The document summarizes research on the chemical solution deposition of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) thin films. Key findings include:
1) Polycrystalline pure phase CCTO thin films with preferential (220) orientation were obtained after sintering at 750°C. The films exhibited a bimodal grain size distribution.
2) The dielectric constant (k) of a film sintered at 750°C was approximately 2000 and the loss factor (tan δ) was approximately 0.05, as measured at 1 kHz.
3) X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the films had a polycrystalline cubic perovskite structure with exaggerated grain growth
This document compares three deposition methods for creating zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on flexible polyimide substrates: spray pyrolysis, sol-gel, and RF sputtering. The sol-gel method produced nanoflower-shaped ZnO films that were 600nm thick and showed the best piezoelectric performance, generating voltages up to 5V and frequencies up to 12MHz. RF sputtering created uniform 20-30nm nanoparticles but thinner films. Spray pyrolysis resulted in flake- and particle-shaped films. Thicker films through sol-gel or potentially thicker RF sputtered films could improve electrical performance for applications in flexible sensors and transducers.
EFFECT OF ZN CONCENTRATION ON STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPRIETIES OF ZNO THIN ...AEIJjournal2
ZnO thin film were deposited by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates, using zinc nitrate as precursor with
different molar concentrations varying from 0.05M to 0.2 M. To study the structural proprieties of the film ,
the different technique was used as the X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman
scattering , and FTIR . The optical properties were explored by transmission, reflectivity and
Photoluminescence techniques. The ZnO thin films obtained in this paper are polycrystallines, the grain
size increases when the molar concentration of Zn precursor was increasing. The films are transparent in
visible region, this transmission values decreases when the molar concentration increase caused by the
increasing of surface roughness
Effect of Temperature on Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of ...RSIS International
The Pure zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films of different substrate temperature have been prepared on well cleaned glass substrate by improved spray pyrolysis technique. The gross structure of the annealed films have been examined by X- ray diffraction (XRD) technique using powder X- ray diffractometer which reveals the enhancement of crystallinity with increase in the deposition temperature. Surface morphology of the synthesized ZnO thin films have been analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) which reveals average particle size of as synthesize ZnO thin films has been found to be 79 nm. The band gap as deposited ZnO have been examined by UV-Vis spectroscopy carried out in absorption mode by Double Beam UV- VIS Spectrophotometer with radiations in the range of 훌= 190 nm to 1100 nm which is in the range of 3.03 eV to 3.16 eV.
Ultra smooth and lattice relaxed zn o thin films [eid]Eid Elsayed
The crystal structure and quality of ZnO thin films were enhanced by high temperature vacuum annealing. 150 nm thick ZnO films were deposited on a-plane sapphire substrates by RF sputtering at 600°C and then annealed in situ at temperatures from 700°C to 900°C. Higher annealing temperatures produced smoother films with root mean square roughness reaching 0.3 nm at 850°C. Raman spectroscopy showed the A1(TO) mode at all annealing temperatures and the A1(LO) mode appeared above 800°C, indicating improved crystal quality. X-ray diffraction revealed narrower diffraction peaks and a relaxed lattice constant matching bulk ZnO at 900°C annealing, demonstrating high quality c-axis oriented epit
Studies on in-Doped Zno Transparent Conducting thin FilmsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this manuscript we have investigated the influences of indium dopants on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films regarding physico-chemical properties for application in modern conducting devices. As a starting material, Indium (III) chloride, and Zn(CH3COO)2⋅2H2O were used. The complex TSDC spectrum was obtained by submitting the sample to a constant electrical field Ep = 10M V/m during 2 min at a varing polarization temperature of Tmax = 1500C. A minimal sheet resistance with electrical resistivity as low in the range of 10-3 Ω·cm was found for this thin film.
1) Copper selenide thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation and annealed at different temperatures to study their structural, optical, and surface properties for thermoelectric applications.
2) XRD analysis showed the films crystallized in the hexagonal phase and crystallite size increased with higher annealing temperatures up to 300°C. Above 300°C, the films became amorphous.
3) Optical analysis found the band gap increased and thickness decreased with increasing annealing temperature, indicating better crystallinity. Surface analysis by FESEM showed denser, more uniform grains with annealing.
Electrical Properties of Thermally Evaporated In40 Se60 Thin Filmsiosrjce
In40 Se60 thin films with different thicknesses (300,500, and 700nm) have been deposited by single
source vacuum thermal evaporation onto glass substrates at ambient temperature to study the effect of thickness
and on its structural morphology, and electrical properties. AFM study revealed that microstructure parameters
such as crystallite size, and roughness found to depend upon deposition conditions. The DC conductivity of the
vacuum evaporated In40 Se60thin films was measured in the temperature range (293-473)K and was found to
increase on order of magnitude with increase of thickness. The plot of conductivity with reciprocal temperature
suggests, there are two activation energies Ea1and Ea2 for In40 Se60 for all thicknesses which decreases with
increasing thickness .Hall effect measurement showed that low thickness In40 Se60 film exhibit p-type
conductance whereas the film exhibit n-type towards the higher thickness. The electric carrier concentration
and mobility show opposite dependence upon thickness.
This document compares three deposition methods for creating zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on flexible polyimide substrates: spray pyrolysis, sol-gel, and RF sputtering. The sol-gel method produced nanoflower-shaped ZnO films that were 600nm thick and showed the best piezoelectric performance, generating voltages up to 5V and frequencies up to 12MHz. RF sputtering created uniform 20-30nm nanoparticles but thinner films. Spray pyrolysis resulted in flake- and particle-shaped films. Thicker films through sol-gel or potentially thicker RF sputtered films could improve electrical performance for applications in flexible sensors and transducers.
EFFECT OF ZN CONCENTRATION ON STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPRIETIES OF ZNO THIN ...AEIJjournal2
ZnO thin film were deposited by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates, using zinc nitrate as precursor with
different molar concentrations varying from 0.05M to 0.2 M. To study the structural proprieties of the film ,
the different technique was used as the X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman
scattering , and FTIR . The optical properties were explored by transmission, reflectivity and
Photoluminescence techniques. The ZnO thin films obtained in this paper are polycrystallines, the grain
size increases when the molar concentration of Zn precursor was increasing. The films are transparent in
visible region, this transmission values decreases when the molar concentration increase caused by the
increasing of surface roughness
Effect of Temperature on Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of ...RSIS International
The Pure zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films of different substrate temperature have been prepared on well cleaned glass substrate by improved spray pyrolysis technique. The gross structure of the annealed films have been examined by X- ray diffraction (XRD) technique using powder X- ray diffractometer which reveals the enhancement of crystallinity with increase in the deposition temperature. Surface morphology of the synthesized ZnO thin films have been analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) which reveals average particle size of as synthesize ZnO thin films has been found to be 79 nm. The band gap as deposited ZnO have been examined by UV-Vis spectroscopy carried out in absorption mode by Double Beam UV- VIS Spectrophotometer with radiations in the range of 훌= 190 nm to 1100 nm which is in the range of 3.03 eV to 3.16 eV.
Ultra smooth and lattice relaxed zn o thin films [eid]Eid Elsayed
The crystal structure and quality of ZnO thin films were enhanced by high temperature vacuum annealing. 150 nm thick ZnO films were deposited on a-plane sapphire substrates by RF sputtering at 600°C and then annealed in situ at temperatures from 700°C to 900°C. Higher annealing temperatures produced smoother films with root mean square roughness reaching 0.3 nm at 850°C. Raman spectroscopy showed the A1(TO) mode at all annealing temperatures and the A1(LO) mode appeared above 800°C, indicating improved crystal quality. X-ray diffraction revealed narrower diffraction peaks and a relaxed lattice constant matching bulk ZnO at 900°C annealing, demonstrating high quality c-axis oriented epit
Studies on in-Doped Zno Transparent Conducting thin FilmsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this manuscript we have investigated the influences of indium dopants on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films regarding physico-chemical properties for application in modern conducting devices. As a starting material, Indium (III) chloride, and Zn(CH3COO)2⋅2H2O were used. The complex TSDC spectrum was obtained by submitting the sample to a constant electrical field Ep = 10M V/m during 2 min at a varing polarization temperature of Tmax = 1500C. A minimal sheet resistance with electrical resistivity as low in the range of 10-3 Ω·cm was found for this thin film.
