This document discusses classes and objects in C++. It defines a class as a user-defined data type that implements an abstract object by combining data members and member functions. Data members are called data fields and member functions are called methods. An abstract data type separates logical properties from implementation details and supports data abstraction, encapsulation, and hiding. Common examples of abstract data types include Boolean, integer, array, stack, queue, and tree structures. The document goes on to describe class definitions, access specifiers, static members, and how to define and access class members and methods.
Classes allow users to bundle data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Data members store data within each object, while member functions implement behaviors. Classes support access specifiers like public and private to control access to members. Objects are instances of classes that allocate memory for data members. Member functions can access object data members and are called on objects using dot notation. Friend functions allow non-member functions to access private members of classes.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that bind data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Objects are instances of a class that can access class data and functions. The document provides examples of defining a class called "test" with private and public members, and creating objects of the class to demonstrate accessing members.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
Inheritance allows new classes called derived classes to be created from existing classes called base classes. Derived classes inherit all features of the base class and can add new features. There are different types of inheritance including single, multilevel, multiple, hierarchical, and hybrid. A derived class can access public and protected members of the base class but not private members. Constructors and destructors of the base class are executed before and after those of the derived class respectively.
The document discusses various data types in C++ including built-in, user-defined, and derived types. Structures and unions allow grouping of dissimilar element types. Classes define custom data types that can then be used to create objects. Enumerated types attach numeric values to named constants. Arrays define a collection of elements of the same type in sequence. Functions contain blocks of code to perform tasks. Pointers store memory addresses.
Java abstract class & abstract methods,Abstract class in java
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods.
Operator overloading allows operators like + and - to have different implementations depending on the types of their operands. It allows user-defined types to be manipulated using the same syntax as built-in types. The document discusses various aspects of operator overloading like overloading unary, binary, and stream insertion/extraction operators. It also covers type conversions between basic and user-defined types using constructors and conversion functions. Restrictions on which operators can be overloaded and how different conversion scenarios are handled are explained.
Classes allow users to bundle data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Data members store data within each object, while member functions implement behaviors. Classes support access specifiers like public and private to control access to members. Objects are instances of classes that allocate memory for data members. Member functions can access object data members and are called on objects using dot notation. Friend functions allow non-member functions to access private members of classes.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that bind data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Objects are instances of a class that can access class data and functions. The document provides examples of defining a class called "test" with private and public members, and creating objects of the class to demonstrate accessing members.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
Inheritance allows new classes called derived classes to be created from existing classes called base classes. Derived classes inherit all features of the base class and can add new features. There are different types of inheritance including single, multilevel, multiple, hierarchical, and hybrid. A derived class can access public and protected members of the base class but not private members. Constructors and destructors of the base class are executed before and after those of the derived class respectively.
The document discusses various data types in C++ including built-in, user-defined, and derived types. Structures and unions allow grouping of dissimilar element types. Classes define custom data types that can then be used to create objects. Enumerated types attach numeric values to named constants. Arrays define a collection of elements of the same type in sequence. Functions contain blocks of code to perform tasks. Pointers store memory addresses.
Java abstract class & abstract methods,Abstract class in java
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods.
Operator overloading allows operators like + and - to have different implementations depending on the types of their operands. It allows user-defined types to be manipulated using the same syntax as built-in types. The document discusses various aspects of operator overloading like overloading unary, binary, and stream insertion/extraction operators. It also covers type conversions between basic and user-defined types using constructors and conversion functions. Restrictions on which operators can be overloaded and how different conversion scenarios are handled are explained.
Everything about OOPs (Object-oriented programming) in this slide we cover the all details about object-oriented programming using C++. we also discussed why C++ is called a subset of C.
Constructor is a special member function that initializes objects of a class. Constructors have the same name as the class and do not have a return type. There are two types of constructors: default constructors that take no parameters, and parameterized constructors that allow passing arguments when creating objects. Constructors are automatically called when objects are created to initialize member variables, unlike regular member functions which must be explicitly called.
This document discusses data members and member functions in C++ classes. It defines data members as variables declared inside a class that can be of any type. Member functions are functions declared inside a class that can access and perform operations on the class's data members. The document outlines how data members and member functions can be defined with public, private, or protected visibility and how they can be accessed from within and outside the class. It also provides syntax examples for defining member functions both inside and outside the class definition.
The document discusses file handling in C++. It defines a file as a collection of information stored on a computer's disk. There are three main steps to processing a file in C++: opening the file, reading/writing information to the file, and closing the file. It also describes different file stream classes like ifstream for input and ofstream for output that are used to read from and write to files. Functions like seekg() and seekp() allow manipulating the file pointer position.
This document discusses implementation of inheritance in Java and C#. It covers key inheritance concepts like simple, multilevel, and hierarchical inheritance. It provides examples of inheritance in Java using keywords like extends, super, this. Interfaces are discussed as a way to achieve multiple inheritance in Java. The document also discusses implementation of inheritance in C# using concepts like calling base class constructors and defining virtual methods.
Operator overloading allows user-defined types in C++ to behave similarly to built-in types when operators are used on them. It allows operators to have special meanings depending on the context. Some key points made in the document include:
- Operator overloading enhances the extensibility of C++ by allowing user-defined types to work with operators like addition, subtraction, etc.
- Common operators that can be overloaded include arithmetic operators, increment/decrement, input/output, function call, and subscript operators.
- To overload an operator, a member or friend function is declared with the same name as the operator being overloaded. This function performs the desired operation on the class type.
-
The document discusses inheritance in C++. It defines inheritance as deriving a class from another class, allowing code reuse and fast development. There are different types of inheritance in C++: single inheritance where a class inherits from one base class; multiple inheritance where a class inherits from more than one base class; multilevel inheritance where a derived class inherits from another derived class; hierarchical inheritance where multiple subclasses inherit from a single base class; and hybrid inheritance which combines different inheritance types. Examples of each inheritance type are provided in C++ code snippets.
Static Data Members and Member FunctionsMOHIT AGARWAL
Static data members and static member functions in C++ classes are shared by all objects of that class. Static data members are initialized to zero when the first object is created and shared across all instances, while static member functions can only access other static members and are called using the class name and scope resolution operator. The example program demonstrates a class with a static data member "count" that is incremented and accessed by multiple objects to assign increasing code values, and a static member function "showcount" that prints the shared count value.
A friend function in C++ can access the private and protected members of a class. It is declared inside the class using the friend keyword. A friend function is not a member of the class and is defined outside the class like a normal function. It can access private and protected members of its friend class but cannot access members directly. A friend class can also access private and protected members of another class where it is declared as a friend.
This document discusses classes, objects, and methods in Java. It defines a class as a user-defined data type that contains fields and methods. Objects are instances of classes that allocate memory at runtime. Methods define behaviors for objects and are declared within classes. The document covers defining classes, creating objects, accessing members, constructors, method overloading and overriding, static members, passing objects as parameters, recursion, and visibility control.
INTRODUCTION
COMPARISON BETWEEN NORMAL FUNCTION AND INLINE FUNCTION
PROS AND CONS
WHY WHEN AND HOW TO USED?
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF INLINE FUNCTION
EXAMPLE WITH PROGRAM CODE
This document discusses dynamic memory allocation in C. It explains that dynamic allocation allows memory to be allocated at runtime, unlike static allocation which requires defining memory sizes at compile time. The key functions covered are malloc() for allocating memory blocks, calloc() for arrays and structures, realloc() for resizing allocated blocks, and free() for releasing used memory to avoid memory leaks. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each function is used.
Constructor is a special method in Java that is used to initialize objects. It has the same name as the class and is invoked automatically when an object is created. Constructors can be used to set default values for objects. A class can have multiple constructors as long as they have different parameters. Constructors are used to provide different initial values to objects and cannot return values.
This document discusses C++ friend functions and classes. It explains that friend functions have access to private and protected members of a class, but are not members themselves. Friend functions are declared using the friend keyword within the class definition. Friend classes also have access to private members, and are declared using the friend class syntax. Examples are provided to illustrate friend functions for operator overloading and accessing members of multiple classes.
Stream is a sequence of bytes that serves as an input or output source. The input stream provides data to a program while the output stream receives output. The get() and put() functions handle single character I/O. The >> operator is overloaded in istream while << is overloaded in ostream. The ios class contains functions like width(), precision(), and fill() for formatting output. Iomanip provides manipulators to format output in a chained manner.
A class is a code template for creating objects. Objects have member variables and have behaviour associated with them. In python a class is created by the keyword class.
An object is created using the constructor of the class. This object will then be called the instance of the class.
View study notes of Function overloading .you can also visit Tutorialfocus.net to get complete description step wise of the concerned topic.Other topics and notes of C++ are also explained.
This document discusses functions in C++. It defines what a function is and explains that functions are the building blocks of C++ programs. Functions allow code to be reused, making programs easier to code, modify and maintain. The document covers function definitions, declarations, calls, parameters, return types, scope, and overloading. It also discusses local and global variables as well as pass by value and pass by reference.
This document provides an overview of classes and objects in C#, covering key concepts like constructors, inheritance, access modifiers, abstract classes, static classes, sealed classes, and partial classes. It compares classes to objects, discusses how constructors are used to create objects, and explains features like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism that C# supports for object-oriented programming. The summary reiterates that C# provides everything needed for OOP and additionally discusses static classes, sealed classes, and partial classes.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in Java including objects, classes, constructors, inheritance, polymorphism, and access modifiers.
The key points are:
1) An object represents an entity with a unique identity, state, and behaviors. A class defines common properties and behaviors of objects.
2) Constructors initialize new objects, while methods define object behaviors. Inheritance allows subclasses to inherit properties and behaviors from parent classes.
3) Access modifiers like public, private, and protected control the visibility and accessibility of classes, variables, and methods. Final and abstract modifiers are also used to restrict or require subclassing.
Everything about OOPs (Object-oriented programming) in this slide we cover the all details about object-oriented programming using C++. we also discussed why C++ is called a subset of C.
