Ccna

CCNA COURSE
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK
ASSOCIATE

PREFACE
CCNA is the popular certification course by CISCO. CISCO is the most popular company in
manufacturing and selling networking equipment globally.They conduct an exam named that
consists of one hundred twenty questions. If you pass the exam, you can become CCNA certified. It is
an InformationTechnology Certification Course.This course certifies your skills in network
fundamentals, network access, IP connectivity, IP services, security fundamentals, automation, and
programmability.This course is an associate-level course developed for network engineers.
1.CCNA Routing and Switching
2.CCNA Cyber Ops
3.CCNA Wireless
4.CCNA Cloud
5.CCNA Data Center
6.CCNA Security
7.CCNA Collaboration
8.CCNA Industrial
9.CCNA Service Provider
CCNP

Course CCNA
Full form CISCO Certified Network Associate
Duration of Certification 3 Years
Fee Structure 150 USD to 350 USD
Course Type Certification
Starting salary offered 4.5 Lacs to 8 Lacs Per Annum
Employment opportunities
Network Administrator
Network Engineer
Network and Support Technician
System Engineer
Network Designer
Network Planner
Network Implementer
Network Optimizer
Network Support Executive
Security Specialist
Security Administrator
Support Engineer

Top Recruiters of CCNA Certified Professionals
1.TATA Consultancy Services
2.Reliance Communications
3.JIO Communications
4.Orient Technologies
5.HCL Technologies
6.Dimension Data
7.Tech Mahindra
8.Bharti Airtel
9.Vodafone
10.Wipro

1. BASIC NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
2. LAYER 2 & LAYER 3 SWITCHES EXPLANATION
3. ROUTERS & CISCO ROUTERS EXPLAINED
4. WAN & SOHO FULL BRIEFLY EXPLAINED
5. TYPES OF CABLES (TWISTED, COAXIAL & FIBER)
6. CABLE ISSUES (COLLISIONS, ERRORS & SPEED)
7. TCP & UDP FULL INFORMATION
8. IPV4 FULL ROCKET SCIENCE
9. IPV6 FULL ROCKET SCIENCE
10. SUBNETTING FULL ROCKET SCIENCE
11. UNICAST, MULTICAST, ANYCAST & BROADCAST
12. WIRELESS TERMS (SSID, CHANNEL & ENCRYPTION)
13. VIRTUALIZATION FUNDAMENTALS (VIRTUAL MACHINES)
14. WLAN FULL CONCEPTS EXPLAINED
15. VLAN FULL CONCEPTS EXPLAINED
TOPICS

16. OSI MODEL WITH ALL LAYERS
17. ACCESS POINTS WITH CONFIGURATIONS
18. WLC WITH FULL CONFIGURATION
19. PORTS FULL INFORMATION
20. CLOUD SERVICES BRIEF EXPLANATION
21. ROUTING WITH ROUTING TABLES CONCEPTS
22. FTP & TFTP FUNCTIONS & CAPABILITIES
23. SYSLOG SERVER WITH ALL FEATURES
24. SSH & TELNET WITH CONFIGURATION
25. UNDERSTANDING NETWORK SECURITY CONCEPTS
26. DNS & DHCP SERVICES WITH CONFIGURATION
27. DEFERNITE AUTHORIZATION & AUTHENTICATION
28. AUTOMATION & PROGRAMMING IN CCNA
29. REST BASED APIS (CRUD & DATA ENCODING)
30. DESIGNING AN INFRA USING ALL CONCEPTUAL SCENARIOS
TOPICS

WHAT IS NETWORK
?
A network consists of two or more computers
that are linked in order to share resources (such
as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow
electronic communications.
The computers on a network may be
linked through cables, telephone lines,
radio waves, satellites, or infrared light
beams.

Networking, also known as computer
networking, is the practice of
transporting and exchanging data
between nodes over a shared medium
in an information system. Networking
comprises not only the design,
construction and use of a network, but
also the management, maintenance
and operation of the network
infrastructure, software and policies.
What is Networking ?

BASIC TYPES OF NETWORKS
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Personal Area Network (PAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
4. Wide Area Network (WAN)
5. Campus Area Network (CAN)

LOCAL AREA NETWORK
(LAN)
A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually within an office building or
home.
LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or
hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users
• • Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred
meters, and no more than a mile
Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting
to each device
Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or
fibre optic cable can be used in wired LAN’s.

PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
(PAN)
A PAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually home.
PAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or
hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users
• • Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred
meters
Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting
to each device
Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or
fibre optic cable can be used in wired LAN’s.

CAMPUS AREA NETWORK
(CAN)
 A campus area network (CAN) is a network of multiple
interconnected local area networks (LAN) in a limited
geographical area. A CAN is smaller than a wide area network
(WAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN).
 A CAN is also known as a corporate area network (CAN).
 CAN benefits are as follows:
Cost-effective
Wireless, versus cable
Multidepartmental network access

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
(MAN)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network
that usually spans a city or a large campus.
A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN,
ranging
from several blocks of buildings to entire cities.
A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization,
but it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations.
A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of
regional
resources.
A MAN typically covers an area of between 5 and 50 km diameter.
Examples of MAN: Telephone company network that provides a high
speed DSL to customers and cable TV network.

WIDE AREA NETWORK
(WAN)
WAN covers a large geographic area such as country, continent
or even whole of the world.
A WAN is two or more LANs connected together. The LANs
can
be many miles apart.
To cover great distances, WANs may transmit data over
leased high-speed phone lines or wireless links such as
satellites.
Multiple LANs can be connected together using devices such
as bridges, routers, or gateways, which enable them to share
data.
The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.

T
OPOLOGY
• Topology refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.
• Here, some logical layout of topology.
• Mesh
• Star
• Ring
• Line
• Bus
• Tree
• Hybrid

HYBRID TOPOLOGY
• A network which contain all type of physical structure and connected under a single backbone channel.