1) Copper selenide thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation and annealed at different temperatures to study their structural, optical, and surface properties for thermoelectric applications.
2) XRD analysis showed the films crystallized in the hexagonal phase and crystallite size increased with higher annealing temperatures up to 300°C. Above 300°C, the films became amorphous.
3) Optical analysis found the band gap increased and thickness decreased with increasing annealing temperature, indicating better crystallinity. Surface analysis by FESEM showed denser, more uniform grains with annealing.
Electrical Properties of Thermally Evaporated In40 Se60 Thin Filmsiosrjce
In40 Se60 thin films with different thicknesses (300,500, and 700nm) have been deposited by single
source vacuum thermal evaporation onto glass substrates at ambient temperature to study the effect of thickness
and on its structural morphology, and electrical properties. AFM study revealed that microstructure parameters
such as crystallite size, and roughness found to depend upon deposition conditions. The DC conductivity of the
vacuum evaporated In40 Se60thin films was measured in the temperature range (293-473)K and was found to
increase on order of magnitude with increase of thickness. The plot of conductivity with reciprocal temperature
suggests, there are two activation energies Ea1and Ea2 for In40 Se60 for all thicknesses which decreases with
increasing thickness .Hall effect measurement showed that low thickness In40 Se60 film exhibit p-type
conductance whereas the film exhibit n-type towards the higher thickness. The electric carrier concentration
and mobility show opposite dependence upon thickness.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of crystallite size of zinc oxide (ZnO) filler on the properties of polypropylene (PP)/ZnO nanocomposites. ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using two different methods, resulting in nanoparticles with crystallite sizes of 13.4 nm (NZO) and 29.2 nm (CZO). PP/ZnO composites containing 0-5% ZnO were produced by melt mixing. Composites with NZO exhibited higher mechanical properties, dynamic properties, and thermal stability than those with CZO, due to the smaller crystallite size and more uniform dispersion of NZO in PP. Transparency of the composites improved with decreasing ZnO crystallite
Preparation of zn o membrane by chemical bath depositionAlexander Decker
1) The document describes a study that used the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method to deposit a ZnO membrane on an indium tin oxide glass substrate.
2) The researchers investigated the effects of pH value on the growth and properties of the ZnO membrane. They found that a pH of 10.7 produced a transparent, electrically conductive ZnO thin film 240nm thick with good optical transmission and electrical mobility after annealing at 200°C.
3) Scanning electron microscopy and UV-Vis spectrometry were used to analyze the surface morphology, thickness, and optical transmission of the ZnO membranes produced under different pH and annealing conditions.
Dielectric Constant of nano- CCTO / Epoxy CompositeIOSR Journals
Nanocrystalline multiphase CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) was prepared using Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, TiO2 and C2H2O4.2H2O. The X-Ray differection and SEM analysed of the prepared CCTO powder sintered at 900oC and 950oC. A homogeneous ceramics-polymer nanocomposites consisting of CCTO particles as fillers and epoxy polymer as matrix have been prepared using a casting process. The nanocomposites exhibit enhanced dielectric constant and dielectric loss. Dielectric properties of CCTO ceramics were characterized in a broad frequency range (100 Hz-1 MHz) and at a temperature ranged from 25 oC to 150 oC. As a result of increasing the content of CCTO, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of composites are increased. The increase of dielectric loss at high frequencies is due to the relaxation process in the polymer matrix.
Fabrication and electrical characteristic of quaternary ultrathin hf tiero th...Alexander Decker
This document describes the fabrication and electrical characterization of quaternary ultrathin HfTiErO thin films grown by RF sputtering for MOS devices. HfTiErO thin films with different Ti and Er contents were deposited on silicon substrates. The films were annealed at 500°C and 700°C. Atomic force microscopy showed the surface roughness decreased with annealing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed the chemical compositions. MOS capacitors were fabricated and capacitance-voltage measurements showed the annealed films at 500°C had improved electrical properties like higher dielectric constant. The HfTiErO film with composition HfTi6Er4O annealed at 500°C achieved the best electrical performance of the
Effect of Post Annealing on Structural and Optical Propertie of Sno2 Thin Fil...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the effect of post-annealing on the structural and optical properties of tin oxide (SnO2) thin films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering. SnO2 thin films were deposited on glass substrates at 200°C and then annealed at temperatures of 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C for 1 hour. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a polycrystalline tetragonal structure. Annealing improved the crystallinity and grain size of the films. Optical transmission was found to increase with annealing temperature up to 400°C. Band gap, Urbach energy, and optical constants like refractive index and dielectric constants were calculated from optical measurements and followed expected trends with
Structure, microstructure and dielectric study of (ba0.6 sr0.4)(zr0.6ti0.4)o3...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
OPTICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHESIZED ZNO NANOTABLETS AND ITS TRANSFORMED NANORODS...antjjournal
We are reporting the preparation of ZnO nanotablets at relatively low temperature (1500C) using zinc acetate [Zn(Ac)2], NaOH, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by solvothermal method. By adjusting
the molar ratio of the reactants we obtained nanorods and we also obtained the variation of the dimension
of the nanorods using hydrazine hydrate as capping reagent. The prepared samples were morphologically
recognized as well crystallized. The average diameter of the ZnO nanotablets were ranging from 500 to 600 nm and the average thickness of the nanotablets were ranging from 85 to 90 nm. The length of ZnO nanorods were ranging from 300 to several micrometers and breadth of the ZnO nanorods were ranging from 80 to 160 nm. The optical properties of the prepared materials have also been studied with the exhibition of its interesting behavior.
This document summarizes research on the surface properties of stainless steel specimens after undergoing plasma polishing in electrolyte. Plasma polishing is presented as an alternative to electrochemical polishing that uses less harsh chemicals. The study examined how surface roughness, gloss level, and thickness of material removed varied with treatment time for stainless steel specimens polished in a plasma electrolyte process. Results were also compared to specimens that underwent standard electrochemical polishing. Key findings included reductions in surface roughness and increases in gloss with longer treatment times for plasma polishing in electrolyte.
The document discusses nanoindentation and nanoscratch testing of thin films of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated on polymer substrates like PET. Spherical indentation was used to promote circumferential cracking of the brittle ITO layers. Low load nanoscratch testing showed two failure mechanisms: rupture of the ITO layer and spallation of the coating from the substrate. Critical loads and scratch widths were measured and compared for different ITO thicknesses. Acoustic emission measurements during indentation provided insight into failure events in the coatings.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Annealing and Microstructural Characterization of Tin-Oxide Based Thick Film ...Anis Rahman
Abstract. The sheet resistance of tin oxide based thick-film resistors exhibits two regions of temperature dependence,
described by hopping (23°C-200°C) and diffusion mechanisms (200°C-350°C), respectively.
Annealing these samples causes the sheet resistance to increase in both regions. In the post-annealed samples,
the hopping conduction range is extended by 50°C (23°C-250°C) while the hopping parameter, To, is decreased by
more than 50%. The activation energy of diffusion (0.60 eV) is the same for both pre- and post annealed samples, but
the magnitude of resistance in the diffusion controlled region is increased significantly as a result of annealing. These
changes are explained in terms of a net decrease in the concentration of tin ions in the glass matrix. From a careful
microstructural study it was found that a conduction path composed of tin-oxide grains or their clusters in contact
with each other does not exist in the present system. HREM micrographs showed the presence of nanocrystalline
tin-oxide particles in the glass phase separating the tin-oxide grain clusters. Estimated average separation between
the nanocrystals in 4 nm, consistent with a variable-range hopping conduction via the dissolved tin ions in the glass
matrix.
