This document describes an experiment to determine cotton fiber length using a Shirley comb sorter. Key steps include:
1) Straightening and arranging cotton fibers within the comb sorter.
2) Removing fiber groups one by one and laying them out to create a fiber length distribution curve.
3) Analyzing the curve to determine fiber length parameters like maximum, upper quartile, effective, and modal lengths.
4) Calculating American and Indian staple fiber lengths as percentages of the effective length.
INTRODUCTION
The ring spinning will continue to be the most widely used form of spinning machine in the near future, because it exhibits significant advantages in comparison with the new spinning processes.
Following are the advantages of ring spinning frame
• It is universally applicable, i.e. any material can be spun to any required count
• It delivers a material with optimum characteristics, especially with regard to structure and strength.
• It is simple and easy to master
• The know-how is well established and accessible for everyone
This document discusses how to calculate the grams per square meter (GSM) of a fabric based on its construction details. It provides the formulas to calculate the warp and weft yarn weights in grams using the ends per inch, picks per inch, warp/weft counts, and fabric width. An example calculation is shown for a fabric with 92 ends per inch and 104 picks per inch using 80 count warp and weft yarns. The GSM is calculated by adding the warp and weft yarn weights, which in this example is 59.28 GSM.
This document compares ring spinning and rotor spinning methods of yarn formation. It discusses that rotor spinning is a more recent method that omits the step of forming a roving. In rotor spinning, fibers are fed into a rotary beater and deposited onto the sides of a rotating disc called a rotor, where they are twisted without requiring package rotation. Rotor spinning allows for higher twisting speeds with lower power usage compared to ring spinning. It provides characteristics like higher productivity, larger sliver/package sizes, less power consumption, and more automation/flexibility. The document provides details on the parts of a rotor spinning machine and compares various parameters of ring-spun and rotor-spun yarns.
1. The document describes the components and operation of a modern comber machine. It has single or double sided heads with 8 or 12 heads respectively.
2. Key components include the nippers, which grip the lap and present it to the combing cylinder. The top comb combs the trailing end of the fringe.
3. The combing cylinder and top comb remove short fibers and impurities, forming the noil, while the detaching rollers separate the combed fringe to form a web.
The document defines various yarn count systems including:
- English count (Ne) which relates pounds of yarn to yards
- Metric count (Nm) which relates kilograms of yarn to meters
- Tex, denier, and other direct systems which relate the mass of a kilometer or meter of yarn
It provides conversion equations between the different count systems. For example, Ne x Denier = 5315.
Problems at the end ask the reader to use the equations to calculate count, weight, etc. for various yarn lengths and weights.
The document discusses High Volume Instrument (HVI) testing. It begins with an introduction to HVI testing, describing how it automates traditional fiber bundle testing methods. It then covers the objectives, principles, and historical development of HVI testing. The document discusses the major HVI manufacturers and various HVI machines like the Uster HVI 1000. It describes the fiber properties measured by HVI and applications of HVI testing in areas like bale management systems. The document concludes that HVI testing allows for high accuracy fiber testing with minimal time.
Details study on apron, condenser, spacer and top roller.Asif Ahmed TONMOY
This document discusses various components used in yarn manufacturing, including aprons, condensers, spacers, and top rollers. It provides details on the materials and construction of aprons, the purpose and placement of different condensers, how spacer size is determined by roving hank, and the properties and functions of top rollers in controlling drafting.
INTRODUCTION
The ring spinning will continue to be the most widely used form of spinning machine in the near future, because it exhibits significant advantages in comparison with the new spinning processes.
Following are the advantages of ring spinning frame
• It is universally applicable, i.e. any material can be spun to any required count
• It delivers a material with optimum characteristics, especially with regard to structure and strength.
• It is simple and easy to master
• The know-how is well established and accessible for everyone
This document discusses how to calculate the grams per square meter (GSM) of a fabric based on its construction details. It provides the formulas to calculate the warp and weft yarn weights in grams using the ends per inch, picks per inch, warp/weft counts, and fabric width. An example calculation is shown for a fabric with 92 ends per inch and 104 picks per inch using 80 count warp and weft yarns. The GSM is calculated by adding the warp and weft yarn weights, which in this example is 59.28 GSM.
This document compares ring spinning and rotor spinning methods of yarn formation. It discusses that rotor spinning is a more recent method that omits the step of forming a roving. In rotor spinning, fibers are fed into a rotary beater and deposited onto the sides of a rotating disc called a rotor, where they are twisted without requiring package rotation. Rotor spinning allows for higher twisting speeds with lower power usage compared to ring spinning. It provides characteristics like higher productivity, larger sliver/package sizes, less power consumption, and more automation/flexibility. The document provides details on the parts of a rotor spinning machine and compares various parameters of ring-spun and rotor-spun yarns.