INTRODUCTION
• To connect LANs, connecting devices are needed and
various connecting devices are such as bridge,
switch, router, hub, repeater.
• Types of Networking Devices :-
1. NIC Card
2. Repeater
3. Hub
4. Bridge
5. Switch
6. Gateway
7. Router
8. Modem

NIC OR NETWORK
CARD
It stands for Network Interface Controller. NIC used to connect the
ethernet cable (RJ-45 Connector) with the PC. It is a Card which have
Mac Address written on it.
Components of NIC :-
1. Metal Expansion Card
2. Boot ROM Chip
3. 32 bit PCI Controller
4. Activity LED
5. RJ-45 LAN Port

REPEATER
S Repeater used to regenerate or replicate a signal. It removes the unwanted
noise in an incoming signal, it works on Layer 1 of OSI Model
It is used in some scaled area and it refine the signals and
manage the proper speed of the network

HUB
It is a Networking Device which simply receive data from one port and transfer on all the other ports. HUBs
are commonly used to connect segments of LAN. Hub Works on Physical layer of OSI Model
It used in where you have to
create multiple ethernet with the
help of a nnetworking device. It
comes with different port
segment like 6,12 & 24

Bridg
e
Bridge Devices inspect incoming network traffic and determine whether to
forward or discard it according to its intended destination it operates on data
link layer
A bridge is a type of computer
network device that provides
interconnection with
other bridge networks that use the same
protocol.

Switc
h
A Switch can recieve input or signal from any of one port and transmit it on all
the ports. Ethernet LAN is used to connect to a switch that correct system. It
works on Data link layer of OSI Model
It is a small device that transfers data
packets between multiple
network devices such as computers,
routers, servers or other switches

Gatew
ay
Gateway Connects two networks together with the help of gateway devices
like firewire & router. It is a node between the public network and private
network which makes some security with the help of identification
A gateway is a networking device that
connects two networks using different
protocols together. it also acts as a
“gate” between two networks.

Router
Router is a networking device which is used to provide interaction between
two different networks. Router are also used for provide the routes to the data
and devices that are connected in network. Router are used to establish
internetwork communication
A router inspects a given data packet's
destination Internet Protocol address (IP
address), and provide connection to the
nodes with the main network. It gives you
wired and wireless both connectivities.

”Modulator-Demodulator” A modem or broadband modem is a hardware
device that connects a computer or router to a broadband network. It converts
or "modulates" an analog signal from a telephone or cable wire to digital data
(1s and 0s) that a computer can recognize.
The main difference between the two
devices is that a modem lets you
connect to the internet, while
a router distributes that connection to
different devices. A modem is your
gateway to the web, while a router is a
central hub for your devices.
MODEM

Layer 2 Switching
 Send “frames” to destination on the basis of MAC address.
 Work with MAC address only
 Used to reduce traffic on local network..
Layer 3 Switching
 Packets are forwarded at Layer 3, just as a router would do.
 It also performs dynamic routing in the same way in which a router performs
 Mostly Used to implement VLAN (Virtual Local area network)

Routers & CISCO Routers Explained

Router
Working?
• Unicast, broadcast, telecast and anycast?
• Routing Tables?

Top 5 Types of Router
1. Wireless :- It is present in office, home or railway station, etc. It creates a wireless signal. Suppose
you are in office, we can connect to the internet using wireless signals because your laptop is within the
range. We can provide security to routers by entering user id and password. When we try to connect to
the router, it will ask for a password and UserId.
2. Wired Router :- Name itself defines its meaning. Wire is available to connect to the network. If we
visit a bank or small college or office, we can observe that PC or Laptop is connected to the internet
using Ethernet cable and that is the wired router. It has a separate Wi-Fi access point.

3. Edge Router :- It seats at the edge of the backbone of the network and can connect to the core
routers. It can be wired or wireless and will distribute internet data packets between one or more
networks.
4. Core Router :- It can forward IP packets at full speed on all of them. It will distribute internet data
packets within the network. But core will not distribute internet data packets between networks.
5. Virtual Router :- virtual routers are pieces of software that allow computers and servers to operate
like routers. They’ll share data packets just as physical routers do. They can offer more flexibility than
physical devices since they can be scaled as the business grows

WAN & SOHO Full Briefly Explained

What Is a WAN? Wide-Area
Network
In its simplest form, a wide-area network (WAN) is a collection of local-area networks (LANs) or other
networks that communicate with one another. A WAN is essentially a network of networks, with the
Internet the world's largest WAN.
• Packet switching
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Router
• ATM
• Frame Relay
• Multiprotocol Label Switching

What is SOHO network
SOHO networks are small LANs (Local Area Networks). Typically, SOHO networks consists of
less than 10 computers. Network service servers like DNS server, email server, web server etc.,
are typically configured outside SOHO network.
A SOHO network can be a small wired Ethernet LAN or made of both wired and wireless
computers.

What is SOHO Routers
A SOHO router is a broadband router built and marketed for small offices and home offices. Since
the workload for these types of businesses is primarily on the internet, they require a local area
network (LAN), which means their network hardware is structured specifically for that purpose. A
SOHO network can be a mixed network of wired and wireless computers. Since these types of
networks are meant for businesses, they may also include printers and sometimes voice over
IP (VoIP) and fax over IP technology.

Types of Cables (Twisted, Coaxial & Fiber)

WHAT IS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
?
In data communication,
• Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver.
• We use different types of cables or waves to transmit data.
• Data is transmitted normally through electrical or electromagnetic signals.

