PCA is an unsupervised learning technique used to reduce the dimensionality of large data sets by transforming the data to a new set of variables called principal components. The first principal component accounts for as much of the variability in the data as possible, and each succeeding component accounts for as much of the remaining variability as possible. PCA is commonly used for applications like dimensionality reduction, data compression, and visualization. The document discusses PCA algorithms and applications of PCA in domains like face recognition, image compression, and noise filtering.
The document discusses artificial neural networks and backpropagation. It provides an overview of backpropagation algorithms, including how they were developed over time, the basic methodology of propagating errors backwards, and typical network architectures. It also gives examples of applying backpropagation to problems like robotics, space robots, handwritten digit recognition, and face recognition.
This document provides an overview of multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) and the backpropagation algorithm. It defines MLPs as neural networks with multiple hidden layers that can solve nonlinear problems. The backpropagation algorithm is introduced as a method for training MLPs by propagating error signals backward from the output to inner layers. Key steps include calculating the error at each neuron, determining the gradient to update weights, and using this to minimize overall network error through iterative weight adjustment.
This document summarizes a machine learning workshop on feature selection. It discusses typical feature selection methods like single feature evaluation using metrics like mutual information and Gini indexing. It also covers subset selection techniques like sequential forward selection and sequential backward selection. Examples are provided showing how feature selection improves performance for logistic regression on large datasets with more features than samples. The document outlines the workshop agenda and provides details on when and why feature selection is important for machine learning models.
The document discusses artificial neural networks and classification using backpropagation, describing neural networks as sets of connected input and output units where each connection has an associated weight. It explains backpropagation as a neural network learning algorithm that trains networks by adjusting weights to correctly predict the class label of input data, and how multi-layer feed-forward neural networks can be used for classification by propagating inputs through hidden layers to generate outputs.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a technique used to reduce the dimensionality of data by transforming it to a new coordinate system. It works by finding the principal components - linear combinations of variables with the highest variance - and using those to project the data to a lower dimensional space. PCA is useful for visualizing high-dimensional data, reducing dimensions without much loss of information, and finding patterns. It involves calculating the covariance matrix and solving the eigenvalue problem to determine the principal components.
The document discusses artificial neural networks and backpropagation. It provides an overview of backpropagation algorithms, including how they were developed over time, the basic methodology of propagating errors backwards, and typical network architectures. It also gives examples of applying backpropagation to problems like robotics, space robots, handwritten digit recognition, and face recognition.
This document provides an overview of multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) and the backpropagation algorithm. It defines MLPs as neural networks with multiple hidden layers that can solve nonlinear problems. The backpropagation algorithm is introduced as a method for training MLPs by propagating error signals backward from the output to inner layers. Key steps include calculating the error at each neuron, determining the gradient to update weights, and using this to minimize overall network error through iterative weight adjustment.
This document summarizes a machine learning workshop on feature selection. It discusses typical feature selection methods like single feature evaluation using metrics like mutual information and Gini indexing. It also covers subset selection techniques like sequential forward selection and sequential backward selection. Examples are provided showing how feature selection improves performance for logistic regression on large datasets with more features than samples. The document outlines the workshop agenda and provides details on when and why feature selection is important for machine learning models.
The document discusses artificial neural networks and classification using backpropagation, describing neural networks as sets of connected input and output units where each connection has an associated weight. It explains backpropagation as a neural network learning algorithm that trains networks by adjusting weights to correctly predict the class label of input data, and how multi-layer feed-forward neural networks can be used for classification by propagating inputs through hidden layers to generate outputs.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a technique used to reduce the dimensionality of data by transforming it to a new coordinate system. It works by finding the principal components - linear combinations of variables with the highest variance - and using those to project the data to a lower dimensional space. PCA is useful for visualizing high-dimensional data, reducing dimensions without much loss of information, and finding patterns. It involves calculating the covariance matrix and solving the eigenvalue problem to determine the principal components.
This document discusses using artificial neural networks for image compression and decompression. It begins with an introduction explaining the need for image compression due to large file sizes. It then describes biologically inspired neurons and artificial neural networks. The document outlines the backpropagation algorithm, various compression techniques, and how neural networks were implemented in MATLAB and on an FPGA board for this project. It discusses the advantages of neural networks for this application, some disadvantages, and examples of applications. In conclusion, it states that the design was successfully implemented on an FPGA board and input and output values were similar, showing the neural network approach works for image compression.
Welcome to the Supervised Machine Learning and Data Sciences.
Algorithms for building models. Support Vector Machines.
Classification algorithm explanation and code in Python ( SVM ) .
Logistic regression is a machine learning classification algorithm that predicts the probability of a categorical dependent variable. It models the probability of the dependent variable being in one of two possible categories, as a function of the independent variables. The model transforms the linear combination of the independent variables using the logistic sigmoid function to output a probability between 0 and 1. Logistic regression is optimized using maximum likelihood estimation to find the coefficients that maximize the probability of the observed outcomes in the training data. Like linear regression, it makes assumptions about the data being binary classified with no noise or highly correlated independent variables.
The document provides an overview of self-organizing maps (SOM). It defines SOM as an unsupervised learning technique that reduces the dimensions of data through the use of self-organizing neural networks. SOM is based on competitive learning where the closest neural network unit to the input vector (the best matching unit or BMU) is identified and adjusted along with neighboring units. The algorithm involves initializing weight vectors, presenting input vectors, identifying the BMU, and updating weights of the BMU and neighboring units. SOM can be used for applications like dimensionality reduction, clustering, and visualization.
