This document discusses various ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in construction. It describes steel as a primary structural building material that forms the skeleton of a building. Stainless steel is highlighted as an alloy of iron, carbon, chromium, nickel, and magnesium known for its corrosion resistance and attractive appearance due to chromium. The document also mentions aluminum, brass, copper, and lead as common non-ferrous metals used in secondary building elements and decorative applications.
This document discusses steel as a building material. It describes the manufacturing process of steel including producing pig iron in a blast furnace, steel-making using basic oxygen or electric arc processes, and casting and rolling into various products. Different types of steel are categorized based on their carbon content, including carbon steel, alloy steel, and tool steel. Structural steel used in construction typically contains 0.16-0.25% carbon. Methods of fire protection for structural steel include intumescent coatings, sprayed coatings, boarded systems, and fire engineering calculations. The document also mentions weathering steel and stainless steel alloys used in construction.
This document discusses different types of steel based on carbon content and their uses in construction. It describes mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Mild steel is soft and malleable, used for sheets. Medium carbon steel is very soft and ductile, used for wires. High carbon steel is very hard and brittle, used for tools. Steel is stronger than wrought iron or cast iron and suitable for all construction works. Common steel shapes used in construction include angles, channels, I-sections, T-sections, round bars, square bars, corrugated sheets, expanded metal, flat bars and plates. Reinforcing bars can be plain or ribbed-tor steel bars.
Thanx to see our report again, this time we talked every single information about steel just like properties and manufacturing, advantages and disadvantages, properties with classification of steel. So if you have any questions or you notice mistakes you can send a message to me to this email
Alirizgar234@gmail.com
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
This document discusses flitched beams, which are composite beams made of wood beams sandwiched around a steel plate and held together with bolts. It defines beams and types of beams, then explains what composite beams and flitched beams are. It describes the design principle of flitched beams, which combines the properties of wood and steel to provide greater strength than either material alone. Applications of flitched beams include construction of houses and decks where they are stronger than wood but lighter than steel. However, engineered wood has replaced flitched beams due to lower costs and easier installation.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
The document provides information about iron and steel, including:
1) It describes the properties and manufacturing process of pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron. Pig iron is high in carbon and used to make steel. Cast iron is hard and brittle while wrought iron is soft and malleable.
2) It discusses the properties of mild steel and hard steel, as well as various measures that can be taken to prevent corrosion of steel. These include using stainless steel, barrier coatings, and anti-corrosive paints.
3) It outlines the mechanical treatment processes used to shape steel ingots into usable forms, including drawing, forging, pressing, and rolling.
Lime is an important cementing material used in construction. It is classified as quicklime, hydrated lime, and hydraulic lime based on its composition and properties. Quicklime has a high calcium oxide content and must be slaked before use. Hydrated lime is pre-slaked at the manufacturing stage. Hydraulic lime contains clay, which gives it the ability to set under water. Lime is manufactured by burning limestone in kilns or temporary clamps. The properties and tests of lime determine its suitability for use in buildings.
This document discusses steel as a building material. It describes the manufacturing process of steel including producing pig iron in a blast furnace, steel-making using basic oxygen or electric arc processes, and casting and rolling into various products. Different types of steel are categorized based on their carbon content, including carbon steel, alloy steel, and tool steel. Structural steel used in construction typically contains 0.16-0.25% carbon. Methods of fire protection for structural steel include intumescent coatings, sprayed coatings, boarded systems, and fire engineering calculations. The document also mentions weathering steel and stainless steel alloys used in construction.
This document discusses different types of steel based on carbon content and their uses in construction. It describes mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel. Mild steel is soft and malleable, used for sheets. Medium carbon steel is very soft and ductile, used for wires. High carbon steel is very hard and brittle, used for tools. Steel is stronger than wrought iron or cast iron and suitable for all construction works. Common steel shapes used in construction include angles, channels, I-sections, T-sections, round bars, square bars, corrugated sheets, expanded metal, flat bars and plates. Reinforcing bars can be plain or ribbed-tor steel bars.
Thanx to see our report again, this time we talked every single information about steel just like properties and manufacturing, advantages and disadvantages, properties with classification of steel. So if you have any questions or you notice mistakes you can send a message to me to this email
Alirizgar234@gmail.com
the power point presentation is all about steel and its all information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, market forms, defects and its market rate.
This document discusses flitched beams, which are composite beams made of wood beams sandwiched around a steel plate and held together with bolts. It defines beams and types of beams, then explains what composite beams and flitched beams are. It describes the design principle of flitched beams, which combines the properties of wood and steel to provide greater strength than either material alone. Applications of flitched beams include construction of houses and decks where they are stronger than wood but lighter than steel. However, engineered wood has replaced flitched beams due to lower costs and easier installation.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
The document provides information about iron and steel, including:
1) It describes the properties and manufacturing process of pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron. Pig iron is high in carbon and used to make steel. Cast iron is hard and brittle while wrought iron is soft and malleable.
2) It discusses the properties of mild steel and hard steel, as well as various measures that can be taken to prevent corrosion of steel. These include using stainless steel, barrier coatings, and anti-corrosive paints.
3) It outlines the mechanical treatment processes used to shape steel ingots into usable forms, including drawing, forging, pressing, and rolling.
Lime is an important cementing material used in construction. It is classified as quicklime, hydrated lime, and hydraulic lime based on its composition and properties. Quicklime has a high calcium oxide content and must be slaked before use. Hydrated lime is pre-slaked at the manufacturing stage. Hydraulic lime contains clay, which gives it the ability to set under water. Lime is manufactured by burning limestone in kilns or temporary clamps. The properties and tests of lime determine its suitability for use in buildings.
