This ppt explains in brief what actually is arm processor and it covers the first 3 chapters of book "ARM SYSTEM DEVELOPERS GUIDE". The 3 chapters include the history,architecture,instruction set etc.
This document provides biographies of the authors of the book "ARM System Developer's Guide". It introduces Andrew N. Sloss, Dominic Symes, Chris Wright, and John Rayfield. It provides details on each author's background, qualifications, work experience, and current roles relevant to ARM system development.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
ARM (Advance RISC Machine) is one of the most licensed and thus widespread processor cores in the world.Used especially in portable devices due to low power consumption and reasonable performance.Several interesting extension available like THUMB instruction set and Jazelle Java Machine.
This document provides an introduction to the ARM-7 microprocessor architecture. It describes key features of the ARM7TDMI including its 32-bit RISC instruction set, 3-stage pipeline, 37 registers including separate registers for different processor modes, and low power consumption. The document also compares RISC and CISC architectures and summarizes the different versions of the ARM architecture.
Embedded System, EMBEDDED SYSTEM: AN INTRODUCTION, ELEMENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, CORE THE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM, CHARACTERISTICS & QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, EMBEDDED HARDWARE FROM SOFTWARE PROGRAMMERS PERSPECTIVE,
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its architecture, pin configuration, memory organization, timers, interrupts, and interfacing capabilities. It describes the 8051's features like on-chip RAM, ROM, timers and low power consumption which make it suitable for control applications. The document outlines the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, and covers various interfacing examples like switches, LEDs, 7-segment displays, LCDs, ADCs and relay interfacing. It concludes with common applications of the 8051 such as in automobiles, industrial processing, robotics and consumer electronics.
This document provides biographies of the authors of the book "ARM System Developer's Guide". It introduces Andrew N. Sloss, Dominic Symes, Chris Wright, and John Rayfield. It provides details on each author's background, qualifications, work experience, and current roles relevant to ARM system development.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
ARM (Advance RISC Machine) is one of the most licensed and thus widespread processor cores in the world.Used especially in portable devices due to low power consumption and reasonable performance.Several interesting extension available like THUMB instruction set and Jazelle Java Machine.
This document provides an introduction to the ARM-7 microprocessor architecture. It describes key features of the ARM7TDMI including its 32-bit RISC instruction set, 3-stage pipeline, 37 registers including separate registers for different processor modes, and low power consumption. The document also compares RISC and CISC architectures and summarizes the different versions of the ARM architecture.
Embedded System, EMBEDDED SYSTEM: AN INTRODUCTION, ELEMENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, CORE THE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM, CHARACTERISTICS & QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, EMBEDDED HARDWARE FROM SOFTWARE PROGRAMMERS PERSPECTIVE,
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its architecture, pin configuration, memory organization, timers, interrupts, and interfacing capabilities. It describes the 8051's features like on-chip RAM, ROM, timers and low power consumption which make it suitable for control applications. The document outlines the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, and covers various interfacing examples like switches, LEDs, 7-segment displays, LCDs, ADCs and relay interfacing. It concludes with common applications of the 8051 such as in automobiles, industrial processing, robotics and consumer electronics.
The document discusses the Thumb instruction set of the ARM7TDMI processor, which uses 16-bit instructions as a more compact alternative to the standard 32-bit ARM instruction set. It describes how Thumb instructions are dynamically decompressed into ARM instructions, and how the processor can switch between ARM and Thumb modes using BX instructions. It also summarizes the key features of the Thumb instruction set, including differences from ARM like restricted register access, smaller immediate values and instruction formats optimized for code size over performance.
ARM Ltd designs ARM processor cores and licenses them to partners. It also develops software and peripherals to assist with implementing the ARM architecture. The document discusses ARM's business model, processor modes, register organization, instruction sets, conditional execution, and branch instructions of the ARM architecture. It provides an overview of the key components and evolution of the ARM architecture.
