presentation on design of a 2 pass assembler, and variant I and variant II in the subject of systems programming. especially helpful to GTU students, CSE and IT engineers
The document summarizes the key aspects of direct linking loaders. A direct linking loader allows for multiple procedure and data segments and flexible intersegment referencing. It provides assembler output with the length and symbol tables (USE and DEFINITION) to the loader. The loader performs two passes, building a Global External Symbol Table in Pass 1 and performing relocation and linking in Pass 2 using the object decks with External Symbol Dictionary, instructions/data, and relocation/linkage sections. This allows combining and executing object code from separate object programs.
There are two main types of language processing activities: program generation and program execution. Program generation aims to automatically generate a program in a target language from a source program through a program generator. Program execution can occur through either translation, which translates a source program into an equivalent target program, or interpretation, where an interpreter reads and executes the source program statement-by-statement.
Language processing involves analyzing a source program and synthesizing an equivalent target program. The analysis phase involves lexical, syntax, and semantic analysis of source code based on language rules. The synthesis phase constructs target program structures and generates target code to have the same meaning as the source code. Language processors perform analysis and synthesis in separate passes due to issues like forward references and memory management, using an intermediate representation between passes.
System software - macro expansion,nested macro callsSARASWATHI S
This document discusses macro expansion and nested macro calls in system software. It covers:
1. Macro expansion involves replacing a macro call with code from its body by substituting actual parameters for formal parameters.
2. Macro expansion can be performed by a macro assembler or preprocessor. A macro assembler performs full assembly while a preprocessor only processes macro calls.
3. Key aspects of macro expansion include the order of model statement expansion and lexical substitution of formal parameters with actual values. Nested macro calls follow a last-in, first-out expansion order.
The document discusses the design of an assembler. It begins by outlining the general design procedure, which includes specifying the problem, defining data structures like symbol tables and opcode tables, specifying data formats, and specifying algorithms. It then discusses the specific design of an assembler, including stating the problem, defining data structures like symbol tables and opcode tables, specifying table formats, and looking for modularity. Finally, it provides an example assembly language program and discusses how the assembler would process it using the defined data structures and tables during its first and second passes.
This document discusses assembly language and assemblers. It begins by explaining that assembly language provides a more readable and convenient way to program compared to machine language. It then describes how an assembler works, translating assembly language programs into machine code. The elements of assembly language are defined, including mnemonic operation codes, symbolic operands, and data declarations. The document also covers instruction formats, sample assembly language programs, and the processing an assembler performs to generate machine code from assembly code.
This document discusses single pass assemblers. It notes that single pass assemblers scan a program once to create the equivalent binary, substituting symbolic instructions with machine code. However, this can cause forward reference problems when symbols are used before being defined. The document describes two solutions for single pass assemblers: 1) eliminating forward references by defining all labels before use or prohibiting forward data references, and 2) generating object code directly in memory without writing to disk, requiring reassembly each time.
Introduction, Macro Definition and Call, Macro Expansion, Nested Macro Calls, Advanced Macro Facilities, Design Of a Macro Preprocessor, Design of a Macro Assembler, Functions of a Macro Processor, Basic Tasks of a Macro Processor, Design Issues of Macro Processors, Features, Macro Processor Design Options, Two-Pass Macro Processors, One-Pass Macro Processors
The document summarizes the key aspects of direct linking loaders. A direct linking loader allows for multiple procedure and data segments and flexible intersegment referencing. It provides assembler output with the length and symbol tables (USE and DEFINITION) to the loader. The loader performs two passes, building a Global External Symbol Table in Pass 1 and performing relocation and linking in Pass 2 using the object decks with External Symbol Dictionary, instructions/data, and relocation/linkage sections. This allows combining and executing object code from separate object programs.
There are two main types of language processing activities: program generation and program execution. Program generation aims to automatically generate a program in a target language from a source program through a program generator. Program execution can occur through either translation, which translates a source program into an equivalent target program, or interpretation, where an interpreter reads and executes the source program statement-by-statement.
Language processing involves analyzing a source program and synthesizing an equivalent target program. The analysis phase involves lexical, syntax, and semantic analysis of source code based on language rules. The synthesis phase constructs target program structures and generates target code to have the same meaning as the source code. Language processors perform analysis and synthesis in separate passes due to issues like forward references and memory management, using an intermediate representation between passes.
