This document provides an overview of road construction in India. It begins with an introduction to India's extensive road network and its classification system. The main components of road construction are then outlined, including earth work, pavement types (flexible and rigid), and construction steps such as preparing the base course, applying tack coat, mixing and placing premix, rolling, and quality control. Equipment used for road construction is also listed. In conclusion, the document states that road construction fundamentals include construction management, investigations, setting out, earthworks, pavements, drainage, and roadsides.
This presentation provides details about a highway construction project in Laheri, Bihar by MaRS Plannng & Engneerng Services Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the key aspects of highway construction including earth work, pavement types, road types, and equipment used. The presentation covers flexible and rigid pavements, and the steps for road construction including preparation of base course, application of tack coat, premix preparation and placing, rolling, and ensuring quality control.
The document describes a summer training presentation on road construction for a 25 km mega highway project between Bhilwara and Chittore in India. It provides details on the project, discusses key aspects of road construction including earthwork, pavements, road types, and the bitumen road construction procedure. It emphasizes the importance of road development for connectivity and describes India's large road network of over 3 million km divided into categories for management.
This presentation summarizes the process of bitumen road construction. It discusses the components of road construction including earthwork, pavements, and types of pavements. It then outlines the procedure for bitumen road construction, including preparing the existing surface, applying a tack coat, preparing hot mix asphalt, compacting the layers, and performing quality checks. The advantages of bitumen roads include a smooth ride surface and quick repair capability, while disadvantages include lower durability and higher construction costs during extreme temperatures.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on summer training with the Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department. It discusses the roles and history of the Public Works Department and Uttar Pradesh State Bridge Corporation in constructing bridges and highways in the state. It then summarizes the different types of pavements used for roads, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic steps for constructing a concrete pavement, from preparing the subgrade to finishing, curing, installing joints, and opening the road to traffic.
The document provides an overview of public works departments and concrete road construction in India. It discusses that the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh pioneered construction and established agencies like the State Bridge Corporation. It also describes the types of pavements used in India, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic process of constructing concrete roads, from site preparation to mixing, placing, and curing concrete before opening the road to traffic.
The document discusses road construction in Uttar Pradesh, India. It describes the Public Works Department as the pioneer in road construction in the state. It also discusses the establishment of the Uttar Pradesh State Bridge Corporation in 1973 and the Uttar Pradesh State Highways Authority in 2004-05 to accelerate bridge and highway construction. The document provides an overview of the road network categories in India and the various steps involved in constructing concrete roads, including site preparation, forming, mixing, placing, compacting, curing, and opening the road to traffic.
This report summarizes the key aspects of highway construction, including different types of pavements, materials used, and construction process. It discusses rigid and flexible pavements, describing their characteristics and materials like cement, aggregates, and bitumen used in each. The site preparation and construction steps are outlined, from grading the land to installing base courses. Advantages of both rigid and flexible pavements are provided. In general, the report provides a high-level overview of highway and pavement design.
This presentation provides details about a highway construction project in Laheri, Bihar by MaRS Plannng & Engneerng Services Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the key aspects of highway construction including earth work, pavement types, road types, and equipment used. The presentation covers flexible and rigid pavements, and the steps for road construction including preparation of base course, application of tack coat, premix preparation and placing, rolling, and ensuring quality control.
The document describes a summer training presentation on road construction for a 25 km mega highway project between Bhilwara and Chittore in India. It provides details on the project, discusses key aspects of road construction including earthwork, pavements, road types, and the bitumen road construction procedure. It emphasizes the importance of road development for connectivity and describes India's large road network of over 3 million km divided into categories for management.
This presentation summarizes the process of bitumen road construction. It discusses the components of road construction including earthwork, pavements, and types of pavements. It then outlines the procedure for bitumen road construction, including preparing the existing surface, applying a tack coat, preparing hot mix asphalt, compacting the layers, and performing quality checks. The advantages of bitumen roads include a smooth ride surface and quick repair capability, while disadvantages include lower durability and higher construction costs during extreme temperatures.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on summer training with the Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department. It discusses the roles and history of the Public Works Department and Uttar Pradesh State Bridge Corporation in constructing bridges and highways in the state. It then summarizes the different types of pavements used for roads, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic steps for constructing a concrete pavement, from preparing the subgrade to finishing, curing, installing joints, and opening the road to traffic.
