Distillation is a method to separate mixtures based on differences in volatility. It involves boiling the mixture and condensing the vapor produced. Simple distillation produces an impure distillate while fractional distillation uses a fractionating column for multiple vaporization-condensation cycles, allowing better separation. Vacuum distillation uses reduced pressure for distillation at lower temperatures to prevent degradation. Batch distillation processes mixtures in batches while continuous distillation constantly feeds and removes fractions.
After crude oil is desalted and dehydrated, it is separated into fractions through distillation. However, the distilled fractions cannot be used directly and require further processing due to differences between crude oil properties and market needs. The complexity of refining processes is also due to environmental regulations that require cleaner products. Distillation involves heating crude oil to separate it based on boiling points, but the distilled fractions need additional conversion processes before they can be used or sold.
Alchohol Distillation Principles Equipment Relationships And SafetyEdward Dobson
This document provides an overview of alcohol distillation processes and equipment. It discusses the basic principles of distillation, types of distillation systems suitable for small-scale alcohol production (continuous feed column and pot distillation), and safety considerations. The continuous feed column process is described in detail, including how vapor and liquid interact within the stripping and rectifying sections to gradually increase the alcohol concentration through successive evaporation and condensation. The goal is to give readers a general understanding to help evaluate alcohol production options and technology requirements.
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities through boiling and condensation. Key points:
- It involves heating a mixture to vaporize more volatile components, cooling to condense the vapor into separate products.
- Common uses include separating crude oil, purifying water and air, producing alcoholic beverages.
- Types include simple, fractional, flash, and vacuum distillation. Flash distillation partially vaporizes a liquid through pressure reduction.
- Distillation columns contain internals like trays or packings to facilitate vapor-liquid contact during separation. Fractional distillation uses multiple equilibrium stages for high purity products.
This document provides an overview of azeotropic distillation. It begins with an introduction that defines azeotropic distillation as a process where an entrainer is added to a feed mixture to form an azeotrope that can be separated. The document then discusses the working principle, provides examples of residue curve maps, and outlines considerations for process design and simulation. Finally, it discusses several industrial applications of azeotropic distillation, including alcohol dehydration, acetic acid dehydration, and ester production, before concluding and listing references.
The document discusses crude oil refining processes. It begins by explaining that crude oil is initially separated into fractions through distillation, but the distilled fractions require further processing to meet market needs. Additional complexity arises from environmental regulations requiring cleaner products. The document then provides details on various refining processes like distillation, solvent extraction, and cracking used to convert crude oil fractions into useful products like gasoline and diesel.
This document discusses various methods for breaking azeotropes in distillation operations. An azeotrope is a mixture that boils as a single composition in liquid and vapor phases, making separation via simple distillation impossible. The easiest type to break is a heterogeneous azeotrope, using a combination of distillation and decantation into separate phases. Pressure swing distillation and azeotropic distillation using an additional entrainer component are effective for homogeneous azeotropes. Other techniques include extractive distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, and newer membrane technologies. Determining the best approach requires substantial experience, as pilot testing is usually needed to account for real feedstock variations not seen in
Distillation is a method to separate mixtures based on differences in volatility. It involves boiling the mixture and condensing the vapor produced. Simple distillation produces an impure distillate while fractional distillation uses a fractionating column for multiple vaporization-condensation cycles, allowing better separation. Vacuum distillation uses reduced pressure for distillation at lower temperatures to prevent degradation. Batch distillation processes mixtures in batches while continuous distillation constantly feeds and removes fractions.
After crude oil is desalted and dehydrated, it is separated into fractions through distillation. However, the distilled fractions cannot be used directly and require further processing due to differences between crude oil properties and market needs. The complexity of refining processes is also due to environmental regulations that require cleaner products. Distillation involves heating crude oil to separate it based on boiling points, but the distilled fractions need additional conversion processes before they can be used or sold.
Alchohol Distillation Principles Equipment Relationships And SafetyEdward Dobson
This document provides an overview of alcohol distillation processes and equipment. It discusses the basic principles of distillation, types of distillation systems suitable for small-scale alcohol production (continuous feed column and pot distillation), and safety considerations. The continuous feed column process is described in detail, including how vapor and liquid interact within the stripping and rectifying sections to gradually increase the alcohol concentration through successive evaporation and condensation. The goal is to give readers a general understanding to help evaluate alcohol production options and technology requirements.
