XRD, SEM, and UV analysis showed the films had brookite crystal structures with uniform particle sizes around 230-240nm. Optical properties like band gap, refractive index, and extinction coefficient were calculated from UV data. The TiO2-SiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 films showed slightly higher band gaps and lower reflectance, making them suitable as anti-reflection coatings for solar cells. In conclusion, the hydro
Effect of sintering time on the particle size and dielectric properties of La...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
OPTICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHESIZED ZNO NANOTABLETS AND ITS TRANSFORMED NANORODS...antjjournal
We are reporting the preparation of ZnO nanotablets at relatively low temperature (1500C) using zinc acetate [Zn(Ac)2], NaOH, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by solvothermal method. By adjusting
the molar ratio of the reactants we obtained nanorods and we also obtained the variation of the dimension
of the nanorods using hydrazine hydrate as capping reagent. The prepared samples were morphologically
recognized as well crystallized. The average diameter of the ZnO nanotablets were ranging from 500 to 600 nm and the average thickness of the nanotablets were ranging from 85 to 90 nm. The length of ZnO nanorods were ranging from 300 to several micrometers and breadth of the ZnO nanorods were ranging from 80 to 160 nm. The optical properties of the prepared materials have also been studied with the exhibition of its interesting behavior.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Joam (preparation and characterization of zn o thin films deposited by sol ge...Phaccebookq Nizar
The document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing ZnO thin films deposited using a sol-gel spin coating method. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight loss in the films continued until 300°C. X-ray diffraction revealed the films had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure and were preferentially oriented along the c-axis. Higher spin coating speeds resulted in smaller grain sizes and higher dislocation densities. Optical analysis found the films were highly transparent in the visible range and had direct band gaps between 3.28-3.29 eV that increased slightly with higher spin speeds.
Dierk Raabe D P Steel R X& G G 2010 SheffieldDierk Raabe
The document summarizes research on the microstructure evolution during recrystallization of dual-phase steels. Key points include:
- Experiments were conducted on hot-rolled and cold-rolled dual-phase steel compositions with varying annealing temperatures, times, and cooling/heating rates.
- Microstructure and texture were characterized through electron backscatter diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Recrystallization and phase transformations were studied through thickness.
- Numerical simulations were also used to model recrystallization, forming processes, and yield surfaces to complement experimental findings.
- The competition between recrystallization and phase transformations, and their effect on microstructure, texture, and retained austenite fraction were
This document summarizes the fabrication of patterned ferromagnetic shape memory thin films. It discusses two routes for micropatterning Ni-Mn-Ga thin films using self-assembled polystyrene spheres and reactive ion etching. Route 1 uses a Si sacrificial layer deposited at 500°C, while Route 2 produces arrays of Ni-Mn-Ga antidots at room temperature followed by annealing at 500°C. Characterization shows the patterned films via Route 2 exhibit ferromagnetism up to 100°C and a spread martensitic transformation, demonstrating their functional properties. Route 1 showed promise but requires further optimization.
Spectroscopic properties of lithium borate glass containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ionsIJAAS Team
Lithium borate glass samples mixed with a different concentration of Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions organized by quenching technique. Structural, vibration groups and spectral properties of glass samples investigated using X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV/Vis/NIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The X-ray confirmed the lithium borate glass samples containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions in the amorphous state. Luminescence spectra of glass samples excited at 400 nm recorded, here three luminescence bands observed in Visible region, which due to spectra materials (Sm3+, Nd3+). These indicate that these glass samples responsible orange emission and used in the improvement of materials for LED, and optical devices. The functional vibration groups of the glass matrix studied using FTIR spectroscopy.
Synthesis and Microstructure CaTiO3 coating by Sol-Gel Spin-Coating ProcessAnuragSingh1049
Recently, Calcium Titanate has been introduced as a bioactive bioceramic with acceptable mechanical and better biological properties compared to hydroxyapatite for orthopaedic implant applications. In this study, CaTiO3 nano-structure coating was produced by sol-gel spin-coating route for biomedical applications. Calcium oxide and titanium isopropoxide were used as a precursor for the sol-gel spin-coating. After coating process, the specimen was subjected to heating in oven at 100oC for 24 hours and the sample was heated at 800°C for 2 hours. The phase structure and surface morphology of coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, it concluded that the uniform crack-free nano-structured CaTiO3 coatings could be used for the biomedical application.
Structural, Optical and Electrical Studies on Spray Deposited Mercury Doped C...ijrap
Thin films of cadmium sulphide have been prepared using home built spray pyrolysis unit on glass substrate at 400 C. Aqueous solutions of cadmium chloride and thiourea were used for the cadmium
sulphide (CdS) films and different proportions by weight/volume of mercury II chloride was used for doping Hg onto cadmium sulphide (Cd1-xHgxS) films. The films obtained are having continuous, smooth surface with good transmittance. The thickness of all films is of the order of 320 nm. Determination of the crystalline nature has been done using XRD pattern. The effect of Hg on the surface morphology of CdS film has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The optical band gap has been calculated using the data from transmission spectra. Resistance before and after doping with Hg is also presented in the paper.
In this work, we synthesized and characterized mesoporous thin fims
of SiO 2 and NiTiO3 structured by a surfactant called Brij58. These fims
were fabricated by the method of dip coating and the best conditions for
well-structured thin fims were investigated as a function of surfactant
concentration and diffrent types of substrates. These fims have been
characterized by X-ray reflctivity which was calculated using the matrix
formalism. We demonstrated that the silicon substrate had a great effct
on the structure and porosity of the fabricated fims for both SiO2 and
NiTiO3. Furthermore, we found that mesoporosity has been increased
as a function of the surfactant concentration in the solution. This experimental procedure allows also to produce NiTiO3 powders which have
been characterized by X-ray diffaction. The XRD coupled to the crystallographic software “Maud”shows that the samples are constituted by 98,
2% NiTiO 3 powders.
IRJET- Thermal Property and Structural Characteristics of Ni0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 Fer...IRJET Journal
1) The document summarizes a study that synthesized a Ni0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 ferrite material using a solid state reaction method and characterized its thermal and structural properties.
2) Thermogravimetric analysis identified weight loss regions corresponding to water evaporation and precursor decomposition, indicating 800°C is suitable for synthesis.
3) X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the material has a cubic spinel structure and calculated parameters like lattice constant and crystal size, confirming nano crystalline nature.
This document summarizes research on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of flower-like zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films deposited by chemical bath deposition. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. The crystallite size increased slightly with higher annealing temperatures from 47.6-50.3 nm. Optical transmission was over 60% in the visible range and bandgap decreased from 3.23 to 3 eV with increasing annealing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy revealed flower-shaped grains several nanometers in size. Electrical conductivity increased with higher annealing temperature as measured by four-probe method.
Influence of Doping and Annealing on Structural, Optical and Electrical prope...ijeei-iaes
The optical gap of the films was calculated from the curve of absorption coefficient (αhע)2 vs. hע and was found to be 3.8 eV at room temperature, and this value decreases from 3.8 to 3.58 eV with increasing of annealing temperature up to 473-673 K, and increases with the Ga doping. λ cutoff was calculated for ZnO and showed an increase with increasing annealing temperature and shifting to longer wavelength, while with doping the λcutoff shifted to shorter wavelength. The photoluminescence (PL) results indicate that the pure ZnO thin films grown at room temperature show strong peaks at 640 nm , but GaO doped ZnO films showed a band emission in the yellow-green spectral region (380 to 450nm).
Growth and Characterization of ZTS Single Crystal and its Analysis of Optical...IRJET Journal
The document describes the growth and characterization of Zinc Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) single crystals. ZTS crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized through various tests and analyses. X-ray diffraction confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure of ZTS. FTIR analysis revealed the bonding present in ZTS. Optical transmission spectra showed transparency from 200-1100nm. Thermal analysis indicated stability up to 240°C. Microhardness testing demonstrated increased hardness with higher loads. Dielectric studies showed the dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency up to 80KHz at room temperature. In conclusion, ZTS is a promising material for nonlinear optical applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Structure, microstructure and dielectric study of (ba0.6 sr0.4)(zr0.6ti0.4)o3...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing 3 mol% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP) nanopowders using a simple co-precipitation process. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight losses associated with dehydration of the freeze-dried precursor powders up to 1020 K. Differential scanning calorimetry identified exothermic peaks corresponding to atomic rearrangement and crystallization of tetragonal ZrO2 at 523 K and 753 K, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the freeze-dried powders remained amorphous until calcined at 773 K, at which point they crystallized
1) The document describes a study comparing different passivation methods for minimizing dark current in GeSn photodetectors. Higher Sn concentration and smaller device diameters led to higher dark current.
