Eco waste project class 11 (THE TOXIC COMPOSITION OF EWASTES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON DIFFERENT NATURAL RESOURCES LIKE SOIL,WATER IN INDIA, SRI LANKA, BANGLADESH AND AUSTRALIA)

PROJECT REPORT
TOPIC
-
THE TOXIC COMPOSITION OF E
-WASTES AND
THEIR EFFECTS ON DIFFERENT NATURAL
RESOURCES LIKE SOIL,WATER
IN INDIA,Sri
lank a, Bangladesh and austra lia
Name - SAYAN MANDAL
Class -x i (science )
Scho ol -HEMSHEELA MODEL SCHOOL,
DURGAPUR

INTRODUCTION
 AIM:-
The toxic composition of E-wastes and their effects on different natural resources like soil, water in
India, Sri lanka, Bangladesh and Austrailia.
 Composition:-
Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used electronics
which are destined for refurbishment, reuse, resale, salvage recycling through material recovery, or
disposal are also considered e-waste. Informal processing of e-waste in developing countries can
lead to adverse human health effects and environmental pollution.
 A Brief History:-
Electronic waste has been around for a very long time; however, the need for the proper disposal
of that electronic waste began in the mid-70s. Soon thereafter the United States passed the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). This law made it illegal to dump electronic waste
in the United States.
This is when the recycling industry was formed and the proper disposing of and recycling electronic
waste and old worn out electronic equipment of all kinds began.
 WHAT IS E-WASTE:-
E-waste or electronic waste is created when an electronic product is discarded after the end of its
useful life. The rapid expansion of technology and the consumption driven society results in the
creation of a very large amount of e-waste in every minute.
 E-WASTE GENERATION IN INDIA:-
Despite the government’s emphasis on Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan and Smart Cities project, India
continues to be generating highest e-waste vis-à-vis China, USA, Japan and Germany an
ASSOCHAM-NEC recent study coinciding with the “Environment Day” noted.
In India, Maharashtra contributes the largest e-waste of 19.8% but recycles only about 47,810 TPA

(tonnes per annum) whereas as its counterparts Tamil Nadu (13%) recycles about 52,427, Uttar
Pradesh (10.1%) recycles about 86,130, West Bengal (9.8%), Delhi (9.5%), Karnataka (8.9%), Gujarat
(8.8%) and Madhya Pradesh (7.6%), the joint study noted.
 E-WASTE IN GLOBAL CONTEXT:-
The European WEEE Directive classifies waste in ten categories: Large household appliances
(including cooling and freezing appliances), Small household appliances, IT equipment (including
monitors), Consumer electronics (including TVs), Lamps and Luminaires, Toys, Tools, Medical
devices, Monitoring and control instruments and Automatic dispensers. These include used
electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal as well as re-usables
(working and repairable electronics) and secondary raw materials (copper, steel, plastic, etc.). The
term "waste" is reserved for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled,
including residue from reuse and recycling operations, because loads of surplus electronics are
frequently commingled (good, recyclable,and non-recyclable). Several public policy advocates apply
the term "e-waste" and "e-scrap" broadly to all surplus electronics. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are
considered one of the hardest types to recycle.
 TRAIL OF TOXIC E-WASTE:-
E-waste is considered the “fastest-growing waste stream in the world”[8] with 44.7 million tonnes
generated in 2016- equivalent to 4500 Eiffel towers.[4] In 2018, an estimated 50 million tonnes of
e-waste was reported, thus the name ‘tsunami of e-waste’ given by the UN.[8] Its value is at least
$62.5 billion annually.[8]
Rapid changes in technology, changes in media (tapes, software, MP3), falling prices, and planned
obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe.
Technical solutions are available, but in most cases, a legal framework, a collection, logistics, and
other services need to be implemented before a technical solution can be applied.
Display units (CRT, LCD, LED monitors), processors (CPU, GPU, or APU chips), memory (DRAM or
SRAM), and audio components have different useful lives. Processors are most frequently outdated
(by software no longer being optimized) and are more likely to become "e-waste" while display units
are most often replaced while working without repair attempts, due to changes in wealthy nation
appetites for new display technology. This problem could potentially be solved with modular
smartphones or Phonebloks. These types of phones are more durable and have the technology to
change certain parts of the phone making them more environmentally friendly. Being able to simply
replace the part of the phone that is broken will reduce e-waste. An estimated 50 million tons of E-
waste are produced each year. The USA discards 30 million computers each year and 100 million
phones are disposed of in Europe each year. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that