This document provides information on bricks as a building material. It discusses the history of bricks, which date back 7,000 years, and describes how they have evolved from being hand-molded mud bricks to modern mechanized clay bricks. It also outlines various types of modern bricks including clay, concrete, fly ash, and aerated concrete bricks. Additionally, it covers raw materials, sizes, orientations, properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of brick as a construction material. Finally, the document classifies bricks based on their manufacturing method, shape, and quality.
This document provides an overview of metals and metal by-products. It discusses the extraction of metals from ores through processes like pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Various properties of metals are outlined, including physical properties like conductivity and mechanical properties like strength. Common metals like iron, steel, aluminum and tin are described in terms of their composition, production, properties and uses. Potential defects in metal structures like dislocations and corrosion are also mentioned.
This document describes the properties of bricks, including their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. It discusses the shape, size, color, density, compressive strength, insulation properties, durability, and frost resistance of standard bricks. It also outlines various tests conducted on bricks, such as those measuring compressive strength and water absorption. Additionally, it defines the qualities of good bricks and provides a classification system for bricks based on their characteristics and intended uses. Special types of bricks are also outlined, including those with modified shapes, perforations, and alternative compositions like sand lime bricks and refractory fire bricks.
Stone slab roofing, jack arch roofing, Madras roofing, and deck roofing are alternative roofing materials that can replace conventional reinforced concrete roofing. Stone slab roofs used large flat stones laid without mortar traditionally, while jack arch roofs used a flat structural element to provide support. Madras roofing involved wooden beams with bricks and plaster to create a sloped roof. Deck roofing consisted of flat open roof areas made of materials like steel, wood, or concrete to support vertical loads and weather barriers. These alternative roofing methods are historically appropriate, cost effective, and suitable for various climates.
The document discusses different types of steel sections used in structural steelwork, including hot-rolled steel beams, columns, tees, channels, and angles. It provides details on the production process for universal beams and columns, which are produced in standard sizes. The document also describes the differences between hot-rolled steel and cold-rolled steel. Hot-rolled steel is produced at temperatures above the metal's recrystallization point, while cold-rolled steel is produced at lower temperatures, below the recrystallization point. Cold-rolled steel has a smoother appearance and more accurate dimensions than hot-rolled steel.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
Steel has been widely used in construction for its strength, durability, flexibility and cost advantages. It allows for tall, large-scale buildings and landmarks around the world. The construction industry is a major end user of steel products like rebar and structural sections. Steel prices and the construction market are interconnected, as the construction sector influences demand and scrap prices affect input costs for steelmakers. Publications like SBB provide relevant industry news, prices and analysis on topics connecting steel production and construction.
The vernacular architecture of Assam is influenced by six key factors: socio-economics, climate, topography, building techniques, building typology, and urban form. Bamboo is widely used as the major building material due to its availability and cultural significance. The architecture features hip or gable roofs to prevent waterlogging during heavy rains, and higher plinth levels to protect against flooding. Traditional building techniques include bamboo trusses, joints, and wall construction. Typical building typology includes timber frame walls filled with bamboo panels and plaster. Urban forms retain vernacular roots while incorporating some modern materials.
The document discusses various types of construction defects such as cracks within structures and dampness defects. It provides 11 examples of cracking problems within structures like diagonal cracks in brick walls, horizontal cracks in mortar joints, random cracks in flooring, and cracks at joints between concrete and masonry. Each problem is described in terms of its causes and recommended remedies. It also discusses one example of a dampness problem involving dampness in ceilings below roof slabs, terraces or balconies and lists 6 potential causes such as improper roof slopes, choked rainwater pipes, lack of waterproofing of overhead tanks, and improper waterproofing treatment.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, along with small amounts of other metals. There are many types of steel classified based on their composition. Some of the main types discussed include high carbon steel, mild steel, medium carbon steel, stainless steel, high speed steel, cobalt steel, nickel chromium steel, aluminum steel, and chromium steel. The document then discusses the properties and manufacturing processes of steel, including the Bessemer process, open hearth process, cementation process, crucible process, duplex process, L.P. process, and electrical process. Steel is widely used in contemporary architecture due to its strength, durability, and ability to be formed into various shapes.
This document provides information about iron as a building material, including its various types and uses. It discusses the following:
- Iron is the second most common metal on Earth and is very strong and cheap, making it widely used. It exists in four forms and is the main ingredient in steel.
- The main types of iron used in building are wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. Wrought iron is strong and malleable while cast iron is strong in compression.
- Iron has many applications in construction such as beams, columns, and architectural details. It is also used in machinery due to its strength. Cast iron specifically has been used historically for architectural elements and is inexpensive to cast
Mild steel consists of iron alloyed with less than 0.3% carbon. Mild steel frames are commonly used in building construction as they allow for ductility and malleability. A mild steel frame uses a skeleton structure of vertical steel columns and horizontal beams arranged in a grid pattern to support floors, roofs, and walls. This technique enabled the construction of skyscrapers. Various steel construction materials are discussed, including cuplocks, steel plates, props, acrospans, channels, jacks, joint pins, couplers, mild steel pipes, and steel challis. Their uses, properties, sizes, and specifications are described.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
This document provides a summary of steel structures, including:
- Steel structures are made of structural steel components connected to carry loads and provide rigidity. Common elements include I-beams, channels, angles, and plates.
- Steel structures offer benefits like cost savings, design flexibility, efficient construction, and durability in harsh conditions.
- Different types of steel structures include braced frames, rigid frames, shear walls, and trusses.
- Case studies highlight the Hearst Tower in New York, the Gherkin building in London, and the LIC Jeewan Bharti building in India, all of which utilize innovative steel designs like diagrids and space frames.
