Concrete is Most widely used construction Material in the Modern Era because of its good Compressive strength and
high durability. As we know Concrete comprises a Mixture of cement, sand (fine aggregate), course aggregate and water
which makes up normal plain concrete, to increase the strength of concrete we can design the mix with greater Flexibility,
but the problems Arises in structure as load age, increaseof floors which demands increase of high strength concrete
and more steel. So, especially at the beams, columns joints heavy reinforcement meshing is done so that it becomes If
the concrete is not compacted then strength may not be achieved, so the solution for the problem is SCC which we call
it asself-compacting concrete. Were this SCC has ability to compact by itself Gravity and self-flow ability same strength
can be Here in the research, it is carried out self-compaction concrete to improve strength & make concrete economical
so, a mix is dispend of M30,M40 Grades with adding chemical admixture named poly carboxylic ether (ADVA960) , a
Retarder Basically Which also increases strength and workability &replacing cement with GGBS (Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag) 40%&50% .The tests are carried out to find the increase in strength by adding chemical admixture &
replacing GGBS 40% & 50%.By the chemical admixture adding up to 2% Max were previous strength shows that adding
of chemical admixture greater than 2% which results to increase the initial setting time and decrease in the w/c ratio.
Test will be conducted for 3,7,28 days find the increase of strength and its other properties
This document discusses ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), a byproduct of steel production that can be used in concrete production. It has several benefits over traditional Portland cement concrete including greater strength, durability, and sustainability. GGBFS concrete exhibits improved sulfate and chloride resistance, reduces temperatures in large pours, and results in a lighter colored, smoother finish. It also enhances workability and pumpability while requiring less water. Overall, incorporating GGBFS in concrete delivers higher performance while reducing costs and environmental impact.
This document discusses steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). SFRC increases the structural integrity of concrete by adding short, discrete steel fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. The document outlines the materials used including cement, aggregates, water, and steel fibers. It describes the mix design process and percentages of steel fibers tested. Beams and cubes were cast with the concrete mixtures and cured before testing to determine the compressive and flexural strengths of the SFRC. The results and conclusions are summarized, with references provided.
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Rehabilitation of concrete structures, surface treatmentShivRam G Krishnan
This presentation was part of IIT Bombay course Repair and Rehabilitation of Structure. This contains details of Surface preparation of structure, bonding agents and placement techniques
This document provides information on various tests conducted on aggregates that are used in construction. It describes the aggregate abrasion value test, which determines the abrasion resistance and hardness of aggregates. It also summarizes the aggregate impact value test, which evaluates the resistance of aggregates to shocks and impacts, and the aggregate crushing value test, which determines the resistance of aggregates to crushing under gradually applied compressive loads. Finally, it outlines the procedure to determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates.
1. Special concrete refers to concrete made with special materials or techniques to achieve improved properties compared to normal concrete. Some examples are lightweight, high-strength, and fiber-reinforced concrete.
2. Special concretes are used for applications requiring reduced weight, increased durability, strength, or other optimized properties. Lightweight concrete for example reduces structural weight and is used in multi-story buildings.
3. Production methods vary depending on the type of special concrete but include using special aggregates, adding fibers or other materials, or applying processes like vacuum dewatering to improve properties. Each type has advantages and limitations for different construction needs.
1. The document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, foam concrete, self-compacting concrete, vacuum concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON), and shotcrete.
2. Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates like shale, clay, or slate to reduce density while maintaining strength. Foam concrete is made by injecting air or gas into the mix to create a cellular structure.
3. Self-compacting concrete can be placed without vibration due to its fluidity. Vacuum concrete has water removed using vacuum mats to increase strength.
This document discusses ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), a byproduct of steel production that can be used in concrete production. It has several benefits over traditional Portland cement concrete including greater strength, durability, and sustainability. GGBFS concrete exhibits improved sulfate and chloride resistance, reduces temperatures in large pours, and results in a lighter colored, smoother finish. It also enhances workability and pumpability while requiring less water. Overall, incorporating GGBFS in concrete delivers higher performance while reducing costs and environmental impact.
This document discusses steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). SFRC increases the structural integrity of concrete by adding short, discrete steel fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. The document outlines the materials used including cement, aggregates, water, and steel fibers. It describes the mix design process and percentages of steel fibers tested. Beams and cubes were cast with the concrete mixtures and cured before testing to determine the compressive and flexural strengths of the SFRC. The results and conclusions are summarized, with references provided.
ultra high performance concrete mix
ultra high performance concrete
high performance concrete mix design
high performance concrete mix
ultra high strength concrete mix
ultra high strength concrete
ultra high performance concrete strength
high performance concrete pdf
Rehabilitation of concrete structures, surface treatmentShivRam G Krishnan
This presentation was part of IIT Bombay course Repair and Rehabilitation of Structure. This contains details of Surface preparation of structure, bonding agents and placement techniques
This document provides information on various tests conducted on aggregates that are used in construction. It describes the aggregate abrasion value test, which determines the abrasion resistance and hardness of aggregates. It also summarizes the aggregate impact value test, which evaluates the resistance of aggregates to shocks and impacts, and the aggregate crushing value test, which determines the resistance of aggregates to crushing under gradually applied compressive loads. Finally, it outlines the procedure to determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregates.
1. Special concrete refers to concrete made with special materials or techniques to achieve improved properties compared to normal concrete. Some examples are lightweight, high-strength, and fiber-reinforced concrete.
2. Special concretes are used for applications requiring reduced weight, increased durability, strength, or other optimized properties. Lightweight concrete for example reduces structural weight and is used in multi-story buildings.
3. Production methods vary depending on the type of special concrete but include using special aggregates, adding fibers or other materials, or applying processes like vacuum dewatering to improve properties. Each type has advantages and limitations for different construction needs.
1. The document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, foam concrete, self-compacting concrete, vacuum concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON), and shotcrete.
2. Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates like shale, clay, or slate to reduce density while maintaining strength. Foam concrete is made by injecting air or gas into the mix to create a cellular structure.
3. Self-compacting concrete can be placed without vibration due to its fluidity. Vacuum concrete has water removed using vacuum mats to increase strength.
This document presents information on fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses that FRC adds fibers to concrete to control cracking from shrinkage and improve tensile strength. Common fiber types include steel, glass, and polymers. FRC has applications in thin sheets, pipes, precast elements, and floors where it improves durability and reduces cracking. The properties of FRC depend on fiber volume, aspect ratio, orientation, and the fiber-matrix bond. FRC provides benefits like increased strength, ductility, impact resistance, and reduced crack widths compared to plain concrete. However, it can reduce workability, especially with higher fiber volumes or aspect ratios.
This document provides information on concrete, including:
- Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates that hardens over time into a strong building material.
- Proper mixing, placing, and curing of the concrete allows it to gain strength through a process called hydration as it ages.
- Factors like the water-cement ratio, type of aggregates, compaction, and curing affect the properties and strength of hardened concrete.
Introduction to Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)Zubayer Ibna Zahid
Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) contains short, closely spaced steel fibers added to concrete to improve its tensile strength. The fibers are typically 0.2-2 inches long and have a variety of possible cross-sectional shapes, such as flat, deformed, hooked, or crimped. SFRC mixes typically contain 0.2-1.0% fiber volume fraction, with higher percentages for larger aggregate sizes. The steel fibers improve the ductility and toughness of the concrete to reduce cracking and increase its post-cracking residual strength capacity.