The document summarizes research on pulsed electrodeposition of nanocrystalline nickel films embedded with micron-sized diamond particles on annealed copper substrates. Specifically, it investigated co-depositing 1, 3, and 6 micron diamond particles into nickel films at different current densities and durations. Ultrasonication of the deposition bath helped achieve a uniform coating by preventing diamond particle settling. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed uniform nickel-diamond deposition with no cracks. Vickers hardness measurements found the 6 micron diamond embedded nickel film provided the highest hardness, 486.96 HV, a significant increase over the annealed copper substrate. The research demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties can be achieved through pulsed electrodeposition of nanocrystall
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of thin films of pure TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 prepared by spin coating technique. Transparent thin films were prepared on glass substrates and annealed at different temperatures from 3000C to 6000C. Structural analysis using GIXRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2. AFM showed a homogeneous globular surface morphology. UV-Vis analysis demonstrated that the optical band gap increased with higher annealing temperatures. Photoluminescence study showed variation in emission peaks for different annealing temperatures and Sr concentrations. Electrical, gas sensing, wettability and self-cleaning properties were also investigated.
1. The document describes a method for preparing thin film samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and analysis. Key steps include cutting samples from silicon wafers, mounting samples on copper grids, grinding and polishing samples down to 100nm thickness, and ion milling samples to electron transparency.
2. Mounting samples on grids before grinding and polishing was found to improve the process over the original method of mounting after dimpling, as it provided more structural support and eliminated difficult later mounting steps.
3. Using this method, 5 out of 6 thin film samples were successfully prepared for TEM, including one that was electron transparent and yielded diffraction patterns and micrographs of the film's grain structure.
Physical Properties and Compressive Strength of Zinc Oxide Nanopowder as a Po...IJAAS Team
In this study, the application of nanotechnology was applied in the dentistry field, especially in the innovation of dental amalgam material. To date, mercury (Hg) has been used widely as dental amalgam material with consideration of the cheap price, ease of use, and good mechanical strength. However, last few years, many problems have been faced in the dentistry field due to the use of mercury. Hence, new material is needed as an innovation to eliminate the mercury from dental amalgam composition. This research was conducted to analyze the physical properties and compressive strength of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder as a potential dental amalgam material. The physical properties such as morphology and dimensions were analyzed by SEM and XRD. Further, the compression test was conducted by using hydraulic press machine. The results showed that the ZnO nanopowder analyzed has the particle size of 14.34 nm with the morphology classified as nanorods type. On the compression load of 500 kg, the average of ZnO green density is 3.170 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 4.763% when the load was set to 1000 kg, and 7.539% at 2000 kg. The dwelling time also took the same effect. At 30 seconds, the average of ZnO green density is 3.260 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 0.583% at 60 seconds and 3.098% at 90 seconds.
Optical Properties of Nanostructured Cerium Oxide Thin Films by Pulsed Laser ...IRJET Journal
Cerium oxide thin films were deposited on quartz substrates using pulsed laser deposition. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the structural properties of the films deposited at different substrate temperatures. The film deposited at 303K was amorphous, while the film deposited at 523K was quasi-crystalline. Increasing the substrate temperature to 923K resulted in a polycrystalline film. Optical properties were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, which showed the films were highly transparent in the visible region with low reflectance in ultraviolet. Band gap was found to decrease with increasing film thickness.
Effect of Bi Content on Optical Properties of Se-Sb-Bi Chalcogenide Amorphous...ijsrd.com
Se90-xSb10Bix (x=0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10) chalcogenide glasses were prepared by well-established melt quenching technique. The glassy nature was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thin films of these samples were deposited on glass substrate using thermal evaporation technique at room temperature. The transmission spectra of thin films have been taken using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 500) in the wavelength range 200 nm to 1500 nm. The refractive index and film thickness are calculated by using envelope method proposed by Swanepoel. The results indicate that n increases with the increasing Bi content which is related to the increased polarizability of the larger Bi atomic radius 1.46 Å compared with the Se atomic radius 1.16 Å. The value of absorption coefficient (α) and hence extinction coefficient (k) has been determined from transmission spectra. Optical band gap (Eg) is estimated using Tauc's extrapolation and is found to decrease from 1.46eV to 1.24 eV with the Bi addition. This behavior of optical band gap is interpreted in terms of electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and cohesive energy of the system. The variation of optical band gap with Bi content has been studied. This study is aiming to examine such structures if they are employed as photonic devices such as photo-detectors, LED's and optical switches.
This document summarizes a thesis defense presentation on ballistic manufacturing. Some key points:
- Ballistic manufacturing is an additive manufacturing technique that uses a high-speed carrier to puncture a mold through a molten metal curtain, forming a thin film.
- The presentation examines the effect of carrier velocity and incidence angle on resulting film thickness, microstructure, and cooling rate during solidification.
- Results showed that higher velocities and shallower incidence angles produced thinner films with finer microstructures and higher cooling rates.
Manigandan Narasimhan is a senior consultant and application database administrator (DBA) with over 14 years of experience developing client/server applications using Oracle technologies. He has extensive experience building data marts and data warehouses, performing Oracle performance tuning, and managing database migrations. Some of his key skills include Oracle, SQL, PL/SQL, Unix, data modeling, ETL tools like DataStage, and project management. He has worked on several projects for clients like JP Morgan Chase and General Motors.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of crystallite size of zinc oxide (ZnO) filler on the properties of polypropylene (PP)/ZnO nanocomposites. ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using two different methods, resulting in nanoparticles with crystallite sizes of 13.4 nm (NZO) and 29.2 nm (CZO). PP/ZnO composites containing 0-5% ZnO were produced by melt mixing. Composites with NZO exhibited higher mechanical properties, dynamic properties, and thermal stability than those with CZO, due to the smaller crystallite size and more uniform dispersion of NZO in PP. Transparency of the composites improved with decreasing ZnO crystallite
Preparation of zn o membrane by chemical bath depositionAlexander Decker
1) The document describes a study that used the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method to deposit a ZnO membrane on an indium tin oxide glass substrate.
2) The researchers investigated the effects of pH value on the growth and properties of the ZnO membrane. They found that a pH of 10.7 produced a transparent, electrically conductive ZnO thin film 240nm thick with good optical transmission and electrical mobility after annealing at 200°C.
3) Scanning electron microscopy and UV-Vis spectrometry were used to analyze the surface morphology, thickness, and optical transmission of the ZnO membranes produced under different pH and annealing conditions.
Dielectric Constant of nano- CCTO / Epoxy CompositeIOSR Journals
Nanocrystalline multiphase CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) was prepared using Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, TiO2 and C2H2O4.2H2O. The X-Ray differection and SEM analysed of the prepared CCTO powder sintered at 900oC and 950oC. A homogeneous ceramics-polymer nanocomposites consisting of CCTO particles as fillers and epoxy polymer as matrix have been prepared using a casting process. The nanocomposites exhibit enhanced dielectric constant and dielectric loss. Dielectric properties of CCTO ceramics were characterized in a broad frequency range (100 Hz-1 MHz) and at a temperature ranged from 25 oC to 150 oC. As a result of increasing the content of CCTO, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of composites are increased. The increase of dielectric loss at high frequencies is due to the relaxation process in the polymer matrix.