One of the earliest guided transmission media is twisted pair cables. A twisted pair cable
comprises of two separate insulated copper wires, which are twisted together and run in parallel.
The copper wires are typically 1mm in diameter.
Twisted-Pair Cable
Applications
•In telephone lines
•In DSL lines
•In LANs
Types
•Unshielded Twisted Pair ( UTP )
•Shielded Twisted Pair ( STP )

• Pair of unshielded wires wound around each other
• Pair of wires wound around each other placed inside a
protective foil wrap

What are RJ connectors?
RJ Connectors are a family of push-and-click connectors for twisted-pair wiring in
telephone and network wiring. RJ stands for Registered Jack. RJ types define
both a jack or receptacle (female) and a plug (male) type of connector.
The most common types of RJ connectors are as follows:
RJ-11 connector: A 4-wire or 6-wire telephone-type connector
RJ-45 connector: An 8-wire telephone-type connector
RJ-48 connector: An 8-wire telephone-type connector TP

Coaxial cable is commonly used by cable operators, telephone companies, and internet
providers around the world to convey data, video, and voice communications to customers. It
has also been used extensively within homes.
Co-axial Cable
Applications
•In analog telephone networks: carry about 10,000 voice signals.
•In digital telephone networks: data rate of 600 Mbps.
•In cable TV networks
•In traditional Ethernet LANs
•In MANs
Types
•RG – 59
•RG – 58
•RG – 11

• Has impedance of 75W and used in cable TV
• Has impedance of 50W and used in thin Ethernet
• Has impedance of 50W and used in thick Ethernet

BNC Connectors – Bayone Neil Concelman

A fiber optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmit signalsin the form of light. These
are not affected by electrical noise. Though fiber optic cables last longer, the installation cost is
high. Since these cables are di-electric, no spark hazards are present.
Optic Fiber Cable
Applications
•Used in telephone systems
•Used in sub-marine cable networks
•Used to link computer networks
•Used in CCTV surveillance cameras
•Used for connecting fire, police, and other emergency services.
Types
•Single-mode fiber − These are excited with laser.
•Multi-mode fiber − These are excited with LED.

• Has higher bandwidth costly and designed for short distance
• Has lower bandwidth fair cost and designed for long distance

Subscriber Channel
Straight Tip
Ferrule Connector

Cable issues (Collisions, Speed & Issues)

Collision?
Simplex Mode
Half-Duplex Mode
Full-Duplex
Mode

Speed
Causes of Less Speed
1. Long Distance Transmission
2. Poor Quality Conductor
3. Poor Contact with Source or Destination
4. Problem with Connector
5. Wire maybe not settled properly.
Measuring unit
Normally we measure speed of wire with MBPS & GBPS
according to their distance between source &
destination. Best example is from Optic Fiber 10BaseT
or 100BaseT.

1. Your cabling does not meet standards
Cable standard must be arranged systematic Electronic Industries Association (EIA) and the
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA).
2. The cables and connectors are not
compatible
Using different components from different manufacturers may cause compatibility issues that are sure to
affect your network’s performance.
3. The crimp cords are of poor quality
While Crimping the crimp tool does not get fit and stretch wire into the Connector as a result the
connector does not set on the wire properly.
4. The cables are not properly installed
Improper installation, whether it’s due to fast installation or irresponsible or less experienced person
installation.
Issues?

What is TCP?
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented protocol that computers use to communicate
over the internet. It is one of the main protocols in TCP/IP networks. TCP provides error-checking and
guarantees delivery of data and that packets will be delivered in the order they were sent.
What is UDP?
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless protocol that works just like TCP but assumes that error-
checking and recovery services are not required. Instead, UDP continuously sends datagrams to the recipient
whether they receive them or not.

Reliability
TCP is reliable. Data sent using a TCP protocol is
guaranteed to be delivered to the receiver. If data is lost in
transit it will recover the data and resend it.
UDP is unreliable, it does not provide guaranteed delivery
and a datagram packet may become corrupt or lost in
transit.
VS
Speed
TCP is slower than UDP because it has a lot more to do.
TCP has to establish a connection, error-check, and
guarantee that files are received in the order they were
sent.

Ordering
TCP does ordering and sequencing to guarantee that
packets sent from a server will be delivered to the client in
the same order they were sent. On the other hand, UDP
sends packets in any order.
Flow control
TCP uses a flow control mechanism that ensures a sender
is not overwhelming a receiver by sending too many
packets at once. UDP does not provide flow control. With
UDP, packets arrive in a continuous stream or they are
dropped.

Usage
TCP is best suited to be used for where timing is less of a concern.
•World Wide Web (HTTP, HTTPS)
•Secure Shell (SSH)
•File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
•Email (SMTP, IMAP/POP)
UDP is best for applications that require speed and efficiency.
•VPN tunneling
•Streaming videos
•Online games
•Live broadcasts
•Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Let’s Explore Protocols & Ports of TCP &
UDP

An Internet Protocol address is a
numerical label assigned to each
device connected to a computer
network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication. An IP
address serves two main functions:
host or network interface identification
and location addressing.
What is IP Address?

IP ADDRESSING IPV4
• An IP address basically a 32-bit address that uniquely universally
defines connection of host or a router to the Internet. IP address is
unique.
• Introduced by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).
• 32 bit is divided into 4 equal parts of 8-8 bits separated by dotted decimal
notation. It is in the range of minimum 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
• Each 8 bit group is known by OCTET.

VARIOUS IP CLASSES
IP has five different classes differentiated bycharacteristics.
◦ Class-A ranges from 0 to 127
◦ Class-B ranges from 128 to 191
◦ Class-C ranges from 192 to 223
◦ Class-D ranges from 224 to 239
◦ Class-E ranges from 240 to 255
First Octet is defines the class of particular IP e.g. - 128.11.3.31 is follow in class –B
127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 is a range of look back IP.

