Lec.5 earthworks for various engineering projects

Estimation, Specifications & Contracts Earthworks Lecture .5
1
Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm Northern Technical University
Earthworks for various engineering projects
Earthworks, in general, may be encountered in any civil engineering
project.
In building and small projects, the quantities of earthworks can be
calculated easily as have been shown in previous subjects and solved examples,
whereas other kinds of projects, such as roads, canals, bridges, tunnels, dams
and others, involve a huge quantities of earthworks, the calculations of which
may be somewhat complex due to random changes or variations in the natural
ground level.
DEFINITIONS
Lead: it is the average horizontal straight practical distance through which the
excavated soil is carried from the sources to the place of spreading or
dumping. Usually the work site is divided into areas or blocks and haul
distance is calculated from the centre of each block to the destination
location. When the haul distance is too long the transport must be
calculated separately.
Lift: It is the average vertical distance (height) above which the soil has to be
lifted from the source. ‫الرفع‬ ‫مسافة‬
Quantity survey: the process of calculating the quantity of materials required to
build a project.
Mass Excavation: the requirement to excavate substantial volume of material,
usually at considerable depth or over a large area.
Structural excavation: excavation undertaken in support of structural element
construction, usually involve removing materials
from a limited area.

2
Plan view: a construction drawing representing the horizontal alignment of the
work.
Profile view: a construction drawing depicting a vertical plane cut through the
centerline of the work . it shows the vertical relationship of the
ground surface and the finished work.
Cross section view: a construction drawing depicting a vertical section of
earthwork at right angles to the centerline of the work.
Cross sections: earthwork drawings cheated by combining the project design
with field measurements of existing conditions.
Stripping: the upper layer of organic material that must be removed before
beginning an excavation or embedment. ‫القشط‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التعرية‬
Mass diagram: It is a graph showing the accumulation of cut and fill with
distance from a starting, or origin, or reference point. Cut is
usually considered positive & fill negative. Mass diagram is
very useful for determining the quantities of earthworks,
computing hall distances and specifying the proper types of
equipment to perform the works.
(refer to attached details and examples – photo copy from Peurifoy)
.‫االنتفاخ‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫اعتبار‬ ‫يتم‬percent swell‫في‬‫(عادة‬ ‫القطع‬ ‫مناطق‬20)%‫التقلص‬ ‫وعامل‬percent
shrinkage‫الدفن‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫في‬‫(عادة‬10)%‫أو‬ ‫الحفريات‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫الحتساب‬‫المرصوصة‬ ‫المدفونة‬ ‫التربة‬
‫التوالي‬ ‫على‬.
)%( ‫االنتفاخ‬ ‫نسبة‬=‫بة‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫حجم‬) ‫رخوة‬ ( ‫الحفر‬ ‫بعد‬–( ‫الطبيعي‬ ‫حجمها‬Bank(×100
( ‫الطبيعي‬ ‫حجمها‬B)
‫نسبة‬‫التقلص‬)%(=‫بة‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫حجم‬‫الرص‬ ‫قبل‬–‫حجمها‬‫الرص‬ ‫بعد‬(compacted)×100
‫بة‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫حجم‬‫الرص‬ ‫قبل‬