2) While surface passivation had little effect on dark current, post-oxidation improved responsivity, suggesting successful surface passivation.
3) Larger diameter devices showed more reliable performance, with variability decreasing with increasing diameter, likely due to lower defect density per area.
Optical Properties of Nanostructured Cerium Oxide Thin Films by Pulsed Laser ...IRJET Journal
Cerium oxide thin films were deposited on quartz substrates using pulsed laser deposition. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the structural properties of the films deposited at different substrate temperatures. The film deposited at 303K was amorphous, while the film deposited at 523K was quasi-crystalline. Increasing the substrate temperature to 923K resulted in a polycrystalline film. Optical properties were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, which showed the films were highly transparent in the visible region with low reflectance in ultraviolet. Band gap was found to decrease with increasing film thickness.
1) The document presents an integrated technique for detecting brain tumors in MRI images that combines modified texture-based region growing segmentation and edge detection.
2) The technique first performs pre-processing on MRI images, then uses modified texture-based region growing to segment regions. It then applies edge detection to extract the tumor region.
3) Experimental results show the integrated technique provides more accurate tumor detection compared to individual segmentation methods and manual segmentation.
This document discusses training and development in human resource management. It defines training and development as imparting specific skills, abilities, and knowledge to employees. The goal is to improve employee performance by increasing their ability to perform through learning and changing attitudes or skills. Training needs are determined by comparing standard and actual employee performance. The document differentiates between training, education, and development, noting that training imparts specific skills, education is theoretical classroom learning, and development provides general knowledge and attitudes. It also outlines objectives, inputs, and effective methods for training to provide a competitive advantage through improved employee performance.
This paper proposes a method for image denoising using wavelet thresholding while preserving edge information. It first detects edges in the noisy image using Canny edge detection. It then applies a wavelet transform and thresholds the coefficients, preserving values near detected edges. Two thresholding methods are discussed: Visushrink for sparse images and Sureshrink for others. The inverse wavelet transform is applied to obtain the denoised image with preserved edges. The goal is to remove noise while maintaining important image features like edges. The method is described to provide better denoising than alternatives that oversmooth edges.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Joam (preparation and characterization of zn o thin films deposited by sol ge...Phaccebookq Nizar
The document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing ZnO thin films deposited using a sol-gel spin coating method. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight loss in the films continued until 300°C. X-ray diffraction revealed the films had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure and were preferentially oriented along the c-axis. Higher spin coating speeds resulted in smaller grain sizes and higher dislocation densities. Optical analysis found the films were highly transparent in the visible range and had direct band gaps between 3.28-3.29 eV that increased slightly with higher spin speeds.
Dierk Raabe D P Steel R X& G G 2010 SheffieldDierk Raabe
The document summarizes research on the microstructure evolution during recrystallization of dual-phase steels. Key points include:
- Experiments were conducted on hot-rolled and cold-rolled dual-phase steel compositions with varying annealing temperatures, times, and cooling/heating rates.
- Microstructure and texture were characterized through electron backscatter diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Recrystallization and phase transformations were studied through thickness.
- Numerical simulations were also used to model recrystallization, forming processes, and yield surfaces to complement experimental findings.
- The competition between recrystallization and phase transformations, and their effect on microstructure, texture, and retained austenite fraction were
This document summarizes the fabrication of patterned ferromagnetic shape memory thin films. It discusses two routes for micropatterning Ni-Mn-Ga thin films using self-assembled polystyrene spheres and reactive ion etching. Route 1 uses a Si sacrificial layer deposited at 500°C, while Route 2 produces arrays of Ni-Mn-Ga antidots at room temperature followed by annealing at 500°C. Characterization shows the patterned films via Route 2 exhibit ferromagnetism up to 100°C and a spread martensitic transformation, demonstrating their functional properties. Route 1 showed promise but requires further optimization.
Spectroscopic properties of lithium borate glass containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ionsIJAAS Team
Lithium borate glass samples mixed with a different concentration of Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions organized by quenching technique. Structural, vibration groups and spectral properties of glass samples investigated using X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV/Vis/NIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The X-ray confirmed the lithium borate glass samples containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions in the amorphous state. Luminescence spectra of glass samples excited at 400 nm recorded, here three luminescence bands observed in Visible region, which due to spectra materials (Sm3+, Nd3+). These indicate that these glass samples responsible orange emission and used in the improvement of materials for LED, and optical devices. The functional vibration groups of the glass matrix studied using FTIR spectroscopy.
Synthesis and Microstructure CaTiO3 coating by Sol-Gel Spin-Coating ProcessAnuragSingh1049
Recently, Calcium Titanate has been introduced as a bioactive bioceramic with acceptable mechanical and better biological properties compared to hydroxyapatite for orthopaedic implant applications. In this study, CaTiO3 nano-structure coating was produced by sol-gel spin-coating route for biomedical applications. Calcium oxide and titanium isopropoxide were used as a precursor for the sol-gel spin-coating. After coating process, the specimen was subjected to heating in oven at 100oC for 24 hours and the sample was heated at 800°C for 2 hours. The phase structure and surface morphology of coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, it concluded that the uniform crack-free nano-structured CaTiO3 coatings could be used for the biomedical application.
Structural, Optical and Electrical Studies on Spray Deposited Mercury Doped C...ijrap
Thin films of cadmium sulphide have been prepared using home built spray pyrolysis unit on glass substrate at 400 C. Aqueous solutions of cadmium chloride and thiourea were used for the cadmium
sulphide (CdS) films and different proportions by weight/volume of mercury II chloride was used for doping Hg onto cadmium sulphide (Cd1-xHgxS) films. The films obtained are having continuous, smooth surface with good transmittance. The thickness of all films is of the order of 320 nm. Determination of the crystalline nature has been done using XRD pattern. The effect of Hg on the surface morphology of CdS film has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The optical band gap has been calculated using the data from transmission spectra. Resistance before and after doping with Hg is also presented in the paper.
In this work, we synthesized and characterized mesoporous thin fims
of SiO 2 and NiTiO3 structured by a surfactant called Brij58. These fims
were fabricated by the method of dip coating and the best conditions for
well-structured thin fims were investigated as a function of surfactant
concentration and diffrent types of substrates. These fims have been
characterized by X-ray reflctivity which was calculated using the matrix
formalism. We demonstrated that the silicon substrate had a great effct
on the structure and porosity of the fabricated fims for both SiO2 and
NiTiO3. Furthermore, we found that mesoporosity has been increased
as a function of the surfactant concentration in the solution. This experimental procedure allows also to produce NiTiO3 powders which have
been characterized by X-ray diffaction. The XRD coupled to the crystallographic software “Maud”shows that the samples are constituted by 98,
2% NiTiO 3 powders.
IRJET- Thermal Property and Structural Characteristics of Ni0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 Fer...IRJET Journal
1) The document summarizes a study that synthesized a Ni0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 ferrite material using a solid state reaction method and characterized its thermal and structural properties.
2) Thermogravimetric analysis identified weight loss regions corresponding to water evaporation and precursor decomposition, indicating 800°C is suitable for synthesis.
3) X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the material has a cubic spinel structure and calculated parameters like lattice constant and crystal size, confirming nano crystalline nature.
This document summarizes research on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of flower-like zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films deposited by chemical bath deposition. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. The crystallite size increased slightly with higher annealing temperatures from 47.6-50.3 nm. Optical transmission was over 60% in the visible range and bandgap decreased from 3.23 to 3 eV with increasing annealing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy revealed flower-shaped grains several nanometers in size. Electrical conductivity increased with higher annealing temperature as measured by four-probe method.