System software - macro expansion,nested macro callsSARASWATHI S
This document discusses macro expansion and nested macro calls in system software. It covers:
1. Macro expansion involves replacing a macro call with code from its body by substituting actual parameters for formal parameters.
2. Macro expansion can be performed by a macro assembler or preprocessor. A macro assembler performs full assembly while a preprocessor only processes macro calls.
3. Key aspects of macro expansion include the order of model statement expansion and lexical substitution of formal parameters with actual values. Nested macro calls follow a last-in, first-out expansion order.
The document discusses the design of an assembler. It begins by outlining the general design procedure, which includes specifying the problem, defining data structures like symbol tables and opcode tables, specifying data formats, and specifying algorithms. It then discusses the specific design of an assembler, including stating the problem, defining data structures like symbol tables and opcode tables, specifying table formats, and looking for modularity. Finally, it provides an example assembly language program and discusses how the assembler would process it using the defined data structures and tables during its first and second passes.
This document discusses assembly language and assemblers. It begins by explaining that assembly language provides a more readable and convenient way to program compared to machine language. It then describes how an assembler works, translating assembly language programs into machine code. The elements of assembly language are defined, including mnemonic operation codes, symbolic operands, and data declarations. The document also covers instruction formats, sample assembly language programs, and the processing an assembler performs to generate machine code from assembly code.
This document discusses single pass assemblers. It notes that single pass assemblers scan a program once to create the equivalent binary, substituting symbolic instructions with machine code. However, this can cause forward reference problems when symbols are used before being defined. The document describes two solutions for single pass assemblers: 1) eliminating forward references by defining all labels before use or prohibiting forward data references, and 2) generating object code directly in memory without writing to disk, requiring reassembly each time.
Introduction, Macro Definition and Call, Macro Expansion, Nested Macro Calls, Advanced Macro Facilities, Design Of a Macro Preprocessor, Design of a Macro Assembler, Functions of a Macro Processor, Basic Tasks of a Macro Processor, Design Issues of Macro Processors, Features, Macro Processor Design Options, Two-Pass Macro Processors, One-Pass Macro Processors
Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
Assemblers Elements of Assembly Language Programming, Design of the Assembler, Assembler Design Criteria, Types of Assemblers, Two-Pass Assemblers, One-Pass Assemblers, Single pass Assembler for Intel x86 , Algorithm of Single Pass Assembler, Multi-Pass Assemblers, Advanced Assembly Process, Variants of Assemblers Design of two pass assembler
Description of all types of Loaders from System programming subjects.
eg. Compile-Go Loader
General Loader
Absolute Loader
Relocating Loader
Practical Relocating Loader
Linking Loader
Linker Vs. Loader
general relocatable loader
The document provides an overview of compilers by discussing:
1. Compilers translate source code into executable target code by going through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
2. An interpreter directly executes source code statement by statement while a compiler produces target code as translation. Compiled code generally runs faster than interpreted code.
3. The phases of a compiler include a front end that analyzes the source code and produces intermediate code, and a back end that optimizes and generates the target code.
The document summarizes the key components of a toy compiler, including the front end, back end, and their functions. The front end performs lexical, syntax and semantic analysis to determine the validity and meaning of source statements. It outputs symbol tables and intermediate code. The back end performs memory allocation and code generation using the symbol tables and intermediate code. Code generation determines instruction selection and addressing modes to synthesize assembly code from the intermediate representation.
A macro processor is a system software. Macro is that the Section of code that the programmer writes (defines) once, and then can use or invokes many times.
Explains Language Processors in deep, language processing activities are arises,what is program generation activities,fundamentals of lang. processors,Toy compiler,Grammar, LAPDTs Lex & Yacc
This document discusses language processors and their fundamentals. It begins by explaining the semantic gap between how software is designed and implemented, and how language processors help bridge this gap. It then covers different types of language processors like translators, interpreters, and preprocessors. The key activities of language processors - analysis and synthesis - are explained. Analysis includes lexical, syntax and semantic analysis, while synthesis includes memory allocation and code generation. Language specifications using grammars and different binding times are also covered. Finally, common language processing development tools like LEX and YACC are introduced.
The document discusses loaders, which are system software programs that perform the loading function of placing a program into memory for execution. There are several types of loaders: compile-and-go loaders directly place assembled code into memory; absolute loaders place code at specified addresses; relocating loaders allow code to be loaded at different addresses and combine programs. Relocating loaders output object code, symbol tables, and relocation information to perform allocation, relocation, linking, and loading separately from assembly. Direct-linking loaders provide more flexibility by allowing multiple program and data segments with intersegment references.