The document provides an introduction to linear algebra concepts for machine learning. It defines vectors as ordered tuples of numbers that express magnitude and direction. Vector spaces are sets that contain all linear combinations of vectors. Linear independence and basis of vector spaces are discussed. Norms measure the magnitude of a vector, with examples given of the 1-norm and 2-norm. Inner products measure the correlation between vectors. Matrices can represent linear operators between vector spaces. Key linear algebra concepts such as trace, determinant, and matrix decompositions are outlined for machine learning applications.
Neural networks are inspired by biological neural systems. An artificial neural network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is modeled after the human brain. ANNs learn by example, through a learning process, like the way synapses strengthen in the human brain. An ANN is composed of interconnected processing nodes that work together to solve problems. It can be trained to perform tasks by considering examples without being explicitly programmed.
I think this could be useful for those who works in the field of Coputational Intelligence. Give your valuable reviews so that I can progree in my research
The document discusses the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm, a simple machine learning algorithm used for classification problems. KNN works by finding the K training examples that are closest in distance to a new data point, and assigning the most common class among those K examples as the prediction for the new data point. The document covers how KNN calculates distances between data points, how to choose the K value, techniques for handling different data types, and the strengths and weaknesses of the KNN algorithm.
This document discusses various unsupervised machine learning clustering algorithms. It begins with an introduction to unsupervised learning and clustering. It then explains k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN clustering. For k-means and hierarchical clustering, it covers how they work, their advantages and disadvantages, and compares the two. For DBSCAN, it defines what it is, how it identifies core points, border points, and outliers to form clusters based on density.
The document discusses Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which is an optimization technique inspired by swarm intelligence and the social behavior of bird flocking. PSO initializes a population of random solutions and searches for optima by updating generations of candidate solutions. Each candidate, or particle, updates its position based on its own experience and the experience of neighboring highly-ranked particles. The algorithm is simple to implement and converges quickly to produce approximate solutions to difficult optimization problems.
Ensemble Learning is a technique that creates multiple models and then combines them to produce improved results.
Ensemble learning usually produces more accurate solutions than a single model would.
The document discusses deep neural networks (DNN) and deep learning. It explains that deep learning uses multiple layers to learn hierarchical representations from raw input data. Lower layers identify lower-level features while higher layers integrate these into more complex patterns. Deep learning models are trained on large datasets by adjusting weights to minimize error. Applications discussed include image recognition, natural language processing, drug discovery, and analyzing satellite imagery. Both advantages like state-of-the-art performance and drawbacks like high computational costs are outlined.
In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks[1]) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data and recognize patterns, used for classification and regression analysis. The basic SVM takes a set of input data and predicts, for each given input, which of two possible classes forms the output, making it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier.
Radial basis function network ppt bySheetal,Samreen and Dhanashrisheetal katkar
Radial Basis Functions are nonlinear activation functions used by artificial neural networks.Explained commonly used RBFs ,cover's theorem,interpolation problem and learning strategies.
Bayesian Networks - A Brief IntroductionAdnan Masood
- A Bayesian network is a graphical model that depicts probabilistic relationships among variables. It represents a joint probability distribution over variables in a directed acyclic graph with conditional probability tables.
- A Bayesian network consists of a directed acyclic graph whose nodes represent variables and edges represent probabilistic dependencies, along with conditional probability distributions that quantify the relationships.
- Inference using a Bayesian network allows computing probabilities like P(X|evidence) by taking into account the graph structure and probability tables.
K-Nearest neighbor is one of the most commonly used classifier based in lazy learning. It is one of the most commonly used methods in recommendation systems and document similarity measures. It mainly uses Euclidean distance to find the similarity measures between two data points.
This document provides an overview of dimensionality reduction techniques, specifically principal component analysis (PCA). It begins with acknowledging dimensionality reduction aims to choose a lower-dimensional set of features to improve classification accuracy. Feature extraction and feature selection are introduced as two common dimensionality reduction methods. PCA is then explained in detail, including how it seeks a new set of basis vectors that maximizes retained variance from the original data. Key mathematical steps of PCA are outlined, such as computing the covariance matrix and its eigenvectors/eigenvalues to determine the principal components.
This document provides an overview of dimensionality reduction techniques. It discusses how increasing dimensionality can negatively impact classification accuracy due to the curse of dimensionality. Dimensionality reduction aims to select an optimal set of features of lower dimensionality to improve accuracy. Feature extraction and feature selection are two common approaches. Principal component analysis (PCA) is described as a popular linear feature extraction method that projects data to a lower dimensional space while preserving as much variance as possible.
This document discusses using artificial neural networks for image compression and decompression. It begins with an introduction explaining the need for image compression due to large file sizes. It then describes biologically inspired neurons and artificial neural networks. The document outlines the backpropagation algorithm, various compression techniques, and how neural networks were implemented in MATLAB and on an FPGA board for this project. It discusses the advantages of neural networks for this application, some disadvantages, and examples of applications. In conclusion, it states that the design was successfully implemented on an FPGA board and input and output values were similar, showing the neural network approach works for image compression.
Welcome to the Supervised Machine Learning and Data Sciences.
Algorithms for building models. Support Vector Machines.
Classification algorithm explanation and code in Python ( SVM ) .
Logistic regression is a machine learning classification algorithm that predicts the probability of a categorical dependent variable. It models the probability of the dependent variable being in one of two possible categories, as a function of the independent variables. The model transforms the linear combination of the independent variables using the logistic sigmoid function to output a probability between 0 and 1. Logistic regression is optimized using maximum likelihood estimation to find the coefficients that maximize the probability of the observed outcomes in the training data. Like linear regression, it makes assumptions about the data being binary classified with no noise or highly correlated independent variables.
