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This document provides an overview of expert systems, including their components, development lifecycle, applications, advantages, and limitations. It describes the basic modules of an expert system including the knowledge acquisition subsystem, knowledge base, inference engine, explanation subsystem, and user interface. It also discusses expert system tools, characteristics, and some examples of expert system applications in domains like monitoring, diagnosis, design, and more. Overall, the document presents a broad introduction to expert systems, their architecture and uses.
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This document discusses a proposed system for deep collaborative filtering with aspect information. The system aims to help web users efficiently locate relevant information on unfamiliar topics to increase their knowledge. It utilizes techniques like multi-keyword search, synonym matching, and ontology mapping to return relevant web links, images, and news articles to the user based on their search terms. The proposed system architecture includes an index structure to efficiently search and rank results based on similarity to the search query terms. The implementation and evaluation of the proposed system are also discussed.
Intelligent agents in ontology-based applicationsinfopapers
The document describes the development of an intelligent agent using JADE that is linked to a knowledge base system implemented with Protege and Algernon. The agent delivers useful information to users from the web or other agents based on their preferences. The knowledge base contains ontologies defined in Protege and facts that can be queried using if-then rules in Algernon. The example application was developed in Java Studio Creator to demonstrate an intelligent information agent.
This document is a project report submitted by D.Surya Teja to fulfill requirements for the CS 361 Mini Project Lab at Acharya Nagarjuna University. The report describes the development of a Placement Management System to manage student and company information for university career services. It identifies key actors like students, recruiters, and administrators. Several use cases are defined including registration, validation, and other interactions between actors and the system. The document also covers analysis diagrams, class diagrams, relationships between classes, and system deployment.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
The document discusses expert systems and their components. It describes the three main components of most expert systems: the knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface. The knowledge base contains facts and rules. The inference engine applies rules to solve problems. The user interface allows communication between the user and system. It also discusses the stages of developing expert systems, including identifying the problem, conceptualizing the problem, formalizing it, implementing a prototype, and testing the system. Finally, it lists features of a good expert system such as being useful, usable, and able to explain its advice.
This document discusses and compares several agent-assisted methodologies for developing multi-agent systems:
- It reviews Gaia, HLIM, PASSI, and Tropos methodologies, outlining their key models and phases. Gaia focuses on analysis and design, HLIM models internal and external agent behavior, and PASSI and Tropos incorporate UML modeling.
- It then proposes a new MAB methodology intended to address shortcomings of existing approaches. MAB includes requirements, analysis, design, and implementation phases and models such as use case maps and agent roles.
- Finally, it concludes that agent technologies represent a promising approach for developing complex software systems, but that matching methodologies to problem domains and developing princip
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This document summarizes a review article about reasoning systems, types of reasoning, and the need for hybrid reasoning systems. It discusses expert systems and how they use knowledge representation and reasoning to emulate expert decision making. The main types of reasoning discussed are deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning. It also introduces the concept of a hybrid reasoning system that integrates two different types of reasoning to provide both qualitative and quantitative assessments.
Finding new framework for resolving problems in various dimensions by the use...Alexander Decker
This document provides an overview of expert systems, including their components, development lifecycle, applications, advantages, and limitations. It describes the basic modules of an expert system including the knowledge acquisition subsystem, knowledge base, inference engine, explanation subsystem, and user interface. It also discusses expert system tools, characteristics, and some examples of expert system applications in domains like monitoring, diagnosis, design, and more. Overall, the document presents a broad introduction to expert systems, their architecture and uses.
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This document discusses a proposed system for deep collaborative filtering with aspect information. The system aims to help web users efficiently locate relevant information on unfamiliar topics to increase their knowledge. It utilizes techniques like multi-keyword search, synonym matching, and ontology mapping to return relevant web links, images, and news articles to the user based on their search terms. The proposed system architecture includes an index structure to efficiently search and rank results based on similarity to the search query terms. The implementation and evaluation of the proposed system are also discussed.
Intelligent agents in ontology-based applicationsinfopapers
The document describes the development of an intelligent agent using JADE that is linked to a knowledge base system implemented with Protege and Algernon. The agent delivers useful information to users from the web or other agents based on their preferences. The knowledge base contains ontologies defined in Protege and facts that can be queried using if-then rules in Algernon. The example application was developed in Java Studio Creator to demonstrate an intelligent information agent.