The document discusses macro language and macro processors. It defines macros as single line abbreviations for blocks of code that allow programmers to avoid repetitively writing the same code. It describes key aspects of macro processors including macro definition, macro calls, macro expansion, macro arguments, and conditional macro expansion. Implementation of macro processors involves recognizing macro definitions, saving the definitions, recognizing macro calls, and replacing the calls with the corresponding macro body.
The document discusses the 2D viewing pipeline. It describes how a 3D world coordinate scene is constructed and then transformed through a series of steps to 2D device coordinates that can be displayed. These steps include converting to viewing coordinates using a window-to-viewport transformation, then mapping to normalized and finally device coordinates. It also covers techniques for clipping objects and lines that fall outside the viewing window including Cohen-Sutherland line clipping and Sutherland-Hodgeman polygon clipping.
The document discusses symbol tables, which are data structures used by compilers to track semantic information about identifiers, variables, functions, classes, etc. It provides details on:
- How various compiler phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation utilize and update the symbol table.
- Common data structures used to implement symbol tables like linear lists, hash tables and how they work.
- The information typically stored for different symbols like name, type, scope, memory location etc.
- Organization of symbol tables for block-structured vs non-block structured languages, including using multiple nested tables vs a single global table.
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
A single pass assembler scans the program only once and creates the equivalent binary program. The assembler substitute all of the symbolic instruction with machine code in one pass.
An assembler is a program that converts assembly language code into machine language code. It has two passes: in the first pass, it scans the program and builds a symbol table with label addresses; in the second pass, it converts instructions to machine language using the symbol table and builds the executable image. The assembler converts mnemonics to operation codes, symbolic operands to addresses, builds instructions, converts data, and writes the object program and listing. The linker then resolves symbols between object files before the loader copies the executable into memory and relocates it as needed. The assembler uses symbol tables from both passes and databases to perform its functions of translating and building the executable.
This document discusses the first pass of an assembler. It begins by defining an assembler as a language processor that converts assembly language to machine language. It then describes the different types of assemblers, focusing on single-pass and two-pass assemblers. For two-pass assemblers, it outlines the tasks of the analysis and synthesis phases in the first and second passes respectively. These include separating symbols, building symbol tables, performing label and literal processing, and constructing intermediate code in the first pass and then generating the target program in the second pass. The document provides an example of intermediate code format and walks through converting an example assembly program to intermediate code using the first pass of a two-pass assembler.
One pass assembler, Two pass assembler,
Advanced Assembler Directives
Index
------
One-pass assembler
Forward Reference
Two-pass assembler using variant-I
Two-pass assembler using variant-II
Advanced Assembler Directives
Design of two pass assembler
Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
Assemblers Elements of Assembly Language Programming, Design of the Assembler, Assembler Design Criteria, Types of Assemblers, Two-Pass Assemblers, One-Pass Assemblers, Single pass Assembler for Intel x86 , Algorithm of Single Pass Assembler, Multi-Pass Assemblers, Advanced Assembly Process, Variants of Assemblers Design of two pass assembler
Description of all types of Loaders from System programming subjects.
eg. Compile-Go Loader
General Loader
Absolute Loader
Relocating Loader
Practical Relocating Loader
Linking Loader
Linker Vs. Loader
general relocatable loader
The document provides an overview of compilers by discussing:
1. Compilers translate source code into executable target code by going through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
2. An interpreter directly executes source code statement by statement while a compiler produces target code as translation. Compiled code generally runs faster than interpreted code.
3. The phases of a compiler include a front end that analyzes the source code and produces intermediate code, and a back end that optimizes and generates the target code.
The document summarizes the key components of a toy compiler, including the front end, back end, and their functions. The front end performs lexical, syntax and semantic analysis to determine the validity and meaning of source statements. It outputs symbol tables and intermediate code. The back end performs memory allocation and code generation using the symbol tables and intermediate code. Code generation determines instruction selection and addressing modes to synthesize assembly code from the intermediate representation.
A macro processor is a system software. Macro is that the Section of code that the programmer writes (defines) once, and then can use or invokes many times.