The document provides an overview of self-organizing maps (SOM). It defines SOM as an unsupervised learning technique that reduces the dimensions of data through the use of self-organizing neural networks. SOM is based on competitive learning where the closest neural network unit to the input vector (the best matching unit or BMU) is identified and adjusted along with neighboring units. The algorithm involves initializing weight vectors, presenting input vectors, identifying the BMU, and updating weights of the BMU and neighboring units. SOM can be used for applications like dimensionality reduction, clustering, and visualization.
The document provides an introduction to linear algebra concepts for machine learning. It defines vectors as ordered tuples of numbers that express magnitude and direction. Vector spaces are sets that contain all linear combinations of vectors. Linear independence and basis of vector spaces are discussed. Norms measure the magnitude of a vector, with examples given of the 1-norm and 2-norm. Inner products measure the correlation between vectors. Matrices can represent linear operators between vector spaces. Key linear algebra concepts such as trace, determinant, and matrix decompositions are outlined for machine learning applications.
Neural networks are inspired by biological neural systems. An artificial neural network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is modeled after the human brain. ANNs learn by example, through a learning process, like the way synapses strengthen in the human brain. An ANN is composed of interconnected processing nodes that work together to solve problems. It can be trained to perform tasks by considering examples without being explicitly programmed.
I think this could be useful for those who works in the field of Coputational Intelligence. Give your valuable reviews so that I can progree in my research
The document discusses the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm, a simple machine learning algorithm used for classification problems. KNN works by finding the K training examples that are closest in distance to a new data point, and assigning the most common class among those K examples as the prediction for the new data point. The document covers how KNN calculates distances between data points, how to choose the K value, techniques for handling different data types, and the strengths and weaknesses of the KNN algorithm.
This document discusses various unsupervised machine learning clustering algorithms. It begins with an introduction to unsupervised learning and clustering. It then explains k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN clustering. For k-means and hierarchical clustering, it covers how they work, their advantages and disadvantages, and compares the two. For DBSCAN, it defines what it is, how it identifies core points, border points, and outliers to form clusters based on density.
The document discusses Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which is an optimization technique inspired by swarm intelligence and the social behavior of bird flocking. PSO initializes a population of random solutions and searches for optima by updating generations of candidate solutions. Each candidate, or particle, updates its position based on its own experience and the experience of neighboring highly-ranked particles. The algorithm is simple to implement and converges quickly to produce approximate solutions to difficult optimization problems.
Ensemble Learning is a technique that creates multiple models and then combines them to produce improved results.
Ensemble learning usually produces more accurate solutions than a single model would.
The document discusses deep neural networks (DNN) and deep learning. It explains that deep learning uses multiple layers to learn hierarchical representations from raw input data. Lower layers identify lower-level features while higher layers integrate these into more complex patterns. Deep learning models are trained on large datasets by adjusting weights to minimize error. Applications discussed include image recognition, natural language processing, drug discovery, and analyzing satellite imagery. Both advantages like state-of-the-art performance and drawbacks like high computational costs are outlined.
In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks[1]) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data and recognize patterns, used for classification and regression analysis. The basic SVM takes a set of input data and predicts, for each given input, which of two possible classes forms the output, making it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier.
Radial basis function network ppt bySheetal,Samreen and Dhanashrisheetal katkar
Radial Basis Functions are nonlinear activation functions used by artificial neural networks.Explained commonly used RBFs ,cover's theorem,interpolation problem and learning strategies.
Bayesian Networks - A Brief IntroductionAdnan Masood
- A Bayesian network is a graphical model that depicts probabilistic relationships among variables. It represents a joint probability distribution over variables in a directed acyclic graph with conditional probability tables.
- A Bayesian network consists of a directed acyclic graph whose nodes represent variables and edges represent probabilistic dependencies, along with conditional probability distributions that quantify the relationships.
- Inference using a Bayesian network allows computing probabilities like P(X|evidence) by taking into account the graph structure and probability tables.
K-Nearest neighbor is one of the most commonly used classifier based in lazy learning. It is one of the most commonly used methods in recommendation systems and document similarity measures. It mainly uses Euclidean distance to find the similarity measures between two data points.
This document provides an overview of dimensionality reduction techniques, specifically principal component analysis (PCA). It begins with acknowledging dimensionality reduction aims to choose a lower-dimensional set of features to improve classification accuracy. Feature extraction and feature selection are introduced as two common dimensionality reduction methods. PCA is then explained in detail, including how it seeks a new set of basis vectors that maximizes retained variance from the original data. Key mathematical steps of PCA are outlined, such as computing the covariance matrix and its eigenvectors/eigenvalues to determine the principal components.
This document provides an overview of dimensionality reduction techniques. It discusses how increasing dimensionality can negatively impact classification accuracy due to the curse of dimensionality. Dimensionality reduction aims to select an optimal set of features of lower dimensionality to improve accuracy. Feature extraction and feature selection are two common approaches. Principal component analysis (PCA) is described as a popular linear feature extraction method that projects data to a lower dimensional space while preserving as much variance as possible.
This document discusses support vector machines (SVMs) for pattern classification. It begins with an introduction to SVMs, noting that they construct a hyperplane to maximize the margin of separation between positive and negative examples. It then covers finding the optimal hyperplane for linearly separable and nonseparable patterns, including allowing some errors in classification. The document discusses solving the optimization problem using quadratic programming and Lagrange multipliers. It also introduces the kernel trick for applying SVMs to non-linear decision boundaries using a kernel function to map data to a higher-dimensional feature space. Examples are provided of applying SVMs to the XOR problem and computer experiments classifying a double moon dataset.