only 15–20% of e-waste is recycled, the rest of these electronics go directly into landfills and
incinerators.
Growth of E- industries
 A short history
The electronics industry emerged in the 20th century and is today one of the largestglobalindustries.
Contemporary society uses a vast array of electronic devices built in automated or semiautomated
factories operated by the industry. Products are primarily assembled from metaloxidsemiconductor
(MOS) transistors and integrated circuits, the latter principally by photolithography and often on
printed circuit boards.
The size of the industry and the use of toxic materials, as well as the difficulty of recycling has led
to a series of problems with electronic waste. International regulation and environmental
legislation has been developed in an attempt to address the issues.
The electronics industry consists of various sectors. The central driving force behind the entire
electronics industry is the semiconductor industry sector,[1] which has annual sales of over $481
billion as of 2018.[2] The largest industry sector is e-commerce, which generated over $29 trillion in
2017.[3] The most widely manufactured electronic device is the metal-oxide-semiconductor
fieldeffect transistor (MOSFET), invented in 1959, which is the "workhorse" of the electronics
industry.

Environmental concerns and health hazards
Air
Air pollution is a widespread problem in India—nine out of the ten most polluted cities on earth are in
India. An important contributor to India's air pollution problem is widespread, improper recycling and
disposal of e-waste.
For example, dismantling and shredding of e-waste releases dust and particulates into the surrounding air.
Low value e-waste products like plastics are often burned—this releases fine particles into the air that can
travel hundreds-to-thousands of miles. Desoldering is a technique used to extract higher-value materials
like gold and silver which can release chemicals and damaging fumes when done improperly.
In addition to contributing to air pollution, these toxic e-waste particulates can contaminate water and soil.
When it rains,particulates in the air are deposited back into the water and soil.Toxice-wasteair particulates
easily spread throughout the environment by contaminating water and soil which can have damaging
effects on the ecosystem.
Water
India's sacred Yamuna river and Ganges river are considered to be
among the most polluted rivers in the world. It is estimated that
nearly 80% of India's surface water is polluted. Sewage, pesticide
runoff and industrial waste, including e-waste, all contribute to
India's water pollution problem.
E-waste contaminates water in two major ways:
1. Landfills: Dumping e-waste into landfills that are not designed to contain e-waste
can lead to contamination of surface
and groundwater because the toxic chemicals can leach from landfills into the water supply.
2. Improper recycling: Improper recycling produces toxic byproducts that may be
disposed of using existing drainage such as city sewers and street drains. Once
these products have been introduced into the local water supply, they can cause
further pollution by entering surface water such as streams, ponds, and rivers.

Researchers at Jamia Millia Islamia University collected samples of soil and groundwater from five locations
with high e-waste activity and found dangerous levels of contamination near unregulated ewaste sites.
According to this study the average concentration of all heavy metals (except zinc) in water near e-waste
sites in New Delhi was significantly higher than reference samples.
In addition to being measurable, the effects of industrial waste pollution in India are easily observable.
Approximately 500 liters of industrial waste, which includes e-waste, are dumped into the Ganges and
Yamuna river daily which has led to the formation of toxic foam which covers large regions of the rivers.
Soil
According to research by Jamia Millia Islamia University, the average concentration of heavy metals in
topsoil near e-waste sites in India is significantly higher than in standard agriculture soil samples. Another
study tested soil samples from 28 e-waste recycling sites in India and found that the soil contained high
levels of toxic Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs).
Further soil sample analysis conducted by the SRM Institute of Science and Technology found the average
concentration PCBs in Indian soil to be two times higher than the average amount globally. In India, PCB
compounds are most prevalent in urban areas with the highest rate of soil-contamination found in Chennai
(a city that imports e-waste), followed by Bengaluru, Dehli and Mumbai.