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities through boiling and condensation. Key points:
- It involves heating a mixture to vaporize more volatile components, cooling to condense the vapor into separate products.
- Common uses include separating crude oil, purifying water and air, producing alcoholic beverages.
- Types include simple, fractional, flash, and vacuum distillation. Flash distillation partially vaporizes a liquid through pressure reduction.
- Distillation columns contain internals like trays or packings to facilitate vapor-liquid contact during separation. Fractional distillation uses multiple equilibrium stages for high purity products.
This document provides an overview of azeotropic distillation. It begins with an introduction that defines azeotropic distillation as a process where an entrainer is added to a feed mixture to form an azeotrope that can be separated. The document then discusses the working principle, provides examples of residue curve maps, and outlines considerations for process design and simulation. Finally, it discusses several industrial applications of azeotropic distillation, including alcohol dehydration, acetic acid dehydration, and ester production, before concluding and listing references.
The document discusses crude oil refining processes. It begins by explaining that crude oil is initially separated into fractions through distillation, but the distilled fractions require further processing to meet market needs. Additional complexity arises from environmental regulations requiring cleaner products. The document then provides details on various refining processes like distillation, solvent extraction, and cracking used to convert crude oil fractions into useful products like gasoline and diesel.
This document discusses various methods for breaking azeotropes in distillation operations. An azeotrope is a mixture that boils as a single composition in liquid and vapor phases, making separation via simple distillation impossible. The easiest type to break is a heterogeneous azeotrope, using a combination of distillation and decantation into separate phases. Pressure swing distillation and azeotropic distillation using an additional entrainer component are effective for homogeneous azeotropes. Other techniques include extractive distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, and newer membrane technologies. Determining the best approach requires substantial experience, as pilot testing is usually needed to account for real feedstock variations not seen in
The document discusses reducing solvent waste through on-site recycling. It describes distillation processes that can be used to separate solvents from contaminants with up to 99.5% purity. On-site recycling of solvents can significantly reduce costs associated with purchasing new solvents and disposing of wastes while helping to lower an organization's waste generator status.
Basic Principles and methodology of distillationAkankshaPatel55
What is distillation?
Distillation is a physical separation process that utilizes the differences in boiling points of various components within a liquid mixture. It involves selectively boiling and condensing these components to achieve greater purity or isolate specific desired fractions. Imagine separating salt from saltwater: distillation boils the water away, leaving behind concentrated salt.
How does it work?
Heating: The mixture is heated in a container called a still. As the temperature rises, components with lower boiling points start to vaporize first.
Vaporization: These vapors rise and travel through a condenser, a cooled tube or chamber.
Condensation: When the vapors encounter the cool surfaces, they lose heat and condense back into a liquid form.
Collection: This collected liquid, called the distillate, is usually richer in the more volatile component(s).
Fractional distillation: This technique involves multiple condensers at different temperatures, collecting separate fractions based on their boiling points. For example, distilling crude oil separates gasoline, kerosene, and other fractions.
Applications of distillation:
Purification: Distillation is widely used to purify water, removing impurities and producing drinkable water. It also purifies alcohol, removing water and other impurities to get higher-proof spirits.
Separation: Distillation is essential in separating various chemicals and compounds, like essential oils from plants, fragrances from flowers, and specific chemicals from crude oil.
Desalination: Distillation can be used for desalination, converting saltwater into freshwater, although other methods are more common now.
Types of distillation:
Simple distillation: Used for mixtures with significant boiling point differences. The distillate is less pure than other methods.
Fractional distillation: Used for complex mixtures with closer boiling points, collecting different fractions based on their volatility.
Vacuum distillation: Used for heat-sensitive materials that decompose at normal boiling points. It lowers the boiling point by reducing pressure.
The document discusses azeotropic and steam distillation. It defines azeotropes as mixtures that have the same composition in both the liquid and vapor phases, preventing separation through simple distillation. There are two types: minimum boiling and maximum boiling azeotropes. Methods to separate azeotropes include pressure swing distillation, azeotropic distillation using an entrainer, and steam distillation for heat-sensitive compounds. Azeotropic distillation works by forming a new low-boiling azeotrope with the entrainer, then separating the components in a decanter. Steam distillation uses water vapor to carry compounds over at lower temperatures than simple distillation
Vacuum distillation is used to distill compounds with high boiling points above 200°C that could undergo thermal decomposition at atmospheric pressure. It works by reducing the pressure, which lowers the boiling point allowing distillation without decomposition. Vacuum distillation is used in oil refineries to further separate the bottoms from atmospheric distillation into lighter fractions like gas oils. It involves heating the bottoms to around 400°C then flashing and separating fractions in a vacuum distillation column maintained at low pressures around 10 mmHg through steam injection.