This document summarizes dimensionality reduction techniques principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). PCA seeks to reduce dimensionality while retaining as much variation in the data as possible. It finds the directions with the most variance by using the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix. LDA performs dimensionality reduction to best separate classes by maximizing between-class scatter while minimizing within-class scatter. It finds discriminatory directions by solving a generalized eigenvalue problem involving the between-class and within-class scatter matrices. Both techniques are useful for applications like face recognition by projecting high-dimensional images onto a lower-dimensional discriminative space.
Low-rank matrix approximations in Python by Christian Thurau PyData 2014PyData
Low-rank approximations of data matrices have become an important tool in machine learning and data mining. They allow for embedding high dimensional data in lower dimensional spaces and can therefore mitigate effects due to noise, uncover latent relations, or facilitate further processing. These properties have been proven successful in many application areas such as bio-informatics, computer vision, text processing, recommender systems, social network analysis, among others. Present day technologies are characterized by exponentially growing amounts of data. Recent advances in sensor technology, internet applications, and communication networks call for methods that scale to very large and/or growing data matrices. In this talk, we will describe how to efficiently analyze data by means of matrix factorization using the Python Matrix Factorization Toolbox (PyMF) and HDF5. We will briefly cover common methods such as k-means clustering, PCA, or Archetypal Analysis which can be easily cast as a matrix decomposition, and explain their usefulness for everyday data analysis tasks.
SimCLR: A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationsynxm25hpxp
Semantic segmentation is the task of classifying each pixel in an image into predefined classes. Pixels belonging to objects like beds and walls are labeled accordingly. Applications include medical image segmentation and autonomous vehicles. Fully convolutional networks can perform dense prediction by converting classification networks into fully convolutional form for pixel-wise labeling. U-Net and Mask R-CNN extended this approach with encoding-decoding paths and region proposal networks for instance segmentation of separate objects instances.
Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networksHakky St
(1) The document describes using neural networks called autoencoders to perform dimensionality reduction on data in a nonlinear way. Autoencoders use an encoder network to transform high-dimensional data into a low-dimensional code, and a decoder network to recover the data from the code.
(2) The autoencoders are trained to minimize the discrepancy between the original and reconstructed data. Experiments on image and face datasets showed autoencoders outperforming principal components analysis at reconstructing the original data from the low-dimensional code.
(3) Pretraining the autoencoder layers using restricted Boltzmann machines helps optimize the many weights in deep autoencoders and scale the approach to large datasets.
This document contains slides from a lecture on pattern recognition. It discusses several topics:
- Maximum likelihood estimation and how it can be used to estimate parameters of Gaussian distributions from sample data.
- The problem of dimensionality when applying pattern recognition techniques - as the number of features or dimensions increases, classification accuracy may decrease and computational complexity increases.
- Component analysis techniques like PCA and LDA that aim to reduce dimensionality by projecting data onto a lower-dimensional space.
- An assignment involving generating an image with multiple classes, estimating class parameters with MLE, and classifying pixels with Bayesian decision theory.
Getting started with chemometric classificationAlex Henderson
The document provides an overview of chemometric classification and resources for working with spectroscopic data. It discusses key terminology like variables, observations, and vector space. It also covers important preprocessing steps like normalization, mean centering, and principal components analysis (PCA). PCA finds orthogonal principal components that maximize the explained variance in the data in a lower dimensional space.
This document provides an overview of artificial neural networks (ANNs). It discusses how ANNs are inspired by biological neural networks and are composed of interconnected nodes that mimic neurons. ANNs use a learning process to update synaptic connection weights between nodes based on training data to perform tasks like pattern recognition. The document outlines the history of ANNs and covers popular applications. It also describes common ANN properties, architectures, and the backpropagation algorithm used for training multilayer networks.
Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is an exploratory technique used to reduce the dimensionality of data sets while retaining as much information as possible. It transforms a number of correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components. PCA is commonly used for applications like face recognition, image compression, and gene expression analysis by reducing the dimensions of large data sets and finding patterns in the data.
The following ppt is about principal component analysisSushmit8
Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is an exploratory technique used to reduce the dimensionality of data sets while retaining as much information as possible. It transforms a number of correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components. PCA is commonly used for applications like face recognition, image compression, and gene expression analysis by reducing the dimensions of large data sets and finding patterns in the data.
Fixed-Point Code Synthesis for Neural Networksgerogepatton
Over the last few years, neural networks have started penetrating safety critical systems to take decisions in robots, rockets, autonomous driving car, etc. A problem is that these critical systems often have limited computing resources. Often, they use the fixed-point arithmetic for its many advantages (rapidity, compatibility with small memory devices.) In this article, a new technique is introduced to tune the formats (precision) of already trained neural networks using fixed-point arithmetic, which can be implemented using integer operations only. The new optimized neural network computes the output with fixed-point numbers without modifying the accuracy up to a threshold fixed by the user. A fixed-point code is synthesized for the new optimized neural network ensuring the respect of the threshold for any input vector belonging the range [xmin, xmax] determined during the analysis. From a technical point of view, we do a preliminary analysis of our floating neural network to determine the worst cases, then we generate a system of linear constraints among integer variables that we can solve by linear programming. The solution of this system is the new fixed-point format of each neuron. The experimental results obtained show the efficiency of our method which can ensure that the new fixed-point neural network has the same behavior as the initial floating-point neural network.