This document is a project report submitted by D.Surya Teja to fulfill requirements for the CS 361 Mini Project Lab at Acharya Nagarjuna University. The report describes the development of a Placement Management System to manage student and company information for university career services. It identifies key actors like students, recruiters, and administrators. Several use cases are defined including registration, validation, and other interactions between actors and the system. The document also covers analysis diagrams, class diagrams, relationships between classes, and system deployment.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
The document discusses expert systems and their components. It describes the three main components of most expert systems: the knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface. The knowledge base contains facts and rules. The inference engine applies rules to solve problems. The user interface allows communication between the user and system. It also discusses the stages of developing expert systems, including identifying the problem, conceptualizing the problem, formalizing it, implementing a prototype, and testing the system. Finally, it lists features of a good expert system such as being useful, usable, and able to explain its advice.
This document discusses and compares several agent-assisted methodologies for developing multi-agent systems:
- It reviews Gaia, HLIM, PASSI, and Tropos methodologies, outlining their key models and phases. Gaia focuses on analysis and design, HLIM models internal and external agent behavior, and PASSI and Tropos incorporate UML modeling.
- It then proposes a new MAB methodology intended to address shortcomings of existing approaches. MAB includes requirements, analysis, design, and implementation phases and models such as use case maps and agent roles.
- Finally, it concludes that agent technologies represent a promising approach for developing complex software systems, but that matching methodologies to problem domains and developing princip
The document proposes a personal scheduling system that uses genetic algorithms and natural language processing. It introduces an adaptive genetic algorithm to solve the split-able scheduling problem for personal tasks. The system applies natural language processing techniques to allow users to enter tasks using natural language sentences. The genetic algorithm is implemented within the JSKE scheduling system to optimize schedules generated by a constructive heuristic algorithm.
Knowledge or Rule based Expert systems systems are widely used in engineering applications and in problem-solving. Rapid development today has brought with it environmental problems that cause loss or destruction of natural resources. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been acknowledged as a powerful planning and decisionmaking tool to assess new development projects. It requires qualified personnel with special expertise and responsibility in their domain. Rule-based EIA systems incorporate expert’s knowledge and act as a device-giving system. The system has an advantage over human experts and can significantly reduce the complexity of a planning task like EIA.
Concurrency Issues in Object-Oriented ModelingIRJET Journal
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Ontology is a conceptualization of a domain into machine readable format. Ontologies are becoming increasingly popular modelling schemas for knowledge management services and applications. Focus on developing tools to graphically visualise ontologies is rising to aid their assessment and analysis. Graph visualisation helps to browse and comprehend the structure of ontologies. A number of ontology visualizations exist that have been embedded in ontology management tools. The primary goal of this paper is to analyze recently implemented ontology visualization tools and their contributions in the enrichment of users’ cognitive support. This work also presents the preliminary results of an evaluation of three visualization tools to determine the suitability of each method for end user applications where ontologies are used as browsing aids with a case of Diabetes data
The document discusses expert systems, including:
- Expert systems simulate human experts to solve problems in specific domains using knowledge bases and inference engines.
- Early expert systems like MYCIN and DENDRAL addressed medical diagnosis and data analysis problems.
- The key components of expert systems are the knowledge base containing rules and facts, the inference engine that applies rules to solve problems, and the user interface.
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- Common application areas include medical diagnosis, design, prediction, interpretation, and control.
6 Intelligent Problem Solvers In Education Design Method And ApplicationsBrandi Gonzales
This document discusses the design of intelligent problem solvers, specifically those used in education. It presents a method for designing these systems that involves modeling knowledge, problems, and the reasoning process. Key components of the system include the knowledge base, inference engine, and interface. The knowledge base stores concepts, relations, and rules. The inference engine uses the knowledge base to solve problems through automated reasoning strategies. The interface allows users to input problems and receive solutions. Computational object knowledge base and network models are proposed for knowledge representation to support problem modeling and system design.
The document discusses the need for a human-centered methodology called HCOME for developing and managing ontologies. HCOME aims to actively involve knowledge workers in all stages of ontology development and evolution to better support their work. It emphasizes empowering knowledge workers to shape their shared information spaces by managing formal conceptualizations as part of their daily activities. The paper presents scenarios illustrating the need for knowledge workers to update ontologies and capture new knowledge. It then introduces the HCOME methodology and HCONE environment for implementing HCOME to seamlessly integrate ontology engineering into knowledge workers' workflows.