Reinforced concrete stairs are suitable for construction due to their ability to be molded into any desired form to suit requirements. They have better fire resistance than timber stairs and can be precast or cast-in-place. RCC stairs provide fire protection, durability, strength, and pleasing appearance while allowing for wider widths and longer spans. They are also easy to clean and have low maintenance costs.
Stones have been used in construction for thousands of years in buildings all over the world. They are classified geologically based on their mode of formation as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks. Stones are also classified chemically based on their dominant composition of silica, calcareous, or argillaceous minerals. Structurally, stones can occur as massive unstratified rocks, stratified layered rocks, or foliated banded rocks. Many historical structures were constructed of stone and it remains an important building material.
The document discusses the traditional vernacular architecture of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. It is characterized by the use of local materials like golden sandstone, which is soft and easily carved. Houses are constructed without mortar by cutting "scissors" into the stone. Traditional houses feature courtyards, thick insulating walls, small windows for light and ventilation, and textured surfaces to minimize heat gain. Local plants are used for construction, and mud, sand, cow dung and plant fibers form insulated roofs and walls. The architecture is adapted to the hot, arid climate with dense forms, orientation according to wind patterns, and other passive cooling techniques.
This document provides an overview of structural steel work. It defines common sections used in steel construction like beams, angles, channels, tees, and their applications. It also discusses bolts, rivets, and welding as connection methods. The advantages of steel structures are listed as lightness, strength, ease of fabrication and erection. Disadvantages include susceptibility to corrosion and deformation due to small member sizes. The document compares steel frames to reinforced concrete and provides details on standard steel shapes, bars, angles, channels, tubes and their specifications.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
Ferrous and non ferrous Metals Engineering.pptArfanAli50
This document discusses ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals contain iron, such as cast iron, wrought iron, steel, and stainless steel. Non-ferrous metals contain little to no iron, including aluminum, bronze, brass, copper, and lead. The document provides details on the composition and applications of various metals.
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are usually shiny, malleable, and ductile. The main types of metals are ferrous (containing iron) and non-ferrous. Ferrous metals include pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, and various types of steel depending on carbon content. Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, brass, lead, and tin. Metals can be protected from corrosion through processes like tarring, painting, galvanizing, and electroplating which form protective coatings.
This document provides information on bricks as a building material. It discusses the history of bricks, which date back 7,000 years, and describes how they have evolved from being hand-molded mud bricks to modern mechanized clay bricks. It also outlines various types of modern bricks including clay, concrete, fly ash, and aerated concrete bricks. Additionally, it covers raw materials, sizes, orientations, properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of brick as a construction material. Finally, the document classifies bricks based on their manufacturing method, shape, and quality.
This document provides an overview of metals and metal by-products. It discusses the extraction of metals from ores through processes like pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Various properties of metals are outlined, including physical properties like conductivity and mechanical properties like strength. Common metals like iron, steel, aluminum and tin are described in terms of their composition, production, properties and uses. Potential defects in metal structures like dislocations and corrosion are also mentioned.
This document describes the properties of bricks, including their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. It discusses the shape, size, color, density, compressive strength, insulation properties, durability, and frost resistance of standard bricks. It also outlines various tests conducted on bricks, such as those measuring compressive strength and water absorption. Additionally, it defines the qualities of good bricks and provides a classification system for bricks based on their characteristics and intended uses. Special types of bricks are also outlined, including those with modified shapes, perforations, and alternative compositions like sand lime bricks and refractory fire bricks.
Stone slab roofing, jack arch roofing, Madras roofing, and deck roofing are alternative roofing materials that can replace conventional reinforced concrete roofing. Stone slab roofs used large flat stones laid without mortar traditionally, while jack arch roofs used a flat structural element to provide support. Madras roofing involved wooden beams with bricks and plaster to create a sloped roof. Deck roofing consisted of flat open roof areas made of materials like steel, wood, or concrete to support vertical loads and weather barriers. These alternative roofing methods are historically appropriate, cost effective, and suitable for various climates.
The document discusses different types of steel sections used in structural steelwork, including hot-rolled steel beams, columns, tees, channels, and angles. It provides details on the production process for universal beams and columns, which are produced in standard sizes. The document also describes the differences between hot-rolled steel and cold-rolled steel. Hot-rolled steel is produced at temperatures above the metal's recrystallization point, while cold-rolled steel is produced at lower temperatures, below the recrystallization point. Cold-rolled steel has a smoother appearance and more accurate dimensions than hot-rolled steel.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
Steel has been widely used in construction for its strength, durability, flexibility and cost advantages. It allows for tall, large-scale buildings and landmarks around the world. The construction industry is a major end user of steel products like rebar and structural sections. Steel prices and the construction market are interconnected, as the construction sector influences demand and scrap prices affect input costs for steelmakers. Publications like SBB provide relevant industry news, prices and analysis on topics connecting steel production and construction.
The vernacular architecture of Assam is influenced by six key factors: socio-economics, climate, topography, building techniques, building typology, and urban form. Bamboo is widely used as the major building material due to its availability and cultural significance. The architecture features hip or gable roofs to prevent waterlogging during heavy rains, and higher plinth levels to protect against flooding. Traditional building techniques include bamboo trusses, joints, and wall construction. Typical building typology includes timber frame walls filled with bamboo panels and plaster. Urban forms retain vernacular roots while incorporating some modern materials.