The environmental impact of the processing of different electronic waste components
E-Waste Component Process Used Potential Environmental Hazard
Cathode ray tubes (used in TVs,
computer monitors, ATM, video
cameras, and more)
Breaking and removal of yoke, then
dumping
Lead, barium and other heavy metals leaching into the ground
w ater and release of toxic phosphor
Printed circuit board (image behind
table – a thin plate on w hich chips
and other electronic components
are placed)
De-soldering and removal of
computer chips; open burning and
acid baths to remove metals after
chips are removed.
Air emissions and discharge into rivers of glass dust, tin, lead,
brominated dioxin, beryllium cadmium, and mercury
Chips and other gold plated
components
Chemical stripping using nitric and
hydrochloric acid and burning of
chips
PAHs, heavy metals, brominated flame retardants discharged
directly into rivers acidifying fish and flora. Tin and lead
contamination of surface and groundw ater. Air emissions of
brominated dioxins, heavy metals, and PAHs
Plastics from printers, keyboards,
monitors, etc.
Shredding and low temp melting to
be reused
Emissions of brominated dioxins, heavy metals, and
hydrocarbons
Computer w ires
Open burning and stripping to
remove copper
PAHs released into air, w ater, and soil.

Depending on the age and type of the discarded item, the chemical composition of E-waste may vary.
Most E-waste are composed of a mixture of metals like Cu, Al and Fe. They might be attached to,
covered with or even mixed with various types of plastics and ceramics. E-waste has a horrible effect
on the environment and it is important to dispose it with an R2 certifies recycling facility.[61] Some
major impacts of E-waste on environment are,
· Toxic materials like lead, zinc, nickel, flame retardants, barium and chromium, found in
computers and most electronics, if released into the environment, can cause damage to human
blood, kidneys as well as central and peripheral nervous system.
· The damage caused by warming up of E-waste releasing toxic chemicals into the air and
damaging the atmosphere is one of the biggest environmental impacts from E-waste. This will
result in number of airborne diseases and increase the toxicity of air, making it unfit for breathing
and living.
· The electronic waste, which often gets thrown out into landfills, release toxins, which seep into
ground water. This affects both land and sea animals. Especially in developing countries, where most
of the electronic waste is dumped in landfills, also affects the health of the people. This
contamination of soil will also result in loss of vegetation and affecting the ecosystem.
· The electronic waste which is created via cell phones, especially in countries like United States,
where most Americans get new cell phones every 12 to 18 months. And only 10 percent of these cell
phones are recycled. This creates more and more E-waste with lack of responsible recycling, the
environmental issues of E-waste are continually increasing.
The health hazards of the processing of different electronic waste components:-
E-Waste
Component
Electric Appliances in which they are found Adverse Health Effects

Americium The radioactive source in smoke alarms. It is know n to be carcinogenic.[105]
Lead
Solder, CRT monitor glass, lead-acid batteries, some formulations of
PVC. A typical 15-inch cathode ray tube may contain 1.5 pounds of
lead,[5]
but other CRTs have been estimated as having up to 8 pounds
of lead.
Adverse effects of lead exposure include
impaired cognitive function, behavioral
disturbances, attention deficits,
hyperactivity, conduct problems, and low er
IQ.[106]
These effects are most damaging to
children w hose developing nervous
systems are very susceptible to damage
caused by lead, cadmium, and mercury.[107]
Mercury
Found in fluorescent tubes (numerous applications), tilt sw itches
(mechanical doorbells, thermostats),[108]
and ccfl backlights in flat screen
monitors.
Health effects include sensory impairment,
dermatitis, memory loss, and muscle
w eakness. Exposure in-utero causes fetal
deficits in motor function, attention, and
verbal domains.[106]
Environmental effects in
animals include death, reduced fertility, and
slow er grow th and development.
Cadmium
Found in light-sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine
and aviation environments, and nickel-cadmium batteries. The most
common form of cadmium is found in Nickel-cadmium rechargeable
batteries. These batteries tend to contain betw een 6 and 18%
cadmium. The sale of Nickel-Cadmium batteries has been banned in
the European Union except for medical use. When not properly
recycled it can leach into the soil, harming microorganisms and
disrupting the soil ecosystem. Exposure is caused by proximity to
hazardous w aste sites and factories and w orkers in the metal refining
industry.
The inhalation of cadmium can cause
severe damage to the lungs and is also
know n to cause kidney
damage.[109]
Cadmium is also associated
w ith deficits in cognition, learning, behavior,
and neuromotor skills in children.[106]
Hexavalent
chromium
Used in metal coatings to protect from corrosion.
A know n carcinogen after occupational
inhalation exposure.[106]
There is also evidence of cytotoxic and
genotoxic effects of some chemicals, w hich
have been show n to inhibit cell proliferation,
cause cell membrane lesion, cause DNA
single-strand breaks, and elevate Reactive
Oxygen Species (ROS) levels.[110]
Sulfur Found in lead-acid batteries.
Health effects include liver damage, kidney
damage, heart damage, eye and throat
irritation. When released into the
environment, it can create sulfuric acid
through sulfur dioxide.
Brominated Used as flame retardants in plastics in most electronics. Health effects include impaired