1. The document describes the components and operation of a modern comber machine. It has single or double sided heads with 8 or 12 heads respectively.
2. Key components include the nippers, which grip the lap and present it to the combing cylinder. The top comb combs the trailing end of the fringe.
3. The combing cylinder and top comb remove short fibers and impurities, forming the noil, while the detaching rollers separate the combed fringe to form a web.
The document defines various yarn count systems including:
- English count (Ne) which relates pounds of yarn to yards
- Metric count (Nm) which relates kilograms of yarn to meters
- Tex, denier, and other direct systems which relate the mass of a kilometer or meter of yarn
It provides conversion equations between the different count systems. For example, Ne x Denier = 5315.
Problems at the end ask the reader to use the equations to calculate count, weight, etc. for various yarn lengths and weights.
The document discusses High Volume Instrument (HVI) testing. It begins with an introduction to HVI testing, describing how it automates traditional fiber bundle testing methods. It then covers the objectives, principles, and historical development of HVI testing. The document discusses the major HVI manufacturers and various HVI machines like the Uster HVI 1000. It describes the fiber properties measured by HVI and applications of HVI testing in areas like bale management systems. The document concludes that HVI testing allows for high accuracy fiber testing with minimal time.
Details study on apron, condenser, spacer and top roller.Asif Ahmed TONMOY
This document discusses various components used in yarn manufacturing, including aprons, condensers, spacers, and top rollers. It provides details on the materials and construction of aprons, the purpose and placement of different condensers, how spacer size is determined by roving hank, and the properties and functions of top rollers in controlling drafting.
This presentation discusses yarn evenness testing using an Uster Evenness Tester machine. It covers what yarn evenness testing is, the various methods of measuring yarn evenness including visual examination, cutting and weighing, and electronic testers. It then discusses the usage of the Uster Evenness Tester for testing yarns, rovings and slivers and measuring irregularities and hairiness. The working principle of the Uster Evenness Tester is also explained along with its advantages of high speed testing and measuring coefficient of variation, and its disadvantages related to moisture content and material thickness.
The document discusses take-up mechanisms in weaving. It describes take-up motion as the process of withdrawing woven fabric from the weaving zone and winding it onto the cloth roller. There are two main types of take-up motions - positive and negative. Positive take-up directly drives the cloth roller via gear trains, while negative take-up uses a system of levers and weights to indirectly drive the roller. Specific take-up mechanisms like five-wheel and seven-wheel are also described, including their components and working principles. The document provides an overview of different take-up motions used in weaving to uniformly wind the fabric.
Filament-core yarns are produced to take advantage of both filament and staple fibre properties. They offer good strength and uniformity without sacrificing the staple fibre yarn-like surface characteristics. Core-spun yarns containing spandex provide fabric designers with broad possibilities, because such stretchable yarns can be constructed with a wide range of properties using virtually any type of hard fibres as the cover yarn. However, a disadvantage of the core yarns is that the staple fibre sheath may slip along the filament when being pulled to pass over or when being rubbed by machine parts during further mechanical processes. But it is very easy to produce core-spun yarn containing spandex in a conventional ring frame after doing some modification of the machine.
The document discusses the draw frame process and its components. A draw frame is used to improve the quality and evenness of carded sliver by straightening fibers, increasing parallelization and reducing weight variations. It works by drafting (attenuating) multiple input slivers through roller pairs to produce a single, more uniform output sliver. Key components include the drafting arrangement, which applies different levels of draft, and an auto-leveling system to compensate for input weight variations and maintain consistent output. The document provides details on draw frame components, working principles, objectives and the influence of drafting and doubling on sliver quality.
This document is an assignment submission for a course on testing textiles. It describes an experiment conducted on a Yarn Lea Strength Tester to determine the strength of a cotton yarn sample. The experiment found that the yarn strength was 79.32 lbs/lea and the Count Strength Product (CSP) was 2379.6. Since the CSP was greater than the standard of 2200, the document concludes that the yarn sample had good strength fibers.
Drafting is the creation of a drawing or other graphical representation of a building, mechanical device or other structure for the purposes of determining how the device should be created. Drafting is used as a part of the design and fabrication processes. Drafting can be done by hand or using specially designed computer programs and mechanical drawings.
Drafting arrangement is the most important part of the machine. It influences mainly evenness and strength The following points are therefore very important
Pierce's model treats woven fabric as a repeating network of identical unit cells composed of interlacing yarns with circular cross-sections. It allows for calculation of geometric parameters like thread spacing and fabric thickness. Kemp's model modifies yarn cross-section to an elliptical racetrack shape to better model tightly woven fabrics. Hearle's lenticular model uses an energy approach. While these models provide simplified representations, real fabrics do not conform to idealized shapes and the relationship between geometry and mechanical properties is still not fully understood.