This document introduces the STM32 microcontroller. It will cover the ARM Cortex processor, the STM32 system-on-chip, and its basic building blocks. The course outline includes introductions to the Cortex architecture, CMSIS standard, STM32 system architecture, peripherals, low power operation, safety features, flash memory, and development tools.
This Presentation describes the ARM CORTEX M3 core processor with the details of the core peripherals. Soon a CORTEX base controller(STM32F100RBT6) ppt will be uploaded. For more information mail me at:gaurav.iitkg@gmail.com.
In this presentation we can learn about basic concept of interrupts, steps of interrupts, data processing during interrupts, and interrupt logic diagram clearly.
The document discusses microcontrollers, including:
- What a microcontroller is, its basic anatomy and how it works to serve as a bridge between the physical and digital worlds.
- The main components of a microcontroller including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, timers, and ADC/DAC.
- Types of microcontrollers such as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit varieties as well as external vs embedded memory architectures.
- Popular microcontroller families like 8051, PIC, AVR, and ARM.
- Applications of microcontrollers in devices like home appliances, industrial equipment, and computers.
Arm cm3 architecture_and_programmer_modelGanesh Naik
The document provides an overview of the ARM Cortex-M3 architecture and programmer's model. It discusses the Cortex-M3 register set including general purpose registers, stack pointers, link register, program counter, and special registers. It also covers the Cortex-M3 operation modes of handler mode and thread mode, as well as privileged and user access levels. Finally, it describes exceptions and interrupts handling in Cortex-M3 through vector tables.
Communication protocols (like UART, SPI, I2C) play an very important role in Micro-controlled based embedded systems development. These protocols helps the main board to communicate with different peripherals by interfacing mechanism. Here is a presentation that talks about how these protocols actually work.
The document discusses various aspects of the ARM-7 architecture including its addressing modes, instruction set, and data processing instructions. It describes 9 different addressing modes including immediate, absolute, indirect, register, register indirect, base plus offset, base plus index, base plus scaled index, and stack addressing. It also provides details about the ARM instruction set, Thumb instruction set, and I/O system. Examples are given to illustrate different instructions such as MOV, SUB, ORR, CMP, MUL, branch instructions, LDR, STR, and SWI.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
Embedded C is a subset of standard C used for programming embedded systems. It uses a cross compiler to convert source code into machine-level instructions for the target processor. Key aspects of Embedded C include data types, storage classes, arithmetic and logical operations, relational operations, and conditional branching instructions like if-else statements to direct program flow.
- Thumb is a 16-bit instruction set extension to the 32-bit ARM architecture that provides higher code density and smaller memory requirements compared to standard ARM code.
- Thumb instructions are 16-bits wide while ARM instructions are 32-bits wide, allowing Thumb code to be half the size of equivalent ARM code.
- Thumb code executes on ARM processors by decompressing Thumb instructions into their 32-bit ARM equivalents on the processor.
1. Calibrate the line sensor readings by taking multiple samples while turning left and right to determine the minimum and maximum values.
2. Continuously read the line sensor position and calculate the proportional, integral, and derivative terms based on the error from the center.
3. Determine the difference in motor powers needed to turn toward the center based on the PID values, without allowing negative powers.
4. Set the motor speeds based on the power difference to steer toward the center line.
This document provides an introduction to ARM microcontrollers. It discusses that ARM designs RISC processor cores that are used in many microcontrollers produced by various manufacturers. The popular ARM7TDMI architecture is a 32-bit RISC processor that can operate in both 32-bit ARM and 16-bit THUMB modes. It has 31 registers and 7 operating modes. The ARM instruction set allows conditional execution and includes instructions for arithmetic, logical operations, and loading/storing data. Using THUMB instructions reduces code size by 30-40% compared to ARM.