Fixed-Point Code Synthesis for Neural NetworksIJITE
Over the last few years, neural networks have started penetrating safety critical systems to take decisions in robots, rockets, autonomous driving car, etc. A problem is that these critical systems often have limited computing resources. Often, they use the fixed-point arithmetic for its many advantages (rapidity, compatibility with small memory devices.) In this article, a new technique is introduced to tune the formats (precision) of already trained neural networks using fixed-point arithmetic, which can be implemented using integer operations only. The new optimized neural network computes the output with fixed-point numbers without modifying the accuracy up to a threshold fixed by the user. A fixed-point code is synthesized for the new optimized neural network ensuring the respect of the threshold for any input vector belonging the range [xmin, xmax] determined during the analysis. From a technical point of view, we do a preliminary analysis of our floating neural network to determine the worst cases, then we generate a system of linear constraints among integer variables that we can solve by linear programming. The solution of this system is the new fixed-point format of each neuron. The experimental results obtained show the efficiency of our method which can ensure that the new fixed-point neural network has the same behavior as the initial floating-point neural network.
DataEngConf: Feature Extraction: Modern Questions and Challenges at GoogleHakka Labs
By Dmitry Storcheus (Engineer, Google Research)
Feature extraction, as usually understood, seeks an optimal transformation from raw data into features that can be used as an input for a learning algorithm. In recent times this problem has been attacked using a growing number of diverse techniques that originated in separate research communities: from PCA and LDA to manifold and metric learning. The goal of this talk is to contrast and compare feature extraction techniques coming from different machine learning areas as well as discuss the modern challenges and open problems in feature extraction. Moreover, this talk will suggest novel solutions to some of the challenges discussed, particularly to coupled feature extraction.
. An introduction to machine learning and probabilistic ...butest
This document provides an overview and introduction to machine learning and probabilistic graphical models. It discusses key topics such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, graphical models, inference, and structure learning. The document covers techniques like decision trees, neural networks, clustering, dimensionality reduction, Bayesian networks, and learning the structure of probabilistic graphical models.
The document describes a k-means clustering algorithm for outlier detection in data mining. It introduces k-means clustering and its steps. A leader-follower technique is used to determine the optimal number of clusters k. The algorithm is implemented on a sample dataset to cluster data points and identify outlier clusters based on having significantly fewer points than other clusters. The results show the data points clustered into three groups, with one cluster identified as an outlier based on its smaller size.
This document summarizes an introduction to deep learning with MXNet and R. It discusses MXNet, an open source deep learning framework, and how to use it with R. It then provides an example of using MXNet and R to build a deep learning model to predict heart disease by analyzing MRI images. Specifically, it discusses loading MRI data, architecting a convolutional neural network model, training the model, and evaluating predictions against actual heart volume measurements. The document concludes by discussing additional ways the model could be explored and improved.
This document provides an overview of artificial neural networks (ANNs). It discusses how ANNs are inspired by biological neural networks and are composed of interconnected nodes that mimic neurons. ANNs use a learning process to update synaptic connection weights between nodes based on training data to perform tasks like pattern recognition. The document outlines the history of ANNs and covers popular applications. It also describes common ANN properties, architectures, and the backpropagation algorithm used for training multilayer networks.
This document discusses unsupervised learning and clustering algorithms. It begins with an introduction to unsupervised learning, including motivations and differences from supervised learning. It then covers mixture density models, maximum likelihood estimation, and the k-means clustering algorithm. It discusses evaluating clustering using criterion functions and similarity measures. Specific topics covered include normal mixture models, EM algorithm, Euclidean distance, and hierarchical clustering.
Similar to Neural Networks: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (20)
This document contains lecture slides for a course on pattern recognition. It covers linear discriminant functions and multilayer neural networks. For linear discriminant functions, it discusses the two-category and multi-category cases, and optimization methods like gradient descent and Newton's method. For neural networks, it describes feedforward operations, backpropagation learning, and applying these concepts to classify the Iris dataset. Assignments involve building linear and neural network classifiers for the Iris data.
This document discusses nonparametric pattern recognition techniques, including density estimation methods like Parzen windows and the k-nearest neighbors algorithm. It covers density estimation, using Parzen windows to estimate densities without assuming a known form, and provides examples of applying Parzen windows to both classification and estimating mixtures of unknown densities from sample data. Probabilistic neural networks are also introduced as a parallel implementation of Parzen window density estimation.
This document discusses Bayesian decision theory and classifiers that use discriminant functions. It covers several key topics:
1. Classifiers can be represented by discriminant functions gi(x) that assign vectors x to classes based on their values. The functions divide the space into decision regions.
2. Discriminant functions gi(x) are not unique and can be scaled or shifted without changing decisions.
3. Examples of discriminant functions include posterior probabilities P(ωi | x), likelihood functions P(x | ωi)P(ωi), and risk functions.
4. The two-category case uses a single discriminant function g(x) = g1(x) - g2
1) Bayesian decision theory provides a framework for making optimal classifications by quantifying the tradeoffs between classification decisions using probabilities and costs.
2) It assumes all relevant probability values are known, including prior probabilities of different states and conditional probabilities of observations given states.
3) The optimal Bayesian decision rule is to minimize the total expected cost or risk by choosing the classification with the lowest conditional risk given an observation.