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including light weight concrete, aerated concrete, and no fines concrete. It provides details on the properties and production methods of these concretes. Light weight concrete has lower density than normal concrete, which provides benefits like reduced structural weight. Aerated concrete is made by introducing air bubbles into cement mortar, creating a lightweight cellular structure. No fines concrete omits fine aggregates, consisting of only cement, coarse aggregates, and water. These special concretes are used for applications requiring specific properties like lower density or higher insulation.
This document provides an overview of self-compacting concrete (SCC), including its materials, properties, tests, mix design, applications, and conclusions. SCC is defined as concrete that can flow and fill formwork without vibration due to its high deformability and passing ability. Key points include that SCC uses superplasticizers and viscosity modifying agents, has good filling and passing abilities, and sees applications in reinforced structures like bridges and tall buildings where concrete placement is difficult. The document concludes that SCC can save time and costs while enhancing quality and durability for construction.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
Marsh cone test is reliable and simple method to study the rheological properties of cements and mortars.
Flow time of cement/mortar through marsh cone is indicator of viscosity, which depends upon cement super plasticizer compatibility.
This document discusses quality control of concrete through various tests on fresh and hardened concrete. It begins with an introduction to concrete and quality, then discusses where quality control begins in the production of materials and continues through handling, batching, mixing, transporting and placing concrete. Key tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile strength, and flexural strength tests to evaluate the quality and strength of the concrete. The document also reviews materials used in concrete such as cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures.
Pervious concrete is a type of concrete with high porosity that allows water to pass through, reducing runoff. It was first used in Europe in the 1800s and became popular again in the 1920s for homes in Scotland and England. The mix design includes aggregates, cementitious materials, and water, with void contents between 15-30% and water-cement ratios of 0.28-0.40. Pervious concrete is used for flatwork applications and subgrade installations, and provides environmental, safety, and economic benefits like reduced runoff and maintenance costs, though it also has disadvantages like needing extended curing times.
This document presents a project on the properties and applications of foam concrete. It was presented by two students from the Department of Civil Engineering at KUET. The document defines foam concrete as a cement-based slurry with at least 20% entrained foam. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process of foam concrete and describes its key properties like compressive strength, thermal conductivity, drying shrinkage and fire resistance which vary according to density. The document also outlines various applications of foam concrete in construction based on density and highlights its advantages like light weight and rapid construction as well as limitations. Finally, it discusses the potential of foam concrete in Bangladesh.
The document describes 7 different tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing examines the cement's appearance, texture, and behavior when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the percentage of water needed to achieve a standardized consistency for cement paste.
3. The fineness test evaluates the particle size distribution of cement, with finer particles offering a greater surface area for hydration.
4. The soundness test ensures cement does not expand after setting, which could indicate excess lime causing unsoundness.
5. The strength test measures the compressive strength of cement mortar mixtures at various ages (3, 7, 28 days).
6. The heat of hydration test examines the heat released
Pervious or porous concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water to pass directly through it. This is achieved through a mix with a highly interconnected void content of around 20-35% and the absence of fine aggregates. Pervious concrete has environmental benefits like reducing stormwater runoff and replenishing groundwater, but also has disadvantages like being susceptible to clogging. It has a range of applications in pavements, sports courts, and other surfaces. Proper mix design, placement, finishing, curing and maintenance are important to ensure the permeability and strength of pervious concrete.
This document discusses the effects of temperature on concrete. It finds that higher temperatures can cause problems in both fresh and hardened concrete, such as increased water demand, faster setting and slump loss, and decreased long term strength. An experiment tested concrete strengths at 3, 7, and 28 days for temperatures of 25, 29, and 41.5 degrees Celsius and found higher early strengths but lower long term strengths with increased temperature. It recommends methods to lower the temperature of fresh concrete such as cooling mix water, aggregates, and using chilled materials.
This document discusses types of waste materials that can be used to produce waste material based concrete, including organic waste like rice husk, inorganic waste like broken concrete and glass, and industrial wastes like blast furnace slag, coal ash, and red mud. Rice husk can be used to produce lightweight concrete, while broken concrete and glass can produce concrete of sufficient strength. Blast furnace slag and coal ash can partially replace cement and improve properties like chemical resistance. Silica fume can significantly increase strength and allow high water-cement ratios. Using these wastes can reduce costs and environmental impacts of concrete production.
Mechanism of different chemical attacks in a concrete like chloride attack, sulfate attack , which causes corrosion and spalling. Other reactions are alkali aggregate reaction , alkali silica reaction in concrete etc.
Concrete Construction: Batching of mixes; casting process, compaction and curing;
requirement of mix design and casting of test cubes – removing cubes from moulds and
curing for strength tests; bar-bending equipments and preparation of reinforcement for
R C C works
This document discusses several special concreting techniques:
- Pumped concrete is concrete that can be pushed through a pipeline and must have a design that prevents blockages.
- Shortcrete or gunite is a mortar or fine concrete pneumatically projected at high velocity, used for thin sections with less formwork.
- Underwater concrete requires special mixes placed via bagging, buckets, tremie pipes, or grouted aggregates to prevent water intrusion.
- Other techniques include pre-packed concrete placed underwater and special considerations for hot/cold weather concreting. Proper mix design and placement methods are essential for successful implementation of special concreting applications.
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including fibre reinforced concrete, self-compacting concrete, polymer concrete, high performance concrete, and sulphur concrete. It focuses on fibre reinforced concrete and self-compacting concrete, providing details on their composition, production, properties, and applications. Fibre reinforced concrete is made stronger and tougher through the addition of fibres like steel, glass, and carbon. Self-compacting concrete is able to flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration, bringing construction benefits like faster placement and improved surface finish.
retrofitting of fire damaged rcc slabs,colums,beamsNayana 54321
This document discusses techniques for retrofitting existing reinforced concrete structures. It introduces various problems that can occur in concrete structures like damage, excessive loading, cracks, and corrosion. Retrofitting aims to restore strength and improve serviceability. Factors influencing the selection of a retrofitting technique include cost, time constraints, and existing structure conditions. Conventional techniques discussed are section enlargement, external plate bonding, external post-tensioning, ferrocement covering, and grouting. An advanced technique of fiber reinforced polymer composites is also introduced, with carbon fiber reinforced polymer being highlighted. CFRP has advantages of high strength, corrosion resistance, and suitability for seismic retrofitting but also has high initial costs.
This document discusses quality control in concrete construction. It explains that concrete is made by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and admixtures. Quality control is important to ensure the concrete has strength, durability, and aesthetics. Quality control involves testing the materials used, the fresh concrete mix, and the hardened concrete. Tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile, and flexural strength tests. The document outlines the quality control process from the production of materials to placement and curing of the concrete.
The document summarizes several experiments conducted in a concrete technology lab to test properties of cement and concrete, including fineness of cement, normal consistency of cement, setting time of cement, specific gravity of cement, compressive strength of cement, slump test of concrete, Vee-Bee test of concrete, and compaction factor test of concrete. The experiments are performed according to standard procedures and test methods to determine key properties like workability, consistency, setting behavior, density, and strength.