The document provides an overview of several agent-oriented software engineering methodologies, including GAIA, INGENIAS, MaSE, PASSI, Prometheus, Tropos, and ADEM. It discusses the concepts and properties supported by each methodology, their modeling approaches and notations, development lifecycles, and their pragmatic considerations in terms of available resources and tooling. The methodologies generally support common multi-agent concepts but provide different levels of guidance, modeling support, and tooling throughout the development process.
An expert system is a computer program that contains knowledge from human experts to solve complex problems in a specific domain. It has four main components: a knowledge base of facts and rules, an inference engine that applies rules to facts to derive new facts, a user interface, and an explanation facility. Expert systems were developed in the 1970s to apply human expertise to problems. They have limitations but can also explain their reasoning, draw complex conclusions, and provide portable knowledge to help humans. Common applications of expert systems include medical diagnosis, materials identification, and credit approval.
This document introduces object-oriented programming (OOP). It discusses the software crisis and need for new approaches like OOP. The key concepts of OOP like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism are explained. Benefits of OOP like reusability, extensibility and managing complexity are outlined. Real-time systems, simulation, databases and AI are examples of promising applications of OOP. The document was presented by Prof. Dipak R Raut at International Institute of Information Technology, Pune.
1) The document discusses various ways that artificial intelligence can be applied to different phases of the software engineering lifecycle, including requirements specification, design, coding, testing, and estimation.
2) It provides examples of using techniques like natural language processing to clarify requirements, knowledge graphs to manage requirements information, and computational intelligence for requirements prioritization.
3) For design, the document discusses using intelligent agents to recommend patterns and designs to satisfy quality attributes from requirements and assist with assigning responsibilities to components.
The document discusses software engineering and provides definitions and classifications of software. It defines software as a set of programs and documentation that activate hardware to perform tasks. Software is classified as generic or customized and described in categories such as system software, business software, design software, embedded software, and artificial intelligence. The roles and skills of a system analyst/software engineer are also outlined, including technical skills like analysis, design, and project management as well as interpersonal skills. Finally, the document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) process.
This document discusses an integrated approach to ontology development methodology and provides a case study using a shopping mall domain. It begins by reviewing existing ontology development methodologies and identifying their pitfalls. An integrated methodology is then proposed which aims to reduce these pitfalls. The key steps in the proposed methodology are: 1) capturing motivating user scenarios or keywords, 2) generating formal/informal questions and answers from the scenarios, 3) extracting terms and constraints, and 4) building the ontology using a top-down approach. The methodology is applied to developing an ontology for a shopping mall domain to provide multilingual information to visitors.
The document discusses using ontology to enhance management of operating system services. It proposes an ontology-based architecture to classify and organize various operating system services. The architecture divides services into the kernel and exokernel layers. Individual service ontologies are developed for search, backup, security, and networking and then merged into a universal ontology. This approach aims to improve service development, deployment and management by adding semantics and enabling knowledge sharing and reusability across operating systems.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1) How early days of software development have affected modern practices.
2) Definitions of software engineering from different sources.
3) The stages of software design including problem analysis, solution identification, and abstraction description.
4) Object-oriented design principles like information hiding, independent objects, and service-based communication.
Towards From Manual to Automatic Semantic Annotation: Based on Ontology Eleme...IJwest
This document describes a proposed system for automatic semantic annotation of web documents based on ontology elements and relationships. It begins with an introduction to semantic web and annotation. The proposed system architecture matches topics in text to entities in an ontology document. It utilizes WordNet as a lexical ontology and ontology resources to extract knowledge from text and generate annotations. The main components of the system include a text analyzer, ontology parser, and knowledge extractor. The system aims to automatically generate metadata to improve information retrieval for non-technical users.
Knowledge Representation & Evaluation in Expert System.pdfShwetha Iyer
The most important applied area of AI is the field of expert systems. An expert system is a computer program designed to solve complex problems and provide decision-making ability like a human expert. It is a knowledge-based system that extracts knowledge from its knowledge base and uses reasoning and inference rules to solve problems.
Knowledge representation and reasoning is the field of AI which is concerned with AI agents thinking and how thinking contributes to intelligent behavior of agents. It is responsible for representing information about the real world so that a computer can understand and can utilize this knowledge to solve the complex real world problems.