The document provides an overview of public works departments and concrete road construction in India. It discusses that the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh pioneered construction and established agencies like the State Bridge Corporation. It also describes the types of pavements used in India, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic process of constructing concrete roads, from site preparation to mixing, placing, and curing concrete before opening the road to traffic.
The document discusses road construction in Uttar Pradesh, India. It describes the Public Works Department as the pioneer in road construction in the state. It also discusses the establishment of the Uttar Pradesh State Bridge Corporation in 1973 and the Uttar Pradesh State Highways Authority in 2004-05 to accelerate bridge and highway construction. The document provides an overview of the road network categories in India and the various steps involved in constructing concrete roads, including site preparation, forming, mixing, placing, compacting, curing, and opening the road to traffic.
This report summarizes the key aspects of highway construction, including different types of pavements, materials used, and construction process. It discusses rigid and flexible pavements, describing their characteristics and materials like cement, aggregates, and bitumen used in each. The site preparation and construction steps are outlined, from grading the land to installing base courses. Advantages of both rigid and flexible pavements are provided. In general, the report provides a high-level overview of highway and pavement design.
This document discusses the design aspects of flexible pavements and quality control management. It describes the typical components of a flexible pavement including the surface course, base course, sub-base course, and soil subgrade. It then provides details on the design of service roads including subgrade construction, wet mix macadam construction, and dense bituminous macadam and bituminous concrete construction. The document emphasizes quality control measures throughout construction.
This document provides an overview of road construction. It outlines the key components of road construction including earth work, pavements, types of pavements, road types, construction equipment, and the bitumen road construction procedure. The bitumen road construction procedure involves preparing the base course, applying a tack coat, preparing and placing premix, rolling the mix for compaction, and conducting quality control checks. The conclusion restates that road construction involves earthworks, pavements, drainage, and roadsides.
Low cost roads are meant for low traffic volumes and are constructed using locally available materials at low cost in order to be easily maintained. They are classified into earth roads, kankar roads, gravel roads, water bound macadam roads, and wet mix macadam roads. Earth roads involve compacting layers of suitable soil in stages. Kankar roads involve ramming layers of broken kankar stones. Gravel roads involve compacting layers of a gravel mixture. Water bound macadam roads involve compacting layers of graded aggregates with screenings and binders. Wet mix macadam roads involve spreading and compacting premixed layers of aggregates and water. Standards are provided for alignment, width, and construction methods to allow for future upgrading
Rigid pavements are constructed using cement concrete and rely on the rigidity and high modulus of elasticity of the concrete slab for load carrying capacity. They are usually provided in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climatic conditions. A rigid pavement consists of a concrete slab placed over a subgrade and optionally a sub-base/base. It includes joints to allow for stresses from temperature and moisture changes. Proper construction processes and quality control measures are required to ensure the designed performance of rigid pavements.
This document provides an overview of concrete pavement construction for roads. It discusses the importance of road networks for development and describes the different types of roads in India. It then defines road pavement and describes the main types - flexible and rigid. Flexible pavement uses bitumen and has low initial cost but higher maintenance, while rigid pavement uses concrete and has higher initial cost but lower long-term maintenance. The document outlines the basic components of concrete pavement including cement, aggregates, water, and equipment used. It then explains the various steps of the construction process from site preparation to forming, placing concrete, compaction, curing and finishing.
The document provides an overview of the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses the department's role in government construction projects and establishing organizations like the Uttar Pradesh State Bridge Corporation. It also summarizes the key steps in constructing concrete roads, including site preparation, forming joints, mixing and placing concrete, compaction, curing, and opening the road to traffic. The types of materials used like cement, aggregates, and equipment are also outlined.
This document is a summer training presentation submitted by a civil engineering student for partial fulfillment of their bachelor's degree. It summarizes key concepts in road modification and construction including different types of roads, pavements, and equipment used. Specifically, it discusses earthwork preparation, flexible and rigid pavements, common road types in India like national highways and village roads, and components of roadway construction such as the carriageway, pavement, kerb, and shoulder. Examples of equipment used are compacting rollers, dozers, scrapers, concrete mixers, and barricading materials. The presentation then provides details of a specific road project to upgrade an 8 km long village road.