This document discusses the rotor spinning process. It begins by describing the basic principle of open-end yarn formation and the different types of open-end spinning processes. It then provides details on the specific features, principles, and settings of rotor spinning machines. This includes descriptions of the feed, sliver opening, fiber transport, yarn formation, and winding processes. It discusses the raw material requirements and preparation for rotor spinning. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the rotor spinning process from fiber preparation through yarn formation and winding.
The document discusses the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS), which was developed to more accurately and precisely measure properties of raw textile materials like cotton. AFIS uses aeromechanical and electro-optical techniques to separate fibers and analyze them individually, providing distributions of properties rather than just average values. This gives more detailed information about factors like fiber length and imperfections. Specifically, AFIS can classify neps (entanglements) into fiber neps and seed coat neps, providing a more comprehensive quality assessment of ginning cotton and processed fibers.
Assignment on parameter of different parts of ring frame machine of yarn iiPartho Biswas
The document discusses key parameters of different parts of a ring frame machine. It describes the functions of the apron, drafting system, ring and traveler. Parameters like roller diameter and pressure, apron and cradle lengths, ring diameter and lift, traveler size and number are discussed in detail for different yarn counts. The ideal twist multiplier for different fiber types and end uses is also covered.
Winch dyeing machine is the oldest form of piece dyeing machine where fabric is dyed in rope form with stationary liquor and moving material. It is suitable for delicate fabrics like wool and knits due to low tension. The fabric is formed into endless loops and passed over rollers with most of it submerged in the dye bath. It allows for simple and low-cost dyeing but has limitations like batch processing and potential for creasing in heavier fabrics.
This document provides the calculations to determine the daily production rate of a knitting machine given various machine specifications and operating parameters. It first calculates the production rate of a single machine as 4.97 kg/day with 54 feeders. It then scales this up to the total production rate across all feeders of 228.123 kg/day at 85% efficiency. It also provides an alternative calculation method reaching the same result and examples for calculating production rates using different machine specifications.
Find out the production of lap former machine in kgAmit Biswas
The document contains 3 problems related to calculating production rates of various textile machines.
The first problem calculates the daily production in kg of a lap former machine given various parameters like delivery speed, feed weight, draft, and efficiency.
The second problem calculates the 8-hour production in kg of a modern speed frame machine based on flyer speed, hank size, threads per inch, draft, number of flyers, and efficiency. It also suggests increasing production.
The third problem calculates (1) the hourly production in kg of a combing machine given parameters like lap weight, feed per nip, nips per minute, number of heads, noil percentage, and efficiency, and (2) the
Presentation on forward feed &backward feed of combingKATHAMAHANTY
Combing is a process that improves fiber quality by removing short fibers and impurities. It produces a clean, parallel sliver. There are two types of combing feeds: forward (concurrent) and backward (counter). Forward feed has a higher production rate but lower quality, while backward feed has a lower production rate but higher quality. The document discusses combing process sequences, important terms, noil elimination theories for both feed types, and how feed length and detaching length impact noil percentage. Backward feed results in more combing action and higher quality sliver and noil than forward feed.
stiffness,Handle,Drape properties of fabric ,Fabric property TTQC-2AtiqFaysal
This presentation discusses the stiffness, handle, and drape properties of fabrics. It will cover stiffness and how it is tested using machines like the Shirley Stiffness tester. It will also discuss fabric handle properties, the factors that influence handle, and how to measure drape properties using a drape tester to determine the drape coefficient. Relevant apparatus and testing procedures will be explained.
Dref system is Dref 3000
which was introduced in
2003.It has higher
production capacity than
Dref 2000.
This document discusses friction spinning, also known as Dref spinning. It is a textile technology suitable for spinning coarse yarn counts and technical core-wrapped yarns. Dref yarns have low tensile strength, making them suitable for blankets, mops, and filters. The technology was developed in 1975 and allows yarns like rayon and Kevlar to be spun. Friction spinning uses two friction surfaces to roll fibers into yarn with very little tension applied. This makes it more productive than other spinning methods like ring and rotor spinning. Developments
The document discusses combing preparatory processes. It describes the need for combing preparatory, which includes fiber straightening, reversing fiber flow, and producing a flat sliver. Traditionally, this involved a sliver lap machine and ribbon lap machine, but now mostly uses a draw frame and sliver lap machine. The objectives of combing preparatory are to straighten fibers, reverse flow, maximize leading fiber hooks, and produce a flat sliver. Different machine types and their functions are explained, including parameters that influence the combing operation and quality of the finished product.