Topics covered:
Expert Systems:
1. Introduction to Expert System
2. Components of Expert System
3. Applications of Expert Systems
4. Advantages of Expert Systems
Knowledge Representation:
1. Introduction to Knowledge Representation
2. Types of Knowledge
3. Types of Knowledge Respresentation
4. Components of Knowledge Respresentation
5. Approaches to Knowledge Representation
Evaluation of ES:
1. The Need of Evaluation
2. Parameters to be Evaluated
3. Methods of Evaluation
Software requirement analysis enhancements by
prioritizing requirement attributes using rank
based Agents.
Ashok Kumar Vinay Goyal
Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Applications Department of MCA
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology
Panipat, India
Abstract- This paper proposes a new technique in the
domain of Agent oriented software engineering. Agents
work in autonomous environments and can respond to
agent triggers. Agents can be very useful in requirement
analysis phase of software development process, where
they can react towards the requirement triggers and
result in aligned notations to identify the best possible
design solution from existing designs. Agent helps in
design generation process, which includes the use of
Artificial intelligence. The results produced clearly
shows the improvements over the conventional
reusability principles and ideas.
1. INTRODUCTION
Agent oriented software engineering is a new
emerging technique which is growing very
rapidly. Software development industries have
invested huge efforts in this domain and results
published by many of them are very exiting [1].
The autonomous and reactive nature of agents
makes it possible for the designers to visualize
in terms of real life problem solving scenarios
where socio-logical [2] characteristics of agents
automatically activate the timely checks for any
problem in domain and to solve the same using
agents.
Agents are very helpful in the software
development life cycle. Experiments carried out
in past have shown [2][9][10] the improvement
in the SDLC and conclusion is that agents can be
very helpful in cost and effort minimization; if
tuned properly. Fine-tuning of agents and SDLC
process-state-plug-in for two-way
communications results in agent based software
development process where intelligent agents
will take decisions for better time and resource
utilization.
Fine-tuning of agents and SDLC process-state-
plug-in for two-way communications results in
agent based software development process
where intelligent agents will take decisions for
better time and resource utilization. Agents are
capable of storing historic data, which helps in
decision-making using heuristic based approach.
This paper discusses the details of one such
experiment conducted to improve the
requirement analysis process with the help of
proactive agents. Agents automatically sense the
requirement environment and propose their own
set of important requirement checklist. This is
sort of intelligent assistance with domain
heuristic, which leads to cover all possible
requirement entities of the problem domain.
2. RELATED WORK
Michael Wooldridge, Nicholas R. Jennings &
David Kinny describe the analysis process using
agent-oriented approach [1]. They have
considered the GAIA notations. The analysis
stages of Gaia are:
1) Identify the agent’s roles in the system, which
typically correspond to identify ro ...
01. Birta L. G., Arbez G. - Modelling and Simulation_ (2007).pdfAftaZani1
This document provides an overview and introduction to the textbook "Modelling and Simulation: Exploring Dynamic System Behaviour" by Louis G. Birta and Gilbert Arbez. The textbook aims to provide a practical introduction to modelling and simulation of both discrete-event and continuous-time dynamic systems. It takes a project-oriented perspective and introduces an activity-based conceptual modelling framework called ABCmod to describe system structure and behavior at the conceptual level, prior to implementation. The textbook is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students interested in learning modelling and simulation methodology.
Optimizing Patient Care: A Review on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of some Clin...BRNSSPublicationHubI
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a tool for optimizing the prescription in clinical practice to perform the drug assay and interpretation the result to get the constant concentration in the patient bloodstream. TDM was started 60 years ago and the objective of TDM is to maximize the therapeutic effect of therapy by reducing toxicity and efficacy failure by monitoring patient compliance. As we already know that these drugs have a narrow therapeutic window. The scope of TDM in India has additional indications because it will help reduce the drug resistance in patients treated by antimicrobial agents and help decide the highly effective therapy for individual patients. The clinical application of TDM is very useful for pharmacoeconomic study which can be improve the patient adherence. Clinical pharmacologists could increase the utility of TDM with the expert contribution of physicians. This method can improve the individual patient therapy outcome. TDM has two important aspects to study pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics. TDM is very useful to decide the dose in renal and hepatic compromised patients. Patient blood profile of an individual patient plays a crucial role to get the optimum therapeutic effect with less toxicity. TDM plays a vital role in the clinical practice of antiepileptic, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, immunosuppressant therapies, and cardiac glycosides and antitubercular agents. In India, the scope of TDM will increase day by day as increase the use of investigational use of drugs and improve the utility of the clinical pharmacology department. In developing countries, TDM has a high chance to grow with high speed.