This document contains lecture notes for a pattern recognition course taught by Dr. Mostafa Gadal-Haqq at Ain Shams University. The notes cover mathematical foundations of pattern recognition including probability theory, statistics, and mathematical notations. Specifically, the notes define concepts like random variables, probability distributions, expected values, variance, and conditional probability. They also provide examples of applying these concepts to problems involving events, outcomes, and data modeling. The document concludes by noting that the next lecture will cover Bayesian decision theory.
The document discusses the design of a pattern recognition system to sort fish by species using optical images. It describes the typical stages of a pattern recognition system - sensing using a camera, preprocessing using segmentation, feature extraction selecting characteristics like length and color, and classification to categorize fish. Selecting discriminative and robust features is important for achieving accurate classification. The example illustrates challenges like selecting the best decision boundary to minimize errors in a complex feature space.
This document outlines the organization and guidelines for a pattern recognition course. It introduces the topics that will be covered in the course, including introduction to pattern recognition systems, mathematical foundations, supervised learning, Bayesian decision theory, maximum likelihood estimation, non-parametric methods, linear discriminant functions, neural networks, unsupervised learning, and K-means clustering. It describes the prerequisites, grading breakdown, lecture protocols, resources, and provides an overview of machine learning concepts to be covered in the first chapter.
This document outlines the organization and guidelines for a pattern recognition course. It introduces the topics that will be covered in the course, including introduction to pattern recognition systems, mathematical foundations, supervised learning, Bayesian decision theory, maximum likelihood estimation, non-parametric methods, linear discriminant functions, neural networks, unsupervised learning, and K-means clustering. It provides the textbook and reference materials for the course and outlines the prerequisites, grading scheme, lecture protocols, and resources for students. The document encourages students to work hard and ask for help to pass the course, and warns against cheating, which will result in severe penalties.
This document discusses image restoration techniques for noise removal, including:
- Spatial domain filtering techniques like mean, median, and order statistics filters to remove random noise.
- Frequency domain filtering like band reject filters to remove periodic noise.
- Adaptive filtering techniques where the filter size changes depending on image characteristics within the filter region to better handle impulse noise.
This document discusses image segmentation techniques. It describes how segmentation partitions an image into meaningful regions based on discontinuities or similarities in pixel intensity. The key methods covered are thresholding, edge detection using gradient and Laplacian operators, and the Hough transform for global line detection. Adaptive thresholding is also introduced as a technique to handle uneven illumination.
Digital Image Processing: Image Enhancement in the Spatial DomainMostafa G. M. Mostafa
This document discusses various image enhancement techniques in the spatial domain, including point operations, histogram equalization, and spatial filtering. Point operations include transformations like thresholding, negatives, power-law and gamma corrections that manipulate individual pixel intensities. Histogram equalization improves contrast by spreading out the most frequent intensity values. Spatial filtering techniques like smoothing, sharpening and edge detection use small filters to modify pixel values based on neighboring areas.
Digital Image Processing: Image Enhancement in the Frequency DomainMostafa G. M. Mostafa
This document is a chapter from a textbook on digital image processing. It discusses the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its properties. It also covers various filtering techniques that can be performed in the frequency domain, including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and homomorphic filters using approaches like Gaussian, Butterworth, and ideal filters. Homework problems 4.9 and 4.12 are also mentioned at the end.
This document provides an overview of digital image fundamentals and operations. It defines what a digital image is, how it is represented as a matrix, and common image types like RGB, grayscale, and binary. Pixels, resolution, neighborhoods, and basic relationships between pixels are discussed. The document also covers different types of image operations including point, local, and global operations as well as examples like arithmetic, logical, and geometric transformations. Finally, it introduces concepts of linear and nonlinear operations and announces the topic of the next lecture on image enhancement in the spatial domain.
This document outlines the syllabus for a digital image processing course. It introduces key concepts like what a digital image is, areas of digital image processing like low-level, mid-level and high-level processes, a brief history of the field, applications in different domains, and fundamental steps involved. The course will cover topics in digital image fundamentals and processing techniques like enhancement, restoration, compression and segmentation. It will be taught using MATLAB and C# in the labs. Assessment will include homework, exams, labs and a final project.
The document discusses the Least-Mean Square (LMS) algorithm. It begins by introducing LMS as the first linear adaptive filtering algorithm developed by Widrow and Hoff in 1960. It then describes the filtering structure of LMS, modeling an unknown dynamic system using a linear neuron model and adjusting weights based on an error signal. Finally, it summarizes the LMS algorithm, outlines its virtues like computational simplicity and robustness, and notes its primary limitation is slow convergence for high-dimensional problems.
The document discusses regression models for modeling relationships between input and output variables. It covers linear regression, using linear functions to model the relationship, and nonlinear regression, using nonlinear functions. Maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation and least squares estimation are described as approaches for estimating the parameters of regression models from data. MAP estimation maximizes the posterior probability of the parameters given the data and assumes prior probabilities on the parameters, while least squares minimizes error. Regularized least squares is also covered, which adds a regularization term to improve stability. Computer experiments are demonstrated applying linear regression to classification problems.
This document discusses kernel methods and radial basis function (RBF) networks. It begins with an introduction and overview of Cover's theory of separability of patterns. It then revisits the XOR problem and shows how it can be solved using Gaussian hidden functions. The interpolation problem is explained and how RBF networks can perform strict interpolation through a set of training data points. Radial basis functions that satisfy Micchelli's theorem allowing for a nonsingular interpolation matrix are presented. Finally, the structure and training of RBF networks using k-means clustering and recursive least squares estimation is covered.