Embedded Systems (18EC62) – Embedded System Components (Module 3)Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - Embedded System Components (Module 3) for VTU Students
Contents
Embedded Vs General computing system, Classification of Embedded systems, Major applications and purpose of ES. Elements of an Embedded System (Block diagram and explanation), Differences between RISC and CISC, Harvard and Princeton, Big and Little Endian formats, Memory (ROM and RAM types), Sensors, Actuators, Optocoupler, Communication Interfaces (I2C, SPI, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee only)
This document provides information about an embedded systems course offered at Maharajas Technological Institute. It includes details like the course code, credits, syllabus modules covering AVR microcontrollers and programming in assembly and C languages. It also discusses concepts like microcontrollers, AVR architecture, memory organization and instruction set of AVR microcontrollers. Examples are given of assembly language instructions like MOV, LDI, STS etc. and applications of embedded systems in various domains.
The document introduces RISC-V, an open instruction set architecture originated at UC Berkeley, outlines its design goals of being freely available and suitable for direct hardware implementation, and describes aspects of its ISA design including its load-store architecture, lack of condition codes, and support for 32, 64, and 128-bit addressing as well as its calling convention for passing arguments in registers and on the stack.
The document provides an overview of ARM microprocessors and embedded systems. It discusses ARM architecture basics, including that ARM is a leading provider of RISC microprocessors used widely in embedded systems. It describes typical components of an ARM-based embedded device including the ARM processor, controllers, peripherals, and bus. It also covers memory, software components like boot code and operating systems, and common applications of ARM processors.
The document discusses RISC design philosophy and how it relates to ARM processors. It aims to deliver simple but powerful instructions that execute in a single cycle at a high clock rate with reduced complexity handled by hardware. This allows for greater flexibility and intelligence to be provided in software rather than hardware. RISC follows four major design rules - reduced number of instructions, single cycle execution, fixed length instructions, and separate load/store architecture.
The document discusses the Thumb instruction set of the ARM7TDMI processor, which uses 16-bit instructions as a more compact alternative to the standard 32-bit ARM instruction set. It describes how Thumb instructions are dynamically decompressed into ARM instructions, and how the processor can switch between ARM and Thumb modes using BX instructions. It also summarizes the key features of the Thumb instruction set, including differences from ARM like restricted register access, smaller immediate values and instruction formats optimized for code size over performance.
ARM Ltd designs ARM processor cores and licenses them to partners. It also develops software and peripherals to assist with implementing the ARM architecture. The document discusses ARM's business model, processor modes, register organization, instruction sets, conditional execution, and branch instructions of the ARM architecture. It provides an overview of the key components and evolution of the ARM architecture.
This document introduces the STM32 microcontroller. It will cover the ARM Cortex processor, the STM32 system-on-chip, and its basic building blocks. The course outline includes introductions to the Cortex architecture, CMSIS standard, STM32 system architecture, peripherals, low power operation, safety features, flash memory, and development tools.
This Presentation describes the ARM CORTEX M3 core processor with the details of the core peripherals. Soon a CORTEX base controller(STM32F100RBT6) ppt will be uploaded. For more information mail me at:gaurav.iitkg@gmail.com.
In this presentation we can learn about basic concept of interrupts, steps of interrupts, data processing during interrupts, and interrupt logic diagram clearly.
The document discusses microcontrollers, including:
- What a microcontroller is, its basic anatomy and how it works to serve as a bridge between the physical and digital worlds.
- The main components of a microcontroller including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, timers, and ADC/DAC.
- Types of microcontrollers such as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit varieties as well as external vs embedded memory architectures.
- Popular microcontroller families like 8051, PIC, AVR, and ARM.
- Applications of microcontrollers in devices like home appliances, industrial equipment, and computers.
Arm cm3 architecture_and_programmer_modelGanesh Naik
The document provides an overview of the ARM Cortex-M3 architecture and programmer's model. It discusses the Cortex-M3 register set including general purpose registers, stack pointers, link register, program counter, and special registers. It also covers the Cortex-M3 operation modes of handler mode and thread mode, as well as privileged and user access levels. Finally, it describes exceptions and interrupts handling in Cortex-M3 through vector tables.