Cerebral Air Embolism – A Rare Complication of Computed Tomography Guided Lun...BRNSSPublicationHubI
Thoracic lesions constitute a major chunk of the conditions presenting to a pulmonologist. They comprise a panorama of assorted etiologies ranging from benign lung lesions to aggressive malignancies. A tissue biopsy and its histopathological analysis is the gold standard for diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT)-guided lung biopsy is a safe and imminent tool for obtaining a tissue biopsy of underlying thoracic pathology. However, it has its own gamut of complications. The most common complications encountered include pneumothorax, hemorrhage, hemoptysis, iatrogenic infections, and sporadically air embolism. Cerebral air embolism is a fatal complication of CT-guided lung biopsy seen in a miniscule subset of patients. It requires urgent diagnosis and prompt therapy initiation. High-flow oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are usually helpful. Due to heterogeneous presentation, it usually remains undiagnosed. A high index of suspicion and early initiation of appropriate therapy can save precious lives. We hereby report a unique case of this rarefied complication.
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The most important applied area of AI is the field of expert systems. An expert system is a computer program designed to solve complex problems and provide decision-making ability like a human expert. It is a knowledge-based system that extracts knowledge from its knowledge base and uses reasoning and inference rules to solve problems.
Knowledge representation and reasoning is the field of AI which is concerned with AI agents thinking and how thinking contributes to intelligent behavior of agents. It is responsible for representing information about the real world so that a computer can understand and can utilize this knowledge to solve the complex real world problems.
Topics covered:
Expert Systems:
1. Introduction to Expert System
2. Components of Expert System
3. Applications of Expert Systems
4. Advantages of Expert Systems
Knowledge Representation:
1. Introduction to Knowledge Representation
2. Types of Knowledge
3. Types of Knowledge Respresentation
4. Components of Knowledge Respresentation
5. Approaches to Knowledge Representation
Evaluation of ES:
1. The Need of Evaluation
2. Parameters to be Evaluated
3. Methods of Evaluation
Software requirement analysis enhancements by
prioritizing requirement attributes using rank
based Agents.
Ashok Kumar Vinay Goyal
Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Applications Department of MCA
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology
Panipat, India
Abstract- This paper proposes a new technique in the
domain of Agent oriented software engineering. Agents
work in autonomous environments and can respond to
agent triggers. Agents can be very useful in requirement
analysis phase of software development process, where
they can react towards the requirement triggers and
result in aligned notations to identify the best possible
design solution from existing designs. Agent helps in
design generation process, which includes the use of
Artificial intelligence. The results produced clearly
shows the improvements over the conventional
reusability principles and ideas.
1. INTRODUCTION
Agent oriented software engineering is a new
emerging technique which is growing very
rapidly. Software development industries have
invested huge efforts in this domain and results
published by many of them are very exiting [1].
The autonomous and reactive nature of agents
makes it possible for the designers to visualize
in terms of real life problem solving scenarios
where socio-logical [2] characteristics of agents
automatically activate the timely checks for any
problem in domain and to solve the same using
agents.
Agents are very helpful in the software
development life cycle. Experiments carried out
in past have shown [2][9][10] the improvement
in the SDLC and conclusion is that agents can be
very helpful in cost and effort minimization; if
tuned properly. Fine-tuning of agents and SDLC
process-state-plug-in for two-way
communications results in agent based software
development process where intelligent agents
will take decisions for better time and resource
utilization.
Fine-tuning of agents and SDLC process-state-
plug-in for two-way communications results in
agent based software development process
where intelligent agents will take decisions for
better time and resource utilization. Agents are
capable of storing historic data, which helps in
decision-making using heuristic based approach.
This paper discusses the details of one such
experiment conducted to improve the
requirement analysis process with the help of
proactive agents. Agents automatically sense the
requirement environment and propose their own
set of important requirement checklist. This is
sort of intelligent assistance with domain
heuristic, which leads to cover all possible
requirement entities of the problem domain.
2. RELATED WORK
Michael Wooldridge, Nicholas R. Jennings &
David Kinny describe the analysis process using
agent-oriented approach [1]. They have
considered the GAIA notations. The analysis
stages of Gaia are:
1) Identify the agent’s roles in the system, which
typically correspond to identify ro ...