Influence of Doping and Annealing on Structural, Optical and Electrical prope...ijeei-iaes
The optical gap of the films was calculated from the curve of absorption coefficient (αhע)2 vs. hע and was found to be 3.8 eV at room temperature, and this value decreases from 3.8 to 3.58 eV with increasing of annealing temperature up to 473-673 K, and increases with the Ga doping. λ cutoff was calculated for ZnO and showed an increase with increasing annealing temperature and shifting to longer wavelength, while with doping the λcutoff shifted to shorter wavelength. The photoluminescence (PL) results indicate that the pure ZnO thin films grown at room temperature show strong peaks at 640 nm , but GaO doped ZnO films showed a band emission in the yellow-green spectral region (380 to 450nm).
Growth and Characterization of ZTS Single Crystal and its Analysis of Optical...IRJET Journal
The document describes the growth and characterization of Zinc Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) single crystals. ZTS crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized through various tests and analyses. X-ray diffraction confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure of ZTS. FTIR analysis revealed the bonding present in ZTS. Optical transmission spectra showed transparency from 200-1100nm. Thermal analysis indicated stability up to 240°C. Microhardness testing demonstrated increased hardness with higher loads. Dielectric studies showed the dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency up to 80KHz at room temperature. In conclusion, ZTS is a promising material for nonlinear optical applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Structure, microstructure and dielectric study of (ba0.6 sr0.4)(zr0.6ti0.4)o3...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing 3 mol% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP) nanopowders using a simple co-precipitation process. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight losses associated with dehydration of the freeze-dried precursor powders up to 1020 K. Differential scanning calorimetry identified exothermic peaks corresponding to atomic rearrangement and crystallization of tetragonal ZrO2 at 523 K and 753 K, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the freeze-dried powders remained amorphous until calcined at 773 K, at which point they crystallized
1) The document describes a study comparing different passivation methods for minimizing dark current in GeSn photodetectors. Higher Sn concentration and smaller device diameters led to higher dark current.
2) While surface passivation had little effect on dark current, post-oxidation improved responsivity, suggesting successful surface passivation.
3) Larger diameter devices showed more reliable performance, with variability decreasing with increasing diameter, likely due to lower defect density per area.
Optical Properties of Nanostructured Cerium Oxide Thin Films by Pulsed Laser ...IRJET Journal
Cerium oxide thin films were deposited on quartz substrates using pulsed laser deposition. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the structural properties of the films deposited at different substrate temperatures. The film deposited at 303K was amorphous, while the film deposited at 523K was quasi-crystalline. Increasing the substrate temperature to 923K resulted in a polycrystalline film. Optical properties were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, which showed the films were highly transparent in the visible region with low reflectance in ultraviolet. Band gap was found to decrease with increasing film thickness.
1) The document presents an integrated technique for detecting brain tumors in MRI images that combines modified texture-based region growing segmentation and edge detection.
2) The technique first performs pre-processing on MRI images, then uses modified texture-based region growing to segment regions. It then applies edge detection to extract the tumor region.
3) Experimental results show the integrated technique provides more accurate tumor detection compared to individual segmentation methods and manual segmentation.
This document discusses training and development in human resource management. It defines training and development as imparting specific skills, abilities, and knowledge to employees. The goal is to improve employee performance by increasing their ability to perform through learning and changing attitudes or skills. Training needs are determined by comparing standard and actual employee performance. The document differentiates between training, education, and development, noting that training imparts specific skills, education is theoretical classroom learning, and development provides general knowledge and attitudes. It also outlines objectives, inputs, and effective methods for training to provide a competitive advantage through improved employee performance.
This paper proposes a method for image denoising using wavelet thresholding while preserving edge information. It first detects edges in the noisy image using Canny edge detection. It then applies a wavelet transform and thresholds the coefficients, preserving values near detected edges. Two thresholding methods are discussed: Visushrink for sparse images and Sureshrink for others. The inverse wavelet transform is applied to obtain the denoised image with preserved edges. The goal is to remove noise while maintaining important image features like edges. The method is described to provide better denoising than alternatives that oversmooth edges.
This document describes a USB driver embedded controller that was developed using embedded C. It functions as a USB host to allow data transfer from an application system to a USB storage device like a pen drive. The controller uses a PIC microcontroller with a USB interface and can store data input through a keypad in its memory. When a USB storage device is connected, it transfers the stored data files to the device. This embedded controller provides advantages over traditional data logging systems as it is portable, low cost, and does not require a computer to be mounted near the application system. The document discusses the implementation of the controller and the development of the USB device driver in more detail.
This document discusses green cloud computing and the need to develop optimized algorithms and applications to improve energy efficiency. It notes that while cloud computing provides economic benefits through shared infrastructure, the growing demand has increased energy consumption and carbon emissions. The document examines various technologies that enable green computing in clouds, such as virtualization, and proposes a green cloud architecture framework to improve efficiency from both user and provider perspectives. It stresses the importance of developing optimized algorithms and applications to minimize resource usage and route data to lower-cost energy regions.
This document presents a model of a photovoltaic array developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The model accounts for the effects of irradiation and temperature on the output current and power. The photovoltaic array is modeled as a current source in parallel with a diode. Equations are provided to calculate the photo current, reverse saturation current, and saturation current as functions of irradiation, temperature, and other parameters. Simulation results show the I-V and P-V characteristics of the photovoltaic module under varying irradiation levels and constant temperature, demonstrating increased current, voltage, and power output with higher irradiation. The model provides an accurate representation of a photovoltaic module for researchers to study the effects of operational factors on
This document proposes an Android application that uses Huffman encoding to compress SMS messages. It summarizes that Huffman coding assigns shorter code words to more frequently used symbols, allowing SMS text to be compressed. The application requires installation on both the sender and receiver's phones to decompress messages. Testing showed the technique achieved up to 89% compression, reducing the size of example SMS texts. The summary provides an overview of the key points about using Huffman coding for SMS compression and the proposed mobile application.
This document discusses the theoretical and numerical analysis of a vibration isolator subjected to harmonic excitation. It presents equations to model the isolator and calculate the force and displacement transmissibility. The analysis considers varying the damping coefficient and spring stiffness. MATLAB is used to generate transmissibility curves matching the theoretical analysis. An experimental setup is proposed to validate the results and consider nonlinearities not included in the theoretical model.
This document describes an experimental study of heat transfer in a rectangular duct with and without internal V-shaped ribs. Experiments were conducted with air flow in turbulent regime (Reynolds numbers 3000-18000) in smooth duct and ducts with continuous or discrete internal V-shaped ribs. Temperature and pressure measurements were taken to determine heat transfer coefficients and friction factors for different configurations. Results showed that continuous ribs enhanced heat transfer more than discrete ribs, but also increased pressure drop more substantially. Heat transfer enhancement was dependent on rib geometry and position.
This document summarizes a study on habitat selection of pupation height and its correlation with abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance in nine altitudinal populations of Drosophila melanogaster from India. The study found that pupation height, abdominal melanization, and desiccation resistance increased with increasing altitude. Genetic correlations between abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance were also significantly high and varied with altitude. The results suggest that habitat selection of higher pupation heights and correlated increases in abdominal melanization confer greater desiccation resistance in high altitude populations as an adaptation to their environment.
This document summarizes a study on variations in abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila immigrans populations across different altitudes. Six populations of D. immigrans were collected from different altitudes ranging from 600-2200 meters. The populations were analyzed for traits related to ecophysiology (abdominal pigmentation, desiccation resistance, cuticular water loss) and reproductive fitness (copulation duration, fecundity rate). Populations from higher altitudes showed darker abdominal pigmentation which correlated with better desiccation resistance. Darker individuals also had longer copulation durations and higher fecundity, indicating reproductive advantages in colder environments. The results suggest abdominal pigmentation plays a role in thermal balance and reproductive success
This document describes the design of a voice touch screen display device for blind students. The device uses a resistive touch screen interfaced with an ARM processor to allow visually impaired users to interact with and access educational content stored on an SD card. When a user touches areas of the screen guided by pointers, the selected content is announced verbally via a speaker system. The touch inputs are processed by the ARM processor which retrieves the appropriate audio files from the SD card to provide a natural interface for blind children to access educational activities independently.