This document discusses rigid pavements constructed using concrete slabs. Rigid pavements are commonly used when road conditions are adverse, such as heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. The key materials used in concrete pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water, and chemical admixtures. Reinforcement such as dowel bars and tie bars are also used. Concrete pavements consist of a soil subgrade, drainage layer, sub-base course, separation membrane, and concrete slabs with different types of joints. Common types of concrete pavements include jointed plain concrete pavement, jointed reinforced concrete pavement, and continuously reinforced concrete pavement. The document discusses the construction methods and equipment used for rigid
Highway Construction Materials and PracticeSenthamizhan M
Sub grade soil is an integral part of the road pavement structure as it provides the support to the pavement from beneath.
The sub grade soil and its properties are important in the design of pavement structure.
The main function of the sub grade is to give adequate support to the pavement and for this the sub grade should possess sufficient stability under adverse climatic and loading conditions.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control ensures the concrete meets specifications. Traffic is only allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
The document provides details about an internship report on bituminous road construction submitted by four civil engineering students. It discusses bitumen and bituminous roads, the components and functions of pavement layers, and the construction process. The key points are:
1) Bituminous roads are flexible pavements constructed using bitumen that transfers loads through grain-to-grain contact with the ground.
2) Bituminous roads have four pavement layers - sub-grade, sub-base course, base course, and wearing course - each with distinct functions like load transfer, drainage, and providing a smooth surface.
3) The construction process involves site clearance, earthworks, compaction of layers, application of
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Rigid pavements are concrete slabs that distribute vehicle loads through beam action. They have high flexural strength and small deflections compared to flexible pavements. The presentation discusses the types of rigid pavements including jointed plain concrete, jointed reinforced concrete, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. It also covers the design factors for rigid pavements such as traffic loading, subgrade strength, environmental conditions, and material properties. Rigid pavements are designed to last 30 years with minimal maintenance required over the design life.
1. The document presents information on the construction of cement concrete roads (C.C. Roads), outlining various steps involved like preparation of base, formwork, mixing and placing concrete, compaction, finishing, curing, and joint filling.
2. Key steps discussed include preparation of subgrade, laying waterproof paper, using different base materials like WBM or concrete, mixing concrete using batch or continuous mixers, and placing concrete through alternate bay or continuous bay methods.
3. Finishing involves floating, belting, and brooming, while curing takes 14-28 days through various methods like sprinkling water or using membranes. The road can then be opened to
This document discusses bituminous road construction. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road including the subgrade, sub-base, base, binder course, and wearing course. It outlines the steps taken in bituminous road construction, from preparing the base to rolling and quality control checks. Machineries commonly used for road pavement are also listed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of improving road infrastructure to meet growing transportation needs while considering environmental, vehicular, and human factors.
ESTIMATE THE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF WATER-BOUND MACADAM ROAD hitendra pendam
This document is a project report on estimating the construction procedure of a water-bound macadam (WBM) road. It was submitted by three students - Hitendra Pendam, Tejas Mane, and Hemant Neware - to fulfill the requirements for a diploma in civil engineering. The report describes the materials, construction process, maintenance, and cost estimate for building a WBM road. It provides details on preparing the road base, laying coarse aggregates, rolling, adding screenings and binding material, and opening the road to traffic once completed.
Minor Project on design and analysis of flexible pavement with cement treated...PrashannaKumar2
This document describes the different layers of flexible pavement and analyzes strains at critical locations. It includes:
1) A description of typical flexible pavement layers including surface course, binder course, base layer, sub-base layer, and subgrade.
2) An analysis of strains in flexible pavements with different base layers (granular base and cement treated base) under single wheel, dual wheel, and tandem axle loads using KENPAVE software.
3) The maximum tensile strains at the bottom of the surface course and maximum compressive strains at the top of the subgrade were identified as critical locations for fatigue cracking and rutting, respectively.
The document provides details on various stages and materials used in road construction projects. It discusses 10 key stages: 1) site clearance through removing vegetation and structures, 2) surveying work including marking the centerline and levels, 3) earthwork such as creating embankments and preparing the subgrade, 4) laying non-bituminous subbase course using granular material, 5) creating earthen shoulders on both sides, 6) laying a non-bituminous base course using wet mix macadam, 7) applying different surface treatments like prime coat, 8) laying dense bituminous macadam and tack coat, 9) applying the bituminous surface course using bituminous concrete, and 10) ensuring
The document discusses road construction methods in India. It begins by providing context on the importance of roads for economic growth and transportation. It then provides details on:
1) The extensive road network in India, which is the second largest in the world, totaling over 33 million km.