Fabrication and electrical characteristic of quaternary ultrathin hf tiero th...Alexander Decker
This document describes the fabrication and electrical characterization of quaternary ultrathin HfTiErO thin films grown by RF sputtering for MOS devices. HfTiErO thin films with different Ti and Er contents were deposited on silicon substrates. The films were annealed at 500°C and 700°C. Atomic force microscopy showed the surface roughness decreased with annealing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed the chemical compositions. MOS capacitors were fabricated and capacitance-voltage measurements showed the annealed films at 500°C had improved electrical properties like higher dielectric constant. The HfTiErO film with composition HfTi6Er4O annealed at 500°C achieved the best electrical performance of the
Effect of Post Annealing on Structural and Optical Propertie of Sno2 Thin Fil...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the effect of post-annealing on the structural and optical properties of tin oxide (SnO2) thin films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering. SnO2 thin films were deposited on glass substrates at 200°C and then annealed at temperatures of 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C for 1 hour. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a polycrystalline tetragonal structure. Annealing improved the crystallinity and grain size of the films. Optical transmission was found to increase with annealing temperature up to 400°C. Band gap, Urbach energy, and optical constants like refractive index and dielectric constants were calculated from optical measurements and followed expected trends with
Structure, microstructure and dielectric study of (ba0.6 sr0.4)(zr0.6ti0.4)o3...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
OPTICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHESIZED ZNO NANOTABLETS AND ITS TRANSFORMED NANORODS...antjjournal
We are reporting the preparation of ZnO nanotablets at relatively low temperature (1500C) using zinc acetate [Zn(Ac)2], NaOH, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by solvothermal method. By adjusting
the molar ratio of the reactants we obtained nanorods and we also obtained the variation of the dimension
of the nanorods using hydrazine hydrate as capping reagent. The prepared samples were morphologically
recognized as well crystallized. The average diameter of the ZnO nanotablets were ranging from 500 to 600 nm and the average thickness of the nanotablets were ranging from 85 to 90 nm. The length of ZnO nanorods were ranging from 300 to several micrometers and breadth of the ZnO nanorods were ranging from 80 to 160 nm. The optical properties of the prepared materials have also been studied with the exhibition of its interesting behavior.
This document summarizes research on the surface properties of stainless steel specimens after undergoing plasma polishing in electrolyte. Plasma polishing is presented as an alternative to electrochemical polishing that uses less harsh chemicals. The study examined how surface roughness, gloss level, and thickness of material removed varied with treatment time for stainless steel specimens polished in a plasma electrolyte process. Results were also compared to specimens that underwent standard electrochemical polishing. Key findings included reductions in surface roughness and increases in gloss with longer treatment times for plasma polishing in electrolyte.
The document discusses nanoindentation and nanoscratch testing of thin films of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated on polymer substrates like PET. Spherical indentation was used to promote circumferential cracking of the brittle ITO layers. Low load nanoscratch testing showed two failure mechanisms: rupture of the ITO layer and spallation of the coating from the substrate. Critical loads and scratch widths were measured and compared for different ITO thicknesses. Acoustic emission measurements during indentation provided insight into failure events in the coatings.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Annealing and Microstructural Characterization of Tin-Oxide Based Thick Film ...Anis Rahman
Abstract. The sheet resistance of tin oxide based thick-film resistors exhibits two regions of temperature dependence,
described by hopping (23°C-200°C) and diffusion mechanisms (200°C-350°C), respectively.
Annealing these samples causes the sheet resistance to increase in both regions. In the post-annealed samples,
the hopping conduction range is extended by 50°C (23°C-250°C) while the hopping parameter, To, is decreased by
more than 50%. The activation energy of diffusion (0.60 eV) is the same for both pre- and post annealed samples, but
the magnitude of resistance in the diffusion controlled region is increased significantly as a result of annealing. These
changes are explained in terms of a net decrease in the concentration of tin ions in the glass matrix. From a careful
microstructural study it was found that a conduction path composed of tin-oxide grains or their clusters in contact
with each other does not exist in the present system. HREM micrographs showed the presence of nanocrystalline
tin-oxide particles in the glass phase separating the tin-oxide grain clusters. Estimated average separation between
the nanocrystals in 4 nm, consistent with a variable-range hopping conduction via the dissolved tin ions in the glass
matrix.
The document summarizes research on pulsed electrodeposition of nanocrystalline nickel films embedded with micron-sized diamond particles on annealed copper substrates. Specifically, it investigated co-depositing 1, 3, and 6 micron diamond particles into nickel films at different current densities and durations. Ultrasonication of the deposition bath helped achieve a uniform coating by preventing diamond particle settling. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed uniform nickel-diamond deposition with no cracks. Vickers hardness measurements found the 6 micron diamond embedded nickel film provided the highest hardness, 486.96 HV, a significant increase over the annealed copper substrate. The research demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties can be achieved through pulsed electrodeposition of nanocrystall
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of thin films of pure TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 prepared by spin coating technique. Transparent thin films were prepared on glass substrates and annealed at different temperatures from 3000C to 6000C. Structural analysis using GIXRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2. AFM showed a homogeneous globular surface morphology. UV-Vis analysis demonstrated that the optical band gap increased with higher annealing temperatures. Photoluminescence study showed variation in emission peaks for different annealing temperatures and Sr concentrations. Electrical, gas sensing, wettability and self-cleaning properties were also investigated.
1. The document describes a method for preparing thin film samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and analysis. Key steps include cutting samples from silicon wafers, mounting samples on copper grids, grinding and polishing samples down to 100nm thickness, and ion milling samples to electron transparency.
2. Mounting samples on grids before grinding and polishing was found to improve the process over the original method of mounting after dimpling, as it provided more structural support and eliminated difficult later mounting steps.
3. Using this method, 5 out of 6 thin film samples were successfully prepared for TEM, including one that was electron transparent and yielded diffraction patterns and micrographs of the film's grain structure.
Physical Properties and Compressive Strength of Zinc Oxide Nanopowder as a Po...IJAAS Team
In this study, the application of nanotechnology was applied in the dentistry field, especially in the innovation of dental amalgam material. To date, mercury (Hg) has been used widely as dental amalgam material with consideration of the cheap price, ease of use, and good mechanical strength. However, last few years, many problems have been faced in the dentistry field due to the use of mercury. Hence, new material is needed as an innovation to eliminate the mercury from dental amalgam composition. This research was conducted to analyze the physical properties and compressive strength of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder as a potential dental amalgam material. The physical properties such as morphology and dimensions were analyzed by SEM and XRD. Further, the compression test was conducted by using hydraulic press machine. The results showed that the ZnO nanopowder analyzed has the particle size of 14.34 nm with the morphology classified as nanorods type. On the compression load of 500 kg, the average of ZnO green density is 3.170 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 4.763% when the load was set to 1000 kg, and 7.539% at 2000 kg. The dwelling time also took the same effect. At 30 seconds, the average of ZnO green density is 3.260 g/cm3. This value experienced the increase of 0.583% at 60 seconds and 3.098% at 90 seconds.
Optical Properties of Nanostructured Cerium Oxide Thin Films by Pulsed Laser ...IRJET Journal
Cerium oxide thin films were deposited on quartz substrates using pulsed laser deposition. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the structural properties of the films deposited at different substrate temperatures. The film deposited at 303K was amorphous, while the film deposited at 523K was quasi-crystalline. Increasing the substrate temperature to 923K resulted in a polycrystalline film. Optical properties were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, which showed the films were highly transparent in the visible region with low reflectance in ultraviolet. Band gap was found to decrease with increasing film thickness.
Effect of Bi Content on Optical Properties of Se-Sb-Bi Chalcogenide Amorphous...ijsrd.com
Se90-xSb10Bix (x=0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10) chalcogenide glasses were prepared by well-established melt quenching technique. The glassy nature was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thin films of these samples were deposited on glass substrate using thermal evaporation technique at room temperature. The transmission spectra of thin films have been taken using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 500) in the wavelength range 200 nm to 1500 nm. The refractive index and film thickness are calculated by using envelope method proposed by Swanepoel. The results indicate that n increases with the increasing Bi content which is related to the increased polarizability of the larger Bi atomic radius 1.46 Å compared with the Se atomic radius 1.16 Å. The value of absorption coefficient (α) and hence extinction coefficient (k) has been determined from transmission spectra. Optical band gap (Eg) is estimated using Tauc's extrapolation and is found to decrease from 1.46eV to 1.24 eV with the Bi addition. This behavior of optical band gap is interpreted in terms of electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and cohesive energy of the system. The variation of optical band gap with Bi content has been studied. This study is aiming to examine such structures if they are employed as photonic devices such as photo-detectors, LED's and optical switches.