Self-compacting concrete was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve problems with inadequate compaction of traditional concrete. It uses a high paste content and superplasticizers to create a concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. Tests were developed to evaluate properties like filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. Self-compacting concrete provides benefits like easier placement, faster construction, better surface finish, and improved durability. However, it also has higher costs associated with materials and mix design development.
This document presents information on fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). It discusses that FRC adds fibers to concrete to control cracking from shrinkage and improve tensile strength. Common fiber types include steel, glass, and polymers. FRC has applications in thin sheets, pipes, precast elements, and floors where it improves durability and reduces cracking. The properties of FRC depend on fiber volume, aspect ratio, orientation, and the fiber-matrix bond. FRC provides benefits like increased strength, ductility, impact resistance, and reduced crack widths compared to plain concrete. However, it can reduce workability, especially with higher fiber volumes or aspect ratios.
This document provides information on concrete, including:
- Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates that hardens over time into a strong building material.
- Proper mixing, placing, and curing of the concrete allows it to gain strength through a process called hydration as it ages.
- Factors like the water-cement ratio, type of aggregates, compaction, and curing affect the properties and strength of hardened concrete.
Introduction to Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)Zubayer Ibna Zahid
Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) contains short, closely spaced steel fibers added to concrete to improve its tensile strength. The fibers are typically 0.2-2 inches long and have a variety of possible cross-sectional shapes, such as flat, deformed, hooked, or crimped. SFRC mixes typically contain 0.2-1.0% fiber volume fraction, with higher percentages for larger aggregate sizes. The steel fibers improve the ductility and toughness of the concrete to reduce cracking and increase its post-cracking residual strength capacity.
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including light weight concrete, aerated concrete, and no fines concrete. It provides details on the properties and production methods of these concretes. Light weight concrete has lower density than normal concrete, which provides benefits like reduced structural weight. Aerated concrete is made by introducing air bubbles into cement mortar, creating a lightweight cellular structure. No fines concrete omits fine aggregates, consisting of only cement, coarse aggregates, and water. These special concretes are used for applications requiring specific properties like lower density or higher insulation.
This document provides an overview of self-compacting concrete (SCC), including its materials, properties, tests, mix design, applications, and conclusions. SCC is defined as concrete that can flow and fill formwork without vibration due to its high deformability and passing ability. Key points include that SCC uses superplasticizers and viscosity modifying agents, has good filling and passing abilities, and sees applications in reinforced structures like bridges and tall buildings where concrete placement is difficult. The document concludes that SCC can save time and costs while enhancing quality and durability for construction.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
Marsh cone test is reliable and simple method to study the rheological properties of cements and mortars.
Flow time of cement/mortar through marsh cone is indicator of viscosity, which depends upon cement super plasticizer compatibility.
This document discusses quality control of concrete through various tests on fresh and hardened concrete. It begins with an introduction to concrete and quality, then discusses where quality control begins in the production of materials and continues through handling, batching, mixing, transporting and placing concrete. Key tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile strength, and flexural strength tests to evaluate the quality and strength of the concrete. The document also reviews materials used in concrete such as cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures.
Pervious concrete is a type of concrete with high porosity that allows water to pass through, reducing runoff. It was first used in Europe in the 1800s and became popular again in the 1920s for homes in Scotland and England. The mix design includes aggregates, cementitious materials, and water, with void contents between 15-30% and water-cement ratios of 0.28-0.40. Pervious concrete is used for flatwork applications and subgrade installations, and provides environmental, safety, and economic benefits like reduced runoff and maintenance costs, though it also has disadvantages like needing extended curing times.
This document presents a project on the properties and applications of foam concrete. It was presented by two students from the Department of Civil Engineering at KUET. The document defines foam concrete as a cement-based slurry with at least 20% entrained foam. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process of foam concrete and describes its key properties like compressive strength, thermal conductivity, drying shrinkage and fire resistance which vary according to density. The document also outlines various applications of foam concrete in construction based on density and highlights its advantages like light weight and rapid construction as well as limitations. Finally, it discusses the potential of foam concrete in Bangladesh.
The document describes 7 different tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing examines the cement's appearance, texture, and behavior when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the percentage of water needed to achieve a standardized consistency for cement paste.
3. The fineness test evaluates the particle size distribution of cement, with finer particles offering a greater surface area for hydration.
4. The soundness test ensures cement does not expand after setting, which could indicate excess lime causing unsoundness.
5. The strength test measures the compressive strength of cement mortar mixtures at various ages (3, 7, 28 days).
6. The heat of hydration test examines the heat released
Pervious or porous concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water to pass directly through it. This is achieved through a mix with a highly interconnected void content of around 20-35% and the absence of fine aggregates. Pervious concrete has environmental benefits like reducing stormwater runoff and replenishing groundwater, but also has disadvantages like being susceptible to clogging. It has a range of applications in pavements, sports courts, and other surfaces. Proper mix design, placement, finishing, curing and maintenance are important to ensure the permeability and strength of pervious concrete.
This document discusses the effects of temperature on concrete. It finds that higher temperatures can cause problems in both fresh and hardened concrete, such as increased water demand, faster setting and slump loss, and decreased long term strength. An experiment tested concrete strengths at 3, 7, and 28 days for temperatures of 25, 29, and 41.5 degrees Celsius and found higher early strengths but lower long term strengths with increased temperature. It recommends methods to lower the temperature of fresh concrete such as cooling mix water, aggregates, and using chilled materials.
This document discusses types of waste materials that can be used to produce waste material based concrete, including organic waste like rice husk, inorganic waste like broken concrete and glass, and industrial wastes like blast furnace slag, coal ash, and red mud. Rice husk can be used to produce lightweight concrete, while broken concrete and glass can produce concrete of sufficient strength. Blast furnace slag and coal ash can partially replace cement and improve properties like chemical resistance. Silica fume can significantly increase strength and allow high water-cement ratios. Using these wastes can reduce costs and environmental impacts of concrete production.
Mechanism of different chemical attacks in a concrete like chloride attack, sulfate attack , which causes corrosion and spalling. Other reactions are alkali aggregate reaction , alkali silica reaction in concrete etc.
Concrete Construction: Batching of mixes; casting process, compaction and curing;
requirement of mix design and casting of test cubes – removing cubes from moulds and
curing for strength tests; bar-bending equipments and preparation of reinforcement for
R C C works
This document discusses several special concreting techniques:
- Pumped concrete is concrete that can be pushed through a pipeline and must have a design that prevents blockages.
- Shortcrete or gunite is a mortar or fine concrete pneumatically projected at high velocity, used for thin sections with less formwork.
- Underwater concrete requires special mixes placed via bagging, buckets, tremie pipes, or grouted aggregates to prevent water intrusion.
- Other techniques include pre-packed concrete placed underwater and special considerations for hot/cold weather concreting. Proper mix design and placement methods are essential for successful implementation of special concreting applications.