3
‫في‬ ‫نقلها‬ ‫مطلوب‬ ‫اد‬‫و‬‫م‬ ‫توجد‬ ‫ال‬ ‫انه‬ ‫يعني‬ ‫فهذا‬ ،ً‫ا‬‫أفقي‬ ‫محطتين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الكميات‬ ‫مخطط‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬
‫(أي‬ ‫نة‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫مت‬ ‫لكنها‬ ‫ء‬‫الجز‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫إمالء‬‫و‬ ‫قطع‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫ن‬‫يكو‬ ‫قد‬ ‫اقع‬‫و‬‫ال‬ ‫في‬ .‫ع‬‫المشرو‬ ‫من‬ ‫ء‬‫الجز‬ ‫هذا‬
‫من‬ ‫إمالء‬‫و‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫من‬ ‫قطع‬ ‫على‬ ‫يشتمل‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬‫و‬ .)‫اإلمالء‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫يبا‬‫ر‬‫تق‬ ‫تساوي‬ ‫القطع‬ ‫كمية‬
‫من‬ ‫نقلها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫القطع‬ ‫كميات‬ ‫الن‬ ‫اء‬‫و‬‫االست‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يميل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ع‬‫ينز‬ ‫الكميات‬ ‫منحني‬ ‫فان‬ ،‫آخر‬ ‫جانب‬
"‫"العرضي‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫تسمى‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫وهذه‬ ،‫ى‬‫أخر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫محطة‬ ‫من‬ ‫وليس‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫جانب‬cross hall.
‫فالمنحنى‬ ،‫المحطات‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الحجوم‬ ‫يادة‬‫ز‬ ‫مع‬ ‫يزداد‬ ‫الكميات‬ ‫منحنى‬ ‫انحدار‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ميل‬ ‫إن‬
‫إلى‬ ‫يشير‬ ‫الصاعد‬‫إلى‬ ‫المنحنى‬ ‫يصل‬ .‫إمالئيات‬ ‫أعمال‬ ‫على‬ ‫يدل‬ ‫النازل‬ ‫المنحنى‬ ‫بينما‬ ‫قطع‬ ‫وجود‬
‫ويبدأ‬ ‫اإلمالء‬ ‫ينتهي‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫الدنيا‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫الى‬‫و‬ ،‫اإلمالء‬ ‫ويبدأ‬ ‫القطع‬ ‫ينتهي‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫الذروة‬ ‫مناطق‬
.‫القطع‬
‫وفي‬ ،‫معينة‬ ‫نقاط‬ ‫في‬ ‫الكميات‬ ‫منحنى‬ ‫سيقطع‬ ‫فانه‬ ‫المرجع‬ ‫نقطة‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫أفقي‬ ً‫ا‬‫خط‬ ‫رسمنا‬ ‫لو‬
‫ع‬‫مجمو‬ ‫إن‬ .‫التقاطع‬ ‫نقاط‬ ‫بين‬ )ً‫ا‬‫يب‬‫ر‬‫تق‬ ‫تتساوى‬ ‫(أي‬ ‫ن‬‫از‬‫و‬‫ستت‬ ‫اإلمالء‬‫و‬ ‫القطع‬ ‫كميات‬ ‫فان‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫هذه‬
‫بمعدل‬ ‫يات‬‫ر‬‫للحف‬ ‫الكلية‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫ضرب‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫من‬ ‫حسابها‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫الكلية‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫مسافة‬ ‫حصيلة‬ ‫أو‬
‫مساف‬‫النقل‬ ‫ة‬average haul distance‫كما‬ ‫تحديده‬ ‫فيمكن‬ ‫اإلمالء‬ ‫أو‬ ‫القطع‬ ‫كميات‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫أما‬ .
:‫يلي‬
1-‫نة‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫الم‬ ‫خط‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الذروة‬ ‫نقطة‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫عمودي‬ ً‫ا‬‫خط‬ ‫نرسم‬balancing line.
2-‫نقطتين‬ ‫في‬ ‫الكميات‬ ‫منحنى‬ ‫ويقطع‬ ‫أعاله‬ ‫المرسوم‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫بمنتصف‬ ‫يمر‬ ‫أفقيا‬ ً‫ا‬‫خط‬ ‫نرسم‬
‫النقاط‬ ‫(الحظ‬ .‫متقابلتين‬.)‫التقاطع‬ ‫نقطتي‬ ‫تقابل‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المحطات‬ ‫أو‬

4
3-‫القطع‬ ‫كميات‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫تمثل‬ ‫المنحنى‬ ‫من‬ ‫الصاعد‬ ‫ء‬‫الجز‬ ‫في‬ ‫اقعة‬‫و‬‫ال‬ ‫المحطة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫النقطة‬ ‫إن‬
‫فتمثل‬ ‫المحطتين‬ ‫هاتين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المسافة‬ ‫أما‬ .‫االمالئيات‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫هي‬ ‫النازل‬ ‫ء‬‫الجز‬ ‫في‬ ‫اقعة‬‫و‬‫ال‬ ‫المحطة‬‫و‬
‫ء‬‫الجز‬ ‫لهذا‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫مسافة‬haul distance.
‫إن‬‫انجاز‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫تقدير‬‫أعمال‬‫دقيقة‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بصو‬ ‫الحفر‬‫أم‬‫ر‬‫في‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫امل‬‫و‬‫ع‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫لوجود‬ ‫صعب‬
‫المعدل‬ ‫هذا‬،‫ويمكن‬‫ها‬‫إيجاز‬: ‫هي‬ ‫امل‬‫و‬‫الع‬ ‫من‬ ‫بمجموعتين‬-
sJob factor:‫المياه‬‫و‬ ‫الرطوبة‬ ‫مستوى‬ ،‫بة‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫ع‬‫نو‬ : ‫منها‬ ‫الموقع‬‫و‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫بظروف‬ ‫تتعلق‬ ‫امل‬‫و‬‫ع‬
‫نقل‬ ‫ومسافة‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫المعدات‬‫و‬ ‫العمال‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫ح‬ ،‫المناخية‬ ‫الظروف‬ ،‫الجوفية‬
Fill (m3
)
Cut (m3
)
Balance points
Haul distance
cut center of mass
fill center of mass