Communication protocols (like UART, SPI, I2C) play an very important role in Micro-controlled based embedded systems development. These protocols helps the main board to communicate with different peripherals by interfacing mechanism. Here is a presentation that talks about how these protocols actually work.
The document discusses various aspects of the ARM-7 architecture including its addressing modes, instruction set, and data processing instructions. It describes 9 different addressing modes including immediate, absolute, indirect, register, register indirect, base plus offset, base plus index, base plus scaled index, and stack addressing. It also provides details about the ARM instruction set, Thumb instruction set, and I/O system. Examples are given to illustrate different instructions such as MOV, SUB, ORR, CMP, MUL, branch instructions, LDR, STR, and SWI.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
Embedded C is a subset of standard C used for programming embedded systems. It uses a cross compiler to convert source code into machine-level instructions for the target processor. Key aspects of Embedded C include data types, storage classes, arithmetic and logical operations, relational operations, and conditional branching instructions like if-else statements to direct program flow.
- Thumb is a 16-bit instruction set extension to the 32-bit ARM architecture that provides higher code density and smaller memory requirements compared to standard ARM code.
- Thumb instructions are 16-bits wide while ARM instructions are 32-bits wide, allowing Thumb code to be half the size of equivalent ARM code.
- Thumb code executes on ARM processors by decompressing Thumb instructions into their 32-bit ARM equivalents on the processor.
1. Calibrate the line sensor readings by taking multiple samples while turning left and right to determine the minimum and maximum values.
2. Continuously read the line sensor position and calculate the proportional, integral, and derivative terms based on the error from the center.
3. Determine the difference in motor powers needed to turn toward the center based on the PID values, without allowing negative powers.
4. Set the motor speeds based on the power difference to steer toward the center line.
This document provides an introduction to ARM microcontrollers. It discusses that ARM designs RISC processor cores that are used in many microcontrollers produced by various manufacturers. The popular ARM7TDMI architecture is a 32-bit RISC processor that can operate in both 32-bit ARM and 16-bit THUMB modes. It has 31 registers and 7 operating modes. The ARM instruction set allows conditional execution and includes instructions for arithmetic, logical operations, and loading/storing data. Using THUMB instructions reduces code size by 30-40% compared to ARM.
Embedded Systems (18EC62) – Embedded System Components (Module 3)Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - Embedded System Components (Module 3) for VTU Students
Contents
Embedded Vs General computing system, Classification of Embedded systems, Major applications and purpose of ES. Elements of an Embedded System (Block diagram and explanation), Differences between RISC and CISC, Harvard and Princeton, Big and Little Endian formats, Memory (ROM and RAM types), Sensors, Actuators, Optocoupler, Communication Interfaces (I2C, SPI, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee only)
This document provides information about an embedded systems course offered at Maharajas Technological Institute. It includes details like the course code, credits, syllabus modules covering AVR microcontrollers and programming in assembly and C languages. It also discusses concepts like microcontrollers, AVR architecture, memory organization and instruction set of AVR microcontrollers. Examples are given of assembly language instructions like MOV, LDI, STS etc. and applications of embedded systems in various domains.
The document introduces RISC-V, an open instruction set architecture originated at UC Berkeley, outlines its design goals of being freely available and suitable for direct hardware implementation, and describes aspects of its ISA design including its load-store architecture, lack of condition codes, and support for 32, 64, and 128-bit addressing as well as its calling convention for passing arguments in registers and on the stack.
The document provides an overview of ARM microprocessors and embedded systems. It discusses ARM architecture basics, including that ARM is a leading provider of RISC microprocessors used widely in embedded systems. It describes typical components of an ARM-based embedded device including the ARM processor, controllers, peripherals, and bus. It also covers memory, software components like boot code and operating systems, and common applications of ARM processors.