Explains Language Processors in deep, language processing activities are arises,what is program generation activities,fundamentals of lang. processors,Toy compiler,Grammar, LAPDTs Lex & Yacc
This document discusses language processors and their fundamentals. It begins by explaining the semantic gap between how software is designed and implemented, and how language processors help bridge this gap. It then covers different types of language processors like translators, interpreters, and preprocessors. The key activities of language processors - analysis and synthesis - are explained. Analysis includes lexical, syntax and semantic analysis, while synthesis includes memory allocation and code generation. Language specifications using grammars and different binding times are also covered. Finally, common language processing development tools like LEX and YACC are introduced.
The document discusses loaders, which are system software programs that perform the loading function of placing a program into memory for execution. There are several types of loaders: compile-and-go loaders directly place assembled code into memory; absolute loaders place code at specified addresses; relocating loaders allow code to be loaded at different addresses and combine programs. Relocating loaders output object code, symbol tables, and relocation information to perform allocation, relocation, linking, and loading separately from assembly. Direct-linking loaders provide more flexibility by allowing multiple program and data segments with intersegment references.
The document discusses macro language and macro processors. It defines macros as single line abbreviations for blocks of code that allow programmers to avoid repetitively writing the same code. It describes key aspects of macro processors including macro definition, macro calls, macro expansion, macro arguments, and conditional macro expansion. Implementation of macro processors involves recognizing macro definitions, saving the definitions, recognizing macro calls, and replacing the calls with the corresponding macro body.
The document discusses the 2D viewing pipeline. It describes how a 3D world coordinate scene is constructed and then transformed through a series of steps to 2D device coordinates that can be displayed. These steps include converting to viewing coordinates using a window-to-viewport transformation, then mapping to normalized and finally device coordinates. It also covers techniques for clipping objects and lines that fall outside the viewing window including Cohen-Sutherland line clipping and Sutherland-Hodgeman polygon clipping.
The document discusses symbol tables, which are data structures used by compilers to track semantic information about identifiers, variables, functions, classes, etc. It provides details on:
- How various compiler phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation utilize and update the symbol table.
- Common data structures used to implement symbol tables like linear lists, hash tables and how they work.
- The information typically stored for different symbols like name, type, scope, memory location etc.
- Organization of symbol tables for block-structured vs non-block structured languages, including using multiple nested tables vs a single global table.
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
A single pass assembler scans the program only once and creates the equivalent binary program. The assembler substitute all of the symbolic instruction with machine code in one pass.
An assembler is a program that converts assembly language code into machine language code. It has two passes: in the first pass, it scans the program and builds a symbol table with label addresses; in the second pass, it converts instructions to machine language using the symbol table and builds the executable image. The assembler converts mnemonics to operation codes, symbolic operands to addresses, builds instructions, converts data, and writes the object program and listing. The linker then resolves symbols between object files before the loader copies the executable into memory and relocates it as needed. The assembler uses symbol tables from both passes and databases to perform its functions of translating and building the executable.
This document discusses the first pass of an assembler. It begins by defining an assembler as a language processor that converts assembly language to machine language. It then describes the different types of assemblers, focusing on single-pass and two-pass assemblers. For two-pass assemblers, it outlines the tasks of the analysis and synthesis phases in the first and second passes respectively. These include separating symbols, building symbol tables, performing label and literal processing, and constructing intermediate code in the first pass and then generating the target program in the second pass. The document provides an example of intermediate code format and walks through converting an example assembly program to intermediate code using the first pass of a two-pass assembler.
One pass assembler, Two pass assembler,
Advanced Assembler Directives
Index
------
One-pass assembler
Forward Reference
Two-pass assembler using variant-I
Two-pass assembler using variant-II
Advanced Assembler Directives
Design of two pass assembler
The document discusses the design and implementation of the first pass of a two-pass assembler. It explains that the first pass separates symbols, mnemonics, opcodes and operands, builds a symbol table, performs location counter processing, and constructs an intermediate representation for use by the second pass. This includes entering symbols into the symbol table with their addresses, allocating memory for literals, and generating intermediate code consisting of operation codes, symbols, and literals. The example shows the symbol table, literal table, and intermediate code generated by the first pass for a sample assembly program.
This document discusses non-recursive predictive parsing and LR parsing. It describes the components of a non-recursive parser including a parsing table, input buffer, stack, and output stream. It outlines the algorithm for non-recursive predictive parsing using FIRST and FOLLOW sets. The document also defines LR parsing as a type of bottom-up parsing and describes the types of LR parsers including LR(0), SLR, CLR, and LALR. It notes that LR parsing uses a stack, input, output, and parsing table.