The document discusses various types of construction defects such as cracks within structures and dampness defects. It provides 11 examples of cracking problems within structures like diagonal cracks in brick walls, horizontal cracks in mortar joints, random cracks in flooring, and cracks at joints between concrete and masonry. Each problem is described in terms of its causes and recommended remedies. It also discusses one example of a dampness problem involving dampness in ceilings below roof slabs, terraces or balconies and lists 6 potential causes such as improper roof slopes, choked rainwater pipes, lack of waterproofing of overhead tanks, and improper waterproofing treatment.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, along with small amounts of other metals. There are many types of steel classified based on their composition. Some of the main types discussed include high carbon steel, mild steel, medium carbon steel, stainless steel, high speed steel, cobalt steel, nickel chromium steel, aluminum steel, and chromium steel. The document then discusses the properties and manufacturing processes of steel, including the Bessemer process, open hearth process, cementation process, crucible process, duplex process, L.P. process, and electrical process. Steel is widely used in contemporary architecture due to its strength, durability, and ability to be formed into various shapes.
This document provides information about iron as a building material, including its various types and uses. It discusses the following:
- Iron is the second most common metal on Earth and is very strong and cheap, making it widely used. It exists in four forms and is the main ingredient in steel.
- The main types of iron used in building are wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. Wrought iron is strong and malleable while cast iron is strong in compression.
- Iron has many applications in construction such as beams, columns, and architectural details. It is also used in machinery due to its strength. Cast iron specifically has been used historically for architectural elements and is inexpensive to cast
Mild steel consists of iron alloyed with less than 0.3% carbon. Mild steel frames are commonly used in building construction as they allow for ductility and malleability. A mild steel frame uses a skeleton structure of vertical steel columns and horizontal beams arranged in a grid pattern to support floors, roofs, and walls. This technique enabled the construction of skyscrapers. Various steel construction materials are discussed, including cuplocks, steel plates, props, acrospans, channels, jacks, joint pins, couplers, mild steel pipes, and steel challis. Their uses, properties, sizes, and specifications are described.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
This document provides a summary of steel structures, including:
- Steel structures are made of structural steel components connected to carry loads and provide rigidity. Common elements include I-beams, channels, angles, and plates.
- Steel structures offer benefits like cost savings, design flexibility, efficient construction, and durability in harsh conditions.
- Different types of steel structures include braced frames, rigid frames, shear walls, and trusses.
- Case studies highlight the Hearst Tower in New York, the Gherkin building in London, and the LIC Jeewan Bharti building in India, all of which utilize innovative steel designs like diagrids and space frames.
Reinforced concrete stairs are suitable for construction due to their ability to be molded into any desired form to suit requirements. They have better fire resistance than timber stairs and can be precast or cast-in-place. RCC stairs provide fire protection, durability, strength, and pleasing appearance while allowing for wider widths and longer spans. They are also easy to clean and have low maintenance costs.
Stones have been used in construction for thousands of years in buildings all over the world. They are classified geologically based on their mode of formation as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks. Stones are also classified chemically based on their dominant composition of silica, calcareous, or argillaceous minerals. Structurally, stones can occur as massive unstratified rocks, stratified layered rocks, or foliated banded rocks. Many historical structures were constructed of stone and it remains an important building material.
The document discusses the traditional vernacular architecture of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. It is characterized by the use of local materials like golden sandstone, which is soft and easily carved. Houses are constructed without mortar by cutting "scissors" into the stone. Traditional houses feature courtyards, thick insulating walls, small windows for light and ventilation, and textured surfaces to minimize heat gain. Local plants are used for construction, and mud, sand, cow dung and plant fibers form insulated roofs and walls. The architecture is adapted to the hot, arid climate with dense forms, orientation according to wind patterns, and other passive cooling techniques.
This document provides an overview of structural steel work. It defines common sections used in steel construction like beams, angles, channels, tees, and their applications. It also discusses bolts, rivets, and welding as connection methods. The advantages of steel structures are listed as lightness, strength, ease of fabrication and erection. Disadvantages include susceptibility to corrosion and deformation due to small member sizes. The document compares steel frames to reinforced concrete and provides details on standard steel shapes, bars, angles, channels, tubes and their specifications.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
Ferrous and non ferrous Metals Engineering.pptArfanAli50
This document discusses ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals contain iron, such as cast iron, wrought iron, steel, and stainless steel. Non-ferrous metals contain little to no iron, including aluminum, bronze, brass, copper, and lead. The document provides details on the composition and applications of various metals.
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are usually shiny, malleable, and ductile. The main types of metals are ferrous (containing iron) and non-ferrous. Ferrous metals include pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, and various types of steel depending on carbon content. Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, brass, lead, and tin. Metals can be protected from corrosion through processes like tarring, painting, galvanizing, and electroplating which form protective coatings.
Metals are solid at room temperature except for mercury which is liquid. They are good conductors of heat and electricity and are usually strong and malleable. Common metals include iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and gold. Iron exists in nature as ores which are treated to extract the metal. Pig iron is a crude form of iron produced from ores and is cast into bars. It can be further refined into wrought iron or cast iron. Steel is an alloy of iron with controlled amounts of carbon. Mild steel, high carbon steel, and high tension steel differ in their carbon content and properties. Metals must be protected from rusting and corrosion through various treatments like painting, galvanizing, and electropl
Metals are used widely in engineering. They are extracted from ores found naturally as compounds. The main types are ferrous (containing iron), non-ferrous (not containing iron), and alloys (mixtures). Important ferrous metals include mild steel, cast iron, and wrought iron. Metals must be processed and can be joined through methods like welding, brazing, and soldering to combat corrosion.
The document discusses different types of metals, including low, medium, and high carbon steels. It then discusses copper, its properties and applications. Copper is used for electrical conductors and is corrosion resistant. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, while tin bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, often with zinc or phosphorus added. Aluminum is discussed last, noting its light weight but lower strength compared to steel, unless aluminum alloys are used. Aluminum is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
Civil engineering deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure like roads, bridges, buildings, and water systems. Ferrous metals contain iron and are magnetic, while non-ferrous metals do not contain iron and are not magnetic. Common ferrous metals include mild steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, and cast iron. Common non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, brass, silver, and lead. Ferrous metals like mild steel, carbon steel, and cast iron are widely used in engineering and construction due to their strength and magnetic properties. Non-ferrous metals have applications as well due to properties like corrosion resistance, conductivity, and light weight.