Distillation is one of unit operation which is uses for separation of two or more liquids which have difference in boiling points. Basic theory and calculation of Distillation which will help to understand Distillation and stage calculation. it will be helpful for students who are studying chemical engineering and fresh engineers in chemical process industries.
- Distillation is a process that separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a liquid mixture to form vapors, condensing the vapors back to liquid, and collecting the purified liquid fractions.
- There are several types of distillation including simple, steam, fractional, and vacuum distillation which vary based on conditions and mixtures separated.
- A laboratory experiment demonstrates simple distillation to separate ethanol and water using common distillation equipment like a round bottom flask, condenser, and receiver flask. The mixture is heated to form vapors that condense and drip into the collection flask.
Desalter Desalting & Function : Exploring the Transformative Power of Desalti...Oil Refinery
A desalter is a key component in the distillation process that removes salts and impurities from crude oil. It mixes the oil with a wash water solution, separates water-soluble impurities, and uses an electrostatic field to separate water and impurities from the oil. It improves distillation efficiency and prevents corrosion and fouling.
Distillation is a process that separates liquid mixtures by boiling and condensing their components with different boiling points. There are several types including simple, fractional, vacuum, and azeotropic distillation. Distillation systems generally include a heating source, distillation flask, condenser, and receiving flask. Common applications include separating crude oil fractions in industry and obtaining herbal extracts or alcoholic beverages through distillation.
Distillation is a process that separates mixtures by exploiting differences in the volatility of components. It involves selective evaporation and condensation. Industrial distillation is commonly used in oil refineries, chemical plants, and food processing. Large distillation columns use reflux to improve separation efficiency. Distillation techniques include simple, fractional, steam, vacuum, and molecular distillation. Laboratory scale distillation often uses batch fractional distillation in a still.
The document summarizes the RHT-Alkylation process technology, which provides improvements over conventional alkylation processes. Key advantages of the RHT process include using simple eductor mixing without complex reactor internals, allowing isothermal low-temperature operation. It also uses a low-cost vapor absorption system instead of compression, and standard equipment for acid-hydrocarbon separation. This leads to lower capital and operating costs compared to conventional processes.
Gea evaporation technology-brochure_en_tcm11-16319hung do
The document discusses GEA Wiegand's research and development center for evaporation technology. The R&D center contains numerous laboratory and pilot plants used to test over 3,000 product categories in different evaporator types. Certain pilot plants can be installed at customer sites. Data is collected and plant behavior is modeled using computer programs.
This document discusses fuel filtration for modern diesel fuels. It covers changes in diesel fuels, basics of diesel engine fuel filtration systems, fuel filter design and media, factors that influence filter efficiency, and what maintenance technicians may observe in used fuel filters, such as water, sediment, oxidation buildup, or microbial growth. It provides resources for further information on fuel filtration.
Ethanol is produced by fermenting sugars and starches from biomass feedstocks like grains, cellulosic materials, and waste products. The production process involves milling the feedstock, cooking it to produce fermentable sugars, fermenting the sugars with yeast to produce ethanol, distilling the ethanol to increase its concentration, and denaturing the ethanol before blending it with gasoline. Ethanol has benefits as a fuel such as being renewable, having a high octane rating, and being suitable for high compression engines. However, it is not suitable for use in diesel engines due to differences in their combustion processes.
Vacuum distillation is used in oil refineries to further separate and refine the bottoms leftover from atmospheric distillation. It allows for distillation of compounds with high boiling points without thermal cracking by reducing the pressure and lowering the boiling points. Vacuum distillation units in refineries can have columns up to 14 meters wide and 50 meters tall, processing up to 25,400 cubic meters of feed per day. This additional refinement produces more valuable petroleum products from the heavier fractions of crude oil.