5
‫بة‬‫ر‬‫الت‬‫وظروف‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫المحفو‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫الط‬. ‫الخ‬ ...‫إن‬‫مفروضة‬ ‫كلها‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫ظروف‬
‫ال‬‫و‬ ‫المنفذة‬ ‫الجهة‬ ‫على‬.‫ها‬‫تغيير‬ ‫يمكنها‬
Management factors‫امل‬‫و‬‫ع‬ :‫ة‬‫ر‬‫اإلدا‬‫المعنوية‬ ‫ح‬‫الرو‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحفاظ‬‫و‬ ،‫العمل‬ ‫تنظيم‬ ‫وتتضمن‬
‫المناسبة‬ ‫ق‬‫الطر‬‫و‬ ‫العدد‬‫و‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫استخدام‬‫و‬ ‫اختيار‬‫و‬ ‫للعمال‬ ‫العالية‬
‫العن‬ ،‫للعمل‬.‫ها‬‫وغير‬ ‫االنجاز‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحفاظ‬‫و‬ ‫بالمعدات‬ ‫اية‬‫كل‬
‫حسن‬ ‫على‬ ‫تعتمد‬ ‫امل‬‫و‬‫الع‬ ‫هذه‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬‫ة‬‫ر‬‫السيط‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫المنفذة‬ ‫الجهة‬
.‫عليها‬
‫مبادئ‬‫الترابية‬ ‫األعمال‬ ‫حساب‬Principles of Earthworks
Calculation
.‫ذلك‬ ‫خالف‬ ‫ذكر‬ ‫إن‬ ‫إال‬ ،‫المكعب‬ ‫بالمتر‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫ابية‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫األعمال‬ ‫كميات‬ ‫تقاس‬
.‫منفصلة‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بصو‬ ‫تحسب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫بة‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫من‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫ألن‬ ‫ابية‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫األعمال‬
.‫لذلك‬ ‫مناسبة‬ ‫يقة‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫وتستخدم‬ ‫بعناية‬ ‫قياسها‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫ابية‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫الكميات‬ ‫تحسب‬
‫أعمال‬‫اإل‬.‫ة‬‫ر‬‫الفق‬ ‫في‬ ‫شمل‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫التسوية‬‫و‬ ‫كساء‬
‫تحد‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫وهنا‬ ‫ابية‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫الكميات‬ ‫ونقل‬ ‫فع‬‫ر‬ ‫تتضمن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫ابية‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫الكميات‬ ‫حسابات‬‫يد‬
.‫عملية‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫مسافة‬

6
‫الترابية‬ ‫الكميات‬ ‫حساب‬ ‫طرق‬Earth Computation Methods
‫اع‬‫ط‬‫الق‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ار‬‫ف‬‫الح‬ ‫ااطق‬‫ن‬‫م‬ ‫في‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫القن‬‫و‬ ‫الحديدية‬ ‫السكك‬‫و‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫السيا‬ ‫ق‬‫لطر‬ ‫العرضي‬ ‫المقطع‬ ‫إن‬
cutting‫االء‬‫ا‬‫م‬‫اإل‬‫و‬filling‫اة‬‫ا‬‫ئ‬‫التعب‬‫و‬banking‫ارف‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫من‬ ‫ابه‬‫ا‬‫ح‬ ‫اكل‬‫ا‬‫ش‬‫ب‬ ‫اادة‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ن‬‫او‬‫ا‬‫ك‬‫ي‬trapezoidal،
:‫يلي‬ ‫كما‬ ‫الشكل‬ ‫لهذا‬ ‫القطع‬ ‫مساحة‬ ‫حساب‬ ‫ويمكن‬
Area = ABCEF +AABF + AEDC
= bh + 0.5h.sh + 0.5 h.ah
Area= h [b + (ah + sh)/2] -----------------------------(1)
‫عندما‬s=a(‫أي‬:‫على‬ ‫نحصل‬ )‫للجانبين‬ ‫متساو‬ ‫االنحدار‬
Area= h (b + sh) = hb + sh2
---------------------------(2)
:‫أهمها‬‫و‬ ‫ابية‬‫ر‬‫الت‬ ‫األعمال‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫لحساب‬ ‫مستخدمة‬ ‫ق‬‫طر‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫هناك‬-
‫المساحات‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫طريقة‬Average end area method-I
‫ء‬‫الجز‬ ‫طول‬ ‫في‬ ‫ويضرب‬ ‫القطاع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ء‬‫الجز‬ ‫في‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫عند‬ ‫العرضي‬ ‫المقطع‬ ‫مساحة‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫حسب‬ُ‫ي‬
.‫الحجم‬ ‫على‬ ‫للحصول‬
‫صيغة‬‫معادلة‬ ‫أو‬‫الوسطي‬ ‫المقطع‬on FormulaMid Secti-II
A
B
F E D
C
a:1s:1
b
b ahsh
a:1s:1
h