Flame Retardants
(BFRs)
Includes PBBs, PBDE, DecaBDE, OctaBDE, PentaBDE. development of the nervous system, thyroid
problems, liver problems.[111]
Environmental
effects: similar effects as in animals as
humans. PBBs w ere banned from 1973 to
1977 on. PCBs w ere banned during the
1980s.
Perfluorooctanoic
acid (PFOA)
Used as an antistatic additive in industrial applications and found in
electronics, also found in non-stick cookw are (PTFE). PFOAs are
formed synthetically through environmental degradation.
Studies in mice have found the follow ing
health effects: Hepatotoxicity,
developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity,
hormonal effects and carcinogenic effects.
Studies have found increased maternal
PFOA levels to be associated w ith an
increased risk of spontaneous abortion
(miscarriage) and stillbirth. Increased
maternal levels of PFOA are also
associated w ith decreases in mean
gestational age (preterm birth), mean birth
w eight (low birth w eight), mean birth length
(small for gestational age), and mean
APGAR score.[112]
Beryllium oxide
Filler in some thermal interface materials such as thermal grease used
on heatsinks for CPUs and pow er transistors,[113]
magnetrons, X-
raytransparent ceramic w indow s, heat transfer fins in vacuum tubes,
and gas lasers.
Occupational exposures associated w ith
lung cancer, other common adverse health
effects are beryllium sensitization, chronic
beryllium disease, and acute beryllium
disease.[114]
Polyvinyl
chloride (PVC)
Commonly found in electronics and is typically used as insulation for
electrical cables.[115]
In the manufacturing phase, toxic and
hazardous raw material, including dioxins
are released. PVC such as chlorine tend to
bioaccumulate.[116]
Over time, the
compounds that contain chlorine can
become pollutants in the air, w ater, and
soil. This poses a problem as human and
animals can ingest them. Additionally,
exposure to toxins can result in
reproductive and developmental health
effects.[117]

pollutants
Some computer components can be reused in
assembling new computer products, while others
are reduced to metals that can be reused in
applications as varied as construction, flatware,
and jewellery. Substances found in large
quantities include epoxy resins, fiberglass, PCBs,
PVC (polyvinyl chlorides), thermosetting plastics,
lead, tin, copper, silicon, beryllium, carbon, iron,
and aluminium. Elements found in small amounts
include cadmium, mercury, and thallium.
Elements found in trace amounts include
americium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth,
boron, cobalt, europium, gallium, germanium,
gold, indium, lithium, manganese, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium,
selenium, silver, tantalum, terbium, thorium, titanium, vanadium, and yttrium. Almost all
electronics contain lead and tin (as solder) and copper (as wire and printed circuit board tracks),
though the use of lead-free solder is now spreading rapidly. The following are ordinary applications:

dealing with e-waste
Recycling:-Recycling is an essential element of e-waste
management. Properly carried out, it should greatly reduce
the leakage of toxic materials into the environment and
mitigate against the exhaustion of natural resources.
However, it does need to be encouraged by local authorities
and through community education. Less than 20% of e-
waste is formally recycled, with 80% either ending up in
landfill or being informally recycled – much of it by hand in
developing countries, exposing workers to hazardous and
carcinogenic substances such as mercury, lead and
cadmium.
One of the major challenges is recycling the printed circuit boards from the electronic wastes. The
circuit boards contain such precious metals as gold, silver, platinum, etc. and such base metals as
copper, iron, aluminum, etc. One way e-wasteis processed is by melting circuit boards, burning cable
sheathing to recover copper wire and open- pit acid leaching for separating metals of value.
Conventional method employed is mechanical shredding and separation but the recycling efficiency
is low. Alternative methods such as cryogenic decomposition have been studied for printed circuit
board recycling, and some other methods are still under investigation. Properly disposing of or
reusing electronics can help prevent health problems, reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, and create
jobs. Reuse and refurbishing offer a more environmentally friendly and socially conscious alternative
to downcycling processes.
Repairing as a mode of reducing e-waste
There are several ways to curb the environmental hazards arising from the recycling of electronic
waste and save our planet. One of the factors which exacerbate the e-waste problem is the
diminishing lifetime of many electrical and electronic goods. There are two drivers (in particular) for
this trend. On the one hand, consumer demand for low cost products mitigates against product
quality and results in short product lifetimes. On the other, manufacturers in some sectors encourage
a regular upgrade cycle, and may even enforce it though restricted availability of spare parts, service
manuals and software updates, or through planned obsolescence.
How much e-waste is really a waste
A large number of what is labeled as "e-waste" is actually not waste at all, but rather whole
electronic equipment or parts that are readily marketable for reuse or can be recycled for
materials recovery.
REGIONAL E-WASTE
STATUS

Rapid technological developments and subsequent quick turn-around of products often contribute to
the shortening of product lifetimes, as users replace their gadgets more frequently. In addition, many
products are designed for low-cost production, but not necessarily repair, refurbishment or easy
recycling. This results from producers’ interests to increase their market share and consumers’
demands for low-cost products. All in all, these circumstances are leading to increasing quantities of
e-waste, but also increased consumption of resources for producing the equipment.
INDIA
Electronic waste is emerging as a serious public health and environmental issue in India.[1] India is the
"fifth largest electronic waste producer in the world"; approximately 2 million tons of e-waste are
generated annually and an undisclosed amount of e-waste is imported from other countries around the
world.
Annually, computer devices account for nearly 70% of e-waste, 12% comes from the telecom sector, 8%
from medical equipment and 7% from electric equipment. The government, public sector companies, and
private sector companies generate nearly 75% of electronic waste, with the contribution of individual
household being only 16%.
E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their "useful life."
Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are common electronic products.
Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled. There is an upgradation done to this
Ewaste garbage list which includes gadgets like smartphone, tablets, laptops, video game consoles,
cameras and many more. India had 1.012 billion active mobile connections in January 2018. Every year
the number is growing exponentially.
According to ASSOCHAM, an industrial body in India the, Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of
electronic waste is 30%. With changing consumer behavior and rapid economic growth, ASSOCHAM
estimates that India will generate 5.2 million tonnes of e-waste by 2020.
SRI LANKA
The management of e-waste is considered a serious challenge in both developed and developing
countries and Sri Lanka is no exception. Due to significant growth in the economy and investments and
other reasons the consumption of electronic and electrical equipment in Sri Lanka has increased over the

years resulting in significant generation of e-waste. Several initiatives such as introduction of hazardous
waste management rules, ratification of the Basel Convention in 1992 and the introduction of a National
Corporate E-waste Management Program have been undertaken in Sri Lanka to manage e-waste.
Strengthening policy and legislation, introducing methods for upstream reduction of e-waste, building
capacity of relevant officers, awareness raising among school children and the general public and
development of an e-waste information system are vital. Research on e-waste needs to be developed in
Sri Lanka. The health sector could play a leading role in the provision of occupational health and safety
for e-waste workers, advocacy, capacity building of relevant staff and raising awareness among the
general public about e-waste. Improper e-waste management practices carried out by informal sector
workers need to be addressed urgently in Sri Lanka.
BANGLADESH
In Bangladesh, there is a growing concern about the increasing amount of electronic or ewaste being
consumed and disposed of. E-waste and the associated recycling processes can cause significant
environmental and health hazards. At present, there is a lack of awareness about the hazards of
electronic waste (or e-waste) in Bangladesh
In every year Bangladesh generated roughly 2.8 million metric tons of e-waste. But without knowing
the harmful effect of the e-waste these has dumped in to the open landfills, farming land and in the
open sources of water bodies.
AUSTRALIA
Australians are among the highest users of technology, and e-waste is one of the fastest growing
types of waste.
17 million televisions and 37 million computers have been sent to landfill up to 2008
99% of Australian households have at least one television set. while 55% have a second set
Of the 15.7 million computers that reached their 'end of life' in Australia in 2007-08, only 1.5
million were recycled - that's less the 10%
The cumulative volume of televisions and computers reaching the end of their useful life is expected
to reach 181,000 tonnes or 44 million units by 2027-28
Australians buy more than 4 million computers and 3 million televisions annually.