This document discusses various characteristics of yarn that are tested, including linear density, twist, yarn evenness, hairiness, bulk, and friction. It provides details on different systems for measuring linear density, the types and importance of twist, factors that affect hairiness, and methods for measuring and recovering from yarn hairiness. The document was submitted by five students - Md Mahmud Mia, Imran Hasan, Hasan Al Mamun, Mahabubur Rahman, and Naiemmur Rahman.
Pile fabrics: Manufacturing methods include woven pile fabric formation & others methods such as knit pile fabric, tufted pile fabrics etc. A "Terry" or a "Terry Towel" as is generally known is a woven pile fabric formed by slack tension weave process. of weaving.
This document discusses various methods for measuring fibre length in textile materials like cotton and wool. It describes parameters used to characterize fibre length such as staple length, mean length, upper quartile length, and dispersion percentage. Methods covered include hand stapling, Shirley photoelectric stapler, comb sorter, weighing and clamping techniques, and optical methods using fibrographs and capacitive instruments like the Almeter. The document provides detailed explanations of each parameter and measurement technique.
This document summarizes research determining the effects of the Fibrograph measurement technique on cotton fiber length measurements. Specifically, it examines how fiber crimp, the distance fibers are held behind comb teeth, and where measurements start can impact the 50% span length, 2.5% span length, and uniformity ratio values. The researchers analyzed fiber length distribution data from five cotton varieties measured previously using an array technique. From this data, they generated theoretical fibrograms to model Fibrograph measurements under different correction scenarios. They found that accounting for fiber crimp, the average 0.44 cm fiber holding length, and 0.38 cm start distance helped predicted Fibrograph values match literature measurements better in four of five cases studied.
This presentation discusses yarn evenness testing using an Uster Evenness Tester machine. It covers what yarn evenness testing is, the various methods of measuring yarn evenness including visual examination, cutting and weighing, and electronic testers. It then discusses the usage of the Uster Evenness Tester for testing yarns, rovings and slivers and measuring irregularities and hairiness. The working principle of the Uster Evenness Tester is also explained along with its advantages of high speed testing and measuring coefficient of variation, and its disadvantages related to moisture content and material thickness.
The document discusses take-up mechanisms in weaving. It describes take-up motion as the process of withdrawing woven fabric from the weaving zone and winding it onto the cloth roller. There are two main types of take-up motions - positive and negative. Positive take-up directly drives the cloth roller via gear trains, while negative take-up uses a system of levers and weights to indirectly drive the roller. Specific take-up mechanisms like five-wheel and seven-wheel are also described, including their components and working principles. The document provides an overview of different take-up motions used in weaving to uniformly wind the fabric.
Filament-core yarns are produced to take advantage of both filament and staple fibre properties. They offer good strength and uniformity without sacrificing the staple fibre yarn-like surface characteristics. Core-spun yarns containing spandex provide fabric designers with broad possibilities, because such stretchable yarns can be constructed with a wide range of properties using virtually any type of hard fibres as the cover yarn. However, a disadvantage of the core yarns is that the staple fibre sheath may slip along the filament when being pulled to pass over or when being rubbed by machine parts during further mechanical processes. But it is very easy to produce core-spun yarn containing spandex in a conventional ring frame after doing some modification of the machine.
The document discusses the draw frame process and its components. A draw frame is used to improve the quality and evenness of carded sliver by straightening fibers, increasing parallelization and reducing weight variations. It works by drafting (attenuating) multiple input slivers through roller pairs to produce a single, more uniform output sliver. Key components include the drafting arrangement, which applies different levels of draft, and an auto-leveling system to compensate for input weight variations and maintain consistent output. The document provides details on draw frame components, working principles, objectives and the influence of drafting and doubling on sliver quality.
This document is an assignment submission for a course on testing textiles. It describes an experiment conducted on a Yarn Lea Strength Tester to determine the strength of a cotton yarn sample. The experiment found that the yarn strength was 79.32 lbs/lea and the Count Strength Product (CSP) was 2379.6. Since the CSP was greater than the standard of 2200, the document concludes that the yarn sample had good strength fibers.
Drafting is the creation of a drawing or other graphical representation of a building, mechanical device or other structure for the purposes of determining how the device should be created. Drafting is used as a part of the design and fabrication processes. Drafting can be done by hand or using specially designed computer programs and mechanical drawings.
Drafting arrangement is the most important part of the machine. It influences mainly evenness and strength The following points are therefore very important
Pierce's model treats woven fabric as a repeating network of identical unit cells composed of interlacing yarns with circular cross-sections. It allows for calculation of geometric parameters like thread spacing and fabric thickness. Kemp's model modifies yarn cross-section to an elliptical racetrack shape to better model tightly woven fabrics. Hearle's lenticular model uses an energy approach. While these models provide simplified representations, real fabrics do not conform to idealized shapes and the relationship between geometry and mechanical properties is still not fully understood.