Constructor is a special member function that initializes objects of a class. Constructors have the same name as the class and do not have a return type. There are two types of constructors: default constructors that take no parameters, and parameterized constructors that allow passing arguments when creating objects. Constructors are automatically called when objects are created to initialize member variables, unlike regular member functions which must be explicitly called.
This document discusses data members and member functions in C++ classes. It defines data members as variables declared inside a class that can be of any type. Member functions are functions declared inside a class that can access and perform operations on the class's data members. The document outlines how data members and member functions can be defined with public, private, or protected visibility and how they can be accessed from within and outside the class. It also provides syntax examples for defining member functions both inside and outside the class definition.
The document discusses file handling in C++. It defines a file as a collection of information stored on a computer's disk. There are three main steps to processing a file in C++: opening the file, reading/writing information to the file, and closing the file. It also describes different file stream classes like ifstream for input and ofstream for output that are used to read from and write to files. Functions like seekg() and seekp() allow manipulating the file pointer position.
This document discusses implementation of inheritance in Java and C#. It covers key inheritance concepts like simple, multilevel, and hierarchical inheritance. It provides examples of inheritance in Java using keywords like extends, super, this. Interfaces are discussed as a way to achieve multiple inheritance in Java. The document also discusses implementation of inheritance in C# using concepts like calling base class constructors and defining virtual methods.
Operator overloading allows user-defined types in C++ to behave similarly to built-in types when operators are used on them. It allows operators to have special meanings depending on the context. Some key points made in the document include:
- Operator overloading enhances the extensibility of C++ by allowing user-defined types to work with operators like addition, subtraction, etc.
- Common operators that can be overloaded include arithmetic operators, increment/decrement, input/output, function call, and subscript operators.
- To overload an operator, a member or friend function is declared with the same name as the operator being overloaded. This function performs the desired operation on the class type.
-
The document discusses inheritance in C++. It defines inheritance as deriving a class from another class, allowing code reuse and fast development. There are different types of inheritance in C++: single inheritance where a class inherits from one base class; multiple inheritance where a class inherits from more than one base class; multilevel inheritance where a derived class inherits from another derived class; hierarchical inheritance where multiple subclasses inherit from a single base class; and hybrid inheritance which combines different inheritance types. Examples of each inheritance type are provided in C++ code snippets.
Static Data Members and Member FunctionsMOHIT AGARWAL
Static data members and static member functions in C++ classes are shared by all objects of that class. Static data members are initialized to zero when the first object is created and shared across all instances, while static member functions can only access other static members and are called using the class name and scope resolution operator. The example program demonstrates a class with a static data member "count" that is incremented and accessed by multiple objects to assign increasing code values, and a static member function "showcount" that prints the shared count value.
A friend function in C++ can access the private and protected members of a class. It is declared inside the class using the friend keyword. A friend function is not a member of the class and is defined outside the class like a normal function. It can access private and protected members of its friend class but cannot access members directly. A friend class can also access private and protected members of another class where it is declared as a friend.
This document discusses classes, objects, and methods in Java. It defines a class as a user-defined data type that contains fields and methods. Objects are instances of classes that allocate memory at runtime. Methods define behaviors for objects and are declared within classes. The document covers defining classes, creating objects, accessing members, constructors, method overloading and overriding, static members, passing objects as parameters, recursion, and visibility control.
INTRODUCTION
COMPARISON BETWEEN NORMAL FUNCTION AND INLINE FUNCTION
PROS AND CONS
WHY WHEN AND HOW TO USED?
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF INLINE FUNCTION
EXAMPLE WITH PROGRAM CODE
This document discusses dynamic memory allocation in C. It explains that dynamic allocation allows memory to be allocated at runtime, unlike static allocation which requires defining memory sizes at compile time. The key functions covered are malloc() for allocating memory blocks, calloc() for arrays and structures, realloc() for resizing allocated blocks, and free() for releasing used memory to avoid memory leaks. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each function is used.
Constructor is a special method in Java that is used to initialize objects. It has the same name as the class and is invoked automatically when an object is created. Constructors can be used to set default values for objects. A class can have multiple constructors as long as they have different parameters. Constructors are used to provide different initial values to objects and cannot return values.
This document discusses C++ friend functions and classes. It explains that friend functions have access to private and protected members of a class, but are not members themselves. Friend functions are declared using the friend keyword within the class definition. Friend classes also have access to private members, and are declared using the friend class syntax. Examples are provided to illustrate friend functions for operator overloading and accessing members of multiple classes.
Stream is a sequence of bytes that serves as an input or output source. The input stream provides data to a program while the output stream receives output. The get() and put() functions handle single character I/O. The >> operator is overloaded in istream while << is overloaded in ostream. The ios class contains functions like width(), precision(), and fill() for formatting output. Iomanip provides manipulators to format output in a chained manner.
A class is a code template for creating objects. Objects have member variables and have behaviour associated with them. In python a class is created by the keyword class.
An object is created using the constructor of the class. This object will then be called the instance of the class.
View study notes of Function overloading .you can also visit Tutorialfocus.net to get complete description step wise of the concerned topic.Other topics and notes of C++ are also explained.
This document discusses functions in C++. It defines what a function is and explains that functions are the building blocks of C++ programs. Functions allow code to be reused, making programs easier to code, modify and maintain. The document covers function definitions, declarations, calls, parameters, return types, scope, and overloading. It also discusses local and global variables as well as pass by value and pass by reference.
This document provides an overview of classes and objects in C#, covering key concepts like constructors, inheritance, access modifiers, abstract classes, static classes, sealed classes, and partial classes. It compares classes to objects, discusses how constructors are used to create objects, and explains features like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism that C# supports for object-oriented programming. The summary reiterates that C# provides everything needed for OOP and additionally discusses static classes, sealed classes, and partial classes.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in Java including objects, classes, constructors, inheritance, polymorphism, and access modifiers.
The key points are:
1) An object represents an entity with a unique identity, state, and behaviors. A class defines common properties and behaviors of objects.
2) Constructors initialize new objects, while methods define object behaviors. Inheritance allows subclasses to inherit properties and behaviors from parent classes.
3) Access modifiers like public, private, and protected control the visibility and accessibility of classes, variables, and methods. Final and abstract modifiers are also used to restrict or require subclassing.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts using C++. It discusses key OOP concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. It also covers C++ specific topics like functions, arrays, strings, modular programming, and classes and objects in C++. The document is intended to introduce the reader to the fundamentals of OOP using C++.
The document discusses key concepts in C++ classes including encapsulation, information hiding, access specifiers, and constructors. It defines a class as a way to combine attributes and behaviors of real-world objects into a single unit. A class uses encapsulation to associate code and data, and information hiding to secure data from direct access. Access specifiers like public, private, and protected determine member visibility. Constructors are special member functions that initialize objects upon instantiation.
This document discusses file handling in C++. It introduces three classes - ofstream, ifstream, and fstream - that allow performing output and input of characters to and from files. The ofstream class is used to write to files, ifstream is used to read from files, and fstream can both read and write. The open() method is used to open a file, specifying the file name and optional file mode. Writing to a file uses the << operator and reading uses the >> operator. Operator overloading allows user-defined types like classes to define the meaning of operators like + when used on their objects.
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming including objects, classes, messages, and requirements for object-oriented languages. An object is a bundle of related variables and methods that can model real-world things. A class defines common variables and methods for objects of a certain kind. Objects communicate by sending messages to each other specifying a method name and parameters. For a language to be object-oriented, it must support encapsulation, inheritance, and dynamic binding.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) including:
- The history and key concepts of OOP like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.
- Popular OOP languages like C++, Java, and Python.
- Differences between procedural and OOP like top-down design and modularity.
Classes provide templates for objects by defining attributes and behaviors. An object is an instance of a class that holds specific state through its attribute values. Classes in C# can contain fields to store data, properties for encapsulated access to fields, methods to implement behaviors, and constructors to initialize objects. Constructors are special methods that are called when an object is instantiated and assign initial field values.
This document discusses class diagrams and object diagrams. Class diagrams model the static design of a system by describing classes and their attributes/methods. Object diagrams show instances of classes at a specific time by depicting objects and their relationships. Key differences are that class diagrams define types while object diagrams show state, and class diagrams are blueprints while object diagrams capture snapshots.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts such as objects, classes, and messaging. It defines an object as having state represented by variables and behavior represented by methods. A class is described as a blueprint that defines common attributes and behaviors of objects. The document also explains how objects communicate by sending messages to each other to invoke methods.
Object oriented programming (oop) cs304 power point slides lecture 01Adil Kakakhel
this is the first lecture developed by virtual university of pakist about object oriented programming. very useful and a start from the very basics about OO modeling.
This document discusses file input/output (I/O) operations in C programming. It covers opening, closing, reading from and writing to files. Specific file I/O functions covered include fopen(), fclose(), getc(), putc(), getw(), putw(), fprintf(), fscanf(), feof(), ferror(), fseek(), ftell(), and rewind(). Error handling during file I/O and random access to files using functions like fseek() are also discussed. Examples are provided to demonstrate reading integer and mixed data types from files and writing data to files.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design concepts like objects, classes, class diagrams, and relationships between classes. It defines objects and classes, and notes that class diagrams describe the attributes and operations of classes and the relationships between them. The document also discusses different types of relationships between classes like association, generalization, aggregation, and their notation in class diagrams including association names, roles, and multiplicity.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts. It discusses problem solving using both structured programming and OOP approaches. The key concepts of OOP covered include objects, classes, methods, encapsulation, and inheritance. It also provides examples of defining a Rectangle class with attributes like length and width, and methods to calculate the area and perimeter. The document demonstrates how to create Rectangle objects, call methods on them to get the area, and use them in an application class.
This document provides information about C++ stream input/output (I/O) manipulation over 17 pages. It discusses the standard header files for stream I/O, the class hierarchy for stream I/O in C++, stream manipulators for formatting output, stream format states for controlling formatting, and various member functions for manipulating streams and performing formatted I/O. It also provides an example program demonstrating the use of manipulators and member functions for stream I/O.
1) A base class pointer can point to a derived class object but cannot access the derived class's additional functions without a cast.