Class-A
This IP ranges from 0 to 126 Decimal value in first octet. And 1st octet defines
network part and remaining three octet defines the Host part. It patterns
like this NHHH (N-Network; H- Host).
First 8bits defines network and remaining 24 bits defines host parts. It has a
highest nos. of address 231.which
is about 16,277,216.
Lie between 10.1.1.1 to 126.255.255.255

Class B
This IP ranges from 128 to 191 Decimal value in first octet. And 1st two bit defines network
part and remaining two octet defines the Host part. It patterns like this NNHH (N-Network;
H-Host).
First 16 bits defines network and remaining 16 bits defines host parts.
It has a highest nos. of address 230.which is about 65,536.
IP ranges from 128.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255.

Class C
This IP ranges from 192 to 223 Decimal value in first octet. And 1st three bit defines
network part and remaining one octet defines the Host part. It patterns like this
NNNH (N-Network; H-Host).
First 24 bits defines network and remaining 8 bits defines host
parts. It has a highest nos. of address 229.which is about
53,68,70,912
IP ranges from 192.168.0.0 to 223.255.255.0.

Class-D
This IP ranges from 224 to 239 Decimal value in first octet.
It is not usually use in general applications.
It is use in Special purpose applications known as Multicast.

Class-E
This IP ranges from 240 to 255 Decimal value in first octet. It is
not usually use in general applications.
It is reserved range of IP by R & D (Research and Development) department.
Usually, Class-A to C is supported by PC and Class-D and E is notsupported.

IPv4 Conversion to Binary
192.168.102.45

IP ADDRESSING IPV6
• An IP address basically a 128-bit address that uniquely universally defines
connection of host or a router to the Internet. IP address is unique.
• Introduced by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).
• total of 4,294,967,296 unique IP addresses can be assigned to hosts.
• IP is like 2001:db8:1234::f350:2256:f3dd/64
• It supports Unicast. Telecast & Multicast.
• It doesn’t have Classes like ipv4

IPv6 Conversion to Binary
fe80::412c:c691:d7db:519b

Subnetting Full Rocket Science

What Is Subnet Mask?
A subnet mask is a 32-bit number that segments an existing IP address in a
TCP/IP network. It is used by the TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a host is
on the local subnet or on a remote network. Subnet mask divides the IP address
into a network address and host address, hence to identify which part of IP
address is reserved for the network and which part is available for host use.

IP ADDRESSING
255 255 255 255
Dotted
Decimal
Maximum
Network Host
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
Binary
32 bits
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1

IP ADDRESSING
255 255 255 255
Dotted
Decimal
Maximum
Network Host
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100
Binary
32 bits
172 16 122 204
Example
Decimal
Example
Binary
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1

IP ADDRESS CLASSES
Class A:
Class B:
Class C:
Class D: Multicast
Class E: Research
Network Host Host Host
Network Network Host Host
Network Network Network Host
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

IP ADDRESS CLASSES
1
Class A:
Bits:
NNNNN Host Host Host
8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Range (1-126)
1
Class B:
Bits:
NNNNNN Network Host Host
8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Range (128-191)
1
Class C:
Bits:
NNNNNN Network Network Host
8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Range (192-223)
1
Class D:
Bits:
NNNNNN Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group
8 9 16 17 2425 32
Range (224-239)

SUBNET MASK
172 16 0 0
255 255 0 0
255 255 255 0
IP
Address
Default
Subnet
Mask
8-bit
Subnet
Mask
Network Host
Network Host
Network Subnet Host
Also written as “/16” where 16 represents the number of 1s in the
mask.
Also written as “/24” where 24 represents the number of 1s in the
mask.
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

16
Network Host
172 0 0
10101100
11111111
10101100
00010000
11111111
00010000
00000000
00000000
10100000
00000000
00000000
SUBNET MASK WITHOUT SUBNETS
Subnets not in use—the default
00000010
172.16.2.160
255.255.0.0
Network
Number

SUBNET MASK WITH SUBNETS
Network number extended by eight bits
16
Network Host
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.0
172 2 0
10101100
11111111
10101100
00010000
11111111
00010000
11111111
00000010
10100000
00000000
00000000
00000010
Subnet
Network
Number

Unicast, Multicast, Anycast & Broadcast

UNICAST
Unicast is the communication that there is only one receiver. This is one-to-one communication.
Example – Phone Call

MULTICAST
Multicast is the communication that there is one more receiver. Only the members of the multicast
group receive the multicast traffic.
Example – Group Chatting

ANYCAST
Anycast is the communication that is developed with IPv6. With anycast, the traffic is received by the
nearest receiver in a group of the receivers that has the same IP.
Example – DNS Route

BROADCAST
Broadcast is also the communication that there is one more receiver but this time, all the receivers
receive broadcast traffic.
Example – TV provider

Wireless Terms (SSID, Channel & Encryption)

UnGuided Transmission
•An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic waves without using any
physical medium. Therefore it is also known as wireless transmission.
Transmission Media Types?

Radio waves
•Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves that are transmitted in all the directions of free space.
•Radio waves are omnidirectional, i.e., the signals are propagated in all the directions.
•The range in frequencies of radio waves is from 3Khz to 1 khz.
•In the case of radio waves, the sending and receiving antenna are not aligned, i.e., the wave sent
by the sending antenna can be received by any receiving antenna.
•An example of the radio wave is FM radio.
Advantages Of Radio transmission:
•Radio transmission is mainly used for wide area networks and mobile cellular phones.
•Radio waves cover a large area, and they can penetrate the walls.
•Radio transmission provides a higher transmission rate.

