Lecture 1-3.ppt

Introduction to Programming
Presented By:
Marina Gul

Course Objectives
 The aim is not to make you the expert of
computer programming but only the
basics of computer programming.
 To familiarize students with the use of
C++.
 To equip students with tools and
techniques to implement a given problem
programmatically

Recommended Book
 Problem Solving with C++ 10th edition by
Walter Savitch- Pearson Prentice-Hall
 C++ Programming from Problem Analysis
to Program Design, 7th Edition, By, DS
Malik
 Programming in C++ by Dietel and Dietal
 Programming in C++ by Robert Laphore
 Lecture Handouts

IDEs used for this course
 You can use any of the IDEs given below;
but we will use Dev C++ in the classes
and Labs
 DEV C++
 Visual C++
 Turbo C++

Grading Criteria
Mid Term = 20%
Final Exam = 50%
Quizzes = 5%
CP & CB = 5%
Assignments = 10%
Project = 10%

Lecture No. 1-3
Introduction to C& C++

Topics to be Covered
 Computer Systems
 Programing & Problem Solving
 Introduction to C++

Computer Systems
 Hardware: Physical devices
 Software: Instructions and computer
programs

Hardware
 Input : Keyboard, Mouse
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Main Memory: Random Access Memory
(RAM)
 Output: Monitor, Printer
 Secondary Storage: Disk Drive

Software
 Instructions for the hardware.
 Actions to be performed
 A set of instructions is called a program.
 Driving force behind the computer
 Without a program – What is a computer?
▪ Collection of Useless Hardware
 2 purposes:
 Tell the computer what to do
 Tell other people what we want the computer to
do.

Programming Language
 Digital devices have two stable states,
zero and one
 A single digit (0 or 1) is called a bit, short
for binary digit. A byte is made up of 8
bits.
 Binary Language: Data and instructions
(numbers, characters, strings, etc.) are
encoded as binary numbers - a series of
bits, called byte.

Homework (1 Mark)
Task 1
 Search about Quantum computing and
make a 1 page summary in which you
have to write its working and how it makes
a difference from conventional computing?
 Deadline : 9-09-2022

Programming Languages
 Computers can not use human
languages, and programming in the
binary language of computers is a very
difficult, tedious process
 Therefore, most programs are written
using a programming language and are
converted to the binary language used
by the computer

 Three major categories of prog languages:
 Machine Language
 Assembly Language
 High level Language

Machine Language
 Natural language of a particular computer
 Primitive instructions built into every
computer
 The instructions are in the form of binary
code
 Any other types of languages must be
translated down to this level
 Example: 0110 1001 1010 1011

Assembly Languages
 English-like Abbreviations used for
operations ADD X Y Z
 Assembly languages were developed to
make programming easier
 The computer cannot understand
assembly language - a program called
assembler is used to convert assembly
language programs into machine code

High Level Languages
 English-like and easy to learn and
program
 Common mathematical notation
 Total Cost = Price + Tax;
 area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;
 Java, Python,C, C++, FORTRAN,COBOL,
VISUAL BASIC, PASCAL

Compilers
 A compiler is a program that translates a
high-level language program, such as a
C++ program, into a machine-language
program that the computer can directly
understand and execute.

Programming and Problem-
Solving

What is Program and
Programming ?
 Program is a set of instructions, which
performs any particular task.
 Programming is a process of problem
solving. Different people use different
techniques to solve problems

Problem Solving
 The process of defining a problem, searching for
relevant information and resources about the
problem, and of discovering, designing, and
evaluating the solutions for further opportunities.
Includes:
 Finding an Answer to a Question
 Figuring out how to Perform a Task
 Figure out how to Make Things Work
 Not enough to know a particular programming
language… Must be able to problem solve…

Polya’s 4 Steps of Problem Solving
 Problem Solving Phase
 U – Understand the Problem
 D – Devise a Good Plan to Solve
 Implementation Phase
 I – Implement the Plan
 E – Evaluate the Solution

Example
 Determine how many times a name occurs
in a list of names:

Example
 Determine how many times a name occurs
in a list of names:
1. Get the list of names.
2. Get the name being checked.
3. Set a counter to zero.
4. Do the following for each name on the list: Compare the name on
the list to the name being checked, and if the names are the same,
then add one to the counter.
5. Announce that the answer is the number indicated by the counter.
 The instructions numbered 1 through 5 is
algorithm

Algorithm
 A sequence of precise instructions which
leads to a solution is called an algorithm.
 Some approximately equivalent words are
recipe, method, directions, procedure, and
routine.

 Write an algorithm to serve as how-to
instructions for given picture. Instructions
should be 10-20 steps in length. Assume
you are writing instructions who is
ROBOT.

Program Design
 To produce a program in a programming
language such as C++, the algorithm is
translated into the programming language.
Producing the final program from the
algorithm is called the implementation
phase.

History and Introduction to C++
 C++ is a programming language
 It was developed by Dennis Riche at Bell’s Lab in
1971.
 In C++, we can make new software or programs.

History and Introduction to C++
 Before C++, there were so many
languages which were being used by the
programmers like GW Basic, Pascal, and
Fortran etc. But after the birth of C++,
it becomes more famous than all other
languages. So many of the programmers
divorced the other languages and
happily married with C++.

Features of C Language
 C++ is considered as High level language.
 C++ is case sensitive language.
 C++ has compiler as a language translator.
 C++ is hybrid language (Combination of
structured as well as Object orientation
paradigm)

Homework (1 Mark)
Task 02
 Search and write briefly about Generation
of Programming languages.

Terminologies
 Computer Programming:
The process of developing and implementing various sets of instructions to
enable a computer to do a certain task is called Computer Programming.
 Computer Program:
A program is a set of step-by-step instructions that directs the computer
what to do and how to do.
 Computer Programmer:
The one who is expert in writing computer programs or developing the
software is called a computer programmer or developer.
 Programming Language:
A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to
communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer.

IDEs
 An integrated development environment is
a software application that provides
comprehensive facilities to computer
program
 An IDE normally consists of at least a
source code editor, build automation tools,
and a debugger.

Editor, Linker, Loader,
Compiler, Debugger
 IDE has editor, linker, compiler, loader, executer and
debugger.
 Editor: In editor we write the source code.
 Compiler: Converts the source code in to machine code.
 Linker: Linker links the object code with libraries.
 Loader: Loader loads program in to the memory.
 Executer: This unit executes the program.
 Debugger: This unit helps in removing the defect or
errors or logical errors.

Recap of the lecture
•Introduction to Computer
•What is Program ?
•History and Development of C-Language
•Features of C-Language
•Level and Generations of Programming Languages
•Terminologies

Recommended Readings
Chapter No. 1 of
Problem Solving with C++ 10th edition by
Walter Savitch- Pearson Prentice-Hall
&
C++ Programming from Problem Analysis to
Program Design written by DS Malik

Lecture 1-3.ppt

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