2) The types of modern equipment used for road construction like excavators, pavers, and hot mix plants.
3) Advanced construction techniques like soil stabilization, use of modified bitumen and fly ash in concrete.
4) The construction process for different road types like gravel, water bound macadam, and cement concrete roads.
This document discusses the design aspects of flexible pavements and quality control management. It describes the typical components of a flexible pavement including the surface course, base course, sub-base course, and soil subgrade. It then provides details on the design of service roads including subgrade construction, wet mix macadam construction, and dense bituminous macadam and bituminous concrete construction. The document emphasizes quality control measures throughout construction.
This document provides an overview of road construction. It outlines the key components of road construction including earth work, pavements, types of pavements, road types, construction equipment, and the bitumen road construction procedure. The bitumen road construction procedure involves preparing the base course, applying a tack coat, preparing and placing premix, rolling the mix for compaction, and conducting quality control checks. The conclusion restates that road construction involves earthworks, pavements, drainage, and roadsides.
Low cost roads are meant for low traffic volumes and are constructed using locally available materials at low cost in order to be easily maintained. They are classified into earth roads, kankar roads, gravel roads, water bound macadam roads, and wet mix macadam roads. Earth roads involve compacting layers of suitable soil in stages. Kankar roads involve ramming layers of broken kankar stones. Gravel roads involve compacting layers of a gravel mixture. Water bound macadam roads involve compacting layers of graded aggregates with screenings and binders. Wet mix macadam roads involve spreading and compacting premixed layers of aggregates and water. Standards are provided for alignment, width, and construction methods to allow for future upgrading
Rigid pavements are constructed using cement concrete and rely on the rigidity and high modulus of elasticity of the concrete slab for load carrying capacity. They are usually provided in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climatic conditions. A rigid pavement consists of a concrete slab placed over a subgrade and optionally a sub-base/base. It includes joints to allow for stresses from temperature and moisture changes. Proper construction processes and quality control measures are required to ensure the designed performance of rigid pavements.
This document provides an overview of concrete pavement construction for roads. It discusses the importance of road networks for development and describes the different types of roads in India. It then defines road pavement and describes the main types - flexible and rigid. Flexible pavement uses bitumen and has low initial cost but higher maintenance, while rigid pavement uses concrete and has higher initial cost but lower long-term maintenance. The document outlines the basic components of concrete pavement including cement, aggregates, water, and equipment used. It then explains the various steps of the construction process from site preparation to forming, placing concrete, compaction, curing and finishing.
The document provides an overview of the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses the department's role in government construction projects and establishing organizations like the Uttar Pradesh State Bridge Corporation. It also summarizes the key steps in constructing concrete roads, including site preparation, forming joints, mixing and placing concrete, compaction, curing, and opening the road to traffic. The types of materials used like cement, aggregates, and equipment are also outlined.
This document is a summer training presentation submitted by a civil engineering student for partial fulfillment of their bachelor's degree. It summarizes key concepts in road modification and construction including different types of roads, pavements, and equipment used. Specifically, it discusses earthwork preparation, flexible and rigid pavements, common road types in India like national highways and village roads, and components of roadway construction such as the carriageway, pavement, kerb, and shoulder. Examples of equipment used are compacting rollers, dozers, scrapers, concrete mixers, and barricading materials. The presentation then provides details of a specific road project to upgrade an 8 km long village road.
This document discusses rigid pavements constructed using concrete slabs. Rigid pavements are commonly used when road conditions are adverse, such as heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. The key materials used in concrete pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water, and chemical admixtures. Reinforcement such as dowel bars and tie bars are also used. Concrete pavements consist of a soil subgrade, drainage layer, sub-base course, separation membrane, and concrete slabs with different types of joints. Common types of concrete pavements include jointed plain concrete pavement, jointed reinforced concrete pavement, and continuously reinforced concrete pavement. The document discusses the construction methods and equipment used for rigid
Highway Construction Materials and PracticeSenthamizhan M
Sub grade soil is an integral part of the road pavement structure as it provides the support to the pavement from beneath.
The sub grade soil and its properties are important in the design of pavement structure.