Microwaves
•Frequency range: The frequency range of terrestrial microwave is from 4-6 GHz to 21-23 GHz.
•Bandwidth: It supports the bandwidth from 1 to 10 Mbps.
•Short distance: It is inexpensive for short distance.
•Long distance: It is expensive as it requires a higher tower for a longer distance.
•Attenuation: Attenuation means loss of signal. It is affected by environmental conditions and antenna size.
Microwaves are of two types:
•Terrestrial microwave
•Satellite microwave communication.
•Terrestrial microwave
•Satellite microwave
•The coverage area of a satellite microwave is more than the terrestrial microwave.
•The transmission cost of the satellite is dependent of the distance from centre of the coverage area.
•Satellite communication is used in mobile and wireless communication applications.
•It is easy to install.
•It is used in a wide variety of applications such as weather forecasting, radio/TV signal broadcasting, mobile
communication, etc.

Infrared
•An infrared transmission is a wireless technology used for communication over short ranges.
•The frequency of the infrared in the range from 300 GHz to 400 THz.
•It is used for short-range communication such as data transfer between two cell phones, TV
remote operation, data transfer between a computer and cell phone resides in the same closed
area.
•It supports high bandwidth, and hence the data rate will be very high.
•Uses in Remote Control, Thermal Imaging Cameras, Xray and MRI Machines

WI-FI
What is Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows devices such as computers
(laptops and desktops), mobile devices (smart phones and wearables), and
other equipment (printers and video cameras) to interface with the Internet. ...
Internet connectivity occurs through a wireless router.

BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is wireless communication standard
which allows electronic devices to connect and
interact with each other. It can be found in a
number of gadgets, from smartphones, to
loudspeakers, to laptops and more

Wireless Terms
SSID :- A Wi-Fi network's SSID is the technical term for its network name.
Channel :- A channel is the medium through which our wireless networks can send and receive data.
Bandwidth :- How much data capacity the network can carry.
DHCP :- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol used to generate automatic IP.
APIPA :- When DHCP fails APIPA applied in such Network.
Wired Encryption Protocol (WEP) :- WEP is a security algorithm introduced to provide data confidentiality for
wireless networks.
WPA and WPA2 :- WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and WPA2 are two of the security measures that can be used
to protect wireless networks. WPA uses TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) while WPA2 is capable of using
TKIP or the more advanced AES algorithm.
PSK: Pre-shared Key or Personal mode.

Virtualization Fundamentals (Virtual machines)

What is Virtualization?
Virtualization is the process of creating a software-based, or virtual, representation of something, such
as virtual applications, servers, storage and networks. It is the single most effective way to reduce IT
expenses while boosting efficiency and agility for all size businesses.
Virtualization can increase IT agility, flexibility and scalability while creating significant cost savings.
Greater workload mobility, increased performance and availability of resources, automated operations –
they’re all benefits of virtualization that make IT simpler to manage and less costly to own and operate.
Additional benefits include:
•Reduced capital and operating costs.
•Minimized or eliminated downtime.
•Increased IT productivity, efficiency, agility and responsiveness.
•Faster provisioning of applications and resources.
•Greater business continuity and disaster recovery.
•Simplified data center management.
•Availability of a true Software-Defined Data Center.
Benefits of Virtualization

What is WLAN or Wireless Local Area Networks
WLAN is a wireless network communication over short distances using radio or infrared signals.
WLAN is marketed as a Wi-Fi brand name. Any components that connect to a WLAN is considered
as a station and falls into one of two categories.
•Access point (AP): AP transmit and receive radio frequency signals with devices able to receive
transmitted signals. Usually, these devices are routers.
•Client: It may comprise a variety of devices like workstations, laptops, IP phones, desktop
computers, etc. All work-stations that are able to connect with each other are known as BSS (
Basic Service Sets).
Examples of WLAN includes,
•WLAN adapter
•Access point (AP)
•WLAN router
•Cable, connectors and so on.
Types of WLAN
•Infrastructure
•Peer-to-peer
•Bridge
•Wireless distributed system

WLAN Important Components
•Radio Frequency Transmission :- Radio frequencies range from the frequencies used by cell
phones to the AM radio band. Radio frequencies are radiated into the air by antennas that
create radio waves.
•WLAN Standards :- To establish WLAN standards and certifications, several organizations have
stepped forward. Organization has set regulatory agencies to control the use of RF bands.
Introduced by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
•ITU-R :- ITU (International Telecommunication Union) co-ordinate spectrum allocation and
regulations among all of the regulatory bodies in each country.
802.11 Standards and Wi-Fi protocols :- The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers) 802 Standard comprises a family of networking standards that cover the physical
layer specifications of technologies from Ethernet to wireless. The IEEE 802.11 uses the
Ethernet protocol and CSMA/CA for path sharing.
•Wi-Fi Alliance :- Wi-Fi alliance ensures interoperability among 802.11 products offered by
various vendors by providing certification.

WLAN Security
WLAN is vulnerable to various security threats like,
•Unauthorized access
•MAC and IP spoofing
•Eavesdropping
•Session Hijacking
•DOS ( denial of service) attack
Implementing WLAN
1.Ad-hoc mode: In this mode, the access point is not required and can be connected directly.
This setup is preferable for a small office (or home office). The only drawback is that the
security is weak in such mode.
2.Infrastructure mode: In this mode, the client can be connected through the access point.
Infrastructure mode is categorized in two modes:
• Basic Service Set (BSS): BSS provides the basic building block of an 802.11 wireless
LAN.
• Extended Service Set (ESS): It is a set of connected BSS

Virtual LAN (VLAN)
Virtual LAN (VLAN) is a concept in which we can divide the devices logically on layer 2
(data link layer). Generally, layer 3 devices divides broadcast domain but broadcast
domain can be divided by switches using the concept of VLAN.
Types of VLANs
•A Protocol VLAN- which has traffic handled based on its protocol. A switch will segregate or
forward traffic based on the traffics protocol.
•Static VLAN- also referred to as port-based VLAN, needs a network administrator to assign the
ports on a network switch to a virtual network; while:
•Dynamic VLAN- allows a network administrator just to define network membership based on
device characteristics, as opposed to switch port location.