01. Birta L. G., Arbez G. - Modelling and Simulation_ (2007).pdfAftaZani1
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This is a great way to be more productive but a few things to
Keep in mind:
- The 8+8+8 rule offers a general guideline. You may need to adjust the schedule depending on your individual needs and commitments.
- Some days may require more work or less sleep, demanding flexibility in your approach.
- The key is to be mindful of your time allocation and strive for a healthy balance across the three categories.
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2. Suha, et al.: Running title missing???
AQ1
AJCSE/Apr-Jun-2018/Vol 3/Issue 2 20
give his best results in the domain for the problem
stated. The knowledge engineer takes input
from the domain experts to build the system.[12]
Although the experts do not need to understand
the algorithms of the system, they play an
important role in the development process by
communicating their understanding and facts of
the subject matter to the engineer, hence, giving
an ample amount of time to the project. Domain
expert is also involved in testing the specifications
of the expert system.
Knowledge engineer
A knowledge engineer is someone who designs
and builds the expert system. The main tasks of
knowledge engineer are as follows:
• Discussion of the problem statement with the
domain expert as to how the problem can be
solved.
• To develop the reasoning methods, find
relation between the objects and represent the
facts in the knowledge base.
• Choose some development software or tool, for
implementation of the knowledge represented.
• Testing, maintenance, and integrating the
components of the expert system.
Knowledge base
Knowledgeisacollectionoffactsandunderstanding
cultured through experience and learning.[8]
The
knowledge base contains the knowledge of the
domain as given by the expert. The expert systems
are also known as knowledge-based system.
Knowledge is something which is known or may
be the result of understanding the subject through
experience. Knowledge base is one which stores
the knowledge of a particular domain or the
complete system. Facts and rules are constructed
into a knowledge base and used by expert systems
to extract the conclusions.
Therearevariousformsof knowledgerepresentation.
One such custom is to use ontology which provides
a common understanding of the domain knowledge.
Ontology is a way to explicitly represent the
knowledgeusingclassesandtherelationshipsamong
classes. In ontology, new facts can be inferred from
IF-THEN rules. If part lists the set of conditions. If
the IF part is satisfied, then part is concluded.
For example: “If you are hungry, then eat.”
Inference Engine
Inference engine fetches new facts from the
knowledge base. The conclusions can be drawn
through forward chaining which uses the rules or
backward chaining inference method that works
backward from the goals.
End user
End user is one who is in need of an expert system
and uses the system for the desired operation. For
example, a doctor may need an expert system
which can assist the doctor in diagnosis.
The rest of the paper is divided into different
sections as follows: Section 2 is about knowledge
engineering process and sections 3 and 4 explain
the steps involved in constructing the ontology
and an example of office ontology, respectively,
followed by the conclusion.
KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING
APPROACH: ONTOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Figure 2showstheknowledgeengineeringprocess
used for the construction of ontology. However,
there is no unique ontology development life
cycle for the construction of the ontology. The
subsequent iterative steps can be considered as
a conventional way of applying the knowledge
engineering process to develop an ontology
depending on the application.
Knowledge
Base
n e en e
eng ne
o a n
es
Knowledge
eng nee
se s
Figure 1: Block diagram of expert system
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AJCSE/Apr-Jun-2018/Vol 3/Issue 2 21
Specification
The initialization steps involve identification
and specification of the problem statement for
the ontology to be constructed. It also involves
identifying the important characteristics of the
problems, the resources used to solve the problem
and the reasoning strategies to be used. This step is
carried out by the domain expert in collaboration
with the knowledge engineer.
Conceptualization
Concepts are the entity that exists in real world.
Ontology is an explicit way of specifying the
concepts. It structures the concepts and the
relationship between the concepts in the domain
of interest. Conceptualization is explicitly done by
the knowledge engineer with the consultation of
the domain expert.
Formalization
The knowledge engineer coverts the concepts
into formal language. Web ontology language
abbreviated as OWL is a language that provides
axiomstodefinetheconceptsasahierarchyofclass
and subclasses. This formal conceptualization
also includes properties as relationship between
the concepts and set of individuals belonging to
the class along with the property of individual.[13]
Implementation
Implementation part refers to the realization of the
actual specification listed by knowledge engineer
and domain expert. Actual implementation tools
are used here for the construction of ontology
where the formalization is fed into the expert
system shell by the engineer.