Older televisions that contain Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) have more than 2 kilograms of lead and
account for the largest source of lead in the waste stream. Flat screen televisions contain less lead but
more mercury
If 75% of the 1.5 million televisions discarded annually were recycled there would be savings of
23,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalents, 520 mega litres of water, 400,000 gigajoules of energy and
160,000 cubic metres of landfill space
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
COUNTRIES REGION POPULATION (1000) E-WASTE GENERATED(KG/INH) E-WASTE GENERATED (Kt)
AUSTRAILA OCEANIA 24357 23.6 574
BANGLADESH ASIA 161513 0.9 142
INDIA ASIA 1309713 1.5 1975
SRI LANKA ASIA 21252 4.5 95

COMPARISON OF COUNTRIES
If we look at the graph we will find that the e-waste generated by the developed countries(Australia) per
person is high, and Bangladesh is lowest.
But at the same time when we look at the other graph, about the total waste generated, we find India is at
top and lowest is Sri Lanka.
Contrast
Here we come to a situation, where we find that developed countries like Australia who may have a very
little population also, generate a lot of e-waste per person, as they have the money to buy those amenities,
but at the same time when we look at the developing countries like India, Bangladesh and Sri lanka, the
people don’t have too much on such electronic amenities, as much of the population comes in a poor
category, and India’s total e-waste is greater, due to it’s large population, but here we have to constantly
look on the disposal of e-waste when they are of no use, for both developing and developed nation, otherwise
it will create a serious impact on us as well as our environment.

CONCLUSION
Import of e -waste
The US is ranked top acquiring the highest share of importing electron ic waste (e-waste) in India
followed by China and European Union (EU), according to a study of the Associated Chambers of
Commerce and Industry of India (Assocham). Looking at the country -wise share in India’s e-waste
imports, US has a maximum share of around 42 percent, China at around 30 percent followed by Europe
at around 18 percent and rest 10 percent is from other countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, Japan etc.
AWARNESS PROGRAM
The programme aims to create effective awareness in various levels (of society) to reduce the adverse
impact on environment and health arising out of the polluting technologies used in recycling e-waste in
the unorganized sector.
The charter for this programme is to bring together the triad of public, government and industry to adopt
respons ible measures for Sustainable electronics that is responsive to environmental needs. This needs
proactive policy formation and mass deployment that would be the focus area.
Awarness Activity in Maharashtra(India)
Awarness activityin Kerala(India)

Awarness Activity in Punjab(India)
Awarness Activity in Srilanka
Awarness Activity in Bangladesh

Awarness Activity in Australia
Responsibility of producers
Everyone has a role to play in reducing electronic waste. Consumers can resist, or at least delay,
acquiring new devices until they really need them. They can repair devices when possible rather than
abandoning them. And after a new purchase, they can resell or recycle their old devices. But consumer
intervention only goes so far. Governments need to regulate electronic waste, and the companies that
make the consumer electronics they sell over and over again to the same people, at great profit.
Govt. co-op
The electronic waste sector will create 4.5 lakh direct jobs by 2025 and another 1.8 lakh jobs in the
allied sectors of transportation and manufacturing.
The electronic waste sector will create 4.5 lakh direct jobs by 2025 and another 1.8 lakh jobs in the allied
sectors of transportation and manufacturing, International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the
World Bank group, said Wednesday.
The IFC, which has been working in the e-waste sector since 2012, said under a programme launched
by it in 2017, over 4,000 metric tons of e-waste has been collected from citizens and corporations and
recycled

Eco waste project class 11 (THE TOXIC COMPOSITION OF EWASTES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON DIFFERENT NATURAL RESOURCES LIKE SOIL,WATER IN INDIA, SRI LANKA, BANGLADESH AND AUSTRALIA)

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Eco waste project class 11 (THE TOXIC COMPOSITION OF EWASTES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON DIFFERENT NATURAL RESOURCES LIKE SOIL,WATER IN INDIA, SRI LANKA, BANGLADESH AND AUSTRALIA)