Advantages –
•performance –The network traffic is full of broadcast and multicast. VLAN reduces the need to
send such traffic to unnecessary destination.
•formation of virtual groups – As there are different departments in every organization namely
sales, finance etc., VLANs can be very useful in order to group the devices logically according to
their departments.
•security – In the same network, sensitive data can be broadcast which can be accessed by the
outsider but by creating VLAN, we can control broadcast domains, set up firewalls, restrict access.
Also, VLANs can be used to inform the network manager of an intrusion. Hence, VLANs greatly
enhance network security.
•Flexibility – VLAN provide flexibility to add, remove the number of host we want.
•Cost reduction – VLANs can be used to create domains which eliminate the need for expensive
routers.

INTRODUCTION
Open systems interconnection basic reference model (OSI reference
model or OSI model) is an abstract description for layered
communications and computer network protocol design. It was
developed as part of the open systems interconnection (OSI) initiative.
In its most basic form, it divides network architecture into seven layers
which, from top to bottom, are the application, presentation, session,
transport, network, data-link, and physical layers. It is therefore often
referred to as the OSI seven layer model.

TCP/IP Suit
OSI Layers
Application
Telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, SNMP, Specific address etc…
Session
Presentation
Transport
SCTP, TCP, UDP, Sockets and Ports address
Network
IP, ARP/RARP, ICMP, IGMP, Logical address
Data Link
IEEE 802 Standards, FDDI, PPP, Physical address
Application
Session
Presentation
Transport
Network
Data Link
Activities
To allow access to network resources
To establish, manage, and terminate
session
To Translate, encrypt, and compress
data
To Provide reliable process-to-process
Message delivery and error recovery
To move packets from source to
destination; to provide internetworking
To organize bits into frames; to provide
Hop-to-hop delivery
DATA, PROTOCOL &
ACTIVITIES
Physical
Medium, Coax, Fiber, 10base, Wireless
Physical
To Transmit bits over a medium; to provide
Mechanical and electrical specifications

PHYSICAL LAYER
 One of the major function of the physical layer is to move data in the form of electromagnetic signals
across a transmission medium.
Its responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (Node) to next.
Both data and the signals can be either analog or digital.
Transmission media work by conducting energy along a physical path which can be wired or wireless











Physical characteristics of interface and medium (Transmission medium)
Representation of bits (stream of bits (0s or 1s) with no interpretation and encoded into signals)
Data rate (duration of a bit, which is how long it last)
Synchronization of bits (sender and receivers clock must be synchronized)
Line configuration (Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint)
Physical topology
Transmission mode (Simplex, half duplex, full duplex)
110 10101000000010111
From data link layer
110 10101000000010111
To data link layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Transmission medium

 Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (Node) to the next.
 Concerned:





Framing (stream of bits into manageable data units)
Physical addressing (MAC Address)
Flow Control (mechanism for overwhelming the receiver)
Error Control (trailer, retransmission)
Access Control (defining master device in the same link)
Data
H2 T2
From network layer
Data
H2 T2
To network layer
To physical layer From physical layer
Data link layer Data link layer
DATALINK LAYER

 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host.
 Concerned:


Logical addressing (IP Address)
Routing (Source to destination transmission between networks)
Data
H3 Packet
From transport layer
To data link layer
Data
H3 Packet
To transport layer
From data link layer
Network layer Network layer
NETWORK LAYER

 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another
 Concerned:





Service-point addressing (Port address)
Segmentation and reassembly (Sequence number)
Connection control (Connectionless or connection oriented)
Flow control (end to end)
Error Control (Process to Process)
Segments
H4 Data H4 Data
From session layer
To network layer
Transport layer H4 Data
Segments
H4 Data
From session layer
From network layer
Transport layer
H4 Data H4 Data
TRANSPORT LAYER

 The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization
 Concerned:


Dialog Control (Half Duplex/Full duplex)
Synchronization (Synchronization points, process inline within same page)
Data
H5
From Presentation layer
To transport layer
Data Data
Syn Syn Syn
Data
H5
To Presentation layer
From transport layer
Data Data
Syn Syn Syn
Session layer Session layer
SESSION LAYER

 The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression and encryption
 Concerned:



Translation (interoperability between different encoding system)
Encryption (Privacy schemes)
Compression (data compression)
Data
H6
From application layer
To session layer
Data
H6
To application layer
From session layer
presentation layer presentation layer
PRESENTATION LAYER

Data
H7
USER
(Human or Program)
To presentation layer
Data
H7
Application layer
Application layer
Message Message
 The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
 Concerned:




Network virtual terminal (Software)
File transfer, access and management
Mail services
Directory services (access to distributed database sources for global information about various objects
and services)
X.500 FTAM X.400 X.500 FTAM X.400
From presentation layer
USER
(Human or Program)
APPLICATION LAYER

Access Points with Configurations

Access point?
An access point is the device that allows multiple wireless devices to connect with each other. Just like a HUB
or switch connects multiple devices together in a single or multiple wired LAN networks, an access point
connects multiple wireless devices together in a single wireless or multiple wireless networks. An access point
can also be used to extend the wired network to the wireless devices.
• Standalone Access Point :-A standalone access point provides the same functionality in wireless network
which a switch or hub provides in the wired network. It provides connectivity between the different
wireless devices. It accepts frame from the connected device and, based on its physical address, forwards it
to the destination device.
• Multifunction Access Point :- A multifunction access point is the combination of two or more devices. In
this combination an additional device or devices are merged with the access point to provide the
additional functionalities along with existing functionality of the access point.
• Controlled Access Point :- controlled by a central unit which is known as WLC Wireless LAN Controller. A
WLC control multiple controlled access points in a network.