Acetic acid can be produced through bacterial fermentation or synthetic processes. About 75% is made synthetically by carbonylating methanol. 10% is made through fermentation by acetic acid bacteria oxidizing ethanol into acetic acid. This fermentation process is important for producing vinegar. Vinegar is 4-18% acetic acid and is used as a condiment and in pickling. It is produced through surface growth or submerged fermentation of acetic acid bacteria.
The document discusses various technologies for reducing emissions from ship engines, including those that reduce NOx and SOx emissions. It discusses methods such as humid air injection, exhaust gas recirculation, water injection, and selective catalytic reduction to reduce NOx. It discusses using low-sulfur fuels and exhaust gas scrubbers to reduce SOx. It also discusses liquefied natural gas carriers and technologies for reliquefying boil-off gas, including multi-stage compression and closed-loop nitrogen cycles to efficiently re-liquefy gas.
The document describes the lube oil manufacturing process. It discusses four key processes: solvent deasphalting, solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing, and hydrofinishing. Solvent deasphalting uses propane to extract oils from vacuum residues and produce bright stocks. Solvent extraction commonly uses furfural, NMP, or phenol to remove aromatics from lube oil fractions. Solvent dewaxing uses ketone solvents like MEK to crystallize and remove waxy components. Hydrofinishing catalytically reacts undesirable components like sulfur with hydrogen to improve stability. Process conditions and typical yields are provided for each step.
This document provides an overview of various distillation techniques including:
- Flash distillation which separates mixtures at steady state based on enthalpy and concentration.
- Steam distillation which uses the immiscibility of a substance and water to separate traces of non-volatile impurities.
- Batch and continuous multistage fractionation which separate binary mixtures using distillation columns, with concepts like relative volatility and reflux ratios.
- McCabe-Thiele and Ponchon-Savarit methods which graphically analyze multistage distillation.
- Azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation, and reactive distillation which use additional techniques like entrainers or integrated reactions to separate mixtures.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
The document discusses reducing solvent waste through on-site recycling. It describes distillation processes that can be used to separate solvents from contaminants with up to 99.5% purity. On-site recycling of solvents can significantly reduce costs associated with purchasing new solvents and disposing of wastes while helping to lower an organization's waste generator status.
Basic Principles and methodology of distillationAkankshaPatel55
What is distillation?
Distillation is a physical separation process that utilizes the differences in boiling points of various components within a liquid mixture. It involves selectively boiling and condensing these components to achieve greater purity or isolate specific desired fractions. Imagine separating salt from saltwater: distillation boils the water away, leaving behind concentrated salt.
How does it work?
Heating: The mixture is heated in a container called a still. As the temperature rises, components with lower boiling points start to vaporize first.
Vaporization: These vapors rise and travel through a condenser, a cooled tube or chamber.
Condensation: When the vapors encounter the cool surfaces, they lose heat and condense back into a liquid form.
Collection: This collected liquid, called the distillate, is usually richer in the more volatile component(s).
Fractional distillation: This technique involves multiple condensers at different temperatures, collecting separate fractions based on their boiling points. For example, distilling crude oil separates gasoline, kerosene, and other fractions.
Applications of distillation:
Purification: Distillation is widely used to purify water, removing impurities and producing drinkable water. It also purifies alcohol, removing water and other impurities to get higher-proof spirits.
Separation: Distillation is essential in separating various chemicals and compounds, like essential oils from plants, fragrances from flowers, and specific chemicals from crude oil.
Desalination: Distillation can be used for desalination, converting saltwater into freshwater, although other methods are more common now.
Types of distillation:
Simple distillation: Used for mixtures with significant boiling point differences. The distillate is less pure than other methods.
Fractional distillation: Used for complex mixtures with closer boiling points, collecting different fractions based on their volatility.
Vacuum distillation: Used for heat-sensitive materials that decompose at normal boiling points. It lowers the boiling point by reducing pressure.
The document discusses azeotropic and steam distillation. It defines azeotropes as mixtures that have the same composition in both the liquid and vapor phases, preventing separation through simple distillation. There are two types: minimum boiling and maximum boiling azeotropes. Methods to separate azeotropes include pressure swing distillation, azeotropic distillation using an entrainer, and steam distillation for heat-sensitive compounds. Azeotropic distillation works by forming a new low-boiling azeotrope with the entrainer, then separating the components in a decanter. Steam distillation uses water vapor to carry compounds over at lower temperatures than simple distillation
Vacuum distillation is used to distill compounds with high boiling points above 200°C that could undergo thermal decomposition at atmospheric pressure. It works by reducing the pressure, which lowers the boiling point allowing distillation without decomposition. Vacuum distillation is used in oil refineries to further separate the bottoms from atmospheric distillation into lighter fractions like gas oils. It involves heating the bottoms to around 400°C then flashing and separating fractions in a vacuum distillation column maintained at low pressures around 10 mmHg through steam injection.