2) Declaring a function as virtual in the base class allows it to be overridden in derived classes and called polymorphically through a base class pointer.
3) A pure virtual function is like an abstract function that derived classes must implement. A class with a pure virtual function is an abstract class that cannot be instantiated.
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A class diagram shows the structure of a system through classes, attributes, operations, and relationships between classes. It includes classes and their properties like attributes and methods. It also shows relationships between classes like associations, aggregations, generalizations, and dependencies. The class diagram is a key tool in object-oriented analysis and design.
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The document discusses classes and objects in C++. Some key points:
- A class defines a new user-defined data type that encapsulates data members and member functions. Data members represent the attributes of an object, while member functions represent the behaviors.
- When a class is defined, objects can be instantiated from that class. Objects are instances of a class that allocate memory to store the class's data members. Multiple objects of the same class can exist.
- Member functions can access private data members, while non-member functions cannot. Member functions can be defined inside or outside the class. Static members exist only once per class rather than per object.
- Classes allow data abstraction by hiding implementation
This document discusses classes and objects in C++. It defines a class as a collection of related data and functions under a single name. A class is a user-defined type that combines data representation and methods for manipulating that data into a single unit. Objects are instances of a class - variables that are declared based on a class type. The document covers defining classes, declaring objects, accessing class members, arrays within classes, access modifiers like public, private and protected, static class members, inline functions, friend functions and classes.
A class defines the structure and behavior of an object. It groups together data members and member functions that operate on those data members. An object is an instance of a class created by declaring a variable of that class type. Classes in C++ use access specifiers like public and private to control access to members. A class declaration defines the structure while objects are instantiated from the class. Member functions allow manipulating and accessing private data members from outside the class.
Classes in C++ allow programmers to create user-defined types that bundle together data and functions that operate on that data. A class defines the data members (fields) and member functions (methods) that make up the class. Data members are typically declared as private while member functions are usually declared as public to control access. When an object is instantiated from a class, memory is allocated for it and its constructor is called to initialize the data members. Destructors are special member functions that are called before an object's memory is reclaimed.
This document provides an introduction to classes and objects in C++. It defines key concepts like class, object, member functions, access specifiers, and arrays of objects. It also discusses defining objects of a class, accessing class members, passing objects as function arguments, and the differences between classes and structures in C++.
The document discusses classes and objects in C++. It defines a class as a collection of objects that have identical properties and behaviors. A class binds data and functions together. It then explains class declarations and definitions, access specifiers (private, public, protected), member functions defined inside and outside the class, arrays as class members, objects as function arguments, difference between structures and classes, and provides an example program to calculate simple interest using classes and objects.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C++ including classes, objects, constructors, destructors, and friend functions. It begins by explaining that classes are abstract data types that contain data members and member functions. It then provides examples of declaring a class, creating objects, and accessing class members. It also covers topics like static class members, arrays of objects, constructor and destructor definitions and uses, and declaring friend functions to allow non-member functions access to private class members.
1. The document introduces classes, explaining concepts like data hiding, abstraction, and encapsulation. It defines a class as a way to bind data and associated functions together to represent real-world entities.
2. A class has four attributes - data members to describe characteristics, member functions for behaviors, an access level to control access, and a class name used to create objects. An example class Account is given with attributes like account number, type, balance and functions like deposit and withdraw.
3. Objects are instances of a class that allow manipulating the data and calling the functions of the class. Some examples of class objects are given.
Classes in C++ allow developers to combine data and functions that operate on that data into logical units called objects. A class defines the form and behavior of objects, while objects are individual instances of a class. Some key points:
- Classes contain data fields called data members and functions called member functions.
- Objects are instantiated from classes and allocate memory to store values for an instance.
- Access specifiers like public, private, and protected determine which parts of a class are accessible from outside the class.
- Classes can contain static members that are shared across all objects of the class rather than being unique to each object.
- A class is the most important feature of C++ that supports object-oriented programming (OOP). It allows a program to be designed using classes which are a collection of data and functions.
- When an object of a class is declared, memory is allocated for that object's data members. However, defining a class alone does not allocate memory - it only specifies the data members and member functions.
- Member functions can access and manipulate the class's data members. They are called through an object using the dot operator. Constructors are special member functions that initialize an object's data members when it is created.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, and inheritance. Some key points:
- Classes group together data (attributes) and functions (behaviors) into user-defined types. They encapsulate these within public and private sections.
- Objects are instances of classes that reserve memory at runtime. Constructors initialize objects, while destructors handle memory cleanup.
- Member functions defined within classes can access private members directly, while outside functions require the class scope resolution operator.
- Classes provide templates for creating multiple similar objects, hiding implementation details behind public interfaces. This is a more modular approach than procedural programming.
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The document provides information about object-oriented programming concepts in C++ including class, object, constructor, destructor, access specifiers, data members, member functions, static members, and friend functions. It defines each concept, provides syntax examples, and explains how to create a class, make objects, and access members. Constructors are used to initialize objects while destructors deallocate memory. Access specifiers determine public, private, and protected access.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, member functions, data members, constructors, and encapsulation. It explains that a class defines the structure and behavior of objects, with data members representing attributes and member functions representing behaviors. Constructors initialize an object's data when it is created. Encapsulation protects data by making it private and only accessible through public member functions.
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts in C++ including classes, objects, data members, member functions, data abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, access specifiers, and constructors. It provides examples of defining a class with private, public, and protected data members and member functions. Constructors such as the default, parameterized, and copy constructor are demonstrated. Inheritance concepts such as the base class, derived class, types of inheritance and visibility modes are explained.
This document discusses data members and member functions in object-oriented programming. It defines data members as variables declared inside a class and member functions as functions declared inside a class. It covers accessing public, private, and protected data members, defining member functions inside and outside the class, and different types of member functions like static, const, inline, and friend functions. The document provides examples and explanations for each concept to help explain how data members and member functions work in object-oriented programming.
Classes allow you to combine data and functions into a single unit called an object. A class defines the type, while an object is a variable of that class type. Classes contain private, protected, and public members that control access levels. Private members can only be accessed within the class, protected within the class and subclasses, and public anywhere. An example class Circle contains private data member radius and public member functions setRadius() and getArea() to set and get the radius. Objects can then be declared like Circle c1, c2 and their member functions accessed such as c1.setRadius(2.5).
The document discusses structures and classes in C++. It defines a structure called student with data members like name and roll number. It then defines a class called person with data members name and number and demonstrates creating an object of the class and accessing its members. The document also discusses concepts like defining member functions inside and outside classes, access specifiers, nesting member functions, and making outside member functions inline.
Presentation on class and object in Object Oriented programming.Enam Khan
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2. Class: A Class is a user defined data type toClass: A Class is a user defined data type to
implement an abstract object. Abstract meansimplement an abstract object. Abstract means
to hide the details. A Class is a combination ofto hide the details. A Class is a combination of
data and functions.data and functions.
Data is called as data members and functionsData is called as data members and functions
are called as member functions.are called as member functions.
3. Abstract data type:-Abstract data type:-
A data type that separates the logical propertiesA data type that separates the logical properties
from the implementation details called Abstractfrom the implementation details called Abstract
Data Type(ADT).Data Type(ADT).
An abstract data type is a set of object and anAn abstract data type is a set of object and an
associated set of operations on those objects.associated set of operations on those objects.
ADT supports data abstraction, encapsulation andADT supports data abstraction, encapsulation and
data hiding.data hiding.
4. Examples of ADT are:-Examples of ADT are:-
BooleanBoolean
IntegerInteger built in ADTbuilt in ADT
ArrayArray
StackStack
QueueQueue
Tree search structureTree search structure User definedUser defined
ADTADT
Boolean {operations are AND,OR,NOT andBoolean {operations are AND,OR,NOT and
values are true and false}values are true and false}
Queues{operations are create , dequeue,inqueue andQueues{operations are create , dequeue,inqueue and
values are queue elements}values are queue elements}
5. Class definitionClass definition
A class definition begins with the keywordA class definition begins with the keyword
classclass..
The body of the class is contained within a setThe body of the class is contained within a set
of braces,of braces, { } ;{ } ; (notice the semi-colon).(notice the semi-colon).
class class_name
{
….
….
….
};
Class body (data member +
methodsmethods)
Any valid
identifier
6. Within the body, the keywordsWithin the body, the keywords private:private: andand
public:public: specify the access level of thespecify the access level of the
members of the class.members of the class.
the default isthe default is privateprivate..
Usually, the data members of a class areUsually, the data members of a class are
declared in thedeclared in the private:private: section of the class andsection of the class and
the member functions are inthe member functions are in public:public: section.section.
7. Data member or member functions may be public,Data member or member functions may be public,
private or protected.private or protected.
Public means data members or member functionsPublic means data members or member functions
defining inside the class can be used at outside thedefining inside the class can be used at outside the
class.( in different class and in main function)class.( in different class and in main function)
Member access specifiersMember access specifiers
public:public:
can be accessed outside the class directly.can be accessed outside the class directly.
The public stuff isThe public stuff is the interfacethe interface..
8. private:private:
Accessible only to member functions of classAccessible only to member functions of class
Private members and methods are for internalPrivate members and methods are for internal use only.use only.
Private means data members and member functionsPrivate means data members and member functions
can’t be used outside the class.can’t be used outside the class.
Protected means data member and memberProtected means data member and member
functions can be used in the same class and itsfunctions can be used in the same class and its
derived class (at one level) (not inmain function).derived class (at one level) (not inmain function).
11. This class example shows how we canThis class example shows how we can
encapsulate (gather) a circle information intoencapsulate (gather) a circle information into
one package (unit or class)one package (unit or class)
class Circle
{
private:
double radius;
public:
void setRadius(double r);
double getDiameter();
double getArea();
double getCircumference();
};
No need for others classes to access
and retrieve its value directly. The
class methods are responsible for
that only.