This document discusses the rotor spinning process. It begins by describing the basic principle of open-end yarn formation and the different types of open-end spinning processes. It then provides details on the specific features, principles, and settings of rotor spinning machines. This includes descriptions of the feed, sliver opening, fiber transport, yarn formation, and winding processes. It discusses the raw material requirements and preparation for rotor spinning. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the rotor spinning process from fiber preparation through yarn formation and winding.
The document discusses the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS), which was developed to more accurately and precisely measure properties of raw textile materials like cotton. AFIS uses aeromechanical and electro-optical techniques to separate fibers and analyze them individually, providing distributions of properties rather than just average values. This gives more detailed information about factors like fiber length and imperfections. Specifically, AFIS can classify neps (entanglements) into fiber neps and seed coat neps, providing a more comprehensive quality assessment of ginning cotton and processed fibers.
Assignment on parameter of different parts of ring frame machine of yarn iiPartho Biswas
The document discusses key parameters of different parts of a ring frame machine. It describes the functions of the apron, drafting system, ring and traveler. Parameters like roller diameter and pressure, apron and cradle lengths, ring diameter and lift, traveler size and number are discussed in detail for different yarn counts. The ideal twist multiplier for different fiber types and end uses is also covered.
Winch dyeing machine is the oldest form of piece dyeing machine where fabric is dyed in rope form with stationary liquor and moving material. It is suitable for delicate fabrics like wool and knits due to low tension. The fabric is formed into endless loops and passed over rollers with most of it submerged in the dye bath. It allows for simple and low-cost dyeing but has limitations like batch processing and potential for creasing in heavier fabrics.
This document provides the calculations to determine the daily production rate of a knitting machine given various machine specifications and operating parameters. It first calculates the production rate of a single machine as 4.97 kg/day with 54 feeders. It then scales this up to the total production rate across all feeders of 228.123 kg/day at 85% efficiency. It also provides an alternative calculation method reaching the same result and examples for calculating production rates using different machine specifications.
Find out the production of lap former machine in kgAmit Biswas
The document contains 3 problems related to calculating production rates of various textile machines.
The first problem calculates the daily production in kg of a lap former machine given various parameters like delivery speed, feed weight, draft, and efficiency.
The second problem calculates the 8-hour production in kg of a modern speed frame machine based on flyer speed, hank size, threads per inch, draft, number of flyers, and efficiency. It also suggests increasing production.
The third problem calculates (1) the hourly production in kg of a combing machine given parameters like lap weight, feed per nip, nips per minute, number of heads, noil percentage, and efficiency, and (2) the
Presentation on forward feed &backward feed of combingKATHAMAHANTY
Combing is a process that improves fiber quality by removing short fibers and impurities. It produces a clean, parallel sliver. There are two types of combing feeds: forward (concurrent) and backward (counter). Forward feed has a higher production rate but lower quality, while backward feed has a lower production rate but higher quality. The document discusses combing process sequences, important terms, noil elimination theories for both feed types, and how feed length and detaching length impact noil percentage. Backward feed results in more combing action and higher quality sliver and noil than forward feed.
stiffness,Handle,Drape properties of fabric ,Fabric property TTQC-2AtiqFaysal
This presentation discusses the stiffness, handle, and drape properties of fabrics. It will cover stiffness and how it is tested using machines like the Shirley Stiffness tester. It will also discuss fabric handle properties, the factors that influence handle, and how to measure drape properties using a drape tester to determine the drape coefficient. Relevant apparatus and testing procedures will be explained.
Dref system is Dref 3000
which was introduced in
2003.It has higher
production capacity than
Dref 2000.
This document discusses friction spinning, also known as Dref spinning. It is a textile technology suitable for spinning coarse yarn counts and technical core-wrapped yarns. Dref yarns have low tensile strength, making them suitable for blankets, mops, and filters. The technology was developed in 1975 and allows yarns like rayon and Kevlar to be spun. Friction spinning uses two friction surfaces to roll fibers into yarn with very little tension applied. This makes it more productive than other spinning methods like ring and rotor spinning. Developments
The document discusses combing preparatory processes. It describes the need for combing preparatory, which includes fiber straightening, reversing fiber flow, and producing a flat sliver. Traditionally, this involved a sliver lap machine and ribbon lap machine, but now mostly uses a draw frame and sliver lap machine. The objectives of combing preparatory are to straighten fibers, reverse flow, maximize leading fiber hooks, and produce a flat sliver. Different machine types and their functions are explained, including parameters that influence the combing operation and quality of the finished product.
