Computer Graphics Notes (B.Tech, KUK, MDU)

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The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how cocoa beans were first used as currency by the Maya and Aztecs before being introduced to Europe in the 16th century. The document then explains how chocolate became popularized as a drink in Europe in the 17th century and how its production and consumption expanded globally over subsequent centuries.

Computer Graphics Notes (B.Tech, KUK, MDU)

This document provides an introduction to computer graphics. It defines computer graphics as the creation, representation, manipulation and display of pictures with a computer. It discusses the key components of computer graphics including modeling, storing/representation, manipulation/transformation, rendering, interaction, and viewing/presentation. It also covers related concepts like pixels, resolution, aspect ratio, and the differences between raster and vector displays. Finally, it discusses applications of computer graphics and different character generation methods.

Computer Graphics

Adri Jovin

This document provides an outline for a seminar on computer graphics. It begins with basics of computer graphics including definitions, classifications, and principles. It then covers topics like computer-aided design, presentation graphics, computer art, entertainment, education and training, and visualization. Graphics devices, output primitives, displays, and input devices are discussed. Drawing points, lines, polygons, and transformations are explained. 3D concepts like parallel projection, perspective projection, and object representations are introduced. The document also covers color models, animations, graphics processing units, and the OpenGL graphics library. It provides examples of functions for initializing and creating windows in OpenGL.

Spline representations

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CLE Unit - 1 - Introduction to Cyber Law

Gyanmanjari Institute Of Technology

Overview of IT Act, 2000, Amendments and Limitations of IT Act, Digital Signatures, Cryptographic Algorithm, Public Cryptography, Private Cryptography, Electronic Governance, Legal Recognition of Electronic Records, Legal Recognition of Digital Signature, Certifying Authorities, Cyber Crime and Offences, Network Service Providers Liability, Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal, Penalties and Adjudication.

Simultaneous Smoothing and Sharpening of Color Images

Cristina Pérez Benito

This document presents a new model for simultaneous sharpening and smoothing of color images based on graph theory. The model represents each pixel as a node in a weighted graph based on its color similarity to neighboring pixels. Smoothing is applied to pixels within the same connected component as the central pixel, while sharpening is applied to pixels in different components. Experimental results show the method can enhance details while removing noise. Future work includes optimizing parameters, measuring performance, and combining sharpening and smoothing parameters.

Attributes of Output Primitives

Renita Santhmayora

This document discusses various attributes that can be used to modify the appearance of graphical primitives like lines and curves when displaying them, including line type (solid, dashed, dotted), width, color, fill style (hollow, solid, patterned), and fill color/pattern. It describes how these attributes are specified in applications and how different rendering techniques like rasterization can be used to display primitives with various attribute settings.

Computer graphics question for exam solved

Kuntal Bhowmick

The Bresenham's line algorithm uses integer calculations to draw lines on a raster display. It works by determining which pixel to plot next along the line based on a decision parameter. The parameter is initially calculated based on the line's slope and endpoints, and then updated as the algorithm moves from pixel to pixel. This allows the algorithm to avoid floating point arithmetic for improved efficiency.

Chapter 5 Image Processing: Fourier Transformation

Varun Ojha

This document discusses the Fourier transformation, including: 1) It defines continuous and discrete Fourier transformations and their properties such as separability, translation, periodicity, and convolution. 2) The fast Fourier transformation (FFT) improves the computational complexity of the discrete Fourier transformation from O(N^2) to O(NlogN). 3) FFT works by rewriting the DFT calculation in a way that exploits symmetry and reduces redundant computations.

Depth Buffer Method

Ummiya Mohammedi

The depth buffer method is used to determine visibility in 3D graphics by testing the depth (z-coordinate) of each surface to determine the closest visible surface. It involves using two buffers - a depth buffer to store the depth values and a frame buffer to store color values. For each pixel, the depth value is calculated and compared to the existing value in the depth buffer, and if closer the color and depth values are updated in the respective buffers. This method is implemented efficiently in hardware and processes surfaces one at a time in any order.