Sheets Metal used in Manufacturing ProcessRishabh Singh
Presentaion is on how sheets metal are used in manufacturing process.
You get to know about how many types of steels are there and what are there types.
More than than it contains information about metals used in metallurgy.
Iron: A strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
Steel: A hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.
Presentation 1 - Uses of various steel in Construction.pptxnarayanch1979
This document discusses various types of steel used in civil engineering projects. It begins by describing the characteristics of metals in general. It then discusses different types of steel including pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, and high tension steel. For each type of steel, the document outlines their chemical composition, properties, and common applications in civil engineering such as construction, tools, and reinforced concrete.
This document summarizes different types of ferrous metals used in construction. It discusses pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron, describing their properties and typical uses. It also covers steel alloys like stainless steel and mild steel. Finally, it briefly discusses metal coating techniques like electroplating, spraying, and galvanizing used to protect ferrous metals from corrosion.
This document discusses ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals contain iron, are magnetic, and corrode easily. Examples include mild steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, and wrought iron. Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron, are non-magnetic, and are usually more corrosion resistant. Examples include aluminum, copper, brass, silver, and lead. The document also covers heat treatment processes like annealing, hardening, and tempering which are used to modify metals' properties for different applications.
This document provides an overview of various metals used in construction, including their properties and applications. It discusses the classification, production processes, and common forms of ferrous metals like iron and steel. Non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, copper, zinc, and alloys including brass and bronze are also outlined. The roles of these metals in structures, from framing to fasteners to roofing, are described at a high level.
This document provides an overview of various metals used in construction, including their properties, production processes, and applications. It discusses the major ferrous metals of iron and steel, and their alloys. Non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, copper, zinc, and titanium are also covered. The document details the classification, processing, and standard forms of popular construction metals and how they are used in building components like floor and roof systems.
This document provides an overview of various metals used in construction, including their properties and applications. It discusses the classification, production processes, and common forms of ferrous metals like iron and steel. Non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, copper, zinc, and alloys are also outlined. The document details the history and typical uses of these metals in areas like structural framing, fasteners, roofing, and more.
This document provides information on various materials that can be used for furniture, including metal, fiberglass/resin, upcycled materials, and mixed media. It discusses different types of metals like ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, and various steel alloys. It also outlines the properties and uses of fiberglass/resin composites. Upcycled materials turn waste into new products, while mixed media uses multiple materials in one piece like combining metal, wood, and fabric. Overall, the document offers an overview of material options for furniture design and construction.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It was first produced during the Iron Age when iron was mixed with charcoal in a blast furnace. This produced cast iron with a high carbon content. Wrought iron is a purer form of iron with a lower carbon content produced by further processing. Modern steel is produced using basic oxygen furnaces or electric arc furnaces and can be categorized into carbon steels, alloy steels, stainless steels, and tool steels depending on chemical composition. Steel has many desirable properties including strength, ductility, and durability making it widely used in infrastructure and manufacturing.
Corrosion is the harmful reaction of a metal with its environment that causes it to deteriorate over time. Most metals corrode except noble metals like silver, gold, and platinum. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron that is corrosion-resistant due to the addition of chromium, which forms a thin protective oxide layer on the surface. Tin plating involves coating a baser metal like iron or copper in a layer of tin, usually through electrolysis, to protect it from corrosion or contamination. Both stainless steel and tin plating techniques are used to prevent corrosion and extend the usable lifetime of metals.
Metals are solid elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity. They can be classified as ferrous, which contain iron, or non-ferrous. Metals are rarely used in pure form and are often combined into alloys to improve properties. They are extracted through mining ores and smelting or electrolysis. Qualities like strength, malleability, and conductivity come from their molecular and crystalline structure. Common metals include iron, copper, aluminum, and alloys like steel, brass, and bronze. Each has distinct properties and applications.
its about iron metal used in architect used and its advantage and disadvantage ,fire proofing floor, samples, history and discovery of iron metal from earth crust,introduction, physical properties and chemical proerties.
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron, such as steel which is an alloy of iron and carbon. The amount of carbon determines the properties and applications of different types of ferrous metals. Pig iron contains a high amount of carbon (2-4%) and is very hard and brittle. It is used to make steel. Cast iron also contains 2-4% carbon and is strong under compression. Wrought iron contains a very low amount of carbon and is tough and malleable. Steel contains 0.15-1.5% carbon and includes low, medium, and high carbon varieties with different properties. Alloy steels like stainless steel add other elements like chromium for improved properties such as corrosion resistance. Fer
CERAMIC AND SCULPTURE WORKSHOPSite Visit ReportAbhishek Mewada
CLAY: Natural rock or soil which is fine grained and contain silica , alumina , organic matter.
Types : Earthenware , Stoneware, Porcelain.
CLAYBODY : Consist of different materials like silica , clay , fluxes , grog.
Types : Earthenware , Stoneware , Porcelain.
Modular design involves subdividing a system into smaller, discrete modules that can be independently created and used in different systems. This approach offers benefits like reduced costs, flexibility in design, and the ability to augment systems by adding new modules. Modular design is seen in many areas like vehicles, where parts like engines can be added or removed without altering the rest of the car. It is also used in computer hardware, where components like processors, graphics cards, and storage drives can be easily upgraded or replaced using standardized interfaces. The modular approach allows for customization while maintaining the advantages of standardization in manufacturing.
The Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia in the 3rd century BCE and included three main structure types - monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (chaitya grihas). Stupas began as structures to house Buddhist relics and later became incorporated into chaitya-grihas or temple halls. Pagodas evolved from stupas and spread across Asia, incorporating regional architectural details. Distinctive Buddhist structures like stupas, pagodas, viharas, and cave temples quietly illustrate the development of Buddhism over different eras.
There are four main types of communication: verbal communication which includes speech, written communication which involves written words, nonverbal communication which conveys messages without words through gestures and expressions, and visual communication which relies on visual aids like images, symbols, and design to get a message across. Each type of communication serves a different purpose and is used in various contexts depending on whether an individual, small group, or large audience needs to receive the information. Effective communication requires understanding and using different types of communication appropriately based on the situation.
The Parthenon was a temple in Athens, Greece built in the 5th century BC to honor the goddess Athena. It was constructed of white marble on the Acropolis using a Doric architectural style. Though damaged over time by warfare and explosions, it remains one of the finest examples of classical Greek architecture due to its elegant proportions and attention to mathematical detail.
The document provides information on the Mycenaean civilization that flourished in ancient Greece between 1600-1100 BC. Some key details include:
- Major Mycenaean cities included Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Athens, Thebes, and Iolkos.
- The Mycenaeans built large fortified palaces centered around a great hall called a megaron. Their architecture included cyclopean stone walls and corbel vaulting techniques.
- They developed a writing system called Linear B and traded goods widely throughout the Mediterranean, leaving behind pottery as evidence. Their advanced culture was influenced by earlier Minoan Crete.
MINBAR
Platform in a mosque, placed next to the mihrab. The minbar is used with the khutba, the Friday sermon, and the khatib (the person performing the Friday sermon) ascends it.
Excellent Jain architecture and sculpture can be seen in their Stupas and rock-cut caves found in Mathura, Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa cave temples. A number of rock-cut caves have been discovered in Udaigiri and Khandagiri, twin hills in Puri District of Orissa and in Ellora in Maharashtra.
This document provides an overview of Islamic architectural styles from several influential empires. It discusses key elements like minarets, domes, and decorative calligraphy. Common interpretations emphasize repeating geometric patterns to represent Allah's infinite power, and avoiding human/animal depictions. Examples highlighted include the Domes of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Great Mosque of Damascus, and the iconic Taj Mahal, incorporating influences from Persian, Hindu, and Mughal design traditions.
The Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia is the holiest site in Islam. It was originally constructed by Abraham and Ishmael as a place of monotheistic worship. Over time, it housed pagan idols until Muhammad cleansed it of idolatry in the 7th century CE. Since then, it has undergone many renovations to accommodate growing numbers of pilgrims. Today, it remains a cubical structure draped in cloth and is the focal point for Muslims' five daily prayers and the hajj pilgrimage, one of the five pillars of Islam.
The document describes the three main orders of Greek architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. It provides details on the distinguishing features of each order's columns, capitals, and other elements. Examples are given of temples from ancient Greece that demonstrate each architectural order. Other Greek buildings like the Propylaea, theaters, and agoras are overviewed in terms of their common architectural forms and purposes within Greek cities and sanctuaries. Key architectural terms are defined throughout.
Indian Islamic inscriptions date back to the late 12th century AD following the conquest of Delhi by Muhammad Ghori. Early inscriptions were found on movable objects like weapons and tombs, as well as forts. The early language of records from the Delhi Sultanate was Arabic, while later the primary language became Persian as it had become the official state language. In addition to Arabic and Persian inscriptions, some were bilingual using regional languages like Gujarati, Tamil, and Malayalam along with Persian.
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan nomads began migrating into northern India, bringing with them their Indo-European language and religion centered around gods like Indra. They established themselves throughout the region and influenced the collapse of the Indus civilization. Their migrations helped establish Vedic culture and the beginnings of the caste system in India.
Buddhist art and architecture made substantial contributions to Indian culture in the form of stupas, viharas, chaityas, and sthambas. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the best preserved examples, with an elaborate southern gateway containing carved pillars, elephants, and dwarves. Viharas were monasteries built of brick or rock that usually had a prayer hall and cells for monks. Chaitya halls were places of worship that contained a stupa. Ashoka pillars had religious symbols and the famous lion capital from Sarnath is a peak of Mauryan sculpture. The Ajanta caves contain finely painted temples and monasteries carved into rock cliffs in the 2nd
Egyptian architecture featured massive stone structures for temples and tombs, while domestic buildings used mud brick. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids as ways to provide passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza, among the largest constructions ever built, housed tombs for pharaohs. Later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, with hidden entrances and richly decorated tombs. Temples followed a structured layout and used light and shadow symbolically through clerestory windows and column placement.
The document summarizes the major civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia between 5000 BC and 600 BC. It describes how the Akkadians, led by Sargon, created the world's first empire by conquering the Sumerian city-states in 2300 BC. It then discusses the Old Babylonian Empire established by Hammurabi around 1800 BC, who created one of the earliest known code of laws. Later, the Assyrians rose to power in Mesopotamia between 1100 BC to 612 BC, creating a large empire through aggressive conquest. Finally, the Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean Empire was established in Mesopotamia after the fall of Assyria
Mesopotamia, located in modern-day Iraq, was the site of some of the earliest human civilizations beginning around 4500 BC. The region, situated between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, saw the rise of urban centers and writing, key components of what we consider civilization. Early Mesopotamian societies developed systems of kingship, trade, religion centered around temples, and advances in technology including irrigation, numeracy, and the written word in cuneiform script. Despite challenges like unpredictable flooding and lack of natural resources, early Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians thrived for thousands of years due to agricultural surpluses enabled by irrigation along the rivers.