7
‫ت‬‫عند‬ ‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫اال‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫عتمد‬ُ‫ي‬ ‫وهنا‬ ،‫ء‬‫الجز‬ ‫منتصف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫وسط‬ ‫عند‬ ‫المقطع‬ ‫مساحة‬ ‫حسب‬‫فين‬‫ر‬‫الط‬
.‫المساحة‬ ‫لحساب‬
‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫اال‬ ‫معدل‬H = (h1+h2)/2
Where H: mean depth
h1,h2: depth at start & end points.
‫الموشور‬ ‫معادلة‬ormula methodPrismoidal f-III
‫ء‬‫جز‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫الحجم‬ ‫لحساب‬ ‫التالية‬ ‫الصيغة‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫حيث‬
V= L/6 (A1+A2+4Am)-------------------------(3)
Where A1, A2: areas at end points
Am: mid section area
L: length or distance between the adjacent stations (A1, A2)
Example: Calculate the quantity of earthworks for the 150 m long cutting,
12m wide at crest and whose side slope is 2.0:1. The centre
heights at every 30 m intervals are 0.5m 0.75m, 1.0m, 1.25m,
1.5m. Try solving by all above described methods.
Solution:
A – average area method
Quantity
m3
Length
M
Mean
area (m2
)
Area at station
bh + sh2
Depth
h(m)
Station
or
chained
12x0.5+2x0.5x0.5= 6.50.50
249.3308.3125
12x0.75+2x0.752
= 10.1250.751

8
Quantity
m3
Length
M
Mean
area (m2
)
Area at station
bh + sh2
Depth
h(m)
Station
or
chained
361.83012.0625
12x1+2x12
= 1412
481.83016.0625
12x1.25+2x1.252
= 18.121.253
609.383020.3125
12x1.5+2x1.52
= 22.51.54
1702.26Total quantity =
B- Mid–Section Method
Quantity
(m3
)
Distance
(m)
Area bh+sh2
(m2
)Mean
Depth (m)
Depth
(m)
Station
0.50
248.43012(.625)+2(.625)2
=8.2810.625
0.751
360.93012(.875)+2(.875)2
=12.030.875
1.02
480.93016.031.125
1.253
608.43020.281.375

9
1698.6m3
Total =1.54
C- For odd number of stations eq. (3) may be modified to obtain the
following formula:
V = L/3 (1st
Area + last Area + 4 x even areas + 2x odd areas)
Using this formula we can obtain the following (see areas in a):-
V = L/3 {A1+A5+4 (A2+A4)+2 (A3)}
= 30/3 {6.5+2205+4 (10.125+18.125)+2 (14)}
V = 1700 m3
Example: The ground levels at various chainage along line of a proposed
channel are as under, see the cross-section where some design
parameters are shown. The chain is s50m long.
222221220219218217216215Chainage
210.00209.65209.90210.35211.10211.50211.05210.30G.L. (m)
209.15209.20209.25209.30209.35209.40209.45209.50C.L. (m)
227226225224223Chainage
211.30211.60211.20210.90210.25G.L. (m)
208.90208.95209.00209.05209.10C.L. (m)

10
Solution: use mid – section formula.
Acutting = bh + sh2
= 4h + 0.5 h2
Afilling = bh + sh2
= 2.5 (k-h) + 1 (k-h)2
+ 2 (k-h) + 1 (k-h)2
= 4.5 (k-h) + 2 (k-h)2
= 4.5 (4-h) + 2 (4-h)2
(1) (2) (3) (2) - (3) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Qty.
Filling
(m3)
Area
Filling
(m2)
K–hmean
(m)
Qty.
cutting
(m3)
Area
Cutting
(m2)
hmean
(m)
h
(m)
C. L.
(m)
G. L
(m)
Running
Distance
(m)
Chainage
0.80209.50210.300215
141428.282.82765.521.20
1.60209.45211.0550216
94618.932.154569.121.85
2.10209.40211.50100217
89417.892.07479.59.591.93
1.75209.35211.10150218
126125.222.63296.581.4
1.05209.30210.35200219
170134.033.15188.53.770.85
0.65209.25209.90250220
196639.333.45117.52.350.55
0.45209.20209.65300221
2.5
1:2h
1:2
4.00
K = 4.0
1:1 1:1
2.0
H=k-hH=k-h
1:1