Computer graphics basic transformation

Selvakumar Gna

This document discusses 2D geometric transformations including translation, rotation, and scaling. It provides the mathematical definitions and matrix representations for each transformation. Translation moves an object along a straight path, rotation moves it along a circular path, and scaling changes its size. All transformations can be represented by 3x3 matrices using homogeneous coordinates to allow combinations of multiple transformations. The inverse of each transformation matrix is also defined.

Multimedia graphics and image data representation

Mazin Alwaaly

CLE Unit - 3 - Cyber law and Related Legislation

Gyanmanjari Institute Of Technology

Patent Law, Trademark Law, Copyright, Software – Copyright or Patented, Domain Names and Copyright disputes, Electronic Data Base and its Protection, IT Act and Civil Procedure Code, IT Act and Criminal Procedural Code, Relevant Sections of Indian Evidence Act, Relevant Sections of Bankers Book Evidence Act, Relevant Sections of Indian Penal Code, Relevant Sections of Reserve Bank of India Act, Law Relating To Employees And Internet, Alternative Dispute Resolution , Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)

Computer graphics chapter 4

PrathimaBaliga

The document discusses different line and area attributes that can be used to display graphics primitives. It describes parameters like line type (solid, dashed, dotted), width, color, and fill style (solid, patterned, hollow). It explains how these attributes can be set using functions like setLineType() and setInteriorStyle(). Pixel masks and adjusting pixel counts are used to properly render dashed lines at different angles. Color can be represented directly or indirectly via color codes mapped to an output device's color capabilities. Patterns for filled areas are defined via 2D color arrays.

Dynamic and Static Modeling

Saurabh Kumar

Static modeling represents the static elements of software such as classes, objects, and interfaces and their relationships. It includes class diagrams and object diagrams. Class diagrams show classes, attributes, and relationships between classes. Object diagrams show instances of classes and their properties. Dynamic modeling represents the behavior and interactions of static elements through interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and communication diagrams, as well as activity diagrams.

4.intensity transformations

Yahya Alkhaldi

Digital Image Processing covers intensity transformations that can be performed on images. These include basic transformations like negatives, log transformations, and power-law transformations. It also discusses image histograms, which measure the frequency of each intensity level in an image. Histogram equalization aims to improve contrast by mapping intensities to produce a uniform histogram. It works by spreading out the most frequent intensity values.

applications of computer graphics

Aaina Katyal

Computer graphics involves the creation and manipulation of images on a computer using geometric objects and their representations. It has many applications including computer-aided design, presentation graphics, computer art, entertainment, education and training, scientific visualization, image processing, and graphical user interfaces. Graphics packages provide standard functions and tools for working with geometric objects and images.

DC - Unit - 2 - Huffman Coding

Gyanmanjari Institute Of Technology

Huffman coding: The Huffman Coding Algorithm – Minimum variance Huffman codes Adaptive Huffman coding – Update Procedure,Encoding Procedure,Decoding Procedure Golomb Codes Rice codes Tunstall Codes Applications of Huffman Coding – Lossless Image compression, Text compression, Audio Compression Arithmetic coding: Coding a sequence – Generating a Tag, Deciphering the Tag Generating Binary Code – Uniqueness and Efficiency of the Arithmetic code, Algorithm implementation, Integer Implementation Comparison of Huffman and Arithmetic coding Applications

3D transformation in computer graphics

SHIVANI SONI

This document discusses different types of 2D and 3D transformations that are used in computer graphics, including translation, rotation, scaling, shearing, and reflection. It provides the mathematical equations and transformation matrices used to perform each type of transformation on 2D and 3D points and objects. Key types of rotations discussed are roll (around z-axis), pitch (around x-axis), and yaw (around y-axis). Homogeneous coordinates are introduced for representing 3D points.