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including fibre reinforced concrete, self-compacting concrete, polymer concrete, high performance concrete, and sulphur concrete. It focuses on fibre reinforced concrete and self-compacting concrete, providing details on their composition, production, properties, and applications. Fibre reinforced concrete is made stronger and tougher through the addition of fibres like steel, glass, and carbon. Self-compacting concrete is able to flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration, bringing construction benefits like faster placement and improved surface finish.
retrofitting of fire damaged rcc slabs,colums,beamsNayana 54321
This document discusses techniques for retrofitting existing reinforced concrete structures. It introduces various problems that can occur in concrete structures like damage, excessive loading, cracks, and corrosion. Retrofitting aims to restore strength and improve serviceability. Factors influencing the selection of a retrofitting technique include cost, time constraints, and existing structure conditions. Conventional techniques discussed are section enlargement, external plate bonding, external post-tensioning, ferrocement covering, and grouting. An advanced technique of fiber reinforced polymer composites is also introduced, with carbon fiber reinforced polymer being highlighted. CFRP has advantages of high strength, corrosion resistance, and suitability for seismic retrofitting but also has high initial costs.
This document discusses quality control in concrete construction. It explains that concrete is made by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and admixtures. Quality control is important to ensure the concrete has strength, durability, and aesthetics. Quality control involves testing the materials used, the fresh concrete mix, and the hardened concrete. Tests on fresh concrete include slump and compacting factor tests, while tests on hardened concrete include compression, tensile, and flexural strength tests. The document outlines the quality control process from the production of materials to placement and curing of the concrete.
The document summarizes several experiments conducted in a concrete technology lab to test properties of cement and concrete, including fineness of cement, normal consistency of cement, setting time of cement, specific gravity of cement, compressive strength of cement, slump test of concrete, Vee-Bee test of concrete, and compaction factor test of concrete. The experiments are performed according to standard procedures and test methods to determine key properties like workability, consistency, setting behavior, density, and strength.
Self-compacting concrete was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve problems with inadequate compaction of traditional concrete. It uses a high paste content and superplasticizers to create a concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. Tests were developed to evaluate properties like filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. Self-compacting concrete provides benefits like easier placement, faster construction, better surface finish, and improved durability. However, it also has higher costs associated with materials and mix design development.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a highly flowable concrete that can spread into place and fill formwork without any mechanical consolidation. SCC was developed in Japan in the 1980s to overcome issues with inadequate consolidation of traditional vibrated concrete. SCC uses special admixtures and optimized aggregate gradation to achieve excellent flowability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. While SCC has higher material costs, it provides benefits of easier placement, improved quality, reduced labor requirements, and faster construction.
The document provides an overview of testing conducted at the NTPC Gadarwada power plant project site. It summarizes various material testing methods used, including testing of concrete (compressive strength, slump, and core cutter tests), cement (Vicat test), soil (liquid limit, proctor, and core cutter tests), steel (bend-rebend test), bricks (water absorption, compression, warpage, and efflorescence tests), and reinforcement. It also summarizes quality control methods used in various construction activities like fabrication, erection, site leveling, roads, foundations, and pre-engineered structures.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Tests of cements can be categorized as either field testing or laboratory testing. Laboratory testing includes fineness test, standard consistency test, setting time test, strength test, soundness test, heat of hydration test, and chemical composition test. The fineness test determines the particle size of cement, which affects the rate of hydration and strength development. The standard consistency test finds the amount of water needed to produce a cement paste that can be properly worked. The setting time test identifies the initial and final set times of cement. The strength test evaluates compressive strength of cement mortar cubes. The soundness test checks for expansion of cement after setting. The heat of hydration test measures heat released during cement hydration. Chemical composition
Characterization of Self-compacting Concrete using Viscosity Modifying Admixt...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on characterizing self-compacting concrete (SCC) using viscosity modifying admixtures (VMAs). It discusses how VMAs change the cohesion of SCC without affecting fluidity, making it less sensitive to small variations. The document outlines various tests used to evaluate the rheological and hardened properties of SCC, including slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box tests. It provides details on procedures, equipment, and interpretations for each test. The goal of the research is to improve the qualities and stability of SCC through optimizing VMA content and rheological properties.
A Review Paper on Re-vibration of Fly Ash ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the effect of re-vibration on fly ash concrete. It found that re-vibrating concrete after initial vibration at time intervals between 30 minutes to 2 hours improved properties like compressive strength, surface hardness, and permeability. The maximum compressive strength was achieved with re-vibration after 2 hours. Re-vibration helps fill voids, removes air, and rearranges aggregates, leading to stronger, denser concrete. While re-vibration is beneficial if done properly, disturbing partially set concrete can reduce strength. The study concluded that fly ash concrete can provide environmental and strength benefits when re-vibrated at an early age.
DETAILED STUDY OF FOAM CONCRETE
1- MATERIALS USED
2- MACHINE USED( HAND MAKING WORKABLE EQUIPMENT FOR MIXING)
3-TESTING PROCEDURE
4- YOU GUYZ CAN ALSO LEARN THROUGH THE PHOTOGRAPHS
The document discusses various tests used to evaluate the properties of fresh and hardened concrete, including slump tests, compaction factor tests, Vee-Bee consistometer tests, flow tests, and Kelly ball tests for fresh concrete workability. Hardened concrete is evaluated using rebound hammer tests to estimate compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests to assess quality. A case study describes a reinforced concrete structure collapse due to design flaws in accounting for beam-column joint forces, inadequate reinforcement detailing, and omitted column links.
The document discusses a study on the partial replacement of fine aggregate with glass powder in concrete. The objectives are to evaluate glass powder as a replacement, study the performance of glass powder concrete, and understand its effectiveness on strength. The methodology involves collecting materials, preliminary testing, casting and curing specimens, and testing concrete. The results show that the compressive and tensile strengths generally increase up to 15-20% replacement, with strengths decreasing at 30% replacement. Overall, the study demonstrates that glass powder can partially replace fine aggregate in concrete with improvements to strength.
This document summarizes research on utilizing waste materials in concrete. It discusses how concrete is the second most consumed substance after water. Using recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash can reduce the environmental impact. Studies found that replacing up to 20% of materials with recycled aggregates and fly ash achieved similar or higher compressive strengths compared to normal concrete. The document outlines experimental methods to test properties of concrete mixes containing various percentages of replacements. It concludes that waste materials can replace up to 20% of materials without significantly compromising concrete strength.
1. This document describes various tests conducted on cement and concrete to determine their properties and quality, including fineness, consistency, setting time, soundness, compressive strength, and workability.
2. Tests are also described for determining water demand and the effects of admixtures on properties like setting time and strength.
3. Common admixtures include accelerators, retarders, air-entrainers, and water-reducers, which can improve concrete workability, permeability, cracking resistance and durability.
This document provides an overview of self-compacting concrete (SCC), including its advantages over conventional concrete, mix design principles, constituent materials, fresh and hardened properties, applications, and references for further information. SCC is able to flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration, allowing easier placement in complex forms. Its benefits include faster construction, reduced labor, improved safety and aesthetics. Proper mix design and materials selection are needed to achieve adequate filling and passing abilities without segregation. SCC has been used successfully in large projects like bridges and tall buildings.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Mesh Confined Concrete Subjected to High Tempera...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the effects of high temperature on mesh confined concrete. Concrete cylinders with and without different mesh confinements were cast and subjected to a temperature of 300°C. The specimens were then cooled using two methods and tested to determine their mechanical properties. The study found that specimens with GI weld mesh confinement had higher strength, energy absorption and stiffness after exposure to high temperature compared to conventional concrete specimens without mesh confinement. Specimens cooled through air drying also performed better than those cooled through quenching. The GI weld mesh confined concrete showed improved properties like load carrying capacity and deformation resistance after exposure to high temperature.