This document describes an ARM7-based patient health monitoring system that continuously monitors parameters like temperature, heartbeat, and ECG of ICU patients. Sensors measure the parameters and send them to an ARM7 microprocessor which converts the analog signals to digital form. The parameters are then transmitted to a server in real-time via GPRS using HTTP protocol. This allows doctors to continuously monitor patient vital signs from remote locations. The system aims to address limitations of existing systems that only transmit data during emergencies and have limited wireless range.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can have mental and physical health benefits over time by helping people feel more relaxed and better able to handle life's stresses.
This document contains facts about Rachael H. and Ukraine. It provides biographical details about Rachael, such as where she is from, her major, and hobbies. Regarding Ukraine, it notes that the country gained independence in 1991 from the Soviet Union and experienced political and economic turmoil following this. It also discusses issues Ukraine has faced with human trafficking after independence and how Ukrainian women are particularly vulnerable to being trafficked.
This document discusses using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to improve the performance and reliability of a transmission line in Rajkot, India. It first reviews Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and the UPFC. It then describes a transmission network model of Rajkot created in MATLAB based on real system data. Various hypothetical future load conditions are simulated both with and without a UPFC to study how it can help control power flow in the network more efficiently. Results show the UPFC improves utilization of the existing infrastructure by allowing more optimal power flow.
This document describes the fabrication of tin oxide (SnO2) thin films using the spray pyrolysis technique. Spray pyrolysis involves spraying a metal salt solution onto a heated substrate where the droplets undergo thermal decomposition to form an oxide thin film. The key deposition parameters that influence the thin film properties are substrate temperature, aerosol transport properties, and precursor decomposition behavior. Higher substrate temperatures result in rougher, more porous films with improved crystallinity and electrical properties. Proper control of deposition parameters allows for the fabrication of thin films with tailored optical and electrical characteristics using the low-cost spray pyrolysis method.
This document describes a software system that aims to help deaf and dumb people communicate using hand gesture recognition and text-to-speech conversion. The system has three main modules: 1) text-to-voice conversion, 2) text-to-image matching, and 3) image recognition of hand gestures to provide audio or image outputs. The system uses algorithms like localization, pixel analysis, and skin color detection to analyze hand gestures from images. Evaluation results demonstrate the system's ability to correctly convert text inputs to audio or matched images and recognize stored gesture images to output audio or images. Future work to implement the system on mobile devices using sensors is also discussed.
This document summarizes a research paper that compares different digital filtering techniques for removing noise from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. It describes how finite impulse response (FIR) filters were designed using various windowing techniques, including rectangular, Hamming, Hanning, and Blackman windows. Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters and wavelet transforms were also evaluated for denoising ECG signals. The performance of the different filtering approaches were compared based on the power spectral density and average power of the signals before and after filtering. The paper found that an FIR filter designed with the Kaiser window showed the best results for noise removal from ECG signals.
Structural, Dielectric and Optical properties of Sputtered TiO2 nano-filmsIOSR Journals
Thin films of TiO2 were deposited on quartz and p-Si (100) substrates held at room temperature by sputtering of titanium target at various sputter powers in the range 80 - 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for an hour at 1023 K. The annealed films were characterized by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Surface morphology, dielectric and optical properties. The deposition rate of the films increased from 1.26 to 6.66 nm/min. with increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. TiO2 films formed at sputter power of 80 W and annealed at 1023 K were polycrystalline in nature with anatase phase crystallite size of 40 nm, dielectric constant of 10, optical band gap of 3.65 eV and refractive index 2.35.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Surface Morphological and Electrical Properties of Sputtered Tio2 Thin FilmsIOSR Journals
Titanium dioxide films were formed on quartz and crystalline p-Si (100) substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method. Pure titanium target was sputtered at a constant oxygen partial pressure of 5x10-2 Pa, and at different sputtering powers in the range 80 – 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for 1 hour at 1023 K. The deposited films were characterized by studying the surface morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrical and dielectric properties from current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. Atomic force micrographs of the films showed that the Rrms and Ra increased with the increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. The leakage current density was increased by increasing the sputtering power.
We investigate thermoelastic stresses in titanium dioxide films on a sapphire
substrate that arise during thermal annealing. The effect of thermal processes on
thermoelastic stresses in titanium dioxide films has been studied experimentally. The
obtained experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations
of mechanical stresses in a titanium dioxide film
The document summarizes research on the chemical solution deposition of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) thin films. Key findings include:
1) Polycrystalline pure phase CCTO thin films with preferential (220) orientation were obtained after sintering at 750°C. The films exhibited a bimodal grain size distribution.
2) The dielectric constant (k) of a film sintered at 750°C was approximately 2000 and the loss factor (tan δ) was approximately 0.05, as measured at 1 kHz.
3) X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the films had a polycrystalline cubic perovskite structure with exaggerated grain growth
Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Annealing and Microstructural Characterization of Tin-Oxide Based Thick Film ...Anis Rahman
Abstract. The sheet resistance of tin oxide based thick-film resistors exhibits two regions of temperature dependence,
described by hopping (23°C-200°C) and diffusion mechanisms (200°C-350°C), respectively.
Annealing these samples causes the sheet resistance to increase in both regions. In the post-annealed samples,
the hopping conduction range is extended by 50°C (23°C-250°C) while the hopping parameter, To, is decreased by
more than 50%. The activation energy of diffusion (0.60 eV) is the same for both pre- and post annealed samples, but
the magnitude of resistance in the diffusion controlled region is increased significantly as a result of annealing. These
changes are explained in terms of a net decrease in the concentration of tin ions in the glass matrix. From a careful
microstructural study it was found that a conduction path composed of tin-oxide grains or their clusters in contact
with each other does not exist in the present system. HREM micrographs showed the presence of nanocrystalline
tin-oxide particles in the glass phase separating the tin-oxide grain clusters. Estimated average separation between
the nanocrystals in 4 nm, consistent with a variable-range hopping conduction via the dissolved tin ions in the glass
matrix.
Optical and Electrical Properties of TiO2 Doped Fe2O3 Thin Film Prepared by S...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, iron oxide (Fe2O3) and titanium oxide (TiO2) doping (Fe2O3) thin films have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique (SPT) on a glass substrate. We have studied the effects of various doping percentage of (TiO2) on (Fe2O3) optical and electrical properties. The optical parameters of the prepared films as absorbance, absorption coefficient, optical energy gap and refractive index have been calculated for all prepared films. D.C conductivity and Hall effect for all films are measured. The results showed that absorbance of prepared films decreases with increasing percentage of (TiO2) this lead to increase the energy gap and conductivity decreased with increasing of percentage of (TiO2) as well as the results showed throughout the study that all films have tow activation energy, its value increase with increasing of percentage of (TiO2). Hall effect measurement showed all films have n-type conductivity.
Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Solvothermally Synthesized Undoped ...IJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline TiO2 was investigated by solvothermal synthetic method using toluene as a solvent. Titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor, which was decomposed at high temperature and precipitated in toluene. Subsequently, the solution was thermally treated at 250C for five hours in stainless steel autoclave. Amorphous Nano TiO2 was formed. When these amorphous Nano TiO2 was calcinated to 550 C anatase Nano TiO2 crystalline with particle size <20 nm was formed. These amorphous and anatase phase Nano TiO2 was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies and the results were discussed.
Influence of Thickness on Electrical and Structural Properties of Zinc Oxide ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films were prepared on corning (7059) glass substrates at a thickness of 75.5 and 130.5nm by RF sputtering technique. The deposition was carried out at room temperature after which the samples were annealed in open air at 1500C. The electrical and structural properties of these films were studied. The electrical properties of the films were monitored by four-point probe method while the structural properties were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the electrical resistance of the films decreases with increase in the thickness of the films. The XRD analysis of the films showed that the films have a peak located at 〖34.31^0-34.35〗^0with hkl (002). Other parameters calculated include the stress ( ) and the grain size (D).
Effect of Post Annealing on Structural and Optical Propertie of Sno2 Thin Fil...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the effect of post-annealing on the structural and optical properties of tin oxide (SnO2) thin films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering. SnO2 thin films were deposited on glass substrates at 200°C and then annealed at temperatures of 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C for 1 hour. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a polycrystalline tetragonal structure. Annealing improved the crystallinity and grain size of the films. Optical transmission was found to increase with annealing temperature up to 400°C. Band gap, Urbach energy, and optical constants like refractive index and dielectric constants were calculated from optical measurements and followed expected trends with
Transparent and Conducting TiO2 : Nb Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis T...arj_online
1) The document describes a study on preparing transparent and conducting niobium-doped titanium dioxide (TNO) thin films using the spray pyrolysis technique.