Roman architecture was influenced by earlier Italian, Etruscan, and Greek cultures. It was practical and utilitarian, emphasizing public works, monumentality, and technical advances to showcase Roman power. Some key characteristics included an emphasis on interior space, combining beauty with utility, and integrating buildings into the urban landscape. Common building materials included stone, concrete, and brick in various construction techniques. Roman towns were planned around cardo and decumanus streets, with forums and infrastructure like aqueducts and roads supporting communities across the empire. Architectural styles included temples, basilicas, baths, theaters, amphitheaters, and domestic structures ranging from insulae to villas.
My Fashion PPT is my presentation on fashion and TrendssMedhaRana1
This Presentation is in one way a guide to master the classic trends and become a timeless beauty. This will help the beginners who are out with the motto to excel and become a Pro Fashionista, this Presentation will provide them with easy but really useful ten ways to master the art of styles. Hope This Helps.
This is Stage one of my Future Deep Strike Aircraft project to develop a replacement for the FB-111 / F-111F / F-15E and B-1B. This stage covers requirements and threats. Stage 2 will cover Design Studies, and the CCA Wingman.
3. FERROUS METAL
A metal containing iron as a primary material
Iron- Iron
- Cast Iron
- Steel
- Stainless Steel
Wrought Iron- Wrought Iron
4. NON-FERROUS METAL
A metal containing little or no iron
Aluminum- Aluminum
- Bronze
- Brass
- Copper
Lead- Lead
5. IRON
Iron is a metal extracted mainly from the iron ore
hematite. It oxidizes readily in air and water to form
Fe2O3 and is rarely found as a free element.
Iron is believed to be the sixth most abundant element
in the universe
6. Pig iron is the intermediate product of melting
iron ore with coke and resin
Cast into pigs in preparation for conversion into
cast iron wrought iron or steelcast iron, wrought iron or steel
Pig iron has a very high carbon content,
typically 3.5 - 4.5%, which makes it very brittle
and not useful directly as a material except for
limited applications
7. FERROUS METALS
CAST IRON
A hard, brittle, nonmalleable iron-based alloy
containing 2% 4 5% carbon and 0 5% 3% siliconcontaining 2%-4.5% carbon and 0.5%-3% silicon
8. FERROUS METALS
CAST IRON
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION:
- Piping & Fittings
- Ornamental Ironwork
Hardware- Hardware
- Base Metal for Porcelain Enameled Plumbing Fixtures
- Floor & Wall Brackets for Railings
- Circular StairsCircular Stairs
- Manhole Cover
- Gratings
9. FERROUS METALS
WROUGHT IRON
A tough, malleable, readily soft iron that is easily
forged & welded Fatigue & corrosion resistant
Commercially pure iron, containing only
forged & welded. Fatigue & corrosion resistant
approximately 0.2% carbon
A fibrous material due to the slag inclusionsA fibrous material due to the slag inclusions,
that gives it a "grain" resembling wood, which is
visible when it is etched or bent to the point ofvisible when it is etched or bent to the point of
failure
10. FERROUS METALS
WROUGHT IRON
Literally means “worked iron”
APPLICATION:
- Piping & Fittings for Plumbing,
Heating & Air conditioningHeating & Air-conditioning
- Ornamental Ironwork
Railing, Table, Chair, Door-
Window Grill, etc…
11. FERROUS METALS
GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
Iron coated with zinc to
prevent rust. The
process is achieved
thru hot-dip
galvanizing
12. FERROUS METALS
GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
APPLICATION:
GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
- Metal Decking
Roofing & Accessories- Roofing & Accessories
- Ceiling Framing
- Wall Framing
- Piping- Piping
13. FERROUS METALS
STEEL
Alloys of iron and carbon
Carbon content is no more than 2%
Alloy elements is composed of phosphorousAlloy elements is composed of phosphorous,
sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, manganese, silicon,
aluminum copper nickel etcaluminum, copper, nickel, etc.
Can be wrought, rolled, cast, and welded, butCan be wrought, rolled, cast, and welded, but
not extruded
14. FERROUS METALS
ALLOY ELEMENTS & IT’S PURPOSE/S:
1. Aluminum for surface hardening
2. Chromium for corrosion resistance
3 Copper for resistance to atmospheric corrosion3. Copper for resistance to atmospheric corrosion
4. Manganese in small amounts for hardening; in larger
amounts for wear resistance
5. Molybdenum, combined with other alloying metals such asy , y g
chromium & nickel, to increase corrosion resistance and to raise
tensile strength without reducing ductility.
15. 6. Nickel to increase tensile strength without reducing
d tilit i hi h t ti t i iductility; in high concentrations, to improve corrosion
resistance
7. Silicon to strengthen low alloy steels and improve
oxidation resistance; in larger amounts to provide hard,
b ittl ti i t t t i h i lbrittle castings resistant to corrosive chemicals
8. Sulfur for free machining, especially in mild steelsg y
9. Titanium to prevent inter-granular corrosion of stainless
steelssteels
10. Tungsten, vanadium, and cobalt for hardness and
b i i tabrasion resistance
17. FERROUS METALS
Carbon Steel
Low carbon steel
Medium/mild carbon steel (M S )Medium/mild carbon steel (M.S.)
High-carbon steel
Unalloyed steel in which the residual element as carbon
Ultra-high-carbon steel
Unalloyed steel in which the residual element as carbon,
manganese, phosphorus, sulfur and silicon are controlled.
Any increase in carbon content increase the strength and
hardness but reduces its ductility and weldability.