Key points
•Access point connects multiple wireless devices together in a single wireless network.
•Access point supports both type of standards; Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
•Access point uses radio signals to provide the connectivity.
•Based on functionality an access point can be categorized in three types; standalone, multifunction and client.
•A standalone access point works in the wireless network exactly as the switch works in the wired network.
•To control the unauthorized access, Access point uses authorization.

What Is a WLAN Controller?
A WLAN is a wireless architecture that aims to meet changing network demands. A WLAN
controller manages wireless network access points that allow wireless devices to connect to
the network.
Does my organization need a WLAN
controller?
If WLAN controller is embedded in the access point. You are able to manage the entire Wi-Fi
network through an access point. Security is another important consideration for any
organization, with hacking and data breaches in the news every day. Cisco WLAN controllers
battle all kinds of threats to your business based on user ID and location thanks to built-in
security features

Network Ports
A network port which is provided by the Transport Layer protocols of Internet Protocol suite, such as
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Diagram Protocol (UDP) is a number which serving
endpoint communication between two computers.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP)
• Port number (25)
• SMTP stands for Simple Mail TransferProtocol
• Main protocol for moving email on the
Internet. The sender initiates SMTP transfers
• SMTP is used for two primary functions, it is
used to transfer mail (email) from source to
destination between mail servers and it is
used by end users to send email to a mail
system.

In computer networking, port forwarding or port mapping is an application of network address
translation that redirects a communication request from one address and port number combination
to another while the packets are traversing a network gateway, such as a router or firewall.
Port Forwarding

On-Premises & Cloud Services Explanation

Cloud computing
Cloud computing is the delivery of on demand computer system resources, requiring no
active management and usually includes applications such as storage and processing
power. With a Cloud-based subscription model, there is no need to purchase any additional
infrastructure or licenses. In exchange for an annual fee, a cloud provider maintains servers,
network and software for you.
On premise
With on premise software, from implementation to running of the solution, everything is
done internally; whereby maintenance, safety and updates also need to be taken care of in-
house. Once the software is purchased, it is then installed on your servers; requiring
additional power servers, database software and operating systems to be purchased. With
no third-party involvement, you assume complete ownership.

Routing with Routing Tables Concepts

INTER- AND INTRA-DOMAIN ROUTING
Today, an internet can be so large that one routing protocol cannot
handle the task of updating the routing tables of all routers. For this
reason, an internet is divided into autonomous systems.
An autonomous system (AS) is a group of networks and routers under
the authority of a single administration. Routing inside an autonomous
system is called intra-domain routing. Routing between autonomous
systems is called inter-domain routing

DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING
Today, an internet can be so large that one routing protocol cannot
handle the task of updating the routing tables of all routers. For
this reason, an internet is divided into autonomous systems.
An autonomous system (AS) is a group of networks and routers
under the authority of a single administration. Routing inside an
autonomous system is called intra-domain routing. Routing between
autonomous systems is called inter-domain routing

RIP
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an intra-domain (interior) routing
protocol used inside an autonomous system.
It is a very simple protocol based on distance vector routing. RIP
implements distance vector routing directly with some considerations.

LINK STATE ROUTING
Link state routing has a different philosophy from that of distance
vector routing.
In link state routing, if each node in the domain has the entire
topology of the domain—the list of nodes and links, how they are
connected including the type, cost (metric), and the condition of the
links (up or down)—the node can use the algorithm to build a routing
table.

OSPF
The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is an intra-domain
routing protocol based on link state routing. Its domain is also an
autonomous system.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that is
used to find the best path between the source and the destination
router using its own Shortest Path First).

BGP
BorderGatewayProtocol(BGP)isaninterdomain routingprotocolusingpathvector routing. It
first appeared in 1989 and has gone throughfour versions.
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the protocol underlying the
global routing system of the internet. It manages how packets get
routed from network to network through the exchange of routing and
reachability information among edge routers.

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BGP SESSIONS

FTP & TFTP Functions & Capabilities

FTP
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. This type of protocol is used to transfer or
copies the file from one host to another host. But there may be some problems like
different file name and different file directory while sending and receiving file in
different hosts or systems.
TFTP
TFTP stands for Trivial File Transfer Protocol. TFTP is used to transfer a file either from
client to server or from server to client without the need of FTP feature. Software of
TFTP is smaller than FTP. TFTP works on 69 Port number and its service is provided by
UDP.

S.NO FTP TFTP
1. FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.
TFTP stands for Trivial File Transfer
Protocol.
2. The software of FTP is larger than TFTP.
While software of TFTP is smaller than
FTP.
3. FTP works on two ports: 20 and 21. While TFTP works on 69 Port number.
4. FTP services are provided by TCP.
While TFTP services are provided by
UDP.
5.
The complexity of FTP is higher than
TFTP.
While the complexity of TFTP is less
than FTP complexity.
6.
There are many commands or
messages in FTP.
There are only 5 messages in TFTP.
7.
FTP need authentication for
communication.
While TFTP does not need
authentication for communication.
8.
FTP is generally suited for uploading
and downloading of files by remote
users.
While TFTP is mainly used for
transmission of configurations to and
from network devices.

Syslog Server with all features

What is a Syslog
Server
System Logging Protocol (Syslog) is a way network devices can use a standard message format to
communicate with a logging server. It was designed specifically to make it easy to monitor network
devices.
Syslog has three layers as part of the standard definition:
•Syslog content: The information in the event message
•Syslog application: The layer that generates, routes, interprets, and stores the
message
•Syslog transport: The layer that transmits the message
What Does Syslog
Do?
Syslog provides a way for network devices to send messages and log events. For this to work, Syslog has a
standard format all applications and devices can use. A syslog message contains the following elements:
•Header
•Structured data
•Message

SSH & telnet with Configuration

SSH
SSH, also known as Secure Shell or Secure Socket Shell, is a network protocol that gives users, particularly
system administrators, a secure way to access a computer over an unsecured network. In addition to
providing secure network services, SSH refers to the suite of utilities that implement the SSH protocol.
Secure Shell provides strong password authentication and public key authentication, as well
as encrypted data communications between two computers connecting over an open network
Telnet
A general client-server program that lets the user access any application program on a remote
computer. Therefore, a program that allows a user to log on to a remote computer. A popular
client-server program Telnet is used to meet such demands. Based on command based alias.
You need to give instruction to get the result.