They are accessible from outside
the class, and they can access the
member (radius)
12. Class Example (Problem)Class Example (Problem)
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>#include<stdio.h>
class studentclass student
{{
int rollno;int rollno;
char name[20];char name[20];
};};
void main()void main()
{{
student s;student s;
cout<<“enter the rollno.:”;cout<<“enter the rollno.:”;
cin>>s.rollno;cin>>s.rollno;
cout<<“enter the name:”;cout<<“enter the name:”;
gets(s.name);gets(s.name);
cout<<“rollno:”<<s.rollno;cout<<“rollno:”<<s.rollno;
cout<<“nname:”;cout<<“nname:”;
puts(s.name);puts(s.name);
}}
13. Class Example (Solution)Class Example (Solution)
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>#include<stdio.h>
class studentclass student
{{
public:public:
int rollno;int rollno;
char name[20];char name[20];
};};
void main()void main()
{{
student s;student s;
cout<<“enter the rollno.:”;cout<<“enter the rollno.:”;
cin>>s.rollno;cin>>s.rollno;
cout<<“enter the name:”;cout<<“enter the name:”;
gets(s.name);gets(s.name);
cout<<“rollno:”<<s.rollno;cout<<“rollno:”<<s.rollno;
cout<<“nname:”;cout<<“nname:”;
puts(s.name);puts(s.name);
}}
14. Implementing class methodsImplementing class methods
There are two ways:There are two ways:
1.1. Member functions defined outside classMember functions defined outside class
Using Binary scope resolution operator (Using Binary scope resolution operator (::::))
““Ties” member name to class nameTies” member name to class name
Uniquely identify functions of particular classUniquely identify functions of particular class
Different classes can have member functions with same nameDifferent classes can have member functions with same name
Format for defining member functionsFormat for defining member functions
ReturnTypeReturnType ClassNameClassName::::MemberFunctionNameMemberFunctionName( ){( ){
……
}}
15. Member FunctionMember Function
Defining Inside the ClassDefining Inside the Class
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>#include<stdio.h>
class studentclass student
{{
int rollno;int rollno;
char name[20];char name[20];
public:public:
void getdata()void getdata()
{{
cout<<“enter the rollno.:”;cout<<“enter the rollno.:”;
cin>>rollno;cin>>rollno;
cout<<“enter the name:”;cout<<“enter the name:”;
gets(name);gets(name);
}}
void putdata()void putdata()
{{
cout<<“rollno:”<<rollno;cout<<“rollno:”<<rollno;
cout<<“nname:”;cout<<“nname:”;
puts(name);puts(name);
}}
};};
void main()void main()
{{
student s;student s;
s.getdata();s.getdata();
s.putdata();s.putdata();
}}
Data Members (Private : in this example)
Member Functions (Public: in this example)
Calling member function
16. Member FunctionMember Function
Defining Outside the ClassDefining Outside the Class
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>#include<stdio.h>
class studentclass student
{{
int rollno;int rollno;
char name[20];char name[20];
public:public:
void getdata();void getdata();
void putdata();void putdata();
};};
void student :: getdata()void student :: getdata()
{{
cout<<“enter the rollno.:”;cout<<“enter the rollno.:”;
cin>>rollno;cin>>rollno;
cout<<“enter the name:”;cout<<“enter the name:”;
gets(name);gets(name);
}}
void student: :: putdata()void student: :: putdata()
{{
cout<<“rollno:”<<rollno;cout<<“rollno:”<<rollno;
cout<<“nname:”;cout<<“nname:”;
puts(name);puts(name);
}}
void main()void main()
{{
student s;student s;
s.getdata();s.getdata();
s.putdata();s.putdata();
}}
17. Characteristics of memberCharacteristics of member
functionfunction
Different classes have same function name. theDifferent classes have same function name. the
“membership label” will resolve their scope.“membership label” will resolve their scope.
Member functions can access the private data of theMember functions can access the private data of the
class .a non member function cannot do this.(friendclass .a non member function cannot do this.(friend
function can do this.)function can do this.)
A member function can call another member functionA member function can call another member function
directly, without using the dot operator.directly, without using the dot operator.
18. Accessing Class MembersAccessing Class Members
Operators to access class membersOperators to access class members
Identical to those forIdentical to those for structstructss
Dot member selection operator (Dot member selection operator (..))
ObjectObject
Reference to objectReference to object
Arrow member selection operator (Arrow member selection operator (->->))
PointersPointers
19. Static membersStatic members
The data and functions of the class may be declared static inThe data and functions of the class may be declared static in
the class declaration.the class declaration.
The static data members have similar properties to the C staticThe static data members have similar properties to the C static
variable.variable.
The static data members is initialized with zero when the firstThe static data members is initialized with zero when the first
object of its class is created. No other initialization isobject of its class is created. No other initialization is
permitted.permitted.
Only one copy of that member is created for the entire classOnly one copy of that member is created for the entire class
and is shared by all the objects of that class, no matter howand is shared by all the objects of that class, no matter how
many objects are created.many objects are created.
It is visible only within the class, but its lifetime is the entireIt is visible only within the class, but its lifetime is the entire
program.program.
20. Static member functionStatic member function
Like static data members we can also declare staticLike static data members we can also declare static
member functions.member functions.
A static function can have access to only other staticA static function can have access to only other static
members(functions or variables) declared in themembers(functions or variables) declared in the
same class.same class.
A static member function can be called using theA static member function can be called using the
class (instead of its objects) as folowsclass (instead of its objects) as folows
Class name:: function name.Class name:: function name.
21. Example of static membersExample of static members
#inlcude<iostream.h>#inlcude<iostream.h>
Class testClass test
{{
Int code;Int code;
Static int count;Static int count;
Public:Public:
Void setcode()Void setcode()
{{
Code=++count;Code=++count;
}}
Void showcode()Void showcode()
{{
Cout<<“object number “<<code<<endl;Cout<<“object number “<<code<<endl;
}}
Static void showcount()Static void showcount()
{{
Cout<<“count :”<<count;Cout<<“count :”<<count;
}}
};};
Int test::count;Int test::count;
Int main()Int main()
{{
test t1,t2;test t1,t2;
t1.setcode();t1.setcode();
t2.setcode();t2.setcode();
test::showcount();test::showcount();
test t3;test t3;
t3.setcode();t3.setcode();
test::showcount();test::showcount();
t1.showcode();t1.showcode();
t2.showcode();t2.showcode();
t3.showcode();t3.showcode();
Return 0;Return 0;
}}
22. Class inside a functionClass inside a function
When a class declared within a function, it is known asWhen a class declared within a function, it is known as
local classlocal class..
A local class is known only to that function andA local class is known only to that function and
unknown outside it.unknown outside it.
All member functions must be defined within the classAll member functions must be defined within the class
declaration.declaration.
The local class may not use local variables of theThe local class may not use local variables of the
function in which it is declared except static and externfunction in which it is declared except static and extern
local variables declared within the function.local variables declared within the function.
No static variables may be declared inside a local class.No static variables may be declared inside a local class.
Due to these restrictions local class is not popular in C++Due to these restrictions local class is not popular in C++
programming.programming.
23. ObjectsObjects
An object is an instance of a class.An object is an instance of a class.
An object is a class variable.An object is a class variable.
Is can be uniquely identified by its name.Is can be uniquely identified by its name.
Every object have a state which is represented by theEvery object have a state which is represented by the
values of its attributes. These state are changed byvalues of its attributes. These state are changed by
function which applied on the object.function which applied on the object.
24. State identity and behavior ofState identity and behavior of
objectsobjects
Every object haveEvery object have identity , behaviour and stateidentity , behaviour and state..
The identity of objectThe identity of object is defined by its name, everyis defined by its name, every
object is unique and can be differentiated from otherobject is unique and can be differentiated from other
objects.objects.
The behavior ofThe behavior of an object is represented by thean object is represented by the
functions which are defined in the object’s class. Thesefunctions which are defined in the object’s class. These
function show the set of action for every objects.function show the set of action for every objects.
The state of objectsThe state of objects are referred by the data storedare referred by the data stored
within the object at any time moment.within the object at any time moment.
25. Creating an object of a ClassCreating an object of a Class
Declaring a variable of a class type creates anDeclaring a variable of a class type creates an objectobject. You. You
can have many variables of the same type (class).can have many variables of the same type (class).
Also known as InstantiationAlso known as Instantiation
Once an object of a certain class is instantiated, a newOnce an object of a certain class is instantiated, a new
memory location is created for it to store its data membersmemory location is created for it to store its data members
and codeand code
You can instantiate many objects from a class type.You can instantiate many objects from a class type.
Ex) Circle c; Circle *c;Ex) Circle c; Circle *c;
Class itemClass item
{{
………………..
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
}x,y,z;}x,y,z;
We have to declared objects close to the place where they are neededWe have to declared objects close to the place where they are needed
because it makes easier to identify the objects.because it makes easier to identify the objects.
26. Object typesObject types
There are four types of objectsThere are four types of objects
1.1. External (global )objectsExternal (global )objects
1.1. This object have the existence throughout the lifetime of the program andThis object have the existence throughout the lifetime of the program and
having file –scope.having file –scope.
2.2. Automatic(local)objectsAutomatic(local)objects
1.1. Persistent and visible only throughout the local scope in which they arePersistent and visible only throughout the local scope in which they are
created.created.
3.3. Static objectsStatic objects
1.1. Persistent throughout a program but only visible within their local scope.Persistent throughout a program but only visible within their local scope.
4.4. Dynamic objectsDynamic objects
1.1. Lifetime may be controlled within a particular scope.Lifetime may be controlled within a particular scope.
27. Memory Allocation of ObjectMemory Allocation of Object
class studentclass student
{{
int rollno;int rollno;
char name[20];char name[20];
int marks;int marks;
};};
student s;student s;
rollno – 2 bytes
name- 20 bytes
marks- 2 bytes
24 bytes s
28. Array of objectsArray of objects
The array of class type variable is known as array ofThe array of class type variable is known as array of
object.object.
We can declare array of object as following way:-We can declare array of object as following way:-
Class _name object [length];Class _name object [length];
Employee manager[3];Employee manager[3];
1.1. We can use this array when calling a member functionWe can use this array when calling a member function
2.2. Manager[i].put data();Manager[i].put data();
3.3. The array of object is stored in memory as a multi-The array of object is stored in memory as a multi-
dimensional array.dimensional array.