This document summarizes a thesis defense presentation on ballistic manufacturing. Some key points:
- Ballistic manufacturing is an additive manufacturing technique that uses a high-speed carrier to puncture a mold through a molten metal curtain, forming a thin film.
- The presentation examines the effect of carrier velocity and incidence angle on resulting film thickness, microstructure, and cooling rate during solidification.
- Results showed that higher velocities and shallower incidence angles produced thinner films with finer microstructures and higher cooling rates.
Manigandan Narasimhan is a senior consultant and application database administrator (DBA) with over 14 years of experience developing client/server applications using Oracle technologies. He has extensive experience building data marts and data warehouses, performing Oracle performance tuning, and managing database migrations. Some of his key skills include Oracle, SQL, PL/SQL, Unix, data modeling, ETL tools like DataStage, and project management. He has worked on several projects for clients like JP Morgan Chase and General Motors.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang budaya organisasi, mulai dari pengertian, peran, pembentukan, dan contoh penerapannya di organisasi. Budaya organisasi adalah sistem nilai bersama yang dimiliki anggota organisasi yang terbentuk dari proses seleksi, sosialisasi, dan aktivitas ritual oleh pendiri organisasi.
El documento describe los componentes y usos de un biomicroscopio. Explica que un biomicroscopio es un microscopio especializado que se usa para examinar los ojos. Tiene componentes como una fuente de luz, lentes de aumento y una unidad de apoyo para estabilizar la cabeza del paciente. El documento también describe los diferentes tipos de iluminación como difusa, directa e indirecta que se pueden usar para examinar diferentes partes del ojo.
The document discusses the TOEFL exam and provides tips for achieving a high score. It recommends studying grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension skills. Additionally, it suggests practicing speaking and writing sample questions to be prepared for all sections of the exam.
This document provides advice for undergraduate math students on how to be successful. It discusses managing your new environment of place, time, energy, instructors, classmates and yourself. It offers tips for managing time including attending class, reading material before class, doing homework, asking questions, and budgeting study hours. It suggests allotting energy by getting enough sleep, partying wisely, prioritizing challenging work, knowing when to rest, and relying on effort rather than ability. It also offers advice on getting the most from professors, classmates, and friends to support success.
O documento descreve uma pesquisa de conclusão de curso sobre vídeo mapping com temática circense. A pesquisa incluiu uma revisão histórica da projeção desde os primórdios até os dias atuais, referências do Cirque du Soleil e de artistas que trabalharam com o tema do circo. A execução da obra envolveu a criação de esculturas de um palhaço e mágico para projeção de vídeos e animações com atividades circenses. Softwares de edição de imagem, vídeo e áudio
Tcc 2015 jean robert almeida de alexandreAcervo_DAC
O documento apresenta um resumo de uma dissertação sobre o feio e o cômico na arte contemporânea. No primeiro capítulo, discute a arte contemporânea, a arte digital e a caricatura. No segundo capítulo, aborda o feio e o cômico nas artes. No terceiro capítulo, descreve o projeto prático desenvolvido, que consiste em caricaturas digitais. O objetivo é mostrar a "beleza" por trás do universo do feio e do cômico na atualidade.
O documento descreve uma pesquisa de conclusão de curso sobre fotografia. A pesquisa é dividida em duas partes, teórica e prática. A parte teórica explora o conceito de informação na fotografia e sua relação com a evolução da arte. A parte prática consiste em uma série fotográfica intitulada "Χάος" que aplica intervenções artísticas nas imagens. O objetivo é estudar novas técnicas fotográficas e processos criativos.
Este trabalho apresenta fotografias que exploram a solidão na sociedade contemporânea influenciada pela tecnologia. Utiliza a técnica de dupla exposição em fotografia analógica para representar um indivíduo só mesmo estando conectado virtualmente. Discute como o avanço digital trouxe benefícios como a comunicação a distância, mas também pode isolar as pessoas e torná-las dependentes da aprovação online. A pesquisa foi baseada em teóricos como Bauman e artistas conceituais para conceber a série fotogr
Este trabalho apresenta um resumo histórico de artistas mulheres em diferentes regiões e realiza entrevistas com duas artistas de Campo Grande para compreender suas percepções. O documento discute as dificuldades enfrentadas por mulheres no campo artístico e educacional ao longo da história e como o cenário vem mudando. As entrevistas revelam como as artistas locais percebem seu papel e identidade como mulheres e como suas obras podem ou não refletir questões de gênero.
Chapter viii education in the new milieuCynthia Buque
This document discusses the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on education. It notes that ICT allows faster access to more detailed information but that students must learn to think critically and creatively. ICT has also divided those who have access from those who do not, known as the "digital divide." The document discusses how ICT can increase access to education through distance learning and enhance teaching and administration. However, it also notes ICT risks replacing effective teaching and creating antisocial or unhealthy behaviors in students. The future of education may see a transformation with knowledge no longer confined to schools and skills training increasingly matching job requirements.
Synthesis Of Nanostructured TiO2 Thin Films By Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) ...sarmad
Sarmad Sabih Al-Obaidi
Ali Ahmed Yousif
Abstract
In this work, nanostructured TiO2 thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique on glass substrates. TiO2 thin films then were annealed at 400-600 °C in air for a period of 2 hours. Effect of annealing on the structural and morphological were studied. Many growth parameters have been considered to specify the optimum conditions, namely substrate temperature (300 °C), oxygen pressure (10-2 Torr), laser fluence energy density (0.4 J/cm2), using double frequency Q-switching Nd:YAG laser beam (wavelength 532nm), repetition rate (1-6 Hz) and the pulse duration of 10 ns. The results of the X-ray test show that all nanostructures tetragonal are polycrystalline. These results show that grain size increase from 19.5 nm to 29.5 with the increase of annealing temperature. The XRD results also reveal that the deposited thin film, annealed at 400 °C of TiO2 have anatase phase. Thin films annealed at 500 °C and 600 °C have mixed anatase and rutile phases. Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) values of the (101) peaks of these films decrease from 0.450° to 0.301° with the increase of annealing temperature. Surface morphology of the thin films have been studied by using atomic force microscopes (AFM). AFM measurements confirmed that the films have good crystalline and homogeneous surface. The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of thin films surface roughness are increased with the increase of annealing temperature.
الخلاصة
على (PLD) النانویة بوساطة تقنیة ترسیب اللیزر النبضي (TiO في ھذا البحث، تم انماء أغشیة اوكسید التیتانیوم ( 2
الرقیقة من 400 الى 600 درجة مئویة في الھواء مدة ساعتین . ودرس تأثیر TiO قواعد زجاجیة. ومن ثم لدنت أغشیة 2
التلدین في الخصائص التركیبیة والطبوغرافیة. عوامل عدیدة لأنماء الأغشیة اخذت بنظر الاعتبار لتحدید الحالة المثلى مثل
0.4 ) باستخدام J/cm 10-2 ) ،كثافة طاقة الفیض اللیزري( 2 Torr) 300 ) ،ضغط الأوكسجین ºC) درجة حرارة القاعدة
532 بمعدل تكراریة - 1 nm التردد المضاعف للیزر النیدیمیوم- یاك الذي یعمل بتقنیة عامل النوعیة عند الطول الموجي
6 ھرتز) وامد نبضة 10 نانوثانیة. تظُھر نتائج فحوصات الأشعة السینیة أن جمیع التراكیب النانویة رباعیة متعددة )
التبلور. وان ھذه النتائج تظھر زیادة في حجم الحبیبات من 19.5 نانومتر الى 29.5 نانومترمع زیادة درجة حرارة التلدین.