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EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE USING GGBS WITH PARTIAL REPLACMENT OF CEMENT
1. 200
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE USING GGBS
WITH PARTIAL REPLACMENT OF CEMENT
K.L.N.Madhav rao1
, K. Mythili Rao2
.
1 Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora's Scientific Technological and Research Academy, Hyderabad, India.
2 Assistant professor , Department of Civil Engineering, Aurora's Scientific Technological and Research Academy, Hyderabad, India.
*Corresponding Author:
K.L.N.Madhav rao,
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering,
Aurora's Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Hyderabad, India.
Published: August 03, 2015
Review Type: peer reviewed
Volume: II, Issue : III
Citation: K.L.N.Madhav rao , Research Scholar (2015) "EXPERI-
MENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE US-
ING GGBS WITH PARTIAL REPLACMENT OF CEMENT"
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Self – compacting concrete (SCC) is a fluid mixture, which
is suitable for placing difficult conditions and also in con-
gested reinforcement, without vibration. In principle, a
self – compacting or self – consolidating concrete must:
• Have a fluidity that allows self – compaction without
External energy
• Remains homogeneous in a form during and after the
process and
• Flow easily through reinforcement
Self-consolidating concrete has recently been used in the
pre – cast industry and in some commercial applications,
however the relatively high material cost still hinders the
wide spread use of such specialty concrete in various seg-
ments of the construction industry, including commercial
and residential construction.
Compared with conventional concrete of similar me-
chanical properties, the material cost of SCC is more
due to relatively high demand of Cementation materials
and chemical admixtures including high – range water
reducing admixtures (HRWRA) and viscosity enhancing
admixtures (VEA). Typically, the content in Cementation
materials can vary between 450 and 525 Kg/m3
for SCC
targeted for the filling of highly restricted areas and for re-
pair applications. Such applications require low aggregate
volume to facilitate flow among restricted spacing without
blockage and ensure the filling of the formwork without
consolidation. The incorporation of high volumes of finely
ground powder materials is necessary to enhance cohe-
siveness and increase the paste volume required for suc-
cessful casting of SCC.
scope and objective of investigation
• Involves finding the effect of GGBS (ground granulated
blast furnace slag) when replaced with cement of 40% and
50% percentages for both M30 & M40 grades, mainly
to increase the compressive strength and bring down the
emission of gas such as co2
& cost & make the concrete
cost effective.
• In general, increasing the CaO content of the slag re-
sults in raised slag basicity and an increase in compres-
sive strength.
• Adding super plasticizer as poly carboxylic either
(ADVA960) is a (retarder) used to increase the initial set-
ting time and the secondary effect reduce the W/C ratio
20% to 30%.
• The mix designs calculated for SCC M30 & SCC M40 for
replacing 40% & 50% ggbs by using IS10262-2009 code.
• This experiment is made to the self compacting ability
by conducting test such as slump flow test, L box test, v
box test when it replaced by GGBS and calculating the
compressive strength by changing W/C ratio.
Abstract
Concrete is Most widely used construction Material in the Modern Era because of its good Compressive strength and
high durability. As we know Concrete comprises a Mixture of cement, sand (fine aggregate), course aggregate and water
which makes up normal plain concrete, to increase the strength of concrete we can design the mix with greater Flexibil-
ity, but the problems Arises in structure as load age, increaseof floors which demands increase of high strength concrete
and more steel. So, especially at the beams, columns joints heavy reinforcement meshing is done so that it becomes If
the concrete is not compacted then strength may not be achieved, so the solution for the problem is SCC which we call
it asself-compacting concrete. Were this SCC has ability to compact by itself Gravity and self-flow ability same strength
can be Here in the research, it is carried out self-compaction concrete to improve strength & make concrete economical
so, a mix is dispend of M30,M40 Grades with adding chemical admixture named poly carboxylic ether (ADVA960) , a
Retarder Basically Which also increases strength and workability &replacing cement with GGBS (Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag) 40%&50% .The tests are carried out to find the increase in strength by adding chemical admixture &
replacing GGBS 40% & 50%.By the chemical admixture adding up to 2% Max were previous strength shows that adding
of chemical admixture greater than 2% which results to increase the initial setting time and decrease in the w/c ratio.
Test will be conducted for 3,7,28 days find the increase of strength and its other properties
1401-1402
2. 201
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Test on materials
cement
The most common cement currently used in construc-
tion is type I/I I Portland cement. This cement conform
to the strength requirement of a Type I and the C3A
content restriction of a Type II. This type of cement is
typically used in construction and is readily available
from a variety of sources. The Blaine fineness is used
to quantify the surface area of cement.
The surface area provides a direct indication of the ce-
ment fineness. The typical fineness of cement ranges from
350 to 500m2
/kg for Type I and Type III cements, respec-
tively.
NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF FINENESS OF CEMENT
Aim: To determine the percentage of water required for
preparing cement paste of standard consistency, used for
other tests.
Apparatus: Vicat apparatus with plunger,
I.S. Sieve No. 9,
Measuring jar,
Weighing balance
Procedure:
• The vicat’s apparatus consists of a D- frame with mov-
able rod. An indicator is attached to the movable rod,
which gives the penetration on a vertical scale.
• A plunger of 10 mm diameter, 50 mm long is attached to
the movable rod to find out normal consistency of cement.
Take 300 gm of cement sieved through I.S. Sieve No. 9
and add 30% by weight (90 ml) water to it.
• Mix water and cement on a non-porous surface thor-
oughly with in 3 to 4 minutes.
• The cement paste is filled in the vicat’s mould and top
surface is leveled with a trowel. The filled up mould shall
be placed along with its bottom non-porous plate on the
base plate of the vicat’s apparatus centrally below the
movable rod.
• The plunger is quickly released into the paste. The set-
tlement of the plunger is noted down. If the penetration
is between 33 mm to 35 mm from top (or) 5 mm to 7 mm
from the bottom, the amount of water added is correct.
• If the penetration is less than required, process is re-
peated with different percentages of water till the desired
penetration is obtained.
S.NO AMOUNT OF
WATER
PENETRATION OF
PLUNGER FROM
TOP
1 80 33.3
2 85 33.8
3 90 34.2
Result:-The normal consistency of cement= 33.6 mm
INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIMES OF CEMENT
Aim: To find initial and final setting times of cement.
Apparatus:
Vicat apparatus with mould, I.S. sieve No. 9,
Initial and final setting time needles,
Measuring jar, weighing balance, etc.
Procedure:
Initial setting time:
• Initial setting time is defined as the time elapsed be-
tween the moment that the water is added to the cement,
to the time that the paste starts losing its plasticity i.e.
the initial setting time needle fails to penetrate the cement
paste kept in the mould by about 33-35 mm from the top
or 5-7 mm from bottom of the indicator is called initial
setting time.
• Take a cement sample weighing 300 gm, sieved through
I.S. sieve No. 9 and mixed with percentage of water as
determined in normal consistency test.
• Stopwatch should be started at the instant when water
is added to the cement. Now the prepared cement paste is
filled in vicat’s mould and leveled with trowel.
• the mould filled with cement paste kept on the non po-
rous plate is now placed under the movable rod with ini-
tial setting time needle of cross section 1mm x 1mm the
needle is quickly released and it is allowed to penetrate
the cement paste.