29. Object as function argumentsObject as function arguments
This can be done in two ways:-This can be done in two ways:-
A copy of entire object is passed to the function.A copy of entire object is passed to the function.
( pass by value)( pass by value)
Only the address of the object is transferred to theOnly the address of the object is transferred to the
function. (pass by reference)function. (pass by reference)
30. ( pass by value)( pass by value)
A copy of the object is passed to the function, anyA copy of the object is passed to the function, any
changes made to the object inside the function do notchanges made to the object inside the function do not
affect the object used to call function.affect the object used to call function.
When an address of object is passed, the calledWhen an address of object is passed, the called
function works directly on the actual object used infunction works directly on the actual object used in
the call. Means that any change made in side thethe call. Means that any change made in side the
function will reflect in the actual object.function will reflect in the actual object.
(pass by reference)
31. Passing ObjectPassing Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
void sum (Complex A, Complex B);void sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
void Complex : : sum ( complex A, complex B)void Complex : : sum ( complex A, complex B)
{{
real = A.real + B.real;real = A.real + B.real;
imag= A.imag + B.imag;imag= A.imag + B.imag;
}}
void main( )void main( )
{{
Complex X,Y,Z;Complex X,Y,Z;
X.getdata( );X.getdata( );
Y.getdata( );Y.getdata( );
Z.sum(X,Y);Z.sum(X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
32. Passing ObjectPassing Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
void sum (Complex A, Complex B);void sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
void Complex : : sum ( Complex A, Complex B)void Complex : : sum ( Complex A, Complex B)
{{
real = A.real + B.real;real = A.real + B.real;
imag= A.imag + B.imag;imag= A.imag + B.imag;
}}
void main( )void main( )
{{
Complex X,Y,Z;Complex X,Y,Z;
X.getdata( );X.getdata( );
Y.getdata( );Y.getdata( );
Z.sum(X,Y);Z.sum(X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
X Y Z
33. Passing ObjectPassing Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
void sum (Complex A, Complex B);void sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
void Complex : : sum ( Complex A, Complex B)void Complex : : sum ( Complex A, Complex B)
{{
real = A.real + B.real;real = A.real + B.real;
imag= A.imag + B.imag;imag= A.imag + B.imag;
}}
void main( )void main( )
{{
Complex X,Y,Z;Complex X,Y,Z;
X.getdata( );X.getdata( );
Y.getdata( );Y.getdata( );
Z.sum(X,Y);Z.sum(X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
X Y Z
34. Passing ObjectPassing Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
void sum (Complex A, Complex B);void sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
void Complex : : sum ( Complex A, Complex B)void Complex : : sum ( Complex A, Complex B)
{{
real = A.real + B.real;real = A.real + B.real;
imag= A.imag + B.imag;imag= A.imag + B.imag;
}}
void main( )void main( )
{{
Complex X,Y,Z;Complex X,Y,Z;
X.getdata( );X.getdata( );
Y.getdata( );Y.getdata( );
Z.sum(X,Y);Z.sum(X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
X Y Z
5
6
7
8
A B
35. Passing ObjectPassing Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
void sum(Complex A, Complex B);void sum(Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
void Complex : : sum ( Complex A, Complex B)void Complex : : sum ( Complex A, Complex B)
{{
real = A.real + B.real;real = A.real + B.real;
imag= A.imag + B.imag;imag= A.imag + B.imag;
}}
void main( )void main( )
{{
Complex X,Y,Z;Complex X,Y,Z;
X.getdata( );X.getdata( );
Y.getdata( );Y.getdata( );
Z.sum(X,Y);Z.sum(X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
12
14
X Y Z
5
6
7
8
A B
+
+
=
=
36. Passing ObjectPassing Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
void sum (Complex A, Complex B);void sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
void complex : : sum ( Complex A, Complex B)void complex : : sum ( Complex A, Complex B)
{{
real = A.real + B.real;real = A.real + B.real;
imag= A.imag + B.imag;imag= A.imag + B.imag;
}}
void main( )void main( )
{{
Complex X,Y,Z;Complex X,Y,Z;
X.getdata( );X.getdata( );
Y.getdata( );Y.getdata( );
Z.sum(X,Y);Z.sum(X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
12 + 14 i12 + 14 i
5
6
7
8
12
14
X Y Z
5
6
7
8
A B
+
+
=
=
38. Returning ObjectReturning Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
Complex sum (Complex B);Complex sum (Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=real + B.real;temp.real=real + B.real;
temp.imag= imag + B.imag;temp.imag= imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= X.sum (Y);Z= X.sum (Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
X Y Z
39. Returning ObjectReturning Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
Complex sum (Complex B);Complex sum (Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=real + B.real;temp.real=real + B.real;
temp.imag= imag + B.imag;temp.imag= imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= X.sum (Y);Z= X.sum (Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
X Y Z
40. Returning ObjectReturning Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
Complex sum (Complex B);Complex sum (Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=real + B.real;temp.real=real + B.real;
temp.imag= imag + B.imag;temp.imag= imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= X.sum (Y);Z= X.sum (Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
X Y Z
7
8
B
41. Returning ObjectReturning Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
Complex sum (Complex B);Complex sum (Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=real + B.real;temp.real=real + B.real;
temp.imag= imag + B.imag;temp.imag= imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= X.sum (Y);Z= X.sum (Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
X Y Z
7
8
B
42. Returning ObjectReturning Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
Complex sum (Complex B);Complex sum (Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=real + B.real;temp.real=real + B.real;
temp.imag= imag + B.imag;temp.imag= imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= X.sum (Y);Z= X.sum (Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
X Y Z
7
8
B
12
14
temp
43. Returning ObjectReturning Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
Complex sum (Complex B);Complex sum (Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=real + B.real;temp.real=real + B.real;
temp.imag= imag + B.imag;temp.imag= imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= X.sum (Y);Z= X.sum (Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
X Y Z
7
8
B
12
14
temp
44. Returning ObjectReturning Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
Complex sum (Complex B);Complex sum (Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=real + B.real;temp.real=real + B.real;
temp.imag= imag + B.imag;temp.imag= imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= X.sum (Y);Z= X.sum (Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
12
14
X Y Z
7
8
B
12
14
temp
45. Returning ObjectReturning Object
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
Complex sum (Complex B);Complex sum (Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)Complex Complex : : sum (Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=real + B.real;temp.real=real + B.real;
temp.imag= imag + B.imag;temp.imag= imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= X.sum (Y);Z= X.sum (Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
12 + 14 i12 + 14 i
5
6
7
8
12
14
X Y Z
7
8
B
12
14
temp
46. C++ garbage collectionC++ garbage collection
In c++ the garbage collection task is accomplised byIn c++ the garbage collection task is accomplised by
mark and sweep algorithm.mark and sweep algorithm.
In this approach the garbage collector periodicallyIn this approach the garbage collector periodically
examines every single pointer in our program andexamines every single pointer in our program and
find that the memory is still in use. At the end of thefind that the memory is still in use. At the end of the
cycle, any memory that has not been marked iscycle, any memory that has not been marked is
deemed to be not in use and is freed.deemed to be not in use and is freed.
47. Steps to implement the garbageSteps to implement the garbage
collectioncollection
Mark and sweep algorithm could be implemented in c++Mark and sweep algorithm could be implemented in c++
if we arere willing to do the following:if we arere willing to do the following:
1.1. Register all pointers with the garbage collector so that itRegister all pointers with the garbage collector so that it
can easily walk through the list of all pointers.can easily walk through the list of all pointers.
2.2. Sub-class all objects from a mix-in class, that allows theSub-class all objects from a mix-in class, that allows the
garbage collectors to mark an object as in-use.garbage collectors to mark an object as in-use.
3.3. Protect concurrent access to objects by making sure thatProtect concurrent access to objects by making sure that
no changes to pointers can occur while the garbageno changes to pointers can occur while the garbage
collector is running.collector is running.
48. Memory management in c++Memory management in c++
Ways of memory allocation in c++Ways of memory allocation in c++
Static memory allocationStatic memory allocation
The memory allocation for variables ,during compilation timeThe memory allocation for variables ,during compilation time
itself is known as static memory allocation.itself is known as static memory allocation.
Once the memory allocated at the compile time then it can notOnce the memory allocated at the compile time then it can not
be expanded nor be compressed to accommodate more or lessbe expanded nor be compressed to accommodate more or less
data during program execution.data during program execution.
The size of memory to be allocated is known before compileThe size of memory to be allocated is known before compile
time and is fixed it can not be altered during execution.time and is fixed it can not be altered during execution.
Int a[10];Int a[10];
49. Dynamic memory allocationDynamic memory allocation
The dynamic memory allocation is carried-out inThe dynamic memory allocation is carried-out in
c++ using two operators “new” and “delete”.thesec++ using two operators “new” and “delete”.these
operators are use to allocate and free memory atoperators are use to allocate and free memory at
run time.run time.
Dynamic memory allocation helps in memoryDynamic memory allocation helps in memory
saving and easy to change memory allocation.saving and easy to change memory allocation.
In c++ dynamic memory allocation is control byIn c++ dynamic memory allocation is control by
NEW and DELETE operator.NEW and DELETE operator.
The new operator return the memory pointer to theThe new operator return the memory pointer to the
pointer variable.pointer variable.
50. Syntax:Syntax:
Ptr= new data type;Ptr= new data type;
Delete Ptr;Delete Ptr;
Ptr is pointer and data type is valid data typePtr is pointer and data type is valid data type
The difference between NEW and malloc function is thatThe difference between NEW and malloc function is that
NEW automatically calculates the size of operand , dos notNEW automatically calculates the size of operand , dos not
use size of operator and NEW does not require an explicituse size of operator and NEW does not require an explicit
type cast.type cast.
Versions of NEW and DELETEVersions of NEW and DELETE
in c++ NEW and DELTE should be used like malloc and free toin c++ NEW and DELTE should be used like malloc and free to
ensure the proper calling of constuctor and destructor for theensure the proper calling of constuctor and destructor for the
classes.classes.