The main function of the sub grade is to give adequate support to the pavement and for this the sub grade should possess sufficient stability under adverse climatic and loading conditions.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control ensures the concrete meets specifications. Traffic is only allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
The document provides details about an internship report on bituminous road construction submitted by four civil engineering students. It discusses bitumen and bituminous roads, the components and functions of pavement layers, and the construction process. The key points are:
1) Bituminous roads are flexible pavements constructed using bitumen that transfers loads through grain-to-grain contact with the ground.
2) Bituminous roads have four pavement layers - sub-grade, sub-base course, base course, and wearing course - each with distinct functions like load transfer, drainage, and providing a smooth surface.
3) The construction process involves site clearance, earthworks, compaction of layers, application of
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Rigid pavements are concrete slabs that distribute vehicle loads through beam action. They have high flexural strength and small deflections compared to flexible pavements. The presentation discusses the types of rigid pavements including jointed plain concrete, jointed reinforced concrete, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. It also covers the design factors for rigid pavements such as traffic loading, subgrade strength, environmental conditions, and material properties. Rigid pavements are designed to last 30 years with minimal maintenance required over the design life.
1. The document presents information on the construction of cement concrete roads (C.C. Roads), outlining various steps involved like preparation of base, formwork, mixing and placing concrete, compaction, finishing, curing, and joint filling.
2. Key steps discussed include preparation of subgrade, laying waterproof paper, using different base materials like WBM or concrete, mixing concrete using batch or continuous mixers, and placing concrete through alternate bay or continuous bay methods.
3. Finishing involves floating, belting, and brooming, while curing takes 14-28 days through various methods like sprinkling water or using membranes. The road can then be opened to
This document discusses bituminous road construction. It describes the different layers of a bituminous road including the subgrade, sub-base, base, binder course, and wearing course. It outlines the steps taken in bituminous road construction, from preparing the base to rolling and quality control checks. Machineries commonly used for road pavement are also listed. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of improving road infrastructure to meet growing transportation needs while considering environmental, vehicular, and human factors.
ESTIMATE THE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF WATER-BOUND MACADAM ROAD hitendra pendam
This document is a project report on estimating the construction procedure of a water-bound macadam (WBM) road. It was submitted by three students - Hitendra Pendam, Tejas Mane, and Hemant Neware - to fulfill the requirements for a diploma in civil engineering. The report describes the materials, construction process, maintenance, and cost estimate for building a WBM road. It provides details on preparing the road base, laying coarse aggregates, rolling, adding screenings and binding material, and opening the road to traffic once completed.
Minor Project on design and analysis of flexible pavement with cement treated...PrashannaKumar2
This document describes the different layers of flexible pavement and analyzes strains at critical locations. It includes:
1) A description of typical flexible pavement layers including surface course, binder course, base layer, sub-base layer, and subgrade.
2) An analysis of strains in flexible pavements with different base layers (granular base and cement treated base) under single wheel, dual wheel, and tandem axle loads using KENPAVE software.
3) The maximum tensile strains at the bottom of the surface course and maximum compressive strains at the top of the subgrade were identified as critical locations for fatigue cracking and rutting, respectively.
The document provides details on various stages and materials used in road construction projects. It discusses 10 key stages: 1) site clearance through removing vegetation and structures, 2) surveying work including marking the centerline and levels, 3) earthwork such as creating embankments and preparing the subgrade, 4) laying non-bituminous subbase course using granular material, 5) creating earthen shoulders on both sides, 6) laying a non-bituminous base course using wet mix macadam, 7) applying different surface treatments like prime coat, 8) laying dense bituminous macadam and tack coat, 9) applying the bituminous surface course using bituminous concrete, and 10) ensuring
The document discusses road construction methods in India. It begins by providing context on the importance of roads for economic growth and transportation. It then provides details on:
1) The extensive road network in India, which is the second largest in the world, totaling over 33 million km.
2) The types of modern equipment used for road construction like excavators, pavers, and hot mix plants.
3) Advanced construction techniques like soil stabilization, use of modified bitumen and fly ash in concrete.
4) The construction process for different road types like gravel, water bound macadam, and cement concrete roads.
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An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Road
3. Earth work
4. Pavement
5. Types of pavement
6. Road types
7. Road construction
8. Equipment
9. Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
Development of a country depends on the connectivity of various places with
adequate road network.