نتائج الأشعة السینیة اظھرت ایضا ان الغشاء المرسب والملدن في 400 درجة مئویة لثنائي اوكسید
This document discusses composite layers in the Ni-P system containing TiO2 and PTFE. Specifically:
1. Composite Ni-P-TiO2 and Ni-P-TiO2-PTFE layers were prepared by electrodepositing nickel and titanium dioxide with additions of PTFE on a copper substrate.
2. The phase composition and surface morphology of the layers were examined using X-ray diffraction and microscopy. The volume fraction and size of TiO2 and PTFE particles in the layers were determined.
3. It was found that the presence of PTFE reduced the mean area of embedded TiO2 particles in the Ni-P-TiO2-PTFE layers compared to the TiO2
Joam (preparation and characterization of zn o thin films deposited by sol ge...Phaccebookq Nizar
The document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing ZnO thin films deposited using a sol-gel spin coating method. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight loss in the films continued until 300°C. X-ray diffraction revealed the films had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure and were preferentially oriented along the c-axis. Higher spin coating speeds resulted in smaller grain sizes and higher dislocation densities. Optical analysis found the films were highly transparent in the visible range and had direct band gaps between 3.28-3.29 eV that increased slightly with higher spin speeds.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes research on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of flower-like zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films deposited by chemical bath deposition. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. The crystallite size increased slightly with higher annealing temperatures from 47.6-50.3 nm. Optical transmission was over 60% in the visible range and bandgap decreased from 3.23 to 3 eV with increasing annealing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy revealed flower-shaped grains several nanometers in size. Electrical conductivity increased with higher annealing temperature as measured by four-probe method.
Electrochemical Supercapacitive Performance of Sprayed Co3O4 ElectrodesIJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline cobalt oxide (Co3O4) thin film electrodes were fabricated by spray pyrolysis method on conducting fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates using ammonia complexed with cobalt chloride (CoCl2. 6H2O) solution. The structural and morphological properties of Co3O4electrodes were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The surface morphology study showed the film formation of porous surface with clusters. The electrochemical supercapacitive properties ofCo3O4 electrodes were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge method. The Co3O4electrodes showed maximum specific capacitance of 168 F/g in 1 M aqueous KOH electrolyte at the scan rate of 20 mV/s. The maximum specific energy and specific power of the cell are 2.2Wh/kg and 0.23 kW/kg, respectively.
Detecting of NH3, CO2 polluted gases by using ZnO- In2O3 thin filmsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Detecting of NH3, CO2 polluted gases by using ZnO- In2O3 thin filmsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Influence of Thickness on Electrical and Structural Properties of Zinc Oxide ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films were prepared on corning (7059) glass substrates at a thickness of 75.5 and 130.5nm by RF sputtering technique. The deposition was carried out at room temperature after which the samples were annealed in open air at 1500C. The electrical and structural properties of these films were studied. The electrical properties of the films were monitored by four-point probe method while the structural properties were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the electrical resistance of the films decreases with increase in the thickness of the films. The XRD analysis of the films showed that the films have a peak located at 〖34.31^0-34.35〗^0with hkl (002). Other parameters calculated include the stress ( ) and the grain size (D).
This document discusses how substrate temperature affects the optical properties of CuAlS2 thin films grown using a two-stage vacuum thermal evaporation technique. CuAlS2 thin films were deposited on glass substrates heated to temperatures ranging from 300-473K. Higher substrate temperatures resulted in films with improved structural homogeneity and crystallinity. Optical analysis showed the films had higher transmittance and wider optical bandgaps at higher substrate temperatures. Transmittance in the visible light range increased from 33.5% at room temperature to 46% at 473K. The bandgap increased slightly from 1.95eV to 1.77eV as substrate temperature rose from 300K to 473K.
Growth of Nano Scale and Optical Properties of Indium Oxide Thin FilmsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the growth and optical properties of indium oxide thin films deposited at varying substrate temperatures. Key findings include:
1) X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films transitioned from amorphous at 400°C to polycrystalline above 450°C, with the (400) orientation dominating between 450-575°C.
2) Transmission increased from 13% to 77% as temperature rose from 400-600°C due to reduced scattering. The optimal film was deposited at 575°C.
3) Photoluminescence peaked around 425nm for the 450°C film, corresponding to improved crystallinity. The 575°C film showed the
This document summarizes research on cobalt selenide thin films grown using the chemical bath deposition method and the effects of post-deposition annealing. Cobalt selenide films were deposited at varying thicknesses and then annealed at temperatures from 100 to 250°C. The films were characterized using SEM, EDAX, and XRD. SEM images showed annealing increased grain size and densified the films. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystal structure and showed annealing increased average crystallite size to 30.61 nm. Film thickness initially increased with concentration up to 0.25M then decreased, and increased with annealing temperatures up to 200°C due to increased grain size. Overall, annealing was shown to improve the structural and
1) Bogala graphite from Sri Lanka was tested as a low-cost alternative to platinum (Pt) as the counter electrode material in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs).
2) DSCs using ball-milled Bogala graphite as the counter electrode achieved a power conversion efficiency of 2.12%, lower than the 3.0% efficiency of Pt-based DSCs but still promising given the significantly lower cost of graphite.
3) Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction characterization showed that the Bogala graphite had a crystalline structure and surface morphology suitable for functioning as the catalytic counter electrode in DSCs.
This document summarizes research on using laser processing techniques to deposit nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (nc-TiO2) films for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. Pulsed laser deposition was used to deposit a dense TiO2 layer and laser direct-write was used to deposit porous nc-TiO2 layers of varying thickness. Solar cells made with laser-processed nc-TiO2 layers showed a power conversion efficiency of up to 4.3% under solar illumination. Thicker nc-TiO2 layers increased short circuit current but decreased open circuit voltage, due to increased recombination losses. Laser processing techniques allow conformal deposition of nc-TiO2 without masks or additional patterning steps.
In this work, we synthesized and characterized mesoporous thin fims
of SiO 2 and NiTiO3 structured by a surfactant called Brij58. These fims
were fabricated by the method of dip coating and the best conditions for
well-structured thin fims were investigated as a function of surfactant
concentration and diffrent types of substrates. These fims have been
characterized by X-ray reflctivity which was calculated using the matrix
formalism. We demonstrated that the silicon substrate had a great effct
on the structure and porosity of the fabricated fims for both SiO2 and
NiTiO3. Furthermore, we found that mesoporosity has been increased
as a function of the surfactant concentration in the solution. This experimental procedure allows also to produce NiTiO3 powders which have
been characterized by X-ray diffaction. The XRD coupled to the crystallographic software “Maud”shows that the samples are constituted by 98,
2% NiTiO 3 powders.
1) The document summarizes research into improving the dielectric and resistivity properties of CCTO (calcium copper titanate) ceramics by adding small amounts (1-5% by weight) of MgTiO3 (magnesium titanate).
2) Single phase CCTO and MgTiO3 were first synthesized, then composites of (1-x)CCTO-xMgTiO3 were prepared. The addition of just 1% MgTiO3 was found to greatly reduce dielectric loss while maintaining a high dielectric constant.
3) Characterization showed the MgTiO3 addition led to larger grain sizes in the composites compared to pure CCTO. This was believed to contribute to the improved dielectric
Effect of sintering time on the particle size and dielectric properties of La...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Surface Morphological and Electrical Properties of Sputtered Tio2 Thin FilmsIOSR Journals
Titanium dioxide films were formed on quartz and crystalline p-Si (100) substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method. Pure titanium target was sputtered at a constant oxygen partial pressure of 5x10-2 Pa, and at different sputtering powers in the range 80 – 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for 1 hour at 1023 K. The deposited films were characterized by studying the surface morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrical and dielectric properties from current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. Atomic force micrographs of the films showed that the Rrms and Ra increased with the increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. The leakage current density was increased by increasing the sputtering power.