Both have two versionsBoth have two versions
1.1. NEW and DeleteNEW and Delete
2.2. NEW[] and DELETE []NEW[] and DELETE []
First two are for pointers to single objects, and last two forFirst two are for pointers to single objects, and last two for
arrays of objects.arrays of objects.
51. Difference between static andDifference between static and
dynamic memory allocationdynamic memory allocation
Static memory allocation Dynamic memory allocation
Static memory is allocated automatically
by compiler when definition statements
are encountered.
Dynamic memory is allocated only when
there is explicit call to malloc, calloc or
realloc function.
To make static memory allocation , the
amount of the memory space to be
reserved should be known at the run time.
Amount of memory to be reserved can be
given at the run time.
In static memory allocation sometimes
memory wastage occurs because memory
is already known and it can not change.
Memory wastage is avoided due to
memory allocation occur at run time.
Memory allocated at the compile time has
static lifetime.
Memory allocated at run time has
dynamic lifetime.
Its is faster it is slower
52. Meta classMeta class
aa meta classmeta class is ais a classclass whose instances are classes.whose instances are classes.
Just as an ordinary class defines the behavior ofJust as an ordinary class defines the behavior of
certain objects, a meta class defines the behavior ofcertain objects, a meta class defines the behavior of
certain classes and their instances.certain classes and their instances.
a meta class is defines as class of the class.a meta class is defines as class of the class.
A meta class hold the attributes and function whichA meta class hold the attributes and function which
will appli to the class itself therefore it is class ofwill appli to the class itself therefore it is class of
class.class.
53. Friend functionFriend function
C++ allows a way through which a function canC++ allows a way through which a function can
access the private data of a class.access the private data of a class.
Such a function need not be a class member, it maySuch a function need not be a class member, it may
be member function of another class or may be nonbe member function of another class or may be non
member function.member function.
This function is called FRIEND FUNCTION. TheThis function is called FRIEND FUNCTION. The
declaration should be preceded by keyworddeclaration should be preceded by keyword
FRIEND.FRIEND.
54. Class PQrClass PQr
{{
Private:Private:
………………
Public:Public:
…………
…………
Friend void abc();Friend void abc();
};};
The function is definedThe function is defined
elsewhere in the program likeelsewhere in the program like
normal function.normal function.
Function definition does not useFunction definition does not use
either keyword FRIEND oreither keyword FRIEND or
scope operator.scope operator.
Functions that are declared withFunctions that are declared with
FRIEND keyword are known asFRIEND keyword are known as
friend functions.friend functions.
55. A function can declared as friend in number of class.A function can declared as friend in number of class.
A friend function has full access right to access theA friend function has full access right to access the
private members of class.private members of class.
Member function of one class can be friend ofMember function of one class can be friend of
another class.another class.
56. CharacteristicsCharacteristics
It is not in the scope of the class in which it has beenIt is not in the scope of the class in which it has been
declared as friend.declared as friend.
it is not in the scope of class so it cannot be calledit is not in the scope of class so it cannot be called
using object of that class.using object of that class.
It can be invoked like normal function ,withoutIt can be invoked like normal function ,without
object.object.
57. It can be declared either in public or private part withIt can be declared either in public or private part with
out affecting its meaning.out affecting its meaning.
Usually, it has the objects as arguments.Usually, it has the objects as arguments.
Unlike member function, it cannot access the memberUnlike member function, it cannot access the member
names directly and has to use an object name and dotnames directly and has to use an object name and dot
membership operator with each name. likemembership operator with each name. like
A.hA.h
58. Friend FunctionFriend Function
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=A.real + B.real;temp.real=A.real + B.real;
temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= sum (X,Y);Z= sum (X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
59. Friend FunctionFriend Function
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=A.real + B.real;temp.real=A.real + B.real;
temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= sum (X,Y);Z= sum (X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
X Y Z
60. Friend FunctionFriend Function
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=A.real + B.real;temp.real=A.real + B.real;
temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= sum (X,Y);Z= sum (X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
X Y Z
61. Friend FunctionFriend Function
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=A.real + B.real;temp.real=A.real + B.real;
temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= sum (X,Y);Z= sum (X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
X Y Z
7
8
B
5
6
A
62. Friend FunctionFriend Function
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=A.real + B.real;temp.real=A.real + B.real;
temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= sum (X,Y);Z= sum (X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
X Y Z
7
8
B
5
6
A
+
+
=
=
temp
63. Friend FunctionFriend Function
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=A.real + B.real;temp.real=A.real + B.real;
temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= sum (X,Y);Z= sum (X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
X Y Z
7
8
B
5
6
A
12
14
+
+
=
=
temp
64. Friend FunctionFriend Function
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=A.real + B.real;temp.real=A.real + B.real;
temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= sum (X,Y);Z= sum (X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
5
6
7
8
12
14
X Y Z
7
8
B
5
6
A
12
14
+
+
=
=
temp
65. Friend FunctionFriend Function
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
class Complexclass Complex
{{
float real, imag;float real, imag;
public:public:
void getdata( );void getdata( );
void putdata( );void putdata( );
friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);friend Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B);
};};
void Complex : : getdata( )void Complex : : getdata( )
{{
cout<<“enter real part:”;cout<<“enter real part:”;
cin>>real;cin>>real;
cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;cout<<“enter imaginary part:”;
cin>>imag;cin>>imag;
}}
void Complex : : putdata( )void Complex : : putdata( )
{{
if (imag>=0)if (imag>=0)
cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<“+”<<imag<<“i”;
elseelse
cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;cout<<real<<imag<<“i”;
}}
Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)Complex sum (Complex A, Complex B)
{{
Complex temp;Complex temp;
temp.real=A.real + B.real;temp.real=A.real + B.real;
temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;temp.imag= A.imag + B.imag;
return temp;return temp;
}}
void main ( )void main ( )
{{
Complex X, Y, Z;Complex X, Y, Z;
X.Getdata( );X.Getdata( );
Y. getdata( );Y. getdata( );
Z= sum (X,Y);Z= sum (X,Y);
Z.putdata( );Z.putdata( );
}}
12 + 14 i12 + 14 i
5
6
7
8
12
14
X Y Z
7
8
B
5
6
A
12
14
+
+
=
=
temp
66. We can also declare all the member functions of oneWe can also declare all the member functions of one
class as the friend functions of another class. In thisclass as the friend functions of another class. In this
case the first class is known as FRIEND class.case the first class is known as FRIEND class.
This can be specified as follows :-This can be specified as follows :-
Class zClass z
{{
……………………....
…………
Friend class x;Friend class x;
};};
67. A function friend in two classesA function friend in two classes
Void max(XYZ m,ABC n)Void max(XYZ m,ABC n)
{{
If(m.x>=n.a)If(m.x>=n.a)
Cout<<m.x;Cout<<m.x;
ElseElse
Cout<<n.a;Cout<<n.a;
}}
Int main ()Int main ()
{{
ABC abc;ABC abc;
abc..setvalue(10);abc..setvalue(10);
XYZ xyz;XYZ xyz;
Xyz.setvalue(20);Xyz.setvalue(20);
max(xyz,abc);max(xyz,abc);
Return 0;Return 0;
}}
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
Class ABC;Class ABC;
Class XYZClass XYZ
{ int x;{ int x;
Public:Public:
Void setvalue(int i)Void setvalue(int i)
{ x=i ; }{ x=i ; }
Friend void max(XYZ,ABC);Friend void max(XYZ,ABC);
};};
Class ABCClass ABC
{{ int a;int a;
Public:Public:
void setvalue(int i)void setvalue(int i)
{{ a=i ;}a=i ;}
Friend void max(XYZ,ABC);Friend void max(XYZ,ABC);
};};
68. Pass by referencePass by reference
#include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
Class class_2;Class class_2;
Class class_1Class class_1
{{ int value1;int value1;
Public:Public:
void indata(int a)void indata(int a)
{{ value1=a;value1=a; }}
Void display()Void display()
{{ cout<<value1<<“n”;cout<<value1<<“n”; }}
Friend void exchange(class_1 &,Friend void exchange(class_1 &,
class_2 &);class_2 &);
};};
Class class_2Class class_2
{{ int value2;int value2;
public:public:
void indata( int a)void indata( int a)
{{ value2=a;value2=a; }}
Void display()Void display()
{{ cout<<value2<<“n”;cout<<value2<<“n”; }}
Friend void exchange(class_1Friend void exchange(class_1
&,class_2 &);&,class_2 &);
};};
Contd…
70. Define a class tour in C++ with theDefine a class tour in C++ with the
description given below:description given below:
Private members:Private members:
tcodetcode of type stringof type string
NoofadultsNoofadults of type integerof type integer
NoofkidsNoofkids of type integerof type integer
KilometersKilometers of type integerof type integer
TotalfareTotalfare of type floatof type float
Public members:Public members:
A constructor to assign initial values as follows:A constructor to assign initial values as follows:
Tcode with the word “NULL”Tcode with the word “NULL”
Noofadults as 0Noofadults as 0
Noofkids as 0Noofkids as 0
Kilometers as 0Kilometers as 0
Totalfare as 0Totalfare as 0
A function assignfare( ) which calculates and assigns the value of data member totalfare as follows:A function assignfare( ) which calculates and assigns the value of data member totalfare as follows:
for each adultfor each adult
Fare (Rs.)Fare (Rs.) For KilometersFor Kilometers
500500 >=1000>=1000
300300 < 1000 & >= 500< 1000 & >= 500
200200 < 500< 500
for each kid the above fare will be 50% of the fare mentioned in the above table for example:for each kid the above fare will be 50% of the fare mentioned in the above table for example:
if kilometers is 850, noofadults =2 and noofkids = 3if kilometers is 850, noofadults =2 and noofkids = 3
then totalfare should be calculated asthen totalfare should be calculated as
noofadults * 300 + noofkids * 150noofadults * 300 + noofkids * 150
I.e. 2 * 300 + 3 * 150 = 1050I.e. 2 * 300 + 3 * 150 = 1050
A function entertour( ) to imput the values of the data members tcode, noofadults, noofkids andA function entertour( ) to imput the values of the data members tcode, noofadults, noofkids and
kilometers and invoke assignfare( ) function.kilometers and invoke assignfare( ) function.