• In the beginning the needle penetrates completely. It is
then taken out and dropped at a fresh place. This proce-
dure is repeated at regular intervals till the needle does
not penetrate the block for about 5 mm measured from
the bottom of indicator. Note the time for initial setting
of cement.
• The initial setting time of an ordinary Portland cement
shall not be less than 30 minutes.
Final setting time:
• After noting the time for initial setting of cement,
• The needle shall be replaced by the final setting time
needle and then movable rod is slowly released on to the
cement paste.
• In the initial stages the needle and collar may pierce
through the paste. But after some time the same proce-
dure is followed.
• Such trials shall be carried out until the needle only
makes as impression on the top surface of the cement
paste and the collar of the needle fails to do so.
• Note the time for final setting time of cement. The final
setting time of an ordinary Portland cement shall not be
more than 10 hours
.
Result: 1. Initial setting time of cement= 180 Min
2. Final setting time of cement = 342 Min
SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT
Unsoundness of cement means, that the cement having
excess lime, magnesium sulphates, etc. due to excess of
these items there will be volume changes and large expan-
sions, there by reduces the durability of the structures.
AIM: - To find out the soundness of cement.
APPARATUS: - Le-Chatelier Apparatus Cement,
Water,
Glass plate.
Procedure:-
• Cement is gauged with 0.78 times the water required for
standard consistency (0.78P) in a standard manner and
filled in to the Le-Chatelier mould which is present on the
on the glass plate.
• The mould is covered on the top with another glass plate.
• The whole assembly is immersed in water at tempera-
ture of 27o
C to 32o
C and kept there for 24 hrs.
• Measure the distance between the indicator points.
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
• Submerge the mould again in water, heat the water up
to boiling point in 30 minutes and keep it boiling for 3
hrs.
• Remove the mould from hot water and allow it to cool
and measure the distance between the indicator points.
• The distance between these two measurements gives the
expansion of cement.
• This must not exceed 10mm for OPC, RHC, LHC, etc.
• If the expansion is more than 10mm, the cement is un-
sound.
Soundness of cement:- 8mm
BULKING OF SAND
The volume of fine aggregate may increase by 1% to 5%
due to presence of moisture. This property of increase in
volume of fine aggregate due to moisture is called bulking.
AIM:- To find out the bulking factor of fine aggregate.
APPARATUS: - Container,
Sand,
Water,
Mixing Pan.
Procedure :-
i) Take about 6 liters of dry compacted sand and weigh it
and dump it into a mixing pan.
ii) Add a certain known percentage of water by weight of
dry sand.
iii) Mix rapidly and thoroughly till a uniform color is ob-
tained and fill the container with the wet sand without
any tamping.
iv) Now strike off the top surface and weigh and thus find
the weight of wet sand.
v) Repeat the experiment No. of times increasing in water
content from 2% to 8%.
Calculation :-
W1
=Wt. of 1m3
of compacted dry sand.
W2
=Wt. of dry sand contained in 1m3
of wet loose sand.
W3
=Wt. of 1m3
of wet sand
X = Percentage of water added
W3
=Wt. of dry sand + Wt. of water
S.NO VOLUME OF
DRY LOOSE
SAND V1
% MOISTURE
CONTENT
ADDED
VOLUME OF
WET LOOSE
SAND V2
% BULKING
(V2-V1)/V1
1 200ml 2% 150 33.3
2 200ml 4% 154 28.2
3 200ml 6% 156 29.9
Average value of bulking of sand = (33.3+28.2+29.9)÷3
Percentage Bulking of sand =30.5%
RESULT: Percentage Bulking of sand =30.5%
Admixtures
GGBS (GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE
SLAGE)
The chemical composition of a slag varies considerably
depending on the composition of the raw materials in the
iron production process. Silicate and aluminates impu-
rities from the ore and coke are combined in the blast
furnace with a flux which lowers the viscosity of the slag.
In the case of pig iron production the flux consists mostly
of a mixture of limestone and forsterite or in some cases
dolomite. In the blast furnace the slag floats on top of the
iron and is decanted for separation. Slow cooling of slag
melts results in an unreactive crystalline material con-
sisting of an assemblage of Ca-Al-Mg silicates. To obtain
a good slag reactivity or hydraulicity, the slag melt needs
to be rapidly cooled or quenched below 800 °C in order to
prevent the crystallization of merwinite and melilite. To
cool and fragment the slag a granulation process can be
applied in which molten slag is subjected to jet streams
of water or air under pressure. Alternatively, in the pel-
letization process the liquid slag is partially cooled with
water and subsequently projected into the air by a rotat-
ing drum. In order to obtain a suitable reactivity, the ob-
tained fragments are ground to reach the same fineness
as Portland cement, chemical component of GGBS
Cao = 30-45%
Sio2
= 17-38%
Al2
o3
= 15-25%
Fe2
o3
= 0.5-2.0%
Mgo = 4.0-17.0%
Mno2
= 1.0-5.0%
Glass = 85-98%
Specific gravity = 2.9
• In general increasing the CaO content of the slag results
in raised slag basicity and an increase in compressive
strength.
• The MgO and Al2
O3
content show the same trend up to
respectively 10-12% and 14%, beyond which no further
improvement can be obtained.
• Several compositional ratios or so-called hydraulic in-
dices have been used to correlate slag composition with
hydraulic activity; the latter being mostly expressed as
the binder compressive strength.
• The glass content of slag suitable for blending with
4. 203
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Portland cement typically varies between 90-100% and
depends on the cooling method and the temperature at
which cooling is initiated.
• The glass structure of the quenched glass largely de-
pends on the proportions of network-forming elements
such as Si and Al over network-modifiers such as Ca, Mg
and to a lesser extent Al.
• Increased amounts of network-modifiers lead to higher
degrees of network depolymerization and reactivity.
• Common crystalline constituents of blast-furnace slag
are merwinite and melilite.
• Other minor Components which can form during pro-
gressive crystallization, arebelite, monticellite, rankinite,
wollastonite and forsterite. Minor amounts of reduced
sulphur are commonly encountered as oldhamite.
• The performance of slag largely depends on the chemical
composition. Glass content and fineness of grinding. The
quality of slag is governed by IS 12089 of 1987
Placing Of Mix In Moulds
After mixing the proportions in the mixing machine, it is
taken out into the bucket. The concrete is placed in to
the moulds (cubes, beams & cylinders), which are already
oiled simply by means of hands only without using any
compacting devises.
Curing
After 24 hours the specimens were removed from
the moulds and immediately submerged in clean fresh
water and kept there until taken out just prior to testing.
Properties Of Scc specimen
Workability
The level of fluidity of the SCC is governed chiefly by
the dosing of the Super plasticizer. However overdos-
ing may lead to the risk of segregation and block-
age. Consequently the characteristics of the fresh SCC
need to be carefully controlled using preferably two
of the different types of test.
Segregation Resistance
Due to the high fluidity of SCC, the risk of segregation
and blocking is very high. Preventing segregation is there-
fore an important feature of the control regime. The ten-
dency to segregation can be reduced by the use of a
sufficient amount of fines (<0.125mm), or using a
Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA).
Open Time
The time during which the Scc maintains its desired rheo-
logical properties is very important to obtain good results
in the concrete placing. This time can be adjusted by
choosing the right type of super plasticizers or the com-
bined use of retarding admixtures. Different admix-
tures have different effects on open time and they can
be used according to the type of cement and the timing
of the transport and placing of the SCC
Properties of Hardened SCC
Shrinkage And Creep
None of the results obtained indicates that the shrinkage
and the creep of the SCC mixes were significantly greater
than those of traditional vibrated concrete.