11
Qty.
Filling
(m3)
Area
Filling
(m2)
K–hmean
(m)
Qty.
cutting
(m3)
Area
Cutting
(m2)
hmean
(m)
h
(m)
C. L.
(m)
G. L
(m)
Running
Distance
(m)
Chainage
187637.523.35140.52.810.65
0.85209.15210.00350222
157531.53.02254.501.00
1.15209.10210.25400223
118723.752.5356.57.131.50
1.85209.05210.90450224
83116.631.97509.510.192.03
2.20209.00211.20500225
60012.01.5763412.682.43
2.65208.95211.60550226
54710.941.47666.513.332.53
2.40208.90211.30600227
147984378.5Total
Example: Estimate the cost of excavating and backfilling a trench 1.5 m
wide, 1.2 m deep and 150 m long. Assume the team consists of
one foreman and a number of laborers to perform the job
within five labor days ( each equivalent to 8 working hours).
The job involves the following operations:
- Loosening earth with a pick ( 0.35m3
/hr-laborer)
- Shoveling earth from trench ( 0.475 m3
/ hr-lab.)
- Backfilling trench ( 1.5 m3
/ hr-lab.)
Wages : 30000 I.D. /day for the foreman; 15000 I.D. /day for laborer.
Solution:
V = 1.5 ×1.2 ×150 = 270m3
270 270 270

12
No. of (laborer - days) required = ---------- + ---------- + -------------
8×0.35 8×0.475 8×1. 5
= 96.43 + 71.05 +22.5 = 190 laborer- days
no. of laborers required to perform the job within 5 days=190/5= 38 laborers
Cost = ( 1×30.000 + 38×15.000) ×5 = 3.000.000 I.D.
Cost per 1m3
= 3.000.000 / 270 = 11111 I.D./m3
Cost per 1m length = 3.000.000 / 150 = 20.000 I.D./m.
Example: Resolve the previous example using wheel type trenching
machine to perform the first two operations . i.e. backfilling by
laborers. Assume the average speed of trenching 6.25m 1hr.
Average cost of renting & operating the machine is = 35.000
I.D. /hr.
Solution : we need the trenching machine to operate for
150m. / 6.25m /hr. = 24hrs. or 24 / 8 = 3 days
Cost of machine : 24×3.500 = 840.000 I.D.
For backfilling we need 22.5 (say 24) days-laborer
no. of laborers to do backfilling within 3 days:
24 / 3 = 8 laborers
So we need a team of 8 laborers & one foreman for 3 days.
The cost (wages) is: (8×15.000 + 1×30.000)×3 = 450.000 I.D.
Total per job = 840.000+450.000=1.290.000 I.D.
Cost per m3 = 1.290.000 / 270 = 4780 I.D/m3
Cost per m length = 1.290.000 / 150= 8600 I.D./1m of term

13
Example: Estimate the cost of materials required for installing solid
sheeting for 100 m of trench 2.1 m deep . use 4 cm × 25cm lumber 2.4 m
long for sheeting with two horizontal rows of 10cm × 15 cm wales on
each side of the trench for the full length of the trench. Assume that the
sheeting can be used 4 times and the wales ten times. Price = 520 000
I.D/m3
.
Solution:
Vsh. = 0.04×2.4×100×2 = 19.2m3
V Wales = 0.1 ×0.15×100×2×2 = 6m3
Csh = 19.2×520000 / 4 = 2496000
Cw.= 6×520000 / 10 = 312000 I.D.
total 2808000 I.D.
‫اي‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫مالحظة‬Solid Sheeting‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫هي‬‫ا‬Shoring‫ن‬‫تكو‬ ‫حيث‬
‫اح‬‫و‬‫األل‬.‫متالصقة‬ ‫وليست‬ ‫محددة‬ ‫مسافات‬ ‫على‬

Lec.5 earthworks for various engineering projects

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (19)

Similar to Lec.5 earthworks for various engineering projects

Similar to Lec.5 earthworks for various engineering projects (20)

More from Muthanna Abbu

More from Muthanna Abbu (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Lec.5 earthworks for various engineering projects