A function showtour ( ) which displays the contents of all the data members for a tour.`````A function showtour ( ) which displays the contents of all the data members for a tour.`````
72. Define a class HOUSING in C++Define a class HOUSING in C++
with the following descriptions:with the following descriptions:
(4)(4) private members:private members:
REG_NOREG_NO integer (ranges 10-1000)integer (ranges 10-1000)
NAMENAME array of characters (string)array of characters (string)
TYPETYPE charactercharacter
COSTCOST floatfloat
Public members:Public members:
function read_data( ) to read an object of HOUSING type.function read_data( ) to read an object of HOUSING type.
Function display ( ) to display the details of an object.Function display ( ) to display the details of an object.
Function draw_nos( ) to choose and display the details of 2Function draw_nos( ) to choose and display the details of 2
houses selected randomly from an array of 10 objects of typehouses selected randomly from an array of 10 objects of type
HOUSING. Use random function to generate the registrationHOUSING. Use random function to generate the registration
nos. to match with REG_NO from the array.nos. to match with REG_NO from the array.
75. functionfunction
Void show();Void show(); function declarationfunction declaration
Main()Main()
{{
Show();Show(); function callfunction call
}}
Void show()Void show() function definitionfunction definition
{{
……………………
……………… function bodyfunction body
}}
76. Function prototypeFunction prototype
Introduce first in c++.Introduce first in c++.
Prototype describe the function interface ti the compilerPrototype describe the function interface ti the compiler
by giving details (number and type of arguments andby giving details (number and type of arguments and
return type)..return type)..
Type function name (arguments list). ;Type function name (arguments list). ;
Ex:-Ex:-
float add(int k,int g);float add(int k,int g);
float add(int k,g); illegalfloat add(int k,g); illegal
float add (int ,int){name of the argumentsfloat add (int ,int){name of the arguments
are optional}are optional}
77. In function definition arguments names are requiredIn function definition arguments names are required
because the arguments must be refereced inside thebecause the arguments must be refereced inside the
function ex:-function ex:-
Float volume(int a,float b,float c);Float volume(int a,float b,float c);
{{
Float v=a * b * c;Float v=a * b * c;
}}
The function calling should not include type names in theThe function calling should not include type names in the
argument list.argument list.
78. Call by referenceCall by reference
When we pass arguments by reference then the argumentWhen we pass arguments by reference then the argument
in the called function become alias to the actual argumentsin the called function become alias to the actual arguments
in the calling function .in the calling function .
When function is working its own arguments, its worksWhen function is working its own arguments, its works
on the original arguments.on the original arguments.
In c++ this task is perform by making reference variableIn c++ this task is perform by making reference variable
to the actual arguments.to the actual arguments.
79. Call by value.Call by value.
When a function call passes arguments by value, theWhen a function call passes arguments by value, the
called function creates a new set of variable and copiescalled function creates a new set of variable and copies
the values of arguments into them, this process is knownthe values of arguments into them, this process is known
as call by value.as call by value.
Function does not have access to the actual variables inFunction does not have access to the actual variables in
the calling program and can work on the copies of values.the calling program and can work on the copies of values.
80. Inline functionInline function
Inline is a function that expanded in a line when it is invoked.Inline is a function that expanded in a line when it is invoked.
The compiler replaces the function call by its correspondingThe compiler replaces the function call by its corresponding
code.code.
Syntax:Syntax:
Inline return type function nameInline return type function name
{{
Function bodyFunction body
}}
81. Improve the execution speed.Improve the execution speed.
Reduces the memory requirement of function execution.Reduces the memory requirement of function execution.
All inline function must be defined before they called.All inline function must be defined before they called.
The speed benefits of inline function diminish as theThe speed benefits of inline function diminish as the
function grows in size.function grows in size.
A function definition in a class definition is an inlineA function definition in a class definition is an inline
function definition, even without the use of thefunction definition, even without the use of the inlineinline
specifier.specifier.
82. Where inline may not workWhere inline may not work
For functions returning values , if a loop, switch, gotoFor functions returning values , if a loop, switch, goto
statements.statements.
Functions not returning values, if return exists.Functions not returning values, if return exists.
If function contain static variables.If function contain static variables.
If inline functions are recursiveIf inline functions are recursive
When function call becomes small compare to functionWhen function call becomes small compare to function
execution.execution.
84. Default argumentsDefault arguments
A default argument is a value given in the functionA default argument is a value given in the function
declaration that the compiler automatically inserts if thedeclaration that the compiler automatically inserts if the
caller does not provide a value for that argument in thecaller does not provide a value for that argument in the
function call.function call.
Syntax:Syntax:
return_type f(…, type x = default_value,…);
85. Default argumentsDefault arguments
Default values are specified when the function is declared.Default values are specified when the function is declared.
We must add default values from right to left ,we can notWe must add default values from right to left ,we can not
provide a default value to a particular arguments in theprovide a default value to a particular arguments in the
middle of argument list.middle of argument list.
Default arguments are useful in situations where someDefault arguments are useful in situations where some
arguments always have the same value.arguments always have the same value.
86. Default ArgumentsDefault Arguments
(Examples)(Examples)
doubledouble powpow((doubledouble x,x, intint n=2)n=2)
// computes and returns x// computes and returns xnn
The default value of the 2nd
argument is 2.
This means that if the programmer calls pow(x), the
compiler will replace that call with pow(x,2), returning
x2
87. Default ArgumentsDefault Arguments
(Rules)(Rules)
Once an argument has a default value, all the argumentsOnce an argument has a default value, all the arguments
after it must have default values.after it must have default values.
Once an argument is defaulted in a function call, all theOnce an argument is defaulted in a function call, all the
remaining arguments must be defaulted.remaining arguments must be defaulted.
int f(int x, int y=0, int n)
// illegal
int f(int x, int y=0, int n=1)
// legal
88. Examples:-Examples:-
Int mul(int I,int j=6,int l=9); legalInt mul(int I,int j=6,int l=9); legal
Int mul(int I,int j=6,int l); illegalInt mul(int I,int j=6,int l); illegal
Int mul(int I=0,int j,int l=9); illegalInt mul(int I=0,int j,int l=9); illegal
Int mul(int I=0,int j=6,int l=9); legalInt mul(int I=0,int j=6,int l=9); legal
Advantages:-Advantages:-
We can default arguments to add new parameters to theWe can default arguments to add new parameters to the
existing functions.existing functions.
Default arguments can be used to combine similarDefault arguments can be used to combine similar
functions into one.functions into one.
89. Function overloadingFunction overloading
When using more than one functions with same name andWhen using more than one functions with same name and
with different arguments in a program is known aswith different arguments in a program is known as
function overloading or function polymorphism.function overloading or function polymorphism.
Function overloading is part of polymorphism.Function overloading is part of polymorphism.
90. Function overloadingFunction overloading
Function would perform different operations dependingFunction would perform different operations depending
on the argument list in function call.on the argument list in function call.
Correct function to be invoked is determined by checkingCorrect function to be invoked is determined by checking
the number and type of arguments but not on return typethe number and type of arguments but not on return type
of function.of function.
Examples;-Examples;-
Int area(int,int);Int area(int,int);
Int area(int ,float);Int area(int ,float);
91. Function overloadingFunction overloading
Examples :-Examples :-
Int add(int a, int b);Int add(int a, int b);
Int add(int a, int b, int c);Int add(int a, int b, int c);
Double add(double x, double y);Double add(double x, double y);
Double add(int p ,double q);Double add(int p ,double q);
Double add(double p, int q);Double add(double p, int q);
Function callsFunction calls
Add(5,19);Add(5,19);
Add(16,7.9);Add(16,7.9); Add(12.4,3.5);Add(12.4,3.5);
Add (4,12,23);Add (4,12,23); Add(3.4,7)Add(3.4,7)
Function prototype 1
Function prototype 2
Function prototype 3
Function prototype4
Function prototype 5
92. Function overloadingFunction overloading
A function call first match the prototype having the sameA function call first match the prototype having the same
number and type of actual arguments and then calls thenumber and type of actual arguments and then calls the
appropriate function for execution…appropriate function for execution…
93. Function overloadingFunction overloading
A function match includes following steps:-A function match includes following steps:-
1.1. Compiler first try to find exact match in which the typesCompiler first try to find exact match in which the types
of actual arguments are the same.of actual arguments are the same.
2.2. If exact match not found, compiler uses the integralIf exact match not found, compiler uses the integral
promotions to the actual arguments like char to int, floatpromotions to the actual arguments like char to int, float
to double.to double.
94. Function overloadingFunction overloading
3.3. When either of them fail then compiler uses built inWhen either of them fail then compiler uses built in
conversion to the actual arguments and then uses theconversion to the actual arguments and then uses the
function whose match is unique.function whose match is unique.
4.4. If all of the steps fail then the compiler will try userIf all of the steps fail then the compiler will try user
defined conversions in combination with integraldefined conversions in combination with integral
promotions and built in conversions to find a uniquepromotions and built in conversions to find a unique
match.match.
96. ConstructorConstructor
It is a member function which initializes theIt is a member function which initializes the
objects of its class.objects of its class.
A constructor has:A constructor has:
(i) the same name as the class itself(i) the same name as the class itself
(ii) no return type(ii) no return type ,not even void.,not even void.
It constructs the values of data member soIt constructs the values of data member so
that it is called constructor.that it is called constructor.
97. A constructor isA constructor is called automaticallycalled automatically
whenever a new object of a class iswhenever a new object of a class is
created.created.
You mustYou must supply the argumentssupply the arguments to theto the
constructor when a new object is created.constructor when a new object is created.
If you do not specify a constructor, theIf you do not specify a constructor, the
compiler generates a default constructorcompiler generates a default constructor
for you (expects no parameters and hasfor you (expects no parameters and has
an empty body).an empty body).