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Multimedia software tools

Jay Patel

This document discusses different types of multimedia software tools including painting and drawing tools, 3D modeling tools, image editing tools, sound editing tools, and animation/video editing tools. It provides examples of popular software for each category, such as Corel Draw, 3D Studio Max, Adobe Photoshop, Cool Edit, and Adobe Premiere. The document also lists important factors to consider when choosing multimedia software, such as usability, animations capabilities, smoothness, integration, delivery options, user-friendliness, and intended clientele.

multimedia and computer graphics

deepthianna

Multimedia is a combination of different media types like text, graphics, audio, video and animation that is delivered interactively to users. It includes various elements like text, audio, still images, animation and video. These different elements are used in various fields for different purposes. For example, multimedia is used in business for sales and marketing presentations, in education for e-learning and searching information, and in entertainment for games and movies. It can be delivered through different product types like briefing products, reference products, databases, education/training products and kiosks. Computer graphics is used to create, store and manipulate visual images on a computer and has applications in many fields including user interfaces, science, business, technology, engineering and

Introduction To Multimedia

Jomel Penalba

The document introduces multimedia and its uses. It defines multimedia as using more than one media element, such as text, graphics, sound, animation and video. Most multimedia is digitized and interactive, allowing users some control over the content. It is used in business, education, entertainment and on the internet. Careers in multimedia include positions in management, production, art, content and support.

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Liquid crystal molecules in an LCD screen untwist when voltage is applied, changing the angle of polarized light and creating darker areas. LCDs use electrodes and polarized glass layers with a liquid crystal layer in between. Pixels are controlled individually by activating the corresponding row and column electrodes. Passive matrices have slow response times while active matrices use transistors to precisely control each pixel.

CG - Display Devices

vinay arora

This document provides information about different types of display devices used in computer graphics. It discusses cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, including how CRTs work using an electron gun and accelerating electrons to excite phosphors to emit light. It describes raster scan displays, which draw images as a grid of pixels by sweeping an electron beam across the screen, and random scan displays, which draw images line by line. The document also covers color CRT displays using beam penetration or a shadow mask to combine red, green, and blue phosphors at each pixel location.

Computer Graphics Notes

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The document provides an overview of an introductory computer graphics course. It outlines the course objectives of understanding fundamental graphical operations, recent advances in computer graphics, and user interface issues. It then lists and briefly describes the main topics that will be covered in the course, including basic raster graphics, 2D transformations, clipping, filling techniques, 3D graphics, visibility, and advanced topics like rendering, raytracing, antialiasing and fractals.

Introduction to Computer graphics

PrathimaBaliga

Computer graphics uses computers to generate and display digital images. It involves programming computers to create realistic images through specialized hardware and software. Computer graphics are used across many fields for simulation, algorithms, modeling, rendering, image processing, animation, and more. Interactive graphics allow users to control and change images, while passive graphics automatically transfer images without user intervention.

lecture1 introduction to computer graphics(Computer graphics tutorials)

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2 d geometric transformations

Mohd Arif

1) 2-D geometric transformations allow manipulation of objects in 2-D space by changing their position, size, and orientation. 2) The basic geometric transformations are translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, and shear. Translation moves an object by shifting its coordinates. Rotation turns an object around a fixed point. Scaling enlarges or shrinks an object. Reflection produces a mirror image. Shear distorts an object. 3) Each transformation can be described by a matrix equation. The inverse of a transformation performs the opposite operation to return the object to its original state.

3 d projections

Mohd Arif

This document discusses 3D transformations and projections. It describes two main projection methods: parallel projection and perspective projection. Parallel projection preserves proportions but does not provide a realistic 3D representation. Perspective projection maps 3D points along converging lines to a vanishing point, resulting in foreshortening effects where objects appear smaller the farther they are from the viewing plane. The document outlines different types of parallel and perspective projections.

3D Geometric Transformations

Ishan Parekh

The document discusses 3D geometric transformations including rotation and reflection. It explains that transformations move points in space and can be expressed through 4x4 matrices. Specifically, it covers rotating objects around axes, conventions for right-handed vs left-handed systems, and how to perform rotations around arbitrary axes through a series of translations and rotations. It also discusses reflecting objects across planes by treating it as a scaling by -1 along one axis and provides AutoCAD commands for rotations and reflections.