This document provides an overview of self-organizing maps (SOM) as an unsupervised learning technique. It discusses the principles of self-organization including self-amplification, competition, and cooperation. The Willshaw-von der Malsburg model and Kohonen feature maps are presented as two approaches to building topographic maps through self-organization. The Kohonen SOM learning algorithm is described as involving competition between neurons to determine a winning neuron, cooperation between neighboring neurons, and adaptive changes to synaptic weights based on Hebbian learning principles.
How to Create User Notification in Odoo 17Celine George
This slide will represent how to create user notification in Odoo 17. Odoo allows us to create and send custom notifications on some events or actions. We have different types of notification such as sticky notification, rainbow man effect, alert and raise exception warning or validation.
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
How to Create a Stage or a Pipeline in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Using CRM module, we can manage and keep track of all new leads and opportunities in one location. It helps to manage your sales pipeline with customizable stages. In this slide let’s discuss how to create a stage or pipeline inside the CRM module in odoo 17.
Hospital pharmacy and it's organization (1).pdfShwetaGawande8
The document discuss about the hospital pharmacy and it's organization ,Definition of Hospital pharmacy
,Functions of Hospital pharmacy
,Objectives of Hospital pharmacy
Location and layout of Hospital pharmacy
,Personnel and floor space requirements,
Responsibilities and functions of Hospital pharmacist
Environmental science 1.What is environmental science and components of envir...Deepika
Environmental science for Degree ,Engineering and pharmacy background.you can learn about multidisciplinary of nature and Natural resources with notes, examples and studies.
1.What is environmental science and components of environmental science
2. Explain about multidisciplinary of nature.
3. Explain about natural resources and its types
Post init hook in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, hooks are functions that are presented as a string in the __init__ file of a module. They are the functions that can execute before and after the existing code.
pol sci Election and Representation Class 11 Notes.pdf
Neural Networks: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
1. CHAPTERS 8
UNSUPERVISED LEARNING:
PRINCIPAL-COMPONENTS ANALYSIS (PCA)
CSC445: Neural Networks
Prof. Dr. Mostafa Gadal-Haqq M. Mostafa
Computer Science Department
Faculty of Computer & Information Sciences
AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY
Credits: Some Slides are taken from presentations on PCA by :
1. Barnabás Póczos University of Alberta
2. Jieping Ye, http://www.public.asu.edu/~jye02
2. ASU-CSC445: Neural Networks Prof. Dr. Mostafa Gadal-Haqq
Introduction
Tasks of Unsupervised Learning
What is Data Reduction?
Why we need to Reduce Data Dimensionality?
Clustering and Data Reduction
The PCA Computation
Computer Experiment
2
Outlines
3. ASU-CSC445: Neural Networks Prof. Dr. Mostafa Gadal-Haqq 3
Unsupervised Learning
In unsupervised learning, the requirement is to discover
significant patterns, or features, of the input data
through the use of unlabeled examples.
That it, the network operates according to the rule:
“Learn from examples without a teacher”
4. ASU-CSC445: Neural Networks Prof. Dr. Mostafa Gadal-Haqq
What is feature reduction?
Feature reduction refers to the mapping of the original high-dimensional data
onto a lower-dimensional space.
Criterion for feature reduction can be different based on different problem settings.
Unsupervised setting: minimize the information loss
Supervised setting: maximize the class discrimination
Given a set of data points of p variables
Compute the linear transformation (projection)
nxxx ,,, 21
)(: pdxGyxG dTpdp
6. Why feature reduction?
Most machine learning and data mining
techniques may not be effective for high-
dimensional data
Curse of Dimensionality
Query accuracy and efficiency degrade rapidly as the
dimension increases.
The intrinsic dimension may be small.
For example, the number of genes responsible for a certain
type of disease may be small.
7. Why feature reduction?
Visualization: projection of high-dimensional data
onto 2D or 3D.
Data compression: efficient storage and retrieval.
Noise removal: positive effect on query accuracy.
8. What is Principal Component Analysis?
Principal component analysis (PCA)
Reduce the dimensionality of a data set by finding a new set of
variables, smaller than the original set of variables
Retains most of the sample's information.
Useful for the compression and classification of data.
By information we mean the variation present in the
sample, given by the correlations between the original
variables.
The new variables, called principal components (PCs), are
uncorrelated, and are ordered by the fraction of the total
information each retains.
9. ASU-CSC445: Neural Networks Prof. Dr. Mostafa Gadal-Haqq
principal components (PCs)
2z
1z
1z• the 1st PC is a minimum distance fit to a line in X space
• the 2nd PC is a minimum distance fit to a line in the plane
perpendicular to the 1st PC
PCs are a series of linear least squares fits to a sample,
each orthogonal to all the previous.
10. ASU-CSC445: Neural Networks Prof. Dr. Mostafa Gadal-Haqq
Algebraic definition of PCs
.,,2,1,
1
111 njxaxaz
p
i
ijij
T
p
nxxx ,,, 21
]var[ 1z
),,,(
),,,(
21
121111
pjjjj
p
xxxx
aaaa
Given a sample of n observations on a vector of p variables
define the first principal component of the sample
by the linear transformation
where the vector
is chosen such that is maximum.
11. ASU-CSC445: Neural Networks Prof. Dr. Mostafa Gadal-Haqq
To find first note that
where
is the covariance matrix.
Algebraic Derivation of the PCA
T
i
n
i
i xxxx
n
1
1
1a
11
1
11
1
2
11
2
111
1
1
))((]var[
aaaxxxxa
n
xaxa
n
zzEz
T
n
i
T
ii
T
n
i
T
i
T
mean.theis
1
1
n
i
ix
n
x
In the following, we assume the Data is centered.