98. void main()void main()
{{
rectangle rc(3.0, 2.0);rectangle rc(3.0, 2.0);
rc.posn(100, 100);rc.posn(100, 100);
rc.draw();rc.draw();
rc.move(50, 50);rc.move(50, 50);
rc.draw();rc.draw();
}}
WarningWarning: attempting to initialize a data: attempting to initialize a data
member of a class explicitly in the classmember of a class explicitly in the class
definition is a syntax error.definition is a syntax error.
99. Declaration and definationDeclaration and defination
Class complexClass complex
{{
Int m,n;Int m,n;
Public:Public:
complex();complex();
};};
complex :: complex ()complex :: complex ()
{{
m=0;n=0;m=0;n=0;
}}
100. A constructor that accepts no parameters isA constructor that accepts no parameters is
called default constructor.called default constructor.
101. characteristicscharacteristics
1.1. They should be declared in public section.They should be declared in public section.
2.2. Invoked automatically when class objects areInvoked automatically when class objects are
created.created.
3.3. They do not have return types, not even voidThey do not have return types, not even void
and they can't return any value.and they can't return any value.
4.4. They cannot be inherited,though a derivedThey cannot be inherited,though a derived
class can call the base class constructors.class can call the base class constructors.
102. 5. They also default arguments like other5. They also default arguments like other
functions.functions.
6. They implicitly call the NEW and DELETE6. They implicitly call the NEW and DELETE
operators when memory allocation is required.operators when memory allocation is required.
7. Constructors can not be virtual.7. Constructors can not be virtual.
103. Parameterized constructorsParameterized constructors
The constructors that can take arguments areThe constructors that can take arguments are
called parameterized constructors.called parameterized constructors.
It is used when we assign different value toIt is used when we assign different value to
the data member for different object.the data member for different object.
We must pass the initial values as argumentsWe must pass the initial values as arguments
to the constructors when an object isto the constructors when an object is
declared.declared.
104. This can be done in two ways:-This can be done in two ways:-
ByBy calling the constructors implicitlycalling the constructors implicitly
Class_name object(arguments);Class_name object(arguments);
Ex:- simple s(3,67);Ex:- simple s(3,67);
This method also known as shorthand.This method also known as shorthand.
ByBy calling the constructors explicitlycalling the constructors explicitly
Class_name object =constructor(arguments);Class_name object =constructor(arguments);
Ex:- simple s=simple(2,67);Ex:- simple s=simple(2,67);
This statement create object s and passes the values 2This statement create object s and passes the values 2
and 67 to it.and 67 to it.
106. Notes:-Notes:-
A constructor function canA constructor function can
also be defined as INLINEalso be defined as INLINE
function.function.
Class integerClass integer
{{ int m,n;int m,n;
public:public:
integer (int x,int y)integer (int x,int y)
{{ m=x;m=x;
n=y;n=y;
}};}};
Parameters of aParameters of a
constructor can be of anyconstructor can be of any
type except that of thetype except that of the
class to which it belongs.class to which it belongs.
Class AClass A
{{
………………..
…………..
Public:Public:
A(A);A(A);
};}; is illegalis illegal
107. A class can accept aA class can accept a
reference of its own classreference of its own class
as parameter.as parameter.
Class AClass A
{{
………………
…………………………
Public:Public:
A(A&);A(A&);
};};
is validis valid
In this case theIn this case the
constructor is called asconstructor is called as
copy constructor.copy constructor.
108. Copy constructorCopy constructor
When a class reference is passed as parametersWhen a class reference is passed as parameters
in constructor then that constructor is calledin constructor then that constructor is called
copy constructor.copy constructor.
A copy constructor is used to declare andA copy constructor is used to declare and
initialize an object from another object.initialize an object from another object.
Synatx:-Synatx:-
Constructor _name (class_name & object);Constructor _name (class_name & object);
Integer (integer &i);Integer (integer &i);
109. Integer i2(i1);/integer i2=i1;Integer i2(i1);/integer i2=i1;
Define object i2 and initialize it with i1.Define object i2 and initialize it with i1.
The process of initialization object through copyThe process of initialization object through copy
constructor is known as copy initialization.constructor is known as copy initialization.
A copy constructor takes a reference to an objectA copy constructor takes a reference to an object
of the same class as itself as argument.of the same class as itself as argument.
111. Dynamic constructorsDynamic constructors
Constructors can also be used to allocateConstructors can also be used to allocate
memory while creating objects.memory while creating objects.
This will allocate the right amount for eachThis will allocate the right amount for each
object when the objects are not of the sameobject when the objects are not of the same
size.size.
Allocation of memory to objects at the time ofAllocation of memory to objects at the time of
their construction is known as dynamictheir construction is known as dynamic
construction is known as “dynamicconstruction is known as “dynamic
construction of objects”.construction of objects”.
The memory is allocated by NEW operator.The memory is allocated by NEW operator.
113. Constructor overloadingConstructor overloading
{multiple constructor in a class}{multiple constructor in a class}
When more than one function is defined in a class ,When more than one function is defined in a class ,
is known as constructor overloading.is known as constructor overloading.
Example:-Example:-
Class integerClass integer
{{ int m,n;int m,n;
public:public:
integer()integer()
{{ m=0;m=0; n=0;n=0; }}
Integer (int a,int b)Integer (int a,int b)
{{ m=a;n=bm=a;n=b }}
Integer(integer&i)Integer(integer&i)
{{ m=i.m;m=i.m;
n=i.n;n=i.n; }};}};
115. Constructors are also define with defaultConstructors are also define with default
argumentsarguments
Complex (float real ,float imag=0);Complex (float real ,float imag=0);
It will invoke by following way complex c(5),It will invoke by following way complex c(5),
this statement assign 5 to real and the defaultthis statement assign 5 to real and the default
value already assigned to imag.value already assigned to imag.
We can also invoke it like complex(5,3.4),it willWe can also invoke it like complex(5,3.4),it will
assign values both real and imag meansassign values both real and imag means
overwrite the new value to imag value.overwrite the new value to imag value.
116. Dynamic initialization of objectsDynamic initialization of objects
Objects can be initialized dynamically,initialObjects can be initialized dynamically,initial
value of objects are provided during runvalue of objects are provided during run
time.time.
Advantage of it we can provide variousAdvantage of it we can provide various
initialization formats by constructorinitialization formats by constructor
overloading.overloading.
117. #include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
Class fixed_depositClass fixed_deposit
{{
long int pamount;long int pamount;
int y;int y;
float r;float r;
float rvalue;float rvalue;
Public:Public:
fixed_deposit() { }fixed_deposit() { }
fixed_deposit(long int p,int y1,float r1=0.2);fixed_deposit(long int p,int y1,float r1=0.2);
fixed_deposit(long int p,int y1, int r1);fixed_deposit(long int p,int y1, int r1);
void display();void display();
};};
Fixed_deposit :: fixed_deposit(long int p,int y1,Fixed_deposit :: fixed_deposit(long int p,int y1,
float r1)float r1)
{{ pamount =p;pamount =p;
y=y1;y=y1;
r=r1;r=r1;
rvalue=(pamount*y*r)rvalue=(pamount*y*r) ;;
Rvalue=rvalue/100;Rvalue=rvalue/100;
}}
Fixed_deposit :: fixed_deposit(long int p, intFixed_deposit :: fixed_deposit(long int p, int
y1,int r1)y1,int r1)
{{ pamount=p;pamount=p;
y=y1;y=y1;
r=r1;r=r1;
rvalue=pamount;rvalue=pamount;
for(int i=1;i<=y1;i++)for(int i=1;i<=y1;i++)
rvalue =rvalue*(1+float(r)/100);}rvalue =rvalue*(1+float(r)/100);}
Void fixed_deposit :: display()Void fixed_deposit :: display()
{{
cout<<“n”cout<<“n”
<< “pricipal amount”<<pamount<<“n”<< “pricipal amount”<<pamount<<“n”
<<“return value”<<rvalue<<“n”;<<“return value”<<rvalue<<“n”;
}}
Int main()Int main()
{{
fixed_deposit fd1,fd2,fd3;fixed_deposit fd1,fd2,fd3;
long int p;int y1; float r; int R;long int p;int y1; float r; int R;
Cout<<“enter amount,period,intrest rate inCout<<“enter amount,period,intrest rate in
percent”<<“n”;percent”<<“n”;
Cin>>p>>y>>R;Cin>>p>>y>>R;
Fd1=fixed_deposit(p,y,R);Fd1=fixed_deposit(p,y,R);
119. DestructorsDestructors
A destructor is used to destroy the objects thatA destructor is used to destroy the objects that
have been created by constructor.have been created by constructor.
It is also a member function of class whoseIt is also a member function of class whose
name same as class name but preceded by tiledname same as class name but preceded by tiled
sign(~).sign(~).
It never takes any arguments nor return anyIt never takes any arguments nor return any
value.value.
It will be invoked implicitly by the compilerIt will be invoked implicitly by the compiler
upon exit from the program to clean up theupon exit from the program to clean up the
storage which is allocatedstorage which is allocated
120. The new operator is used in constructor toThe new operator is used in constructor to
allocate memory and delete is used to free inallocate memory and delete is used to free in
destructors.destructors.
Expl:-Expl:- ~assign()~assign()
{{
Delete p;Delete p;
}}
121. #include<iostream.h>#include<iostream.h>
Int count =0;Int count =0;
Class tryClass try
{{ public:public:
try()try()
{{
count++;count++;
Cout<<“no of objects created”<<count;Cout<<“no of objects created”<<count;
}}
~try()~try()
{{
cout<<“no of object destroyed”<<count;cout<<“no of object destroyed”<<count;
Count- -;Count- -;
}};}};
int main()int main()
{{
cout<< “enter main”;cout<< “enter main”;
try t1,t2,t3,t4;try t1,t2,t3,t4;
{{
cout<<“block1”;cout<<“block1”;
try t5;try t5;
}}
{{
cout<<“block 2”;cout<<“block 2”;
try t6;try t6;
}}
cout<<“again in main”;cout<<“again in main”;
Return 0;Return 0;
}}