Improving Fracture Toughness of Mullite Ceramics with Metal ReinforcementsIJRES Journal
1) Mullite ceramics were reinforced with 10 vol% Co, Ni, or Ti through mechanical milling and pressureless sintering.
2) Relative densities between 90-98% were achieved, with Ti composites achieving the highest density of 98%.
3) All composites showed improved fracture toughness over pure mullite, with Ti composites exhibiting the largest improvement of 68.4%. Reinforcing mullite with metals, especially Ti, can effectively increase its fracture toughness.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 2DianaGray10
This session is focused on setting up Project, Train Model and Refine Model in Communication Mining platform. We will understand data ingestion, various phases of Model training and best practices.
• Administration
• Manage Sources and Dataset
• Taxonomy
• Model Training
• Refining Models and using Validation
• Best practices
• Q/A
How to Optimize Call Monitoring: Automate QA and Elevate Customer ExperienceAggregage
The traditional method of manual call monitoring is no longer cutting it in today's fast-paced call center environment. Join this webinar where industry experts Angie Kronlage and April Wiita from Working Solutions will explore the power of automation to revolutionize outdated call review processes!
Leveraging AI for Software Developer Productivity.pptxpetabridge
Supercharge your software development productivity with our latest webinar! Discover the powerful capabilities of AI tools like GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT 4.X. We'll show you how these tools can automate tedious tasks, generate complete syntax, and enhance code documentation and debugging.
In this talk, you'll learn how to:
- Efficiently create GitHub Actions scripts
- Convert shell scripts
- Develop Roslyn Analyzers
- Visualize code with Mermaid diagrams
And these are just a few examples from a vast universe of possibilities!
Packed with practical examples and demos, this presentation offers invaluable insights into optimizing your development process. Don't miss the opportunity to improve your coding efficiency and productivity with AI-driven solutions.
For senior executives, successfully managing a major cyber attack relies on your ability to minimise operational downtime, revenue loss and reputational damage.
Indeed, the approach you take to recovery is the ultimate test for your Resilience, Business Continuity, Cyber Security and IT teams.
Our Cyber Recovery Wargame prepares your organisation to deliver an exceptional crisis response.
Event date: 19th June 2024, Tate Modern
MongoDB vs ScyllaDB: Tractian’s Experience with Real-Time MLScyllaDB
Tractian, an AI-driven industrial monitoring company, recently discovered that their real-time ML environment needed to handle a tenfold increase in data throughput. In this session, JP Voltani (Head of Engineering at Tractian), details why and how they moved to ScyllaDB to scale their data pipeline for this challenge. JP compares ScyllaDB, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL, evaluating their data models, query languages, sharding and replication, and benchmark results. Attendees will gain practical insights into the MongoDB to ScyllaDB migration process, including challenges, lessons learned, and the impact on product performance.
Enterprise Knowledge’s Joe Hilger, COO, and Sara Nash, Principal Consultant, presented “Building a Semantic Layer of your Data Platform” at Data Summit Workshop on May 7th, 2024 in Boston, Massachusetts.
This presentation delved into the importance of the semantic layer and detailed four real-world applications. Hilger and Nash explored how a robust semantic layer architecture optimizes user journeys across diverse organizational needs, including data consistency and usability, search and discovery, reporting and insights, and data modernization. Practical use cases explore a variety of industries such as biotechnology, financial services, and global retail.
Test Management as Chapter 5 of ISTQB Foundation. Topics covered are Test Organization, Test Planning and Estimation, Test Monitoring and Control, Test Execution Schedule, Test Strategy, Risk Management, Defect Management
CNSCon 2024 Lightning Talk: Don’t Make Me Impersonate My IdentityCynthia Thomas
Identities are a crucial part of running workloads on Kubernetes. How do you ensure Pods can securely access Cloud resources? In this lightning talk, you will learn how large Cloud providers work together to share Identity Provider responsibilities in order to federate identities in multi-cloud environments.
Move Auth, Policy, and Resilience to the PlatformChristian Posta
Developer's time is the most crucial resource in an enterprise IT organization. Too much time is spent on undifferentiated heavy lifting and in the world of APIs and microservices much of that is spent on non-functional, cross-cutting networking requirements like security, observability, and resilience.
As organizations reconcile their DevOps practices into Platform Engineering, tools like Istio help alleviate developer pain. In this talk we dig into what that pain looks like, how much it costs, and how Istio has solved these concerns by examining three real-life use cases. As this space continues to emerge, and innovation has not slowed, we will also discuss the recently announced Istio sidecar-less mode which significantly reduces the hurdles to adopt Istio within Kubernetes or outside Kubernetes.
Corporate Open Source Anti-Patterns: A Decade LaterScyllaDB
A little over a decade ago, I gave a talk on corporate open source anti-patterns, vowing that I would return in ten years to give an update. Much has changed in the last decade: open source is pervasive in infrastructure software, with many companies (like our hosts!) having significant open source components from their inception. But just as open source has changed, the corporate anti-patterns around open source have changed too: where the challenges of the previous decade were all around how to open source existing products (and how to engage with existing communities), the challenges now seem to revolve around how to thrive as a business without betraying the community that made it one in the first place. Open source remains one of humanity's most important collective achievements and one that all companies should seek to engage with at some level; in this talk, we will describe the changes that open source has seen in the last decade, and provide updated guidance for corporations for ways not to do it!
The Strategy Behind ReversingLabs’ Massive Key-Value MigrationScyllaDB
ReversingLabs recently completed the largest migration in their history: migrating more than 300 TB of data, more than 400 services, and data models from their internally-developed key-value database to ScyllaDB seamlessly, and with ZERO downtime. Services using multiple tables — reading, writing, and deleting data, and even using transactions — needed to go through a fast and seamless switch. So how did they pull it off? Martina shares their strategy, including service migration, data modeling changes, the actual data migration, and how they addressed distributed locking.
2. Viswanathan S Saji and Han Cheol Choe204
99⋅95%; Aldrich, USA), copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2⋅3H2O,
99%; Junsei, Japan) and titanium butoxide (Ti(O(CH2)3
CH3)4; 97%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). The precursor chemi-
cals were weighed and mixed in the molar ratio of
Ca : Cu : Ti = 1 : 3 : 4. The solvent used was 2-methoxy
ethanol (C3H8O2, 99⋅9%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). The
selection of the precursor chemicals was done with a
view to favour maximum chelating effect. The total vol-
ume of the reagents to the solvent was kept in a ratio of
1 : 2. The mixed solution was subjected to stirring using a
magnetic stirrer for 10 h. Spin coating was carried out at
3000 rpm for 20 s. The substrate used was commercially
available heavily boron-doped silicon. The coated film
was subjected to pyrolysis at a temperature of 500°C for
2 min in air. The heating rate used from room tempera-
ture to the pyrolysis temperature was ~ 50°C/s (time of
heating, 10 s). The procedure of coating and pyrolysis
was repeated two to three times in order to obtain a
desired film thickness of ~ 500 nm. Lastly the film was
subjected to sintering at different temperatures ranging
from 700–800°C for 8 min in air. A heating rate of
~ 75°C/min was used from the pyrolysis temperature to
the sintering temperature (time of heating from 500–
800°C, 4 min). The final pyrolysis and sintering were
performed in a single step. Rapid thermal annealing
(RTA, ULVAC-RIKO, MILA-3000) was employed. The
cooling rate was ~25°C/min. Selection of the pyrolysis and
sintering temperature was in accordance with the TG/
DTA studies of the dried precursor solution (not shown
here). Selection of optimized temperature, time and heat-
ing rate for both pyrolysis and sintering was essential for
getting pure phase CCTO. Figure 1 shows a flow chart of
the film processing.
2.2 Phase and microstructure
The crystalline structure of sintered films was examined
using X-ray diffraction (XRD, X’pert Pro, Philips) using
CuKα radiation. Scanning electron microscope was used
to study the film surface morphology as well as for film
thickness measurements (FE–SEM, Hitachi 4800). Before
SEM observation, thin gold film was deposited on the
sample surface.