18. FERROUS METALS
Carbon Steel
APPLICATION:
- Structural Steel
- Concrete Reinforcement
- Decking and Panels
R fi & A i- Roofing & Accessories
- Windows & Doors
- Hardware
20. FERROUS METALS
Stainless Steel
An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12%
Stainless Steel
An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12%
chromium & additional nickel, manganese, and
molybdenum alloy elementsmolybdenum alloy elements
Resistance to heat, oxidation & corrosionResistance to heat, oxidation & corrosion
Does not stain, corrode or rust as ordinary steel, butDoes not stain, corrode or rust as ordinary steel, but
not stain-proof
22. FERROUS METALS
HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) Steel
A group of low carbon steels containing less
HSLA (High-Strength Low-Alloy) Steel
A group of low-carbon steels containing less
than 2% alloys in a chemical composition
specifically developed for increase strengthspecifically developed for increase strength,
ductility, & resistance to corrosion
Much stronger & tougher than ordinary carbon
steelsteel
23. FERROUS METALS
HSLA SteelHSLA Steel
APPLICATION:
- Reinforcement for Pre-stressed Concrete
Hi h t th B lt- High-strength Bolts
- Special Structural Steel
- Cables for Elevators
24. FERROUS METALS
Tools Steel
refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels
Tools Steel
refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels
that are particularly suited to be made into
toolstools
Distinctively hard, resistance to abrasion andDistinctively hard, resistance to abrasion and
deformation, and has ability to hold a cutting
edgeedge
25. NNON-FERROUS METALS
Aluminum
• Soft, non magnetic, ductile and malleable silvery white
metal with thermal and electrical conductivity.
• Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's
crust, and the third most abundant element therein, after
oxygen and silicon.yg
Used as structural
framing like the highframing like the high
strength aluminum alloys
and secondary building
elements such aselements such as
windows, doors, roofing,
flashing, trim and hard
wares.
26. COPPER
Ductile malleable and bright reddish brown color withDuctile, malleable and bright reddish brown color with
high thermal and electrical conductivity.
Posses a “patina” weather reactive surface layer of
insoluble green salt which retards corrosion and used to
alloy bronze and brass to increase strength andalloy bronze and brass to increase strength and
corrosion resistance.
U d l t i l i i i i d fi t i lUsed as electrical wiring, piping and roofing material.
Care must be taken in fastening, attaching or supported
only by selected brass fittings.
27.
28. BrassBrass
Brass is any alloy of copper and zinc. It has
t d ll l h t i il ta muted yellow color, somewhat similar to
gold.
It is relatively resistant to tarnishing andIt is relatively resistant to tarnishing, and
is often used as decoration and for coins. In
antiquity, polished brass was often used as
Lead
q y, p
a mirror.
Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be
one of the heavy metals. Lead has a bluish white color when
freshly cut, but tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is
exposed to air and is a shiny chrome silver when melted into a
liquidliquid. .
30. METAL JOINERY
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are
j i d t th b lti d fl i fill t l i t thjoined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the
joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point.
AnnealingAnnealing
In the cases of copper, steel,
d b hi iand brass this process is
performed by substantially
heating the material (untilheating the material (until
glowing) for a while and
allowing it to cool slowly. Theg y
metal is softened and prepared
for further work such as
h i f ishaping, or forming.
31. Welding is a fabrication process
that joins materials, usually
metals or thermoplastics, by
causing coalescencecausing coalescence
(connection).
This is often done by melting theThis is often done by melting the
work pieces and adding a filler
material to form a pool of moltenmaterial to form a pool of molten
material (the weld puddle) that
cools to become a strong joint,
with pressure sometimes used in
conjunction with heat, or by itself,
to produce the weldto produce the weld.
32. A rivet is a mechanical fastener. Before it is installed it
consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end.
The end opposite the head is called the buck-tail.
36. STAINLESS STEEL . .
• ALLOY OF IRON AND CARBON , CHROMIUM, NICKEL & , ,
MAGNESIUM
• STAINLESS STEEL IS RENOWNED ABOVE ALL FOR ITS RESISTANCESTAINLESS STEEL IS RENOWNED ABOVE ALL FOR ITS RESISTANCE
TO CORROSION AND ITS ATTRACTIVE, STRIKING APPEARANCE.
BOTH ARE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF THE CHROMIUMAS ANBOTH ARE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF THE CHROMIUM AS AN
ALLOYING ELEMENT.
STAINLESS STEEL ALSO POSSESS PHYSICALS AND MECHANICAL• STAINLESS STEEL ALSO POSSESS PHYSICALS AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES THAT MAKE IT AN EXCEPTIONALLY USEFUL AND
DESIRABLE MATERIAL FOR THE WIDEST VARIETY OFDESIRABLE MATERIAL FOR THE WIDEST VARIETY OF
APPLICATIONS.
42. Stainless Steel Mosaic Wall Tiles
Stainless steel tiles aren’tStainless steel tiles arent
unusual in bathrooms or as
back splashes in modernback splashes in modern
kitchens, but it’s their use
here to cover an entire livinghere to cover an entire living
room wall that puts them in
a whole new light.a whole new light.
Shimmering and textural,Shimmering and textural,
this tile application creates
an eye‐catching accent wall.an eye catching accent wall.
43. Aluminium & S.S. Modular KitchenAluminium & S.S. Modular Kitchen
Shiny metal is much more
than just an accent in this
modular kitchen. Calling to
mind commercial kitchens in
which every surface must be
easily sanitized, but on a
smaller scale, the minimalist
result is clutter‐free and
contrasts nicely with a natural
wood floor.
44. Ultramodern Steel SofaUltramodern Steel Sofa
Looking like it was carved from
one solid block of metal, this
curving sofa in a shape
reminiscent of a sea shell is
definitely a bold way to bring
metals into your living room.
46. Steel Stairs
SINCE STAIRS ARE OFTEN
LOCATED IN THE HEART OFLOCATED IN THE HEART OF
A HOME, THEY PROVIDE
ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY TOANOTHER OPPORTUNITY TO
STUN WITH STEEL.