Distillation is one of unit operation which is uses for separation of two or more liquids which have difference in boiling points. Basic theory and calculation of Distillation which will help to understand Distillation and stage calculation. it will be helpful for students who are studying chemical engineering and fresh engineers in chemical process industries.
- Distillation is a process that separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a liquid mixture to form vapors, condensing the vapors back to liquid, and collecting the purified liquid fractions.
- There are several types of distillation including simple, steam, fractional, and vacuum distillation which vary based on conditions and mixtures separated.
- A laboratory experiment demonstrates simple distillation to separate ethanol and water using common distillation equipment like a round bottom flask, condenser, and receiver flask. The mixture is heated to form vapors that condense and drip into the collection flask.
Desalter Desalting & Function : Exploring the Transformative Power of Desalti...Oil Refinery
A desalter is a key component in the distillation process that removes salts and impurities from crude oil. It mixes the oil with a wash water solution, separates water-soluble impurities, and uses an electrostatic field to separate water and impurities from the oil. It improves distillation efficiency and prevents corrosion and fouling.
Distillation is a process that separates liquid mixtures by boiling and condensing their components with different boiling points. There are several types including simple, fractional, vacuum, and azeotropic distillation. Distillation systems generally include a heating source, distillation flask, condenser, and receiving flask. Common applications include separating crude oil fractions in industry and obtaining herbal extracts or alcoholic beverages through distillation.
Distillation is a process that separates mixtures by exploiting differences in the volatility of components. It involves selective evaporation and condensation. Industrial distillation is commonly used in oil refineries, chemical plants, and food processing. Large distillation columns use reflux to improve separation efficiency. Distillation techniques include simple, fractional, steam, vacuum, and molecular distillation. Laboratory scale distillation often uses batch fractional distillation in a still.
The document summarizes the RHT-Alkylation process technology, which provides improvements over conventional alkylation processes. Key advantages of the RHT process include using simple eductor mixing without complex reactor internals, allowing isothermal low-temperature operation. It also uses a low-cost vapor absorption system instead of compression, and standard equipment for acid-hydrocarbon separation. This leads to lower capital and operating costs compared to conventional processes.
Gea evaporation technology-brochure_en_tcm11-16319hung do
The document discusses GEA Wiegand's research and development center for evaporation technology. The R&D center contains numerous laboratory and pilot plants used to test over 3,000 product categories in different evaporator types. Certain pilot plants can be installed at customer sites. Data is collected and plant behavior is modeled using computer programs.
This document discusses fuel filtration for modern diesel fuels. It covers changes in diesel fuels, basics of diesel engine fuel filtration systems, fuel filter design and media, factors that influence filter efficiency, and what maintenance technicians may observe in used fuel filters, such as water, sediment, oxidation buildup, or microbial growth. It provides resources for further information on fuel filtration.
Ethanol is produced by fermenting sugars and starches from biomass feedstocks like grains, cellulosic materials, and waste products. The production process involves milling the feedstock, cooking it to produce fermentable sugars, fermenting the sugars with yeast to produce ethanol, distilling the ethanol to increase its concentration, and denaturing the ethanol before blending it with gasoline. Ethanol has benefits as a fuel such as being renewable, having a high octane rating, and being suitable for high compression engines. However, it is not suitable for use in diesel engines due to differences in their combustion processes.
Vacuum distillation is used in oil refineries to further separate and refine the bottoms leftover from atmospheric distillation. It allows for distillation of compounds with high boiling points without thermal cracking by reducing the pressure and lowering the boiling points. Vacuum distillation units in refineries can have columns up to 14 meters wide and 50 meters tall, processing up to 25,400 cubic meters of feed per day. This additional refinement produces more valuable petroleum products from the heavier fractions of crude oil.
Acetic acid can be produced through bacterial fermentation or synthetic processes. About 75% is made synthetically by carbonylating methanol. 10% is made through fermentation by acetic acid bacteria oxidizing ethanol into acetic acid. This fermentation process is important for producing vinegar. Vinegar is 4-18% acetic acid and is used as a condiment and in pickling. It is produced through surface growth or submerged fermentation of acetic acid bacteria.