2) Undoped and niobium-doped TiO2 films were deposited on glass substrates at 500°C from precursor solutions. Increasing the Nb concentration was found to decrease the film resistivity.
3) The minimum resistivity of 3.36×10-3 Ω cm was obtained for a 2% Nb-doped TiO2 film after annealing in hydrogen at 500°C. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a polycrystalline anatase structure without impurities.
Detecting of NH3, CO2 polluted gases by using ZnO- In2O3 thin filmsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Detecting of NH3, CO2 polluted gases by using ZnO- In2O3 thin filmsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document summarizes research on using laser processing techniques to deposit nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (nc-TiO2) films for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. Pulsed laser deposition was used to deposit a dense TiO2 layer and laser direct-write was used to deposit porous nc-TiO2 layers of varying thickness. Solar cells made with laser-processed nc-TiO2 layers showed a power conversion efficiency of up to 4.3% under solar illumination. Thicker nc-TiO2 layers increased short circuit current but decreased open circuit voltage, due to increased recombination losses. Laser processing techniques allow conformal deposition of nc-TiO2 without masks or additional patterning steps.
Influence of concentration on the structural, optical and electrical properti...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Studies on in-Doped Zno Transparent Conducting thin FilmsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this manuscript we have investigated the influences of indium dopants on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films regarding physico-chemical properties for application in modern conducting devices. As a starting material, Indium (III) chloride, and Zn(CH3COO)2⋅2H2O were used. The complex TSDC spectrum was obtained by submitting the sample to a constant electrical field Ep = 10M V/m during 2 min at a varing polarization temperature of Tmax = 1500C. A minimal sheet resistance with electrical resistivity as low in the range of 10-3 Ω·cm was found for this thin film.
Heavy metal oxide glasses doped with rare earth ions were investigated for their optoelectronic properties. TeO2–PbO–WO3 glasses were doped with Er3+ and Tm3+ ions and prepared using a conventional melting and quenching method. The glasses exhibited infrared luminescence from the Er3+ and Tm3+ ions at room and liquid helium temperatures due to energy transfer processes between the glass host and rare earth ions. The glasses also showed potential for excitation by Nd-YAG lasers and could enable optoelectronic device applications due to their properties.
Fabrication of New Nanocomposites (PMMA-SPO-PS-TiC) and Studying Their Struct...journalBEEI
Samples have been prepared by adding Titanium carbide nanoparticles to the Poly (methyl methacrylate) and Ethylene-alpha olefin co-polymer (SPO) and Polystyrene (PS) with different weight percentages (o, 2, 4, 6 and 8) wt%. The FTIR analysis, electrical, dielectric, and structural properties have been studied.The dielectric loss and The dielectric constant decrease with increasing of Titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles. The A.C electrical conductivity increases with increasing of Titanium carbide (TiC) concentrations and frequency. The D.C electrical conductivity increases with increasing of Titanium carbide (TiC) concentration and temperature. The Activation energy decreases with increasing of Titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles. The Humidity sensor application showed that the electrical resistance of (PMMA-SPO-PS-TiC) nanocomposites decreases with increase the Humidity.
The document describes an experiment that used in situ x-ray diffraction to observe the formation of platinum silicide (PtSi) phases when annealing a platinum thin film deposited on silicon. Key findings include:
- PtSi phase formation began around 225°C and halted at 300°C during vacuum annealing, while annealing in air resulted in incomplete reaction due to an amorphous silicon dioxide layer forming.
- The only silicide phases that persisted during heat treatments were PtSi(101) and PtSi(002).
- Thermal expansion measurements found the platinum thin film's coefficient of linear expansion was 1.01 × 10−5 C−1, close to the bulk value of 9 ×
This document summarizes a research paper that examines pricing strategy in a two-stage supply chain consisting of a supplier and retailer. The supplier offers a credit period to the retailer, who then offers credit to customers. A mathematical model is formulated to maximize total profit for the integrated supply chain system. The model considers three cases based on the relative lengths of the credit periods offered at each stage. Equations are developed to represent the profit functions for the supplier, retailer and overall system in each case. The goal is to determine the optimal selling price that maximizes total integrated profit.
The document discusses melanoma skin cancer detection using a computer-aided diagnosis system based on dermoscopic images. It begins with an introduction to skin cancer and melanoma. It then reviews existing literature on automated melanoma detection systems that use techniques like image preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. Features extracted in other studies include asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter and texture-based features. The proposed system collects dermoscopic images and performs preprocessing, segmentation, extracts 9 features based on the ABCD rule, and classifies images using a neural network classifier to detect melanoma. It aims to develop an automated diagnosis system to eliminate invasive biopsy procedures.
This document summarizes various techniques for image segmentation that have been studied and proposed in previous research. It discusses edge-based, threshold-based, region-based, clustering-based, and other common segmentation methods. It also reviews applications of segmentation in medical imaging, plant disease detection, and other fields. While no single technique can segment all images perfectly, hybrid and adaptive methods combining multiple approaches may provide better results. Overall, image segmentation remains an important but challenging task in digital image processing and computer vision.
This document presents a test for detecting a single upper outlier in a sample from a Johnson SB distribution when the parameters of the distribution are unknown. The test statistic proposed is based on maximum likelihood estimates of the four parameters (location, scale, and two shape) of the Johnson SB distribution. Critical values of the test statistic are obtained through simulation for different sample sizes. The performance of the test is investigated through simulation, showing it performs well at detecting outliers when the contaminant observation represents a large shift from the original distribution parameters. An example application to census data is also provided.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a portable device called the "Disha Device" to improve women's safety. The device has features like live location tracking, audio/video recording, automatic messaging to emergency contacts, a buzzer, flashlight, and pepper spray. It is designed using an Arduino microcontroller connected to GPS and GSM modules. When the button is pressed, it sends an alert message with the woman's location, sets off an alarm, activates the flashlight and pepper spray for self-defense. The goal is to provide women a compact, one-click safety system to help them escape dangerous situations or call for help with just a single press of a button.
- The document describes a study that constructed physical fitness norms for female students attending social welfare schools in Andhra Pradesh, India.
- Researchers tested 339 students in classes 6-10 on speed, strength, agility and flexibility tests. Tests included 50m run, bend and reach, medicine ball throw, broad jump, shuttle run, and vertical jump.
- The results showed that 9th class students had the best average time for the 50m run. 10th class students had the highest flexibility on average. Strength and performance generally improved with increased class level.
This document summarizes research on downdraft gasification of biomass. It discusses how downdraft gasifiers effectively convert solid biomass into a combustible producer gas. The gasification process involves pyrolysis and reactions between hot char and gases that produce CO, H2, and CH4. Downdraft gasifiers are well-suited for biomass gasification due to their simple design and ability to manage the gasification process with low tar production. The document also reviews previous studies on gasifier configuration upgrades and their impact on performance, and the principles of downdraft gasifier operation.
This document summarizes the design and manufacturing of a twin spindle drilling attachment. Key points:
- The attachment allows a drilling machine to simultaneously drill two holes in a single setting, improving productivity over a single spindle setup.
- It uses a sun and planet gear arrangement to transmit power from the main spindle to two drilling spindles.
- Components like gears, shafts, and housing were designed using Creo software and manufactured. Drill chucks, bearings, and bits were purchased.
- The attachment was assembled and installed on a vertical drilling machine. It is aimed at improving productivity in mass production applications by combining two drilling operations into one setup.
The document presents a comparative study of different gantry girder profiles for various crane capacities and gantry spans. Bending moments, shear forces, and section properties are calculated and tabulated for 'I'-section with top and bottom plates, symmetrical plate girder, 'I'-section with 'C'-section top flange, plate girder with rolled 'C'-section top flange, and unsymmetrical plate girder sections. Graphs of steel weight required per meter length are presented. The 'I'-section with 'C'-section top flange profile is found to be optimized for biaxial bending but rolled sections may not be available for all spans.