The document discusses an assembly language program translator called an assembler. It describes:
1) The structure of an assembly language program statement including label, opcode, operand, and comment fields.
2) The two passes of an assembler - Pass 1 defines symbols and assigns addresses, Pass 2 generates machine code.
3) The data structures used by an assembler including the machine opcode table, pseudo opcode table, symbol table, literal table, and base register table.
The document discusses the design and implementation of assemblers. It describes the key phases and data structures used in assemblers, including:
- The analysis phase builds a symbol table by allocating memory locations using a location counter.
- The synthesis phase uses the symbol table and a mnemonic table to translate mnemonics to opcodes and generate the target program.
- Assemblers typically use a two-pass approach where pass one performs analysis and pass two performs synthesis, though some use backpatching in a single pass.
- Common data structures include symbol tables, mnemonic tables, and intermediate code representations used between the two passes.
B.sc cs-ii-u-3.1-basic computer programming and micro programmed controlRai University
1. The document discusses basic computer programming concepts and their relation to hardware instruction sets. It introduces an instruction set for a basic computer and describes machine language, assembly language, and the translation process from symbolic to binary code using an assembler.
2. It provides an example assembly language program to subtract two numbers and explains loops in programs using a Fortran example to add 100 numbers.
3. Programming techniques for arithmetic and logic operations like multiplication and double precision addition are demonstrated through examples.
Bca 2nd sem-u-3.1-basic computer programming and micro programmed controlRai University
The document discusses basic computer programming and microprogrammed control. It introduces basic programming concepts and their relation to hardware instruction representation. It then provides details on:
1. The instruction set of a basic computer including operations like AND, ADD, LDA, STA, etc.
2. The hierarchy of programming languages from low-level machine language to high-level languages like C++.
3. Details on assembly language including symbolic addressing, memory reference vs non-memory reference instructions, and pseudo instructions.
Assemblers take assembly code written in symbolic mnemonics and convert it into machine-readable object code. They evaluate the operation field of each instruction to find the corresponding machine code value. Assemblers also generate location counter values and other information needed by the loader. Assembly programs contain labels, opcodes, operands, and comments. Assembler directives provide instructions to the assembler itself rather than generating machine codes. Common directives include START and END to specify the beginning and end of a program. VAX, Pentium Pro, and other architectures have different data formats, instruction formats, addressing modes, instruction sets, and I/O methods.
The document discusses the functions of an assembler. An assembler takes an assembly language program as input and produces a machine language program and additional information as output. It performs two passes over the input source program. In the first pass, it processes directives and defines symbols. In the second pass, it generates the machine language program. The assembler uses tables like the symbol table, machine opcode table, and pseudo opcode table to process instructions and directives. It also uses data structures like the location counter, literal table, and base table to track information during the assembly process.
The document provides an overview of compiler design and the different phases involved in compiling a program. It discusses:
1) What compilers do by translating source code into machine code while hiding machine-dependent details. Compilers may generate pure machine code, augmented machine code, or virtual machine code.
2) The typical structure of a compiler which includes lexical analysis, syntactic analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization phases.
3) Lexical analysis involves scanning the source code and grouping characters into tokens. Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for tokens. Scanner generators like Lex and Flex can generate scanners from regular expression definitions.
basic computer programming and micro programmed controlRai University
- The document discusses basic computer programming concepts and their relation to hardware representation of instructions. It introduces instruction sets, machine language, assembly language, and the translation process from symbolic to binary code using an assembler.
- The assembler performs two passes: the first generates an address symbol table by assigning memory locations to labels and operands, and the second translates the symbolic code to binary using lookup tables for instructions, operands, and the address symbol table.
- Assembly language allows the use of symbolic names for instructions, addresses, and operands, making programs more human-readable compared to binary or machine language.
Mca i-u-3-basic computer programming and micro programmed controlRai University
This document discusses basic computer programming and microprogrammed control. It introduces some basic programming concepts and their relation to hardware representation of instructions. It describes how a program may be dependent or independent of the computer that runs it. It also discusses machine language, assembly language, and the translation process from symbolic code to binary code using an assembler. Examples are provided of assembly language programs for addition and multiplication.