2.3 Dielectric properties
An impedance analyzer (HP 4194A, Hewlett-Packard)
was used to measure the capacitance and dielectric loss of
the film in the frequency range 1 kHz–1 MHz at room
temperature, 25 ± 1°C. Dielectric constant was calculated
from the obtained capacitance values and the film thick-
ness. Top platinum electrodes with an area of 5 × 10–8
m2
were deposited by d.c. magnetron sputtering on the film
surface using a shadow mask for the dielectric measure-
ments. The time of platinum sputtering was 20 min.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Phase and microstructure
Figure 2 represents the XRD patterns recorded for the
CCTO films as a function of sintering temperature. At the
temperature range of 600–700°C, CuO was the main
constituent of the crystallized phase. Along with the CuO
phase, anatase and rutile forms of TiO2 were detected.
The unidentified peaks may correspond to titanium or
Figure 1. Flow chart for CCTO thin film processing.
Figure 2. XRD pattern recorded as a function of sintering
temperature. The substrate peak was removed for clarity.
3. Chemical solution deposition of CaCu3Ti4O12 thin film 205
Figure 3. SEM images of CCTO thin films as a function of sintering temperature.
silicon based compounds. However, when the sintering
temperature was increased to 750°C, the second phases
disappeared and pure phase CCTO thin film was
obtained. The film exhibited (220) preferential orientation.
The diffraction patterns showed distinct (220), (400),
(422) and (440) peaks along with low intensity peaks.
The peaks match with the corresponding peaks in bulk
CCTO, revealing polycrystalline nature of the film with
cubic perovskite structure (space group, Im3) (Bochu
et al 1979). With further increase in sintering temperature
and sintering time, no major structural changes were
observed.
Representative SEM surface and lateral images
obtained for the CCTO films as a function of sintering
temperature is shown in figure 3. The SEM images sup-
port the XRD results revealing polycrystalline nature.
The film exhibited exaggerated grain growth and duplex
microstructure consisting of large grains in excess of
400 nm in length and small grains of < 200 nm. The
exaggerated grain growth may be attributed to the CuO
based liquid phase sintering (Leret et al 2007). Trapped
pores were observed in large grains and in grain bounda-
ries when the sintering temperature was above 900°C.
The pores may have developed from the abnormal grain
growth and the grain boundaries moving quickly during
the sintering process (Liu et al 2007). Due to the exa-
ggerated grain growth, any significant variation in grain
growth with sintering temperature was not observed. Lat-
eral view image in the figure corresponds to a three-time
spin coated film sintered at 800°C. The image indicates a
well densified structure with some columnar grains. The
average thickness of a three-time spin coated film was
~ 400 nm. The interface between the CCTO film and
bottom electrode was sharp implying negligible inter-
diffusion across the interface.
3.2 Dielectric properties
The variation of k and the dielectric loss recorded for the
films as a function of frequency of measurement is shown
in figure 4. The dielectric measurements were carried out
in four selected frequencies, viz. 1 kHz, 100 kHz,
500 kHz and 1 MHz. The CCTO film sintered at 750°C
showed a k value of ~ 2100 and a loss tangent of ~ 0⋅06 at
1 kHz. The decrease in k when sintering temperature was
above 900°C is associated with the trapped porosity as
observed by SEM. At higher measuring frequencies, k
decreased gradually, accompanied by a corresponding
increase in loss factor.
The large k at lower frequencies is suggested to be
associated with the Maxwell-Wagner contributions of
4. Viswanathan S Saji and Han Cheol Choe206
Figure 4. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss of CCTO thin film at different sintering temperatures
as a function of measuring frequency.
depletion layers at grain boundaries or interfaces between
the sample and contacts (Adams et al 2002; Lukenheimer
et al 2004). So far, the internal barrier layer capacitor
(IBLC) model has been widely accepted as the most
likely mechanism to elucidate the CDC in CCTO. The
difference of conductivity between grain boundary and
grain volume causes the charge accumulation on the grain
boundary on a mesoscopic scale, which results in large
quantity boundary barrier layer capacitors. On a macro-
scopic scale, the electrode contact effect may play a
significant role in CDC. Liu et al (2008) showed that
electrode and grain boundary act as two depletion layers
with distinct relaxation. On increasing the frequency, the
space charge polarization relaxes leading to decrease in k.
It has been shown that the frequency of dielectric relaxa-
tion was much lower in the case of CCTO film when
compared to that of the bulk ceramic (Shri Prakash et al
2008). The dielectric properties of the film obtained in
the present work is comparable with that reported for
polycrystalline CCTO thin films (Si et al 2002; Fang and
Shen 2003; Fang et al 2004; Shri Prakash et al 2008).
The high dielectric constant obtained for the CCTO film
in the present study indicates its possible application in
microelectronic devices.
4. Conclusions
Highly oriented CCTO thin films were successfully
deposited on boron doped silica substrate at a sintering
temperature of 750°C. Effect of sintering temperature on
the phase and microstructure of the film was investigated.
The film formed was polycrystalline in nature with (220)
preferential orientation. SEM microstructures of the films
revealed a bimodal size distribution of grains. Dielectric
constant and loss tangent at 1 kHz obtained for the film
sintered at 750°C was k ~ 2000 and tanδ ~ 0⋅05, respec-
tively.
Acknowledgement
The authors express their sincere gratitude to Professor
Yong Soo Cho, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, Yonsei University, Korea.
5. Chemical solution deposition of CaCu3Ti4O12 thin film 207
References
Adams T B, Sinclair D C and West A R 2002 Adv. Mater. 14
1321
Adams T B, Sinclair D C and West A R 2006 Phys. Rev. B73
094124
Bochu B, Deschizeaux M N and Joubert J C 1979 J. Solid State
Chem. 29 291
Briźe V, Gruener G, Wolfman J, Fstyeyeva K, Tabellout M and
Gervais F 2006 Mater. Sci. Eng. B129 135
Chung S Y, Kim I L and Kang S J L 2004 Nat. Mater. 3 774
Cohen M H, Neaton J B, He L and Vanderbilt D 2003 J. Appl.
Phys. 94 3299
Fang L and Shen M 2003 Thin Solid Films 440 60
Fang L, Shen M and Cao W 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 6483
Feng L, Wang Y, Yan Y, Cao G and Jiao Z 2006 Appl. Surf.
Sci. 253 2268
Homes C C, Vogt T, Shapiro S M, Wakimoto S and Ramirez
A P 2001 Science 293 673
Jiménez R, Calzada M L, Bretos I, Goes J C and Sombra A S B
2007 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27 3829
Leret P, Fernandez J F, de Frutos J and Fernandez-Hevia D
2007 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27 3901
Liu L, Fan H, Fang P and Jin L 2007 Solid State Commun. 142
573
Liu L, Fan H, Wang L, Chen X and Fang P 2008 Philos. Mag.
88 537
Lu W, Feng L, Cao G and Jiao Z 2004 J. Mater. Sci. 39 3523
Lukenheimer P, Fichtl R, Ebbinghaus S G and Loidl A 2004
Phys. Rev. B70 172102.
Martin L, Guillemet-Fritsch S, Durand B, Levchenko A A,
Navrotsky A and Lebey T 2008 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91 485
Ramirez A P, Subramanian M A, Gardel M G, Blumberg G, Li
D, Vogt T and Shapiro S M 2000 Solid State Commun. 115 217
Schwartz R W 1997 Chem. Mater. 9 2325
Shri Prakash B, Varma K B R, Michau D and Maglione M 2008
Thin Solid Films 516 2874
Si W, Cruz E M, Johnson P D, Barnes P W, Woodward P and
Ramirez A P 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 2056
Subramanian M A, Li D, Duan N, Reisner B A and Sleight A W
2000 J. Solid State Chem. 151 323
Sun D L, Wu A Y and Yin S T 2008 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91 169