Some Aspects Of Durability
Elements of all types of concrete have been left exposed
for future assessment of durability but some preliminary
tests have been carried out.
The permeability of the concrete, a recognized indicator
of likely durability, has been examined by measuring the
water absorption of near surface concrete. The results
suggest that in the SCC mixes, the near surface con-
crete was denser and more resistant to water ingress
than in the reference mixes. Carbonation depths have
been measured at one year. The civil mixes (both SCC and
reference) show no carbonation. The evidence in hand
and data from other source suggest that the durability
performance of SCC is likely to be equal or better
than that of traditional vibrated concrete.
Structural Performances
The structural performance of the concrete was as-
sessed by loading the full-size reinforced columns and
beams to failure. For the columns, the actual failure load
exceeded the calculated failure load for both types of
concrete (SCC and traditional vibrated concrete).
For the beams the only available comparison is between
SCC and traditional vibrated concrete in the civil engi-
neering category. Here the behavior of the two con-
cretes in terms of cracking moment, crack width & load-
deflection was similar
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Mortar:-
Mortar also plays a vital role as solid particle in
SCC. This property is so called “pressure transfer-
ability” which can be apparent when the coarse aggregate
particles approach each other and mortar is in between
coarse aggregate particles. Here the mortar is subjected
to normal stress. The degree of the decrease in shear
deformability of mortar largely depends on the physi-
cal characteristics of the solid pattern in the mo tar. It
was found that the relation between the flow ability of
mortar and concrete couldn’t always be same due to
differences in the characteristics of the solid particles in
the mortar.
Water /Cement Ratio and S.P Dosage:-
The characteristics of powder and S.P largely affect the
mortar property and so the proper water cement ratio
and S.P dosage cannot be fixed without trail mixing.
Therefore once the mix proportion is decided self-compat-
ibility has to be formulated. So that we can establish a
rational method for adjusting the water cement ratio and
S.P dosage to achieve appropriate deformability and vis-
cosity.
Compressive strength
In all SCC mixes compressive strengths of standard cube
specimens were comparable to those of traditional vibrat-
ed concrete made with similar water-cement ratios – if
anything strengths were higher
In-situ strengths of SCC are similar to those of traditional
vibrated concrete, indeed somewhat higher when lime-
stone powder is used as filler, probably because of a dig-
nifying mechanism and the observed lower susceptibility
to imperfect curing, both attribute to this type of filler.
The in-situ strengths of both types of civil engineering
concrete, SCC and traditional vibrated concrete were
closer to standard cube strengths than those of the
housing mixes again; this is typical of higher strength
concrete.
In vertical element, in-situ strengths of both SCC and tra-
ditional vibrated concrete are higher at the bottom than
at the top, vibration of in-situ strengths, for both types
of concrete is much lower in horizontal elements, in this
case the beams. These observations are characteristic of
traditional vibrated concrete. The in- situ strengths of
elements cast and cured outdoors in winter (the
beams), whether SCC or conventional, were lower than
those cast indoors at the same time (the columns).
Overall, we might conclude that the fresh self-compacting
properties of the concrete have little effect on the in-situ
strengths.
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength was assessed indirectly by the splitting
test on cylinders. For SCC, both the tensile strengths
themselves, and the relationships between tensile and
compressive strengths were of a similar order to those of
traditional vibrated concrete.
Bonding Strength
The strength of the bond between concrete and re-
inforcement was assessed by pullout tests, using de-
form med reinforcing steel of two different diameters,
embedded in concrete prisms. For both civil engineering
and housing categories, the SCC bond strengths, related
to the standard compressive strengths, were higher than
those of the reference concrete were.
Modulus Of Elasticity
Results available indicate that the relationships be-
tween static modulus of elasticity and compressive
strengths were similar for SCC and the reference mixes.
A relationship in the form of E/(fc) 0.5 has been widely
reported, and all values of this ratio were close to
the one recommended by ACT for structural calculations
for normal weight traditional vibrated concrete.
Mix Design
Introduction
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suit-
able ingrients of concrete and determine with the object
of producing concrete of certain minimum strength and
durability as economical as possible.
Mix design for M30 &M40 Grade concrete replacing
40%,50% ggbs according to IS456-2000 AND IS 10262-
2009& MORTH.
M-30 Concrete Mix Design Replacing Ggbs 40%
A-1 Stipulations for Proportioning
1 Grade Designation =M30
2 Type of Cement=OPC 53 grade confirming to IS-12269-
1987
3 Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size =10 mm
4 Minimum Cement Content (MORT&H 1700-3 A)
=200 kg/m3
5 Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A)
=0.45
6 Workability (MORT&H 1700-4)
=50-75mm (Slump)
7 Exposure Condition =Normal
8 Degree of Supervision =Good
9 Type of Aggregate =Crushed Angular Aggregate
10 Maximum Cement Content (MORT&H Cl. 1703.2)
=540 kg/m3
11 Chemical Admixture Type
=Super plasticizer Confirming to IS- 9103
12 VMA =0.5%
A-2 Test Data for Materials
1 Cement Used
= OPC53gradeconforming IS8112
2 Sp. Gravity of Cement =3.15
3 Sp. Gravity of Water =1.00
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
4 Chemical Admixture
=ADVA960(POLYCARBOXLIC EITHER)
6 Sp. Gravity of 10 mm Aggregate =2.74
7 Sp. Gravity of Sand =2.605
9 Water Absorption of 10 mm Aggregate =1.0%
10 Water Absorption of Sand =1.23%
12 Free (Surface) Moisture of 10 mm Aggregate =nil
13 Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand =nil
14 Sieve Analysis of Individual Coarse Aggregates
=Separate Analysis Done
15 Sieve Analysis of Combined Coarse Aggregates
=Separate Analysis Done
15 Sp. Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates =2.882
16 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates
=CONFORMINGTO GRADING ZONE-1 IS383
A-8 Mix Calculations
1 Volume of Concrete in m3
=1.00 m3
2 Volume of Cement in m3
(Mass of Cement) / (Sp. Gravity of Cement) x 1000
= (224/3.15)*1000=0.0710m3
3 Volume of Water in m3
(Mass of Water) / (Sp. Gravity of Water) x 1000
=0.154m3
4Volume of ggbs
(Mass of ggbs) / (Sp. Gravity of ggbs) x 1000