This document discusses various characteristics of yarn that are tested, including linear density, twist, yarn evenness, hairiness, bulk, and friction. It provides details on different systems for measuring linear density, the types and importance of twist, factors that affect hairiness, and methods for measuring and recovering from yarn hairiness. The document was submitted by five students - Md Mahmud Mia, Imran Hasan, Hasan Al Mamun, Mahabubur Rahman, and Naiemmur Rahman.
Pile fabrics: Manufacturing methods include woven pile fabric formation & others methods such as knit pile fabric, tufted pile fabrics etc. A "Terry" or a "Terry Towel" as is generally known is a woven pile fabric formed by slack tension weave process. of weaving.
This document discusses various methods for measuring fibre length in textile materials like cotton and wool. It describes parameters used to characterize fibre length such as staple length, mean length, upper quartile length, and dispersion percentage. Methods covered include hand stapling, Shirley photoelectric stapler, comb sorter, weighing and clamping techniques, and optical methods using fibrographs and capacitive instruments like the Almeter. The document provides detailed explanations of each parameter and measurement technique.
This document summarizes research determining the effects of the Fibrograph measurement technique on cotton fiber length measurements. Specifically, it examines how fiber crimp, the distance fibers are held behind comb teeth, and where measurements start can impact the 50% span length, 2.5% span length, and uniformity ratio values. The researchers analyzed fiber length distribution data from five cotton varieties measured previously using an array technique. From this data, they generated theoretical fibrograms to model Fibrograph measurements under different correction scenarios. They found that accounting for fiber crimp, the average 0.44 cm fiber holding length, and 0.38 cm start distance helped predicted Fibrograph values match literature measurements better in four of five cases studied.
This document discusses fibre length parameters and measurement methods. It defines mean length, upper quartile length, effective length, and span length. Common measurement techniques described are hand stapling, comb sorting, photoelectric methods like Fibrograph and Shirley stapler, and the WIRA machine. Comb sorting diagrams are analyzed. The document provides details on how each measurement method works and its advantages or limitations.
The document discusses the fibrograph machine, which analyzes cotton fiber length and uniformity. It scans fiber samples using photoelectric cells and produces a length-frequency curve called a fibrograph. Key information included:
- The fibrograph prepares fiber samples using a comb to pick fibers randomly from a cylinder sample.
- It optically scans the fibers from base to tip to analyze fiber length parameters like mean length and uniformity index.
- These measurements provide objective and reproducible analysis of fiber length and uniformity compared to other testing methods.
- The document outlines the machine components, testing process, data analysis, and limitations of the fibrograph method.
- Testing is important in the textile industry to ensure high quality products. Fiber testing is carried out at various stages - fiber, yarn, fabric and garment.
- Proper sampling is required as textile testing is both time consuming and destructive. Samples should be representative of the overall lot. In cotton, sampling is done at the bulk, basic, and laboratory levels.
- Key fiber properties that are tested include length, strength, fineness, and maturity. Tests are conducted under standard atmospheric conditions. Test results need to be properly interpreted and applied to fiber selection and process control.
Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabriceSAT Journals
Abstract
The following paper focuses on change in spirality due to stitch length and count variation .This work was carried out with 12 samples of single jersey knit fabrics which were scoured and bleached with NaOH and H2O2 (35% strength), dyed with reactive dye (Remazol Yellow RR reactive class) and were finished as standard procedure . After finishing the samples were tested for spirality and compared between different stitch length and count. The result obtained in this research indicated that spirality increases strongly due to increase of stitch length when count of yarn is fixed and on fixed stitch length spirality increases with the increment of count.
Keywords: Spirality, Count, Stitch length.
Effect of count and stitch length on spirality of single jersey knit fabriceSAT Publishing House
This study examined the effect of yarn count and stitch length on spirality in single jersey knit fabrics. 12 fabric samples were produced with variations in count (30-40 Ne) and stitch length (2.6-2.95 mm). The samples were tested for spirality after scouring, bleaching, dyeing and finishing. The results showed that spirality increased as stitch length increased due to more yarn twisting. Spirality also increased with higher yarn counts due to less fabric compactness and more loops available for twisting. In conclusion, using lower yarn counts and stitch lengths can help manufacturers reduce spirality issues in knitted fabrics.
Evaluation of physico mechanical properties of 1×1 interlock cotton knitted f...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The Physico-Mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn (ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, Loop length / Stitch length, structural geometry, fibre composition of yarn etc. This study focused on the various Loop length effect of grey interlock knit structure. With an increase in Loop length, the dimensional properties like CPI, WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased; while comfort properties like air permeability & water absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased Loop length at grey stage. Other properties such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased Loop length. Though all the tests for fabric properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done according desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
This study analyzed the packing density and internal structure of compact yarns produced using three different systems (Rieter K44, Suessen Elite, and Zinser Air-Com-Tex700). The results showed:
1) Compact yarns have 15-30% higher packing density than conventional ring spun yarns, indicating a more dense fiber arrangement.