Video display device

missagrata

Monitors use either cathode ray tubes or LCD screens to display computer output visually. CRTs were dominant until the 21st century when they were replaced by thinner and lighter LCD screens. Random-scan displays draw images line by line like vectors and refresh each line 30-60 times per second to prevent screen burn-in, while flat panel displays are now commonly used in portable devices due to their thinness.

transformation 3d

HiteshJain007

This document discusses various 3D geometric transformations including translation, scaling, rotation, and coordinate transformations. It provides details on: 1) How translation, uniform scaling, and relative scaling transformations work in 3D space. 2) How rotations around the x, y, z axes as well as general 3D rotations around arbitrary axes are performed. 3) How quaternions can be used to represent rotations and how rotation matrices are derived from quaternions. 4) How reflections, shears, and different coordinate systems require coordinate transformations between systems.

2 d transformations by amit kumar (maimt)

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Projection In Computer Graphics

Sanu Philip

There are two main types of projections: perspective and parallel. In perspective projection, lines converge to a single point called the center of projection, creating the illusion of depth. In parallel projection, lines remain parallel as they are projected onto the view plane. Perspective projection is more realistic but parallel projection preserves proportions. Perspective projections can be one-point, two-point, or three-point depending on the number of principal vanishing points. Orthographic projections use perpendicular lines while oblique projections are at an angle. Common parallel projections include isometric, dimetric, trimetric, cavalier and cabinet views.

2 d transformations and homogeneous coordinates

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Random scan displays and raster scan displays

Somya Bagai

Raster scan displays work by sweeping an electron beam across the screen in horizontal lines from top to bottom. As the beam moves, its intensity is turned on and off to illuminate pixels and form an image. The pixel values are stored in and retrieved from a refresh buffer or frame buffer. Random scan displays draw images using geometric primitives like points and lines based on mathematical equations, directing the electron beam only where needed. Raster scans have higher resolution but jagged lines, while random scans produce smooth lines but cannot display complex images. Both use a video controller and frame buffer in memory to control the display process.

2d/3D transformations in computer graphics(Computer graphics Tutorials)

Daroko blog(www.professionalbloggertricks.com)

This document discusses the Daroko blog, which provides real-world applications of various IT skills. It encourages readers to not just learn computer graphics and other topics but to apply them in business contexts. The blog covers topics like computer graphics, networking, programming, IT jobs, technology news, blogging, website building, and IT companies. It aims to help readers gain practical experience applying their IT knowledge. Readers are instructed to search "Daroko blog" online to access resources on various IT subjects and their business applications.

3d transformation computer graphics

University of Potsdam

This document provides an overview of 3D transformations, including translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, and shearing. It explains that 3D transformations generalize 2D transformations by including a z-coordinate and using homogeneous coordinates and 4x4 transformation matrices. Each type of 3D transformation is defined using matrix representations and equations. Rotation is described for each coordinate axis, and reflection is explained for each axis plane. Shearing is introduced as a way to modify object shapes, especially for perspective projections.

liquid crystal display

Dinesh Pasi

An LCD is a thin, flat panel that uses polarization of light to electronically display text, images, and video. It uses liquid crystals that shift polarization of light when voltage is applied. LCDs have transistors at each pixel to prevent crosstalk and allow higher resolutions, viewing angles, and response times than passive matrix displays. Color LCDs use red, green, and blue subpixels to display a wide range of colors.

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原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。 1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700 【主营项目】一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费) 三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度) 如果您处于以下几种情况： ◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】 ◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到； ◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备； ◇回国时间很长，忘记办理； ◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看； ◇企事业单位必须要求办理的 ◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口 ◇申请留学生创业基金留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才办理(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。办理(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。校名:学校英文全称授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。办理(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。综上所述，办理(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。

Online train ticket booking system project.pdf

Kamal Acharya

Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.

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一比一原版(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证如何办理

Online train ticket booking system project.pdf

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