=150/2.9*1000=0.051 m3
5 Volume of chemical Admixture @ 2% in m3
(Mass of Admixture) / (Sp. Gravity of Admixture)x1000
=4.4/1.09*1000=0.0040 m3
6 Volume of All in Aggregate in m3
Sr. no. 1 – (Sr. no. 2+3+4)=1-(0.071+0.154+0.0040+0.051)
=0.72 m3
7 Volume of Course Aggregate in m3
Sr. no. 6 x 0.56
=0.72*0.56*2.74*1000=1104 kgs
8 Volume of Fine Aggregate in m3
Sr. no. 6 x 0.44
=0.72*0.44*2.74*1000=868 kgs
A-9 Mix Proportions for One cum of Concrete (SSD
Condition)
1 Mass of Cement in kg/m3
=224 kgs
2 Mass of Water in kg/m3
=154 liters
3 Mass of Fine Aggregate in kg/m3
=868kgs
4 Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/m3
=1104 kgs
5 Mass of chemical Admixture in kg/m3
=4.4 kg/m3
6 Mass of GGBS kg/m3
=150 kg/m3
7 Water Cement Ratio =0.41
8 Vma =0.187 liters /m3
Mixing Ratio
(GGBS+CEMENT): FINE AGGREGATE: COURSE AGGRE-
GATE: W/C RATIO
(0.4+0.60)=1 : 2.32 : 2.95
: 0.41
M-30 Concrete Mix Design Replacing Ggbs 50%
Cementious material content =340X 1.10=374kg/m3
Water content =154 kg/m3
Water/cement ratio = 154/374 =0.41
GGBS @50% of total Cementious material = 374*
50%=187 kg/m3
Cement (opc) =374-187=187 kg/m3
Saving of cement while using ggbs=374-187=187 kg/m3
Ggbs used = 187 kg/m3
M30 Compressive Strength Replacing 40% ggbs in
KN/M2
S.No Cube Size 3 Days 7 Days 28days
1 150mm 11.40 18.78 33.40
2 150mm 11.92 19.12 34.18
3 150mm 12.21 19.80 34.80
M30 Compressive Strength Replacing 50% ggbs in
KN/M2
S.No Cube Size 3 Days 7 Days 28days
1 150mm 12.73 20.09 35.70
2 150mm 14.21 21.20 35.10
3 150mm 13.19 19.80 36.24
M40 Compressive Strength Replacing 40% ggbs in
KN/M2
S.No Cube Size 3 Days 7 Days 28days
1 150mm 14.90 33.70 44.25
2 150mm 15.76 34.30 44.80
3 150mm 16.80 34.80 45.10
M40 Compressive Strength Replacing 50% ggbs in
KN/M2
S.No Cube Size 3 Days 7 Days 28days
1 150mm 16.40 36.14 46.66
2 150mm 16.90 35.70 45.80
3 150mm 17.10 36.80 46.10
M30compressive strength replacing 30%&40% ggbs
M40compressive strength replacing 30%&40% ggbs
7. 206
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Conclusion
• When compare to the previous papers test’s on replacing GGBS
above 30% the compressive strength have reduced, for every in-
terval of replacing 5%. Added Conplast SP430 as super plasti-
cizer and maintained w/c ratio is kept constant throughout the
investigation as 0.45.
• as per Results suggest that as much of 50% of cement can be
replaced without any significant consequences on the concrete,
by using the chemical admixture as super plasticizer ADVA960
(poly carboxylic either) is a retarder increase the initial setting
time
• Compressive strength is increased by replacing 50% of GGBS
for cement and maintained w/c ratio as per mix design obtained,
the mineral admixture replacement have a better workable con-
crete.
• Avg Compressive Strength For M30scc Replacing 40%GGBS 3
days=11.84 KN/M2
• Avg Compressive Strength For M30scc Replacing 40%GGBS 7
days=19.23 KN/M2
• Avg Compressive Strength For M30scc Replacing 40%GGBS 28
days=34.12 KN/M2
• Avg Compressive Strength For M30scc Replacing 50%GGBS 3
days=13.37 KN/M2
• Avg Compressive Strength For M30scc Replacing 50%GGBS 7
days=20.36 KN/M2
• Avg Compressive Strength For M30scc Replacing 50%GGBS 28
days=35.69 KN/M2
• Avg Compressive Strength For M40scc Replacing 40%GGBS 3
days=15.82 KN/M2
• Avg Compressive Strength For M40scc Replacing 40%GGBS 7
days=34.26 KN/M2
• Avg Compressive Strength For M40scc Replacing 40%GGBS 28
days=44.71 KN/M2
• Avg Compressive Strength For M40scc Replacing 50%GGBS 3
days=16.80 KN/M2
• Avg Compressive Strength For M40scc Replacing 50%GGBS 7
days=36.21 KN/M2
• Avg Compressive Strength For M40scc Replacing 50%GGBS 28
days=46.18 KN/M2
Scope for Further Study
SCC can be replaced upto 50% further test can be carried out by
increasing percentage and maintain w/c ratio as per mix design,
Since there is no standard method of mix design is available for
SCC. Hence the mix proportion is obtained as per the guidelines
of IS10262-2009 so further study’s can be carried out to find the
Durability &serviceability factors, temperature effect and flexural
strength add present of GGBS more than 50% may shows vari-
ation in obtaining strength.
References
• [1] k.l.n madhav rao “experimental behavior of self compaction
concrete with GGBS “ by using mix design IS 10262-2009and IS
456-2000.
• B. H. Venkataram Pai, Maitreyee Nandy, A. Krishnamoorthy,
Pradip Kumar Sarkar, C.Pramukh Ganapathy, Philip George,
“Development of self compacting concrete with various mineral
admixtures”, American Journal of Civil Engineering, May 30,
2014.
• Dinakarpasla,Mr. Kaliprasannasethy and Umesh c sahoo, “
Development of High Strength Self-Compacting Concrete with
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag – A New Mix Design
Methodology”
• K. Ganesh Babu and V. Sree Rama Kumar, “Efficiency of
GGBS in concrete” , Cement and Concrete Research 30 (2000),
PP.1031- 1036.
• Mallikarjuna Reddy V, Seshagiri Rao M V, Srilakshmi P and
SateeshKumar B,“Effect of W/C Ratio on Workability and Me-
chanical Properties of High Strength Self Compacting Con-
crete (M70 Grade)” International Journal of Engineering Re-
search and Development.
• Mr. Dhruvkumar H. Patel, Mr Dixitkumar D. Patel, Mr
Dhaval P. Patel, Mr Vivek A. Patva, Mr Yashasvikumar R.
Patel, “ Literature Review On Self Compacting Concrete”, In-
ternational Journal For Technological Research In Engineering,
Vol 1, No 9, May-2014.
• P. Ramanathan, I. Baskar, P. Muthupriya, and R. Venkatasu-
bramani .
“ Performance of Self-compacting concrete containing differ-
ent mineral admixtures”. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering
17(2):465-472, May 30. 2012.
• SabeerAlavi.C, I.Baskar and R.Venkatasubramani , “Strength
and Durability Characteristics of GGBFS based SCC , Interna-
tional Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Develop-
ment March (2013).
• EFNARC,“Specification and guidelines for Self Compacting con-
crete”, UK (2002).
• Jump up^ Winnefeld, F; Becker, S; Pakusch, J; Goetz, T (2011)
"Effects of the molecular architecture of comb-shaped super
plasticizers on their performance in cementitious systems". Ce-
ment and ConcreteComposites 41 (10): 1058. doi:10.1016/j.
cemconcomp.2006.12.006.
• Jump up^ Plank, J; Pollmann, K; Zouaoui, N; Andres, P;
Schaefer, C (2007). "Synthesis and performance of methacrylic
ester based polycarboxylate superplasticizers possessing hy-
droxy terminated poly(ethylene glycol) side chains". Cement
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.2008.01.007.
Author
K.L.N.Madhav rao,
Research Scholar,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Aurora's Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Bandlaguda,Hyderabad,
India.
Mythili Rao,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Aurora's Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Bandlaguda,Hyderabad, India.
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