2) Packing density decreases from the yarn center to surface for all compact yarns, but values at the center are 0.55-0.7, higher than conventional yarns.
3) There are no significant differences in packing density among the three compact spinning systems. Zinser Air-Com-
The document discusses fiber length measurement using a fibrograph. It provides details on the fibrograph machine, including its parts and working principle. The fibrograph works by scanning cotton fibers with light sensitive cells and drawing a length-frequency curve called a fibrogram. Key measurements taken from the fibrogram include mean length, upper half mean length, and various span lengths which are used to classify cotton according to staple length. The fibrograph provides a realistic measurement of fiber length oriented similar to fibers during processing.
The document discusses a study on the elastic recovery of different single jersey knitted structures at varying loop lengths. It aims to determine how stitch length influences stretch recovery and the structural impact on recovery properties. Materials tested included single jersey plain, polo pique, double lacoste, and single lacoste fabrics knitted with polyester cotton yarn at stitch lengths from 2.60 to 3.16 mm. Stitch lengths were verified using a Hatra course length tester before specimens were prepared and tested in a Titan strength tester to measure elastic recovery percentages at different time intervals.
This document discusses a study investigating the relationship between various knitting parameters and spirality in single jersey knitted fabrics. It measured wales per inch, courses per inch, stitch length, yarn count, and spirality in 9 fabric samples. The results showed that spirality decreases with higher WPI and CPI, and increases with longer stitch length and finer yarn count. The study aimed to help minimize fabric waste by better understanding how to control spirality.
Effect of stitch length on physical and mechanical properties of single jerse...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The physical and mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn
(ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, stitch length / loop length, structural geometry, fiber composition of yarn etc. This study
focused on the various stitch length effect of grey single jersey. With an increase in stitch length, the dimensional properties like CPI,
WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased for all the structures; while comfort properties like air permeability & water
absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased stitch length at grey stage. Other properties
such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased stitch length. Though all the tests for fabric
properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is
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Determination of fiber length by comb sorter diagram
1. 1
1
Bangladesh University of Business & Technology
BUBT
Lab Report
Experiment No :11
Experiment Name :Determination of fiber length by comb sorter
diagram.
Submitted to:
Md.Khalilur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Textile Engineering, BUBT
Submitted By:
Name: Usama bin Shahid
Program: B.sc in Textile Engineering
ID no: 17182107015
Intake: 23
Sec: 1
Date of Submission : Signature of
Teacher
Experiment No:12
2. 2
2
Experiment Name: Determination of fiber length by comb sorter diagram.
01.Objectives of the experiment:
fiber length by comb sorter diagram. [1]
02.Theory: Length of staple fiber is one of the most important
characteristics. In general a longer average fiber length is to be preferred
because it confers a number of advantages. Firstly longer fibers are easier
to process. Secondly, more yarns can be produced from then because there
are less fiber ends in a given length of yarn. Thirdly, a higher strength yarn
can be produced from them for the same level of twist.
2.1Definition of fiber length paramaters:
(i) Mean length: The arithmetic mean of the length of all the fibers present
in a small but representative sample of cotton, based on weight length
distribution or relative number length distribution.
(ii) Upper quartile length: The length for which 75% of all observed values
are lower & 25% higher, by wt. or by number.
(iii) Effective length: It is difficult to give a clear scientific definition for
effective length. It may be defined as the upper quartile of the numerical
length distribution from which same of the shortest fibers are eliminated
by an arbitrary construction. The fibers eliminated are those shorter than
half the effective length.
(iv) Span Length: The distance spanned by a specified percentage of the
fibers in the test board. 2.5% span length is the distance from the clamp
on a fiber beard to a point upto which only 2.5% of the fibers extend. [2]
2.2 The Shirley Comb Sorter Method:
A quantity estimate by personal judgement by which a sample of fibers
raw material is characterized as regards it’s technically most fiber
important fiber length. The Shirley Comb Sorter machine consists of a bed
3. 3
3
of which controls the fibers & enable the sample of fiber to be
fractionaized into the length groups.
Principle: A sample of fibers is arranged in the form of an array in the
descending order of length, and from a tracing of this array some fibre
length parameters are calculated. Two set of combs, fiber grip, needle,
aluminium depressor, velvet pod & rectangular Perspex scale are apparatus.
[3]
03. Standard atmosphere: In quality control lab,
RH% for quality room (65%+-2) and temp.
Temperature : 20 +-2 (cold countries)
27-2 c [tropical and sub-tropical] ……[4]
04. Appratus: (a) Shirley Comb Sorter (shown in fig: 01)
4.1 Sample: (a) Sample of cotton fiber (shown in fig-2)
Working Procedure: (i) A bundle of fibres prepared by one of the zoning
methods is straightened by hand and pressed into the lower set of combs
is impaled in the combs with the ends of fibers protruding as illustrated in
the left-hand side.