Roads constitute the most important made of communication in areas where
railways and airways have not been developed much.
India has one the largest roads networks in the world(over 3 million km at
present)
4. For the purpose of management and administration, roads
in India are divided into the following five categories:
National Highways(NH)
State Highways(SH)
Major District Roads(MDR)
Other district roads(ORD)
Village roads(VR)
5. Indian roads network-current status
National Highways 58,112
State Highways 1,37,119
Major Districts Roads 4,70,000
Village and Other Roads 26,50,000
Total Roads Length 33,15,231
NHs are less than 2% of network but carry 40%of total traffic.
6. Roads
Roads are defined as routes or
paths that begin at one
destination and lead to another
Road is an open, generally public
way for passage of vehicles
people, and animals.
8. Soil compaction is the process to increase the soil density in
order to make use the ground surface for development, i.e.,
building, road, etc.
COMPACTION
9. Pavements
pavement is finished with a
hard smooth surface. It helps to
make them durable and able to
withstand traffic and the
environment. They have a life
span of between 20-30 years
Types of pavements:
1. Flexible pavement
2. Rigid pavement
10. 1. Flexible Pavement
Flexible pavement are
those which are
surfaced with
bituminous or asphalt
materials. It’s flexible
since the total
pavement structure
bends or deflects due to
the traffic loads.
Generally this type of
pavement requires some
sort of maintenance or
restoration every 10-15
years.
11. 2. Rigid Pavement
A rigid pavement structure is
composed of a hydraulic
cement concrete surface
course and concealed base
and sub base courses. The
surface course is the rigid
layer and provides the
majority of strength.
While in case of rigid
pavement most of the load
carries by slab itself and slight
load goes to the underlying
strata.
12. Road types
Earth road and Gravel road
Water bound macadam(WBM)
Bituminous or Blacktop road
Cement Concrete road
13. Road Construction
1. Preparation of the existing base course layer
The existing surface is prepared by removing the pot holes or rust if any. The
irregularities are filled in with premix existing pavement is extremely way, a
bituminous leveling course of adequate thickness is provided to lay a bituminous
concrete surface on a binder course instead of directly laying it on a WBM.
14. 2. Application of truck coat
It is desirable to lay AC layer over a bituminous base or binder course. A tack
coat of bitumen applied at 6.0 to 7.5 kg per 10 sq.m area, this quantity may
be increased to 7.5 to 10kg for non-bituminous base.
15. 3. Preparation and placing of
premix
The premix is prepared in a hot mix plant of a
required capacity with the desired quantity
control. The bitumen may be heated up to 150-
177 deg C and the aggregate temperature
should not differ by over 14 deg C from the
binder temperature.
The hot mixed material is collected from the
mixture by the transporters, carried to the
location is spread by a mechanical paver at the
temperature of 121 to 163 deg C. The chamber
and the thickness of the layer are accurately
verified. The control of the temperature during
the mixing and he compaction are of great
significance in the strength of the resulting
pavement structure.
16. 4. Rolling
A mix after it is placed on the
base course is thoroughly
compacted by rolling at a speed
not more then 5km per hour.
The initial or break down rolling
is done by 8 to 12 tones roller
and intermediate rolling is done
with a fixed wheel pneumatic
roller of 15 to 30 tones having a
tyre pressure of 7kg sq.cm.
17. 5. Quality control of
bituminous concrete
construction
The routine checks are carried out at site to
ensure the quantity of the resulting
pavement mixture and the pavement
surface. Periodical checks are made for:
1. Aggregate grading
2. Grade of bitumen
3. Temperature of aggregate
4. Temperature of a paving mix during mixing
and compaction
18. 6. Finished surface
The AC surface should be checked by a 3.0 m straight edge. The longitudinal
undulations should not exceed 8.0 mm and the number of undulation higher
not exceed 10 in a length of 300 m. the cross-traffic profile should nothave
undulations exceeding 4.0mm.
19. Equipment
Compacting material (vibratory roller)
Dozer and scraper
Power shover, shovels
Concrete mixer
Watering devices
Mild steel sections and blocks
Barricading
Signage board
22. Conclusion
Fundamentals of road construction consists of the following
topics:
Construction management overview
Preliminary investigations
Setting out
Earthworks
Pavements
Drainage
Roadsides
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