This document discusses various strategies for register allocation and assignment in compiler design. It notes that assigning values to specific registers simplifies compiler design but can result in inefficient register usage. Global register allocation aims to assign frequently used values to registers for the duration of a single block. Usage counts provide an estimate of how many loads/stores could be saved by assigning a value to a register. Graph coloring is presented as a technique where an interference graph is constructed and coloring aims to assign registers efficiently despite interference between values.
The document describes the architecture of the PowerPC microprocessor. It discusses the memory structure, registers, data formats, instruction formats, addressing modes, instruction set, and input/output. The PowerPC uses 32 general purpose 64-bit registers, has single and double precision floating point formats, and supports 7 basic 32-bit instruction formats. Memory addressing modes include register and immediate modes. I/O is performed through memory-mapped I/O using load and store instructions.
This document outlines the topics covered in five units of a System Software course. Unit I introduces system software and the Simplified Instructional Computer (SIC) architecture, including memory organization, registers, data formats, instruction formats, and I/O. Unit II covers assemblers, their functions, algorithms, and examples. Unit III discusses loaders, linkers, and their algorithms and data structures. Unit IV describes macro processors and their features. Unit V provides an overview of text editors and debugging systems. The course aims to teach fundamental system programming concepts related to machine architecture, assemblers, loaders, linkers, macro processors, and other system software tools.
C Language Compiler in Python c language compiler using pythonAmmarAhmed900673
The provided code constitutes the Intermediate Code Generator module for a Simple C Compiler. It focuses on managing memory, generating three-address code, and implementing semantic routines for various compiler actions. The code assumes a simplified C language, but certain features, such as array handling, are marked as 'TODO.' The compiler produces intermediate code for subsequent compilation stages, but robust error handling and integration with other compiler components are essential for a complete and functional compiler.
Our application aims to bring about transparency, clarity and swiftness in the process of donation thus aiming to mitigate prevailing issues in whatever zone it is possible for us to do so. This is a project report for the same.
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree in Computer Engineering. It outlines their development of an Android application called "Spread the Smile - An Food Donating App" which aims to connect donors, NGOs, and those in need by facilitating food donations. The report includes sections on introduction and problem definition, requirements analysis, system design, and conclusions. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the system architecture, classes, use cases, activities, sequences, and database design.
A presentation on JavaScript's own objects and a brief introductory slide about JavaScript and its objects. Useful especially for GTU students pursuing computer or IT engineering.
A presentation on the topic of BCD arithmetic and 16-bit data operations of the subject Microprocessor and interfacing MI/MPI, useful especially for GTU students.
presentation on binary search trees for the subject analysis and design of algorithms, helpful to especially GTU students and computer and IT engineers
Sleeping barber problem is a famous IPC problem and comes under the subject Operating system(OS), wish it would be helpful to all especially GTU students
Hope this presentation would be helpful to all studying computer networks(CN), especially to GTU students and all others who wish to grasp Email and Domain name system.
this is a presentation on friend function, helpful especially to students studying in GTU, for subject of object oriented programming using C++ i.e. OOPC
This document defines and explains key concepts related to measuring a nation's economic activity, including:
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total market value of goods and services produced within a country in a year. GDP is calculated as consumption + government spending + investments + exports - imports.
- Gross National Product (GNP) includes the income earned abroad by a country's citizens, but excludes income earned within the country by foreigners.
- Net National Product (NNP) is GNP minus depreciation on capital. NNP is also called national income at market price.
- There are three main methods to measure national income: output/production, income, and expenditure. Each
Circular queues are a type of queue where the first index follows the last index in a circular fashion. This allows for more efficient use of memory compared to standard queues by reusing spaces that would otherwise be left empty after deletion. The document provides an example C program for implementing a circular queue using an array, including contents on what a circular queue is, why they are useful, and sample code.
Variable entered mapping (VEM) is used to reduce the size of K-maps with many variables. In VEM, one variable is chosen as the map entered variable and included in the K-map along with zeros, ones, and don't cares. This allows representing functions with more variables using a smaller K-map. Two examples are provided to demonstrate VEM, showing the truth tables and K-maps with a variable entered, and verifying the minimized functions match the original functions.
1) The two-phase locking protocol requires transactions to acquire locks in two phases - the growing phase where locks can be acquired but not released, and the shrinking phase where locks can be released but not acquired.
2) The two-phase locking protocol ensures conflict serializability by ordering transactions based on their lock points.