Testing and maintenance
The system is subjected to the process of testing
by thedomainexperttocheckforthespecifications.
The maintenance refers to the taking care of the
product after the delivery. It includes correction
of bugs and improves performance of the system
along with other attributes. This is done by
knowledge engineer.
PROCEDURE FOR IMPLEMENTATION
OF DOMAIN ONTOLOGY
Ontology construction is conversion of knowledge
into software representation. It provides a common
way of understanding the knowledge and domain
reusability. Once the concepts and the essential
specification are obtained from the expert of the
domain, analysis of domain knowledge is possible.
Underneath traditional conditions, ontology
creation itself is not the goal. Ontology can be
analogous to the delineation of knowledge and its
structure.
Simple ontology development method consists of:
1. Determine the aim, domain, and scope of the
ontology
2. Reuse prevailing ontologies if appropriate
3. Input the domain expert’s knowledge into the
system
4. Label important terms in the ontology
5. Define classes of ontology along with their
hierarchy
6. Define relationships or properties along with
its domain and range
7. Creating instances
Step 1
The first step consists of determining the desired
domainonwhichtheontologymustbeconstructed.
In the given example of the ontology below, the
aim, domain, and scope are to recognize activities
that take place in the office. The domain is selected
by the knowledge engineer who is interested in
creating the ontology. The necessary information
required to construct the ontology is collected
Specificaon
Conceptualizaon
Formalizaon
Implementaon
Tesng and maintenance
Figure 2: Ontology development life cycle
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AJCSE/Apr-Jun-2018/Vol 3/Issue 2 22
from the domain expert. This phase must decide
the application that will use the ontology.
Step 2
One of the main advantages of ontology is
reusability.Any existing ontology of the interested
domain if possible can be reused. The existing
ontologies for specific domains can be utilized by
filtering and expanding the prevailing properties
and classes. This reduces the time required to
construct the ontology.
Step 3
Theknowledgeengineershouldtaketheinformation
from the trained expert and he should input this
same information into the ontology. The domain
expert here was the office manager and the
knowledge engineer took the information of day-
to-day activities from the manager and inserted
the information into the ontology.
Step 4
List all significant terminologies and statements
withthehelpofdomainexpert,oughtnottoconsider
the idea of overlapping relationships of concepts or
terms, and even concept of class or property.
For example, the important terms for office domain
include actions, events, person, and objects,
among others.
Step 5
The next step is to determine and define ontology
classesofthedomainfortheontologyconstruction.
In OWL, we can expressly declare the resources to
be a class by stating that it’s of RDF:type owl:class.
Syntactically, this amounts to exploitation of an
owl:class component. It is accustomed OWL
convention to name classes with singular nouns.
It is additionally customary for the names to start
out with uppercase and to use camel case for
multiword names. The employment of uniform
resource identifier to name classes and properties
is a vital facet of the Semantic Web. The classes in
the office ontology are as follows:
• Action
• Event
• Person
• Objects
Step 6
OWL outlines two varieties of properties:
i. Object property
ii. Data type property
Object properties express relationships between a
pairsofclass,whereasdatatypepropertiesdescribe
relationships between a class and a data value.
Similar to classes, we can describe properties
by including subcomponents. RDFs:subproperty
of tells that a resource or object related with one
property can also be related with another property.
The rdfs: domain and rdfs:range state the domain
and range of a property, which tells how a property
links a subject with an object. The rdfs: domain of
a property applies to the subject of any statement.
Whereas, the rdfs: range of a property applies
to the object of the statement. Although these
properties could appear simple, they will result
in variety of misunderstandings and should be
used fastidiously.
Step 7
The individuals of a class are created in the
instance tab by selecting the class and naming
the individuals. Defining an individual instance
of a class requires choosing a class, creating an
individual instance of that class, and naming the
instance.[14]
Once an ontology is created its consistency can
be checked and reasoning can be applied. It
is important to note that there can be different
ontologies for the same domain, the design of
ontology is dependent on the application it will be
used for.[14]
Consistency Check
The knowledge of a domain consisting of the
concepts and their roles covered in the ontology
can be checked for consistency. A consistent
ontology is the one which holds a set of conditions.
An ontology can be checked for:
1. Structural consistency
2. Logical consistency
3. User-defined consistency.
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An ontology is said to be consistent if it adheres
to the syntax and the logics of the language used
for the construction of the ontology and is built
according to the user requirements.