(ii) The end of the bundle is straightened by gripping the ends of the
outermost fibers with a wide clamp & withdrawing them a few at a time.
(iii) The whole sample is then transferred in this way, a few fibers at a
time, to position at the other ends of the comb and placed there so that
the fiber ends coincide with the first comb.
(iv) The sample is pressed down into the bottom combs and the top
combs are then lowered onto the sample.
4. 4
4
(v) The rear combs are moved out of the way are at a time until the ends
of the longest fibers are exposed.
(vi) The exposed fibers are then removed by the grip and laid on a black
velvet pad. The next comb is then removed, so exposing the fibers which
constitute the next length group and these are removed and laid next to
the first set of fibers, making sure that all the fibers are laid with a
common base line.
(vii) Then trace the outline of the fiber array prepared on a sheet of
translucent paper.
6.Curve:
Here, OC = 1 2 OA OQ = 1 4 OP OL = 1 4 ON Maximum length, OA = 4cm
= 40mm
Upper quartile length OQ’ = 3.9cm = 39mm
Effective length, LL’ = 3.9cm = 39mm
Modal length, PP’ = 1.8cm = 18mm
Short fiber length NN’ = 1.7cm = 17mm
American fiber/Staple = 0.91 * Effective length = 0.91*39 = 35.49mm Indian
Staple = 0.85*Effiective length = 0.85*39 = 33.15mm
5. 5
5
Process Curve: (i) C is the middle point of OA i.e. OC = 1 2 OA (ii) From
C draw CP’ parallel to OB to cut at P’ (iii) Drop the perpendicular PP’ (iv)
Mark of OQ equal to 1 4 OP & draw the perpendicular QQ’ (v) D is the
mid point of QQ’ (vi) From D draw DN’ parallel to OB to cut the
curvature N. (vii) Drop the perpendicular N’P (viii) Mark of OL equal to 1
4 ON (ix) Draw the LL’ at perpendicular which is the effective length.
07.Calculation of fiber length according to rectangular scale:
Mx. Length, OA = 40mm
Upper quartile length, QQ’ = 3.9CM = 3.9*10mm = 39mm
Effective Length, LL’ = 3.9cm = 3.9*10mm = 39mm
Modal Length, PP’ = 1.8cm = 1.8*10 mm = 18mm
Sort fiber length, NN’ = 1.7cm = 17mm
American fiber/staple = 0.91*Effective length
= 0.91*39 = 35.49 mm
Indian Staple = 0.85*Effective length
= 0.85*39 = 33.15 mm Short fiber (%) = 18𝑚𝑚 120𝑚𝑚
* 100% (𝑁𝐵 𝑂𝐵 ) Result: Maximum length = 40 mm
Upper quartile length = 39 mm
Effective length = 39 mm
Modal length = 13 mm
Short fiber length = 17 mm
Short fiber (%) = 15%
09.Conclusion: After completing this experiment, we have known about
fiber length and have acquired ability to determine fiber length by using
comb sorter diagram and this experiment will be helpful in our future job
life.
10.Reference:
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![2
2
Experiment Name: Determination of fiber length by comb sorter diagram.
01.Objectives of the experiment:
fiber length by comb sorter diagram. [1]
02.Theory: Length of staple fiber is one of the most important
characteristics. In general a longer average fiber length is to be preferred
because it confers a number of advantages. Firstly longer fibers are easier
to process. Secondly, more yarns can be produced from then because there
are less fiber ends in a given length of yarn. Thirdly, a higher strength yarn
can be produced from them for the same level of twist.
2.1Definition of fiber length paramaters:
(i) Mean length: The arithmetic mean of the length of all the fibers present
in a small but representative sample of cotton, based on weight length
distribution or relative number length distribution.
(ii) Upper quartile length: The length for which 75% of all observed values
are lower & 25% higher, by wt. or by number.
(iii) Effective length: It is difficult to give a clear scientific definition for
effective length. It may be defined as the upper quartile of the numerical
length distribution from which same of the shortest fibers are eliminated
by an arbitrary construction. The fibers eliminated are those shorter than
half the effective length.
(iv) Span Length: The distance spanned by a specified percentage of the
fibers in the test board. 2.5% span length is the distance from the clamp
on a fiber beard to a point upto which only 2.5% of the fibers extend. [2]
2.2 The Shirley Comb Sorter Method:
A quantity estimate by personal judgement by which a sample of fibers
raw material is characterized as regards it’s technically most fiber
important fiber length. The Shirley Comb Sorter machine consists of a bed](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)