This document summarizes research on analyzing the first ply failure of laminated composite skew plates under concentrated load using finite element analysis. It first describes how a finite element model was developed using shell elements to analyze skew plates of varying skew angles, laminations, and boundary conditions. Three failure criteria (maximum stress, maximum strain, Tsai-Wu) were used to evaluate first ply failure loads. The minimum load from the criteria was taken as the governing failure load. The research aims to determine the effects of various parameters on first ply failure loads and validate the numerical approach through benchmark problems.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the larvicidal effects of Aegle marmelos (bael tree) leaf extracts on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Specifically, it assessed the efficacy of methanol extracts from A. marmelos leaves in killing A. aegypti larvae (at the third instar stage) and altering their midgut proteins. The study found that the leaf extract achieved 50% larval mortality (LC50) at a concentration of 49 ppm. Proteomic analysis of larval midguts revealed changes in protein expression levels after exposure to the extract, suggesting its bioactive compounds can disrupt the midgut. The aim is to identify specific inhibitor proteins in the midg
This document presents a system for classifying electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The system first preprocesses raw ECG data by removing noise and segmenting the signals. It then uses a CNN to extract features directly from the ECG data and classify arrhythmias without requiring complex feature engineering. The CNN architecture contains 11 convolutional layers and is optimized using techniques like batch normalization and dropout. The system was tested on ECG datasets and achieved classification accuracy of over 93%, demonstrating its effectiveness at automated ECG classification.
This document presents a new algorithm for extracting and summarizing news from online newspapers. The algorithm first extracts news related to the topic using keyword matching. It then distinguishes different types of news about the same topic. A term frequency-based summarization method is used to generate summaries. Sentences are scored based on term frequency and the highest scoring sentences are selected for the summary. The algorithm was evaluated on news datasets from various newspapers and showed good performance in intrinsic evaluation metrics like precision, recall and F-score. Thus, the proposed method can effectively extract and summarize online news for a given keyword or topic.
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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
THIN FILMS OF PURE TIO2 AND SR-DOPED
TIO2 PREPARED BY SPIN COATING
TECHNIQUE
Mehul. H. Mngrola1*
and Vibhuti. G. Joshi1
1*
Department of Sci. & Hum., Faculty of Engineering Technology & Research, Isroli-Bardoli, India.
1
Department of Physics, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat-395006, India
mhmangrola@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Transparent thin films of pure TiO2 and 3% Sr-doped TiO2 (Ti0.97 Sr0.03O2) were prepared by spin
coating technique onto well-cleaned glass substrate. These films were annealed at different temperatures.
The structural analysis by GIXRD and Raman Spectroscopy confirms the anatase phase of TiO2. The
study also shows dependence of structural parameters and crystallinity on the annealing temperature of
films. Surface morphology of the prepared films studied using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) exhibits
a homogeneous globular structure. The UV-Visible analysis shows decrease in the optical band gap of the
films annealed at higher temperatures. The UV spectra also show good absorbance of UV radiation in the
wavelength range of 300 nm to 400 nm. Photoluminescence (PL) study shows variation in the emission
peaks for films annealed at different temperature and for those with different concentrations of strontium
(Sr). The dielectric properties, gas sensitivity, wettability and self-cleaning property of the prepared films
were also studied and the results are discussed in details.
Key Words: TiO2 Film, GIXDR, RAMAN, AFM, UV, PL, Electrical property, CO2 gas sensitivity, Wettability,
Self-cleaning.
1. INTRODUCTION
TiO2 possesses three polymorphs: anatase, rutile and brookite, with distinct crystalline structures. The rutile is
the most common and well known structure of the three. In rutile, the structure is based on octahedrons of TiO2,
which share two edges of the octahedron with other octahedrons and from chains Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has
attracted the attention of many research workers due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties. It is
found that TiO2 is also antibacterial, self cleaning and super hydrophilic. It has large number of applications as a
catalyst support, gas sensor, thermoelectric and photovoltaic cells [1-13]. TiO2 is also a promising material for
next generation of ultra-thin capacitors, due to its dielectric property [14-15].
In the present work strontium (Sr) has been used as dopant. Alternating current conductivity (AC)
measurements are used to characterize electrical properties of various materials and in the present work, it has
been used for understanding the nature of conduction mechanism. Report are available for mesoporous STO
film [16].
With increase in the frequency, the dielectric constant of the film is found to be decrease. This is
because the frequency increases dipoles start to lag behind the field and dielectric properties is going to decrease
and at higher frequency dipoles are not able to follow the field for longer. The AC conductivity is linearly
increase with respect to frequency and Sr-doped TiO2 show the low dielectric property and high AC
conductivity compare with pure TiO2 films [17].
Here we report on the structural, optical, electrical, gas sensitivity, wettability and self-cleaning
properties of TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 thin films deposited by spin coating technique on glass substrate and post
annealed at different temperature.
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2. EXPERIMENTAL & CHRACTERIZATION DETAILS
In the present work, six films (three for pure TiO2 & three for Sr-doped TiO2) of approximately 70-80 nm
thickness were prepared. Titanium (IV) oxyacetylacetonate (0.3M) was used for Ti source and Strontium
Chloride (GR) for Sr. Precursor samples were taken in polyethylene glycol (6ml) and water (4 ml). the solution
was stirred for one hour at room temperature to obtain a viscous and transparent solution. The rpm of the spin
coater was set at 2000 and during each rotation, three drops of solution were made to drop on the glass substrate.
This process was repeated three times with the films being annealed at 3000
C between each process. One film
each of TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 were then annealed for 30 minutes at 5000
C and 6000
C, respectively.
The films structure was studied by Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) using Bruker D8
discover diffractometer, (Cu kα radiation, λ=1.5406 Å) complementary information concerning film
microstructure was derived from Raman Spectra which were acquired by means of a Jobin Yvon Horibra
Labram- HR visible spectrometer using the blue line (488 nm) of an Ar laser as excitation source. The collection
time for each spectrum was 5 minutes iin the range of 100 to 200 cm-1
.Film surface morphology were evaluated
from AFM measurments. The photoluminescence emission spectra was obtained using Hariba Jobin Yvon
Fluoro Ma-4 spectrofluorometer. UV absorption spectra was studied using Thermo Scientific evolution 600 UV-
Visible Spectroscopy. The optical band gap for the films was calculated from “Tauc” equation plot. The
dielectric loss and capacitance was measured as a function of frequency (100 Hz – 10 kHz) at room temperature
in an air atmosphere using Hioki LCR meter. The gas sensitivity of the films in the presence of CO2 gas has
been measured using two probe method. In addition, the wettability and self-cleaning properties has also been
investigated.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Structural Characterization
3.1.1 GIXRD Analysis
Figure 1(a) and 1(b), shows the GIXRD patterns of as deposited and annealed thin films of TiO2 and Sr-doped
TiO2 film prepared by spin coating method on glass substrate. It is evident from GIXRD patterns that the
annealed thin films are polycrystalline and shows anatase phase with preferential growth along (101) plane. The
GIXRD pattern indicated the presence of (103), (200) and (101) planes of TiO2 material which is in good
agreement with JCPDS card no. 21-1272. The GIXRD pattern of as-deposited films low crystallinity. Intensity
of (101) and (200) peaks increases as an effect of annealing, which is attributed to increasing crystallinity.
Separate peaks for Sr-doped TiO2 are not observed due to low dopant concentration. It is also difficult
to predict whether the Sr ion exists as Sr-O on the surface of TiO2 as SrTiO3 from the GIXRD pattern due to low
dopant concentration.
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20 40 60
Intensity
2(Theta)
(c) 600 0C
(b) 500 0C
(a) Rt
(a)
(b)
(c)
TiO2
(101)
(101)
(103)
(200)
Fig. 1(a), GIXRD data of the TiO2 thin films prepared by spin coating.
20 40 60
Intensity
2(Theta)
(c) 600 0C
(b) 500 0C
(a) Rt
Sr doped TiO2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(101)
(101)
Fig. 1(b), GIXRD data of the Sr-doped TiO2 thin films prepared by spin coating.
From the figure 1(a) and 1(b) it is clear that, without annealed film shows the amorphous nature and as
we increase the annealing temperature the crystallinity of the film also increase. The anatase phase of TiO2 was
found in both samples annealed at high temperature. The crystalline size estimate using the Debye-Scherer
formula is found to be 32 nm for pure TiO2 and 37 nm for Sr-doped TiO2.