The document discusses various technologies for reducing emissions from ship engines, including those that reduce NOx and SOx emissions. It discusses methods such as humid air injection, exhaust gas recirculation, water injection, and selective catalytic reduction to reduce NOx. It discusses using low-sulfur fuels and exhaust gas scrubbers to reduce SOx. It also discusses liquefied natural gas carriers and technologies for reliquefying boil-off gas, including multi-stage compression and closed-loop nitrogen cycles to efficiently re-liquefy gas.
The document describes the lube oil manufacturing process. It discusses four key processes: solvent deasphalting, solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing, and hydrofinishing. Solvent deasphalting uses propane to extract oils from vacuum residues and produce bright stocks. Solvent extraction commonly uses furfural, NMP, or phenol to remove aromatics from lube oil fractions. Solvent dewaxing uses ketone solvents like MEK to crystallize and remove waxy components. Hydrofinishing catalytically reacts undesirable components like sulfur with hydrogen to improve stability. Process conditions and typical yields are provided for each step.
This document provides an overview of various distillation techniques including:
- Flash distillation which separates mixtures at steady state based on enthalpy and concentration.
- Steam distillation which uses the immiscibility of a substance and water to separate traces of non-volatile impurities.
- Batch and continuous multistage fractionation which separate binary mixtures using distillation columns, with concepts like relative volatility and reflux ratios.
- McCabe-Thiele and Ponchon-Savarit methods which graphically analyze multistage distillation.
- Azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation, and reactive distillation which use additional techniques like entrainers or integrated reactions to separate mixtures.
Similar to Distillation and Alcohol Production Application.ppt (20)
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
2. Distillation and Alcohol
Production Application
Distillation process
Types of distillation
Distillation equipment & properties of them
Alcohol production
Distillation of alcohol
Types of alcohol distillation
3. Distillation
Distillation is a kind of separation technique of two or more
volatile liquid compounds by using the difference in boiling
points and relative volatility.
The process takes place in a column, and two heat
exchangers.
In the column two phases, liquid and gas, are distributed to
enrich the vapor in more volatile compounds and enrich the
liquid phase on less volatile compounds.
Mass transfer is the key to a successful distillation.
4.
5. Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
It has simple flowsheet, low
capital investment, and low
risk. If components to be
separated have a high
relative volatility difference
and are thermally stable,
distillation is hard to beat.
Disadvantages
Distillation has a low energy
efficiency and requires thermal
stability of compounds at their
boiling points. It may not be
attractive when azeotropes are
involved or when it is necessary
to separate high boiling
components, present in small
concentrations, from large
volumes of a carrier, such as
water.
7. Continuous Distillation
The mixture which is to be
separated is fed to column at
one or more points.
Liquid mixture runs down the
column while vapor goes up.
Vapor is produced by partial
vaporisation of the mixture
which is heated in reboiler.
Then vapor is partially
condensed to earn back the
less volatile compounds to the
column to separate as bottom
product. (reflux)
8. Batch Distillation
The oldest operation used
for separation of liquid
mixtures.
Feed is fed from bottom,
where includes reboiler, to
be processed.
Numbers of accumulator
tanks are connected to
collect the main and the
intermediate distillate
fractions.
9. Semi-batch Distillation
Semi-batch distillation is
very similar to batch
distillation.
Feed is introduced to
column in a continuous or
semi-continuous mode.
It is suitable for extractive
and reactive distillations.
10. Comparison of Distillation Types
For batch distillation, it is
enough to use only one
column to separate
multicomponent liquid
mixture.
One sequence of
operation is enough to
separate all the
components in a mixture.
For continuous distillation,
to separate multi-
component liquid mixtures,
more than one columns are
necessary to be used.
One column is dedicated to
separate a specific mixture
and specific operation.
12. Plate Columns (Tray Columns)
It is the most widely used kind of distillation
column.
Trays are shaped to maximize the liquid-
vapor contact and increase the mass
transfer area.
Tray types include sieve, valve & bubble
cap.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
Least expensive column for
diameters greater than 0.6m
The liquid-vapor contact in the
cross-flow of plate columns is
more effective than counter-
current-flow in packed columns.