0x
12. Algebraic derivation of PCs
np
nxxxX
],,,[ 21
0x
T
XX
n
S
1
Assume
Form the matrix:
then
T
VUX
Obtain eigenvectors of S by computing the SVD of X:
13. Principle Component Analysis
Orthogonal projection of data onto lower-dimension linear
space that...
maximizes variance of projected data (purple line)
minimizes mean squared distance between
data point and
projections (sum of blue lines)
PCA:
14. Principle Components Analysis
Idea:
Given data points in a d-dimensional space,
project into lower dimensional space while preserving as much
information as possible
Eg, find best planar approximation to 3D data
Eg, find best 12-D approximation to 104-D data
In particular, choose projection that
minimizes squared error
in reconstructing original data
15. Vectors originating from the center of mass
Principal component #1 points
in the direction of the largest variance.
Each subsequent principal component…
is orthogonal to the previous ones, and
points in the directions of the largest
variance of the residual subspace
The Principal Components
19. PCA algorithm I (sequential)
m
i
k
j
i
T
jji
T
k
m 1
2
1
1
1
})]({[
1
maxarg xwwxww
w
}){(
1
maxarg
1
2
i
1
1
m
i
T
m
xww
w
We maximize the
variance of the projection
in the residual subspace
We maximize the variance of projection of x
x’ PCA reconstruction
Given the centered data {x1, …, xm}, compute the principal vectors:
1st PCA vector
kth PCA vector
w1(w1
Tx)
w2(w2
Tx)
x
w1
w2
x’=w1(w1
Tx)+w2(w2
Tx)
w
20. PCA algorithm II
(sample covariance matrix)
Given data {x1, …, xm}, compute covariance matrix
PCA basis vectors = the eigenvectors of
Larger eigenvalue more important eigenvectors
m
i
T
i
m 1
))((
1
xxxx
m
i
i
m 1
1
xxwhere
21. PCA algorithm II
PCA algorithm(X, k): top k eigenvalues/eigenvectors
% X = N m data matrix,
% … each data point xi = column vector, i=1..m
•
• X subtract mean x from each column vector xi in X
• XXT … covariance matrix of X
• { i, ui }i=1..N = eigenvectors/eigenvalues of
... 1 2 … N
• Return { i, ui }i=1..k
% top k principle components
m
im 1
1
ixx
22. PCA algorithm III
(SVD of the data matrix)
Singular Value Decomposition of the centered data matrix X.
Xfeatures samples = USVT
X VTSU=
samples
significant
noise
noise
noise
significant
sig.
23. PCA algorithm III
Columns of U
the principal vectors, { u(1), …, u(k) }
orthogonal and has unit norm – so UTU = I
Can reconstruct the data using linear combinations of
{ u(1), …, u(k) }
Matrix S
Diagonal
Shows importance of each eigenvector
Columns of VT
The coefficients for reconstructing the samples
25. Challenge: Facial Recognition
Want to identify specific person, based on facial image
Robust to glasses, lighting,…
Can’t just use the given 256 x 256 pixels
26. Applying PCA: Eigenfaces
Example data set: Images of faces
Famous Eigenface approach
[Turk & Pentland], [Sirovich & Kirby]
Each face x is …
256 256 values (luminance at location)
x in 256256 (view as 64K dim vector)
Form X = [ x1 , …, xm ] centered data mtx
Compute = XXT
Problem: is 64K 64K … HUGE!!!
256x256
realvalues
m faces
X =
x1, …, xm
Method A: Build a PCA subspace for each person and check
which subspace can reconstruct the test image the best
Method B: Build one PCA database for the whole dataset and
then classify based on the weights.
27. Computational Complexity
Suppose m instances, each of size N
Eigenfaces: m=500 faces, each of size N=64K
Given NN covariance matrix , can compute
all N eigenvectors/eigenvalues in O(N3)
first k eigenvectors/eigenvalues in O(k N2)
But if N=64K, EXPENSIVE!
28. A Clever Workaround
Note that m<<64K
Use L=XTX instead of =XXT
If v is eigenvector of L
then Xv is eigenvector of
Proof: L v = v
XTX v = v
X (XTX v) = X( v) = Xv
(XXT)X v = (Xv)
Xv) = (Xv)
256x256
realvalues
m faces
X =
x1, …, xm
31. Shortcomings
Requires carefully controlled data:
All faces centered in frame
Same size
Some sensitivity to angle
Alternative:
“Learn” one set of PCA vectors for each angle
Use the one with lowest error
Method is completely knowledge free
(sometimes this is good!)
Doesn’t know that faces are wrapped around 3D objects
(heads)
Makes no effort to preserve class distinctions
39. Original Image
• Divide the original 372x492 image into patches:
• Each patch is an instance that contains 12x12 pixels on a grid
• View each as a 144-D vector
60. PCA Conclusions
PCA
finds orthonormal basis for data
Sorts dimensions in order of “importance”
Discard low significance dimensions
Uses:
Get compact description
Ignore noise
Improve classification (hopefully)
Not magic:
Doesn’t know class labels
Can only capture linear variations
One of many tricks to reduce dimensionality!
61. Applications of PCA
Eigenfaces for recognition. Turk and Pentland.
1991.
Principal Component Analysis for clustering gene
expression data. Yeung and Ruzzo. 2001.
Probabilistic Disease Classification of Expression-
Dependent Proteomic Data from Mass
Spectrometry of Human Serum. Lilien. 2003.
62. PCA for image compression
d=1 d=2 d=4 d=8
d=16 d=32 d=64 d=100
Original
Image