We have used short and long time scan because of very low thickness of film and we took scan in the
range of 100 to 200 cm-1
. The main peak of anatase phase of TiO2 is observed near about 144 cm-1
. The Raman
spectroscopy of the samples confirms the anatase phase of TiO2 as determined by GIXRD analysis.
3.2 Raman Spectroscopy Analysis
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100 120 140 160 180 200
Intensity(a.u.)
Raman Shifts (cm-1)
TiO2
(a) Rt
(b) 500 0C
(c) 600 0C(a)
(b)
(c)Peak Value
a= 145.28
b= 144.31
c= 144.14
Fig. 2(a), Raman spectra of TiO2 thin film prepared by spin coating technique.
100 120 140 160 180 200
Intensity(a.u.)
Raman Shifts (cm-1)
Sr doped TiO2
(a) Rt
(b) 500 0C
(c) 600 0C
Peak Value
a= 152.74
b= 151.16
c= 148.92
(a)
(b)
(c)(143.87)
Fig. 2(b), Raman spectra of Sr-doped TiO2 thin film prepared by spin coating technique.
Raman spectra shows broadening of the spectra with increase in annealing temperature. Post annealed film also
show the shifting. Same result were observed in Sr-doped TiO2 films but in whole sample we get peak near
about 149 cm-1
[18-20] and they are also shows the same type of shifting compare with TiO2 Raman spectra.
This result supports that the structural parameter is dependent on the annealing temperature and anatase phase is
more temperature sensitive and TiO2 shows the anatase to rutile phase transformation at high temperature. The
Raman shifting of Sr-doped TiO2 spectra also indicates that Sr is properly combined/attached with Ti atom.
3.3 AFM Analysis
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The formation of TiO2 and thin films deposited by spin coating is considered accumulating like “tiny island”.
Figure 3 shows the surface topography image of sample obtained by AFM. All the as-deposited thin films
indicates surfaces which are not highly rough, and that the film is homogeneously distributed on the substrate.
Without post annealed films show rough surface compare to annealed films. The 2D image of the films show the
spherical shape of the particles and post annealed films also show same result but compare to without annealed
film the particle size is small and of uniform spherical shape. The particle size calculated from the AFM data is
near about ~115 nm in post annealed films in both samples. From the AFM result, it is believed that the thin
film grow process consist of three aspects, the atoms adsorption, migration and desorption, which are all
connected with the annealed temperature and viscosity of the sample solutions. AFM Images obtained on
different regions of the samples showed that the films exhibit a homogeneous globular structure. The entire film
surface is formed by small grains of the deposited material.
Fig. 3(a), AFM data of TiO2 thin film annealed at 6000
C
Fig. 3(b), AFM data of TiO2 thin film annealed at 5000
C
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Fig. 3(c), AFM data of Sr doped TiO2 thin film annealed at 6000
C
3.4 UV-Visible Spectroscopy Analysis
Figure 4a and 4d shows the UV-Visible spectra of pure TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 and figure 4b and 4c show the
Tauc plot of pure TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 thin films.
300 400 500
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Absorption
Wavelength (nm)
(a) Rt
(b) 5000C
(c) 600 0C
(TiO2)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 4a, UV-spectra of TiO2 films
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2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
(αhv)2
hv
(a) 5000C
(b) 6000C (a)
(b)(TiO2
)
Fig. 4b, Tauc plot of TiO2 films
300 400 500
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Absorption
W avelength (nm )
(a) Rt
(b) 5000C
(c) 6000C
(a)
(b)
(c)
(Sr-doped TiO 2)
Fig. 4c,UV-spectra of Sr-doped TiO2 films
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2 .5 3 .0 3 .5 4 .0 4.5
-1 0 0 0 00
0
1 0 0 0 00
2 0 0 0 00
3 0 0 0 00
4 0 0 0 00
5 0 0 0 00
6 0 0 0 00
7 0 0 0 00
8 0 0 0 00(αhv)
2
h v
(a ) 5 0 0 0 C
(b ) 6 0 0 0 C
(a )
(b )
(S r-d o p e d T iO 2 )
Fig. 4d,Tauc plot of Sr-doped TiO2 films
From the figure 5, it is clearly observed that the absorption varies with the annealing temperature of the
Sr-doped TiO2 films. This indicates that the optical property of the TiO2 thin films depends on the annealing
temperature. When we annealed the film the oxidation of the film changes the optical property, surface property
and density of the TiO2 film. UV-Visible absorption spectral analysis is used to probe the band structure of
materials. The absorbance edges changes with annealing temperature. Some work has been reported on the
optical property of the TiO2 with doping of foreign element [21-22].
UV analysis shows that the optical band gap of the films, estimated using the Tauc plot increases from
3.5 to 3.6 eV for pure TiO2 thin film on increasing the annealing temperature. It is also seen that for 3% Sr-
doped TiO2 thin film, the band gap increases from 3.4 to 3.45 eV. It is found that the films after post annealing
show good optical transmittance near the UV-Visible region. This shows that strontium influences on the optical
behaviour of TiO2 and that Sr-doped TiO2 film can be used as UV sensor.
3.5 Photoluminescence Analysis
Figure 5, shows the photoluminescence emission spectra for the prepared films. The emission spectra were
measured at different excitation wavelength in the range of 280 nm to 550 nm. In this work, the emission spectra
were not observed at the 280 nm and above 500 nm excitation wavelength. The emission spectra were observed
in the range between 300 to 500 nm. The PL behaviour of the Sr-doped TiO2 also shows similar behaviour.
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200 400 600 800
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
0
200000
400000
600000
0
200000
400000
600000
200 400 600 800
W avelength (nm )
R t (437.47)
(468.73)
(558.48)
Intensity(CPS)
500
0
C
(559.67)
(438.31)
600
0
C
(T iO 2)
(438.54)
(560.22)
Fig. 5a, PL emission spectra of TiO2 films (Ex. Wavelength = 300 nm)
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300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
-100000
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
Intensity(CPS)
Wavelength (nm)
Room Temperature
500 0C
600 0C
(a)
(b)
(c)
439.21 nm
557.96 nm
Ex. W avelength 300 nm
Fig. 5b, PL spectra of Sr-doped TiO2 films
500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
Intensity(CPS)
W avelength (nm )
R oom tem perature
500 0C
600 0C
E x. W avelength 500 nm
Fig. 5c, PL spectra of Sr-doped TiO2 film
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350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
Intensity(CPS)
W avelength (nm )
(a) R t
(b)5000C
(c) 6000C
TiO2
Excitation wavelength = 350 nm
(454.71) (460.41)
(c)
(b)
(a)
Fig. 5d, PL spectra of TiO2 films
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 0 7 5 0
0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Intensity(CPS)
W a v e le n g th (n m )
(a ) R t
(b ) 5 0 0 0 C
(c) 6 0 0 0 C
(4 6 1 .8 8 ) (4 6 9 .0 5 )
(a )
(b )
(c )
S r d o p e d T iO 2
E x cita tio n w a ve le n g th = 3 5 0 n m
Fig. 5e, PL spectra of Sr-doped TiO2 films
Figure 5a and 5b shows the PL emission spectra of TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 for the excitation
wavelength of 300 nm respectively and figure 5c shows the emission spectra of Sr-doped TiO2 at the excitation
wavelength of 500 nm. Figure 5d and 5e shows the PL emission spectra of pure TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 at the
excitation wavelength of 350 nm. For both these excitation wavelengths the PL emission spectrum is observed
in the visible range. The PL behaviour of the anatase TiO2 is also depending on the grain size [23]. The visible
PL emission of the anatase TiO2 is due to lattice defects of vacancies and charge interstitial.
In present work, all films prepared are highly transparent. At the 300 nm excitation wavelength, sharp
peak were observed for both films, and the annealing temperature is increase with respect to the maximum peak
value which shows a shift to higher wavelength in both films. The shifting difference in without annealed and
post-annealed films is 1 to 3 nm. At the excitation wavelength of 350 nm, same behaviour is observed but at this
excitation wavelength 3-4 emission peak is observed.