Cooling coils can be easily added
to the plate column
Can handle high liquid flow rates.
Disadvantages
Higher pressure drops than packed
columns
Foaming can occur because the
liquid is agitated by the vapor
flowing up through it.
24. Packed Beds
Packings can be provided either as dumped or
stacked.
Dumped packing constitutes of bulk inert
materials.
Stacked packing is includes meshwork which has
the same diameter with the column.
Important criteria for packings are efficient
contact (liquid-vapor), resistance to flow, flow
capacity, resistance of packing against corrosion.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. Advantages & Disadvantages
When the diameter is less
than 0.6m it is less
expensive than the plate
column.
Packing is able to handle
corrosive materials.
Lower pressure drop than
in plate columns.
Good for thermally sensitive
liquids.
Can break during installation
or due to thermal expansion.
Not cost efficient for high
liquid flow rates.
Contact efficiencies are
decreased when the liquid
flow rate is too low.
33. Making of Alcohol
Alcohols, generally can be
created by reduction of aldehydes
or twice reduction of ketones.
Ethanol (C2H5OH) can produced
by fermentation of molasses.
Fermentations is done in a tank
and it is cleaned and sterilized
before the fermentation begins.
34. Molasses have strong concentration of sugar which
doesn't provide the adequate conditions for
fermentation. Consequently it must be diluted to
concentration of %17 sugar.
Optimum environmental pH range is between 4.0
and 5.0; and optimum temperature is 76°F (25°C).
Fermented molasses is called beer and it contains
%6.5 to %11 alcohol by volume.
Making of Alcohol
35.
36. Distillation of Alcohol
Under 1 atmosphere pressure
boiling points of water and alcohol
are 100°C and 78.3°C.
• Water and ethyl alcohol mixture forms an azeotrope in
atmospheric pressure at a mole fraction of %89.4 of ethyl alcohol
which means that by simple distillation of ethyl alcohol, it cannot
be purified more than %95.6 w.
• As distillation equipment, bubble cap trays and tray columns are
mostly used in alcohol distillation.(Figure on left)
37. Pot Distillation Process (Batch
Distillation)
Entire batch of beer is
heated in a large container
and alcohol/water vapours
are channelled into a
distillation column.
After all the boiling and
reflux operations, when
almost all alcohol is boiled,
process is stopped and
stillage is removed.
38.
39.
40. The basic advantage of pot distillation is its
simplicity. It has simple equipment system.
Fermentation and boiling for distillation can take
place at the same pot, which makes it more
practical
The disadvantage of the pot distillation is low
distillation efficiency. It requires about three times
more energy comparing to continuous distillation.
Pot Distillation Process (Batch
Distillation)
41. Continuous-Feed Distillation
Process
Typically it is also known as
continuous distillation.
Alcohol/liquid mixture is fed to
column and it flows.
Flow rate is decreased by trays.
Mixture boils up in the reboiler and
goes up of the column to
condenser as it contacts with the
condensed liquid.
The vapor with high alcohol
percent leaves the condenser to
be collected in accumulator.
42. The advantage of the continuous feed distillation
process is it's high energy efficiency comparing to
the pot distillation process. Eventually amount of
energy required for per litre of alcohol is less than
in pot distillation. On the other hand it can operate
for long hours (almost 8000 hours per annum)
The disadvantage of continuous feed distillation is
it needs a little more complicated equipment
system comparing to the batch distillation.
Continuous-Feed Distillation
Process
43. Vacuum Distillation
Low temperature allows us to
achieve higher alcohol
concentrations.
At a pressure below 0.1
atmosphere azeotrope
disappears and enables to
distillate to almost 100 percent
alcohol.
44.
45. Because of the high
operation and
installation costs, low
energy efficiency,
vacuum distillation
appears to be
uneconomical in the
commercial
applications.
Vacuum Distillation
46. Azeotropic Distillation
This type of distillation is used for processes that produce almost
100% alcohol with help of an organic solvent and two additional
distillations.
A solvent (pentane, gasoline etc.) is added to distillation product
coming out of the usual distillation column.
Mixture is fed to another distillation column which separates it into a
top product and a bottom product.
Distillate of this column is fed to a third column which distils out the
solvent leaving the mixture of alcohol-water.
Solvent is recycled and never gets out.
System is hard to design and it is more complicated comparing to
ordinary distillation system.
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