Understanding Network Security Concepts

Network Security is very important for any organization. So, it need to be understand the basic concepts of
Network Security. vulnerabilities we may have in our networks, the threats that we may face and some of
the attacks.
Network Security
1.Vulnerability – this are the weaknesses that we may have in the network. They may be as a result of the
technology in use, the configuration on our devices or poor or weak security policies. In our networks, we
need to plan for security carefully and consider these factors, a comprehensive security policy would be
crucial in ensuring that data in our network is not accessed due to weak security on our devices.
2.Threats – in network security, anyone who has the skill and the interest to manipulate any of the
vulnerabilities, is known as a threat. These individuals or groups may be motivated by many factors such
as money, power, and thrill seeking among others. Whatever the motive may be, threats to network
security pose a major challenge for administrators since they may access information that is sensitive or
even cripple the network.
3.Attacks – these are the methods that are used by the threats to access the network. There are a number
of attacks that can be used to access our network. They may be aimed at the network infrastructure
through methods such as dumpster diving, or aimed at users using methods such as social engineering.

Securing the network
The security issues in the network are many and cannot be covered in one chapter, the various
methods used by attackers to access networks have grave and far reaching effects, as such, we will
focus on protecting routers and switches in this course. Some of the protection methods we will look at
include:
1.Physical security
2.Passwords
3.SSH
4.Port security

1. Physical Security
Physical threats to network devices are a major issue. Physical attacks may cripple an enterprise’s
productivity due to outage of network services. The four classes of physical threats are:
1.Hardware threats-damage to network infrastructure such as servers, routers and switches.
Sol :- The location used for storing networking equipment as well the wiring closets, should only be
accessed by authorized person. All the entrances should be secured and monitoring should be
implemented by using CCTV cameras.
2.Environmental threats– these are the threats that are brought about by storing the networking equipment
in unsuitable places; the hardware may be subjected to extreme temperatures or extreme humidity.
Sol :- The environment should be controlled to mitigate the environmental factors. the humidity,
temperature, and other environmental factors should be monitored. The network control room should
ideally be in a room where the conditions can be controlled effectively.

3.Electrical faults – the equipment that is used in our networks relies on electricity to work, as such,
any sudden change in the electrical power supplied to the network devices is a major threat.
Sol :- The electrical threats may be mitigated by using UPS systems, so that the networking devices
don’t draw their power directly from the mains. There should be backup systems such as generators
and inverters so as to maintain network connectivity in case of power outage.
4.Maintenance threats – from time to time, we may need to run maintenance checks on our network
devices, the use of untrained technicians can pose a major threat to the network devices.
Sol :- Maintenance threats should be mitigated by using well trained personnel. All the cables
should be well labeled, maintenance logs should be maintained, and there should be availability of
spare parts that are critical to maintaining connectivity.

2. Passwords
Use of encrypted passwords is also better than passwords that have been stored in plain text. Use those
services
Which makes sure to transmit your data encrypted. It is very important because sometime the attacker
attacks
In your data by analyzing your data packets.
• Use Complex password at least 8 letters and alphabets.
• Use Special symbols and signs in password like $,%,&,*
• Do not use common password like 12345678
• Do not enter your credential by following untrusted links
• Try to make password with combination of alphanumeric and symbols

3. SSH (secure shell)
SSH, also known as Secure Shell or Secure Socket Shell, is a network protocol that gives users,
particularly system administrators, a secure way to access a computer over an unsecured network. In
addition to providing secure network services, SSH refers to the suite of utilities that implement the SSH
protocol. Secure Shell provides strong password authentication and public key authentication, as well
as encrypted data communications between two computers connecting over an open network

4. Port security
Port security is important in switch security. Unused ports are a major security issue since they
can be used to attack the network. As discussed in the chapter on switch operation, securing
switchports includes:

DNS & DHCP Services with Configuration

DNS
The main function of DNS is to translate domain
names into IP Addresses, which computers can
understand. It also provides a list of mail servers
which accept Emails for each domain name.
Each domain name in DNS will nominate a set of
name servers to be authoritative for its
DNS records.

DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network
management protocol used to automate the process of
configuring devices on IP networks. DHCP stands for
dynamic host configuration protocol and is a network
protocol used on IP networks where a DHCP server
automatically assigns an IP address and other information
to each host on the network so they can communicate
efficiently with other endpoints.

Defernite Authorization & Authentication

Automation & Programming in CCNA

How automation impacts network
management

Traditional networks vs Controller-based
networking

Rest Based APIs (CRUD & Data Encoding)

CRUD
Create, Read, Update, Delete
When we are building APIs, we want our models to provide four basic types of functionality. The
model must be able to Create, Read, Update, and Delete resources. Computer scientists often refer
to these functions by the acronym CRUD. A model should have the ability to perform at most these
four functions in order to be complete. If an action cannot be described by one of these four
operations, then it should potentially be a model of its own.

Data Encoding
Data Encoding Techniques. Encoding is the process of converting the data or a given sequence of
characters, symbols, alphabets etc., into a specified format, for the secured transmission of data. Decoding
is the reverse process of encoding which is to extract the information from the converted format.

Designing an Infra using all Conceptual Scenarios

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