3) However, it does not prevent deadlocks and can cause cascading rollbacks if transactions release locks before committing. Modifications like strict two-phase locking prevent this by requiring locks to be held until commit.
1. The document describes a student project to build a working model of a "dark sensor using a photodiode."
2. The major components used include a breadboard, resistors, an LED, a BC547 transistor, and a photodiode.
3. The circuit uses a photodiode to sense darkness based on its production of dark currents in the absence of light. When dark currents are produced, the photodiode turns on a transistor which powers an LED, indicating darkness has been detected.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation about Type I and II improper integrals made by five students. It defines an improper integral as a definite integral with infinite limits or an integrand that approaches infinity at points within the range of integration. The presentation separates improper integrals into three types, and focuses on the first two types: Type I integrals have infinite limits but integrands that approach zero, while Type II integrals have integrands that approach infinity at finite limits. Examples of each type are provided.
Type 1 superconductors exhibit complete expulsion of magnetic fields and have low critical magnetic field values, while type 2 superconductors exhibit partial expulsion and have two critical field values between which they are in a mixed or vortex state. Type 1 superconductors like aluminum and lead are called "soft" while type 2 like yttrium barium copper oxide are called "hard" due to their higher critical fields. Magnetic resonance imaging uses the type 2 superconductor niobium-titanium which is superconducting below 9.4 Kelvin, while higher field devices use niobium-tin or emerging magnesium diboride.
PPT on earthing, grounding and isolation made by the students of SVIT,Vasad under the valuable guidance of the faculties teaching us Electronics and Electrical workshop(EEW) under the course of GTU.
8+8+8 Rule Of Time Management For Better ProductivityRuchiRathor2
This is a great way to be more productive but a few things to
Keep in mind:
- The 8+8+8 rule offers a general guideline. You may need to adjust the schedule depending on your individual needs and commitments.
- Some days may require more work or less sleep, demanding flexibility in your approach.
- The key is to be mindful of your time allocation and strive for a healthy balance across the three categories.
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 3)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
Lesson Outcomes:
- students will be able to identify and name various types of ornamental plants commonly used in landscaping and decoration, classifying them based on their characteristics such as foliage, flowering, and growth habits. They will understand the ecological, aesthetic, and economic benefits of ornamental plants, including their roles in improving air quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and enhancing the visual appeal of environments. Additionally, students will demonstrate knowledge of the basic requirements for growing ornamental plants, ensuring they can effectively cultivate and maintain these plants in various settings.
How to Create a Stage or a Pipeline in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Using CRM module, we can manage and keep track of all new leads and opportunities in one location. It helps to manage your sales pipeline with customizable stages. In this slide let’s discuss how to create a stage or pipeline inside the CRM module in odoo 17.
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How to stay relevant as a cyber professional: Skills, trends and career paths...Infosec
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2. DESIGN OF 2 PASS ASSEMBLER
• Tasks performed by the passes of a two pass
assembler are:
• Pass 1:
• Separate the symbol, mnemonic opcode and operand fields
• Build the symbol table
• Perform LC processing
• Construct intermediate representation
• Pass 2:
• Synthesize the target program
3. DESIGN OF 2 PASS ASSEMBLER
•Pass 1 uses the given data structures:
• OPTAB - table of mnemonic opcodes, class (IS,DL,AD)
and mnemonic info
• SYMTAB - symbol table
• LITTAB - table of literals used in the program
• POOLTAB - table of information concerning literal
pools
8. INTERMEDIATE CODE FORMS
• IC Consists of a sequence of IC units having 3 fields :
• Variant forms of intermediate codes, specifically the
operand and address fields are used. Information in
mnemonic code field has the same representation in
all variants.
9. VARIANT 1
• First operand is represented by a single digit number
which is either code used for register or condition
code itself.
• Second operand is a memory operand represented by
a pair of the form (operand class, code) where
operand class is C,S or L(constant, symbol or literal).
10. Note that for variant 1, 2 kinds of entries exist in the
symbol table at any time: (for defined symbol) and (for
forward references) i.e. We need to enter A in the symbol
table, suppose at entry number 'n', but at this point
address and length fields of A are not known.
11. VARIANT 2
• It differs from variant one because here the operand
field of intermediate code maybe in the processed
form or in the source form itself. For an AD/DL,
operand has to be in the processes form to support LC
processing.
• Symbolic references in the operand field of
intermediate statements are put in the source form
itself.
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