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In both excitation wavelengths, the visible emission is observed in the range of 380 nm to 550 nm. The
visible emission of anatase TiO2 and actual mechanism behind the visible emission of anatase TiO2 film and
bulk is due to radiative emission of self-trapped excitation theory of Toyozawa [24-26]. The present study,
shows the annealing temperature greatly influences the PL behaviour of TiO2 and doping concentration is highly
effective in adjusting the Fermi energy level for semiconductor [27].
3.6 CO2 Gas Sensitivity
Figure 6, shows the graph of sensitivity versus operating temperature for the post annealed films. The setup for
measuring the gas sensitivity behaviour of the samples was developed in laboratory. In order to understand the
temperature dependence sensitivity of TiO2 thin film specimen CO2 gas with concentration of about 100 ppm
was used. An external voltage of 5 volt was used during measurements. In our measurement we observed that as
the temperature of the sample is increased the gas sensitivity also increases and they reach a maximum value for
2550
C temperature. At higher temperature it decreases. The annealing temperature and doping concentration
also affects the gas sensitivity of the TiO2. A Sr-doped TiO2 film shows high sensitivity, as compared to pure
TiO2. The sensitivity of the semiconductor gas sensor is mainly determined by the interaction between the target
gas and the surface of the sensors. The greater the surface area of the materials stronger is the interaction
between the absorbed gases and sensor surface.
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Sensitivity
Temperature (0C)
(a) TiO2 (5000C)
(b) TiO2 (6000C)
(c) 3% Sr (5000C)
(d) 3% Sr (6000C)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 6, sensitivity versus operating temperature of the films
Figure 7, shows the sensitivity as a function of operating time for films annealed at a temperature of
255±50
C. A rapid increase in sensitivity with increasing time is observed. This is because, greater surface area
of the materials provides stronger interaction between the adsorbed gases and the sensor surface. i.e. higher gas
sensitivity of the film because the surface species and trapped electron are return to the conduction band causing
an increase in the conductivity of the films. Sr-doped TiO2 shows the high gas sensitivity compare with pure
TiO2.
In general, the high temperature operation of the sensor makes the life time of the sensor shorter and
increases resistance thus consuming more power for operation. It is believed that the oxygen could be removed
or is lost from the materials/film surface at high temperature. This suggests that the response of the sensor may
decrease at high temperature. Since there will be more oxygen vacancies which led to less occurrence of CO2
oxygen reaction. Also the sensing process depends on the surface roughness of the TiO2 films.
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Sensitivity
Time (minute)
(a) TiO2 (5000C)
(b) TiO2 (6000C)
(c) 3% Sr (5000C)
(d) 3% Sr (6000C)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 7, Sensitivity versus time at 2550
C
Figure 8, shows the graph of resistance as a function of time of operation at 2550
C temperature for the
films. Pure TiO2 film shows the high resistance compare with Sr-doped TiO2 films. Resistance gradually
decreases due to the increasing in the sensing current of the film.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Resistance(ohm)109
Time (Minute)
(a) TiO2 (5000C)
(b) TiO2 (6000C)
(c) 3% Sr (5000C)
(d) 3% Sr (6000C)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 8, Resistance as a function of time at 2550
C
Figure 9, shows the graph of current as a function of time. Without doping and without annealed film
shows low current as compare to doped and post-annealed film. At 6000
C annealed Sr-doped TiO2 film shows
high current at about 8 nA.
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0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Current(nA)
T im e (m in u te )
(a ) T iO 2 (5 0 0 0 C )
(b ) T iO 2 (6 0 0 0 C )
(c ) 3 % S r (5 0 0 0 C )
(d ) 3 % S r (6 0 0 0 C )
(a )
(b )
(c )
(d )
Fig. 9, Current versus time at 2550
C
The current value of pure TiO2 film is very less compare with Sr-doped TiO2 film, is due to the surface
species and trapped electrons are returned to the conduction band causing an increase in the conductivity of the
TiO2 film doping with strontium and respectively the current value of sensor increase.
3.7 Self-Cleaning Properties
Figure 10a & 10b shows the self-cleaning activity of the films. Figure 10a, (A, B, C) shows the self-cleaning
activity at the Room temperature of the TiO2 film annealed at 500 0
C and annealed at 600 0
C and D, E, F for Sr-
doped TiO2 film. Figure 10b, all same but after two days exposed in sun light. TiO2 shows the photo catalytic
activity and because of that it has ability to decompose the organic dirt molecules in the presence of UV light or
sun light. In present study, it is observed that when the droplets of red ink (fountain pen ink, Camel production)
dye was put on the both coated and uncoated glass substrate. It is observed that, the post annealed film shows
high self-cleaning activity as compare to that without annealed. The Sr-doped TiO2 films shows more cleaning
activity after two days as compared with pure TiO2 coated films.
Post-annealed film shows high self-cleaning activity of the films. This result also suggests that the self-
cleaning activity depends on surface morphology and crystallinity of the film. In both case Sr-doped TiO2 films
shows more self-cleaning activity as compared with pure TiO2 films.
Fig. 10a, Self-cleaning activity of the pure TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 films
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Fig. 10b, The self-cleaning activity of the pure TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 films (After exposure to in sun light for two days)
TiO2 shows photo-catalytic property and because of that it has ability to decompose the organic dirt
molecules in presence of UV light or sun light. In present work, it is observed that when the droplet of red
(fountain pen red ink, camel) dye was put on both coated and uncoated glass, the coated glass was seen more
clean as compared with uncoated glass substrate.
3.8 Wettability Analysis
In the present work, we studied the surface hydrophilicity of the TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 films. It was
quantified from measurements of the water contact angle on the without coated and with coated glass substrate.
The measurement was first performed on normal ordinary glass and there after for TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2
coated glass substrate for the same time duration. It is observed that the contact angle of water droplet is very
less compare with dopant TiO2. Sr-doped TiO2 shows the higher contact angle in without annealed and post
annealed film compare with pure TiO2. Post annealed film shows the large contact angle, which indicates that
the crystallinity of the sample is also important for the hydrophobic and hydrophilic behaviour of TiO2 and Sr-
doped TiO2 films. Figure 11 shows the wettability behaviour of the pure TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 films prepared
by spin coating method [28-29].
Fig. 11a, Pure TiO2 coated film (without annealed) Fig. 11b, Pure TiO2 coated film (annealed at 6000
C)
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Fig. 11c, Sr-doped TiO2 coated film (without annealed) Fig. 11d, Sr-doped TiO2 coated film (annealed at 6000
C)
4. CONCLUSION
Thin films shows the amorphous nature at room temperature (without annealed film) and post annealed film
shows that the crystallinity of the films increases for the anatase phase of TiO2. Raman data suggests that the
anatase phase is present in the prepared TiO2 film. The Raman spectrum shows shifting with increase in doping
concentration. Raman data strongly supports the GIXRD data. The strontium doped TiO2 film also shows
changes in band gap with doping concentration and calcination of film. Without annealed films shows less
intense PL emission spectra with sharp peak and the intensity of the peaks are found to increase with annealing
temperature. Doping does not seem to influence the intensity of the peak but peak positions are found to shift.
Films shows CO2 gas sensitivity of 0.8. The sensitivity of the both films is found to increase with the function of
time and resistance decreases with function of time. Strontium doped TiO2 films shows increment in the CO2
gas sensitivity of the films and also shows increases in sensitivity with operation function of time whereas
resistance decreases with function of time. Spin coating shows high self-cleaning activity observed in post
annealed film and low self-cleaning activity observed in without annealed film. Post-annealed strontium doped
TiO2 films shows the very high self-cleaning activity as compared with without annealed film. Strontium doped
TiO2 films also shows high contact angle with water.
Acknowledgement
Rajiv Gandhi UGC fellowship to one of the authors (M. H. Mangrola) is fully acknowledged. The authors also
wish to thank UGC DAE CSR Indore, Dr. B. S. Chakrabarty (Applied Physics Department, M. S. University of
Baroda), Dr. Vandana N Rao (Metallurgy & Material Science Department, M. S. University of Baroda), Dr.
Utpal Joshi (School of Science, Department of Physics, Gujarat University) and Dr. M. Roy (M. L. Sukhadiya
University, Udaipur) for their support and valuable suggestions.
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