Reasoning
A reasoner is the tool that infers logical
consequences from a group of declared facts.
One of the prominent ways to express the rules
is through Semantic Web Rule Language which
sits above the ontology web language. The JESS
is used as the inference engine in the forthcoming
example.
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OFFICE
DOMAIN ONTOLOGY
This section shows construction of office ontology
and inferences of the events using the constructed
ontology and SWRL rules.
First, the problem statement is to recognize
the events carried out by person in an office
environment. Hence, the domain in which the
ontology is constructed is the office domain. New
ontology is built; therefore, the reusability step
mentioned above is omitted. After the domain is
decided, the important terms related to the ontology
are listed down and the classes and the subclasses
are decided. Four classes and their subclasses along
with an object property are shown in Figure 3.
The next phase in ontology construction is the
design and implementation phase which can be
carried out according to the following steps.
List the events which are the result of a sequence
of actions that are carried out by a person. The
events picked are as follows:
1. Enter.
2. Exit.
3. Print.
4. Sit.
The next step is to create the OWL classes defining
actions, events, objects, and person [Figure 4].
The next step consists of defining the property along
with domain and range. In this example, an object
property named action is assigned its domain as
person and events, its range as actions and objects.
The domain and range tells in what way the property
links the subject with the object [Figure 5].
Create instances for each class in individual tab.
The instances are the individual of the classes.
The class for which an instance must be created is
selected from the individual class and an instance
is added by naming it [Figure 6].
The constructed ontology can be viewed in various
forms including the nested view, tree view, nested
composite view, domain-range view, and class
tree view. Nested composite view of the office
ontology using the jambalaya tool as a plugin of
protégé is shown in Figure 7.
In Figure 8, the box represents the classes and the
pink line is the relationship defined through the
domain and range of the object property.
The consistency of the ontology is checked using
the pellet direct reasoner. The results show that the
ontology is consistent with respect to the concepts
and inferred hierarchy.
Once the ontology is consistent, inference can be
done to recognize the activities performed by the
personintheofficeenvironment.Thisisdoneusing
the SWRL rules. SWRL tab must be activated and
the rule is written in the multiline rule editor. The
rules are fired using the JESS inference engine
which converts the OWL and SWRL to JESS and
back to OWL after the inference [Figure 9].
Figure 3: Classes and property of office ontology
Figure 4: Creation of classes in protégé 3.4
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To see the working:
1. Create instances of single person that have
properties mentioned in rules.
2. Run the JESS tab.
3. New instances of the class single person will be
added in the events classes [Figures 10 and 11].
The next phase is the testing and maintenance
phase where the ontology is tested with various
inputs to check the correct inference, further
improvements to the ontology can be done
during the maintenance phase. More events and
activities along with the rules can be added as
desired.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, we discussed about the procedure
for modeling ontologies for domain knowledge
representation. We built the ontology for office
domain using the tool Protégé 3.4 and used JESS
engine for reasoning on the ontology. Knowledge
engineering approach is thoroughly followed
including the ontology life cycle for building this
ontology, and it was tested for consistency. This
ontology is reusable and expandable. This work
will be helpful for the beginners in the ontology
research.
Figure 5: Property along with domain and range
Figure 6: Creation of instance for class
Figure 7: Nested composite view
Figure 8: Consistency check results
Figure 9: Multiline rule editor
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1. Rani S. Expert System of AI, 01 October 2014, Vol. 4,
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2. Xi FE, Jihua S. A Study in Knowledge Ontology
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3. Kureychik VM. Overview and Problem State of
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4. Ying-ying Y, Zong-yong L, Zhi-xue W. Domain
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Author Queries???
AQ1:Kindly provide running title
AQ2:Kindly review the sentence.
AQ3:Kindly cite references 2-7, 9,10 and 11 in the text part
AQ4:Kindly provide complete reference details
AQ5:Kindly cite table 1 in the text part
Figure 10: Input instances
Figure 11: Inferred instance in the events: Enter subclass
Table 1: Comparison of expert system and human expert
Resource
parameters
Human expert Expert system
Availability On working days/retire 24*7
Geographical
location
Specific location Across globe
Replacement Not replaceable Can be replaced
Performance Variable Constant
Speed Variable Constant
Updation Inconvenient Easy to update
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