The document discusses RISC design philosophy and how it relates to ARM processors. It aims to deliver simple but powerful instructions that execute in a single cycle at a high clock rate with reduced complexity handled by hardware. This allows for greater flexibility and intelligence to be provided in software rather than hardware. RISC follows four major design rules - reduced number of instructions, single cycle execution, fixed length instructions, and separate load/store architecture.
The document provides information about RISC processors and the ARM architecture. It discusses key aspects of RISC design including simple instructions that can execute in a single cycle, pipelining of instruction execution, large general purpose registers, and separate load and store instructions. It also describes features of the ARM architecture like variable cycle instructions, a barrel shifter, conditional execution, and the Thumb instruction set. Additionally, it covers ARM embedded system basics, the ARM design philosophy, and software components like initialization code, operating systems, and applications.
Computer organization & ARM microcontrollers module 3 PPTChetanNaikJECE
The document discusses concepts related to ARM microcontrollers including:
1. The RISC design philosophy aims to deliver simple but powerful instructions that execute in a single cycle at high speeds through placing more intelligence in software than hardware.
2. The ARM architecture uses a RISC design with a load-store architecture, large register set, separated pipelines, and fixed-length instructions.
3. Embedded systems using ARM processors include memory in a hierarchy with cache closer to the processor core and slower secondary memory further away. They also use different memory types like ROM, flash, and DRAM.
This document provides an overview of microcontrollers and embedded systems using ARM architecture. It discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, as well as RISC and CISC designs. The ARM design philosophy focuses on low power consumption for applications like mobile phones. ARM processors use load/store architecture and have instruction sets like Thumb-16. Embedded systems using ARM cores integrate peripherals like memory, sensors and actuators connected via buses like AMBA. Software includes boot code, operating systems, device drivers and applications. Key processor components are registers, pipelines, and the program status register for controlling modes and interrupts.
This document provides an overview of microcontrollers and embedded systems using ARM architecture. It discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, as well as RISC and CISC designs. The ARM design philosophy focuses on low power consumption. An ARM-based embedded system typically includes an ARM processor, controllers, peripherals connected via an AMBA bus. Software includes boot code, an operating system, device drivers, and applications. The ARM instruction set and registers are also described.
The document discusses ARM microprocessors and embedded systems. It provides an overview of ARM including that it was established in 1990 as a joint venture and licenses RISC microprocessor designs. It describes the wide use of ARM processors in devices like mobile phones and discusses key aspects of ARM processors like their low power consumption and high code density making them suitable for embedded applications. It also summarizes the RISC design philosophy implemented in ARM and describes the typical components of an ARM-based embedded system including the processor, peripherals, controllers and bus.
Students will learn about embedded systems and ARM processors. The key aspects covered include:
- The RISC design philosophy adapted by ARM and typical embedded system hardware/software.
- The ARM instruction set and how it differs from pure RISC to suit embedded applications.
- The major hardware components of an embedded system including the ARM processor, controllers, peripherals, memory, and buses.
- Embedded system memory characteristics like hierarchy, width and common memory types.
- How peripherals connect and interface with the external world.
This document provides an introduction to the ARM processor architecture. It discusses key aspects of ARM including the ARM programming model, instruction set, memory hierarchy, and development tools. ARM is a popular reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architecture used in many portable electronic devices due to its low power consumption.
The ARM processor architecture uses either reduced instruction set computing (RISC) or complex instruction set computing (CISC). RISC aims to improve performance by reducing the number of clock cycles per instruction through simpler instructions that execute in one cycle. CISC relies more on hardware for complex instructions. Memory in ARM systems is hierarchical, with cache memory closest to the processor core and secondary storage like hard drives further away. Peripherals allow input/output and are memory mapped through registers. Initialization code configures hardware and runs diagnostics before booting the operating system.
This document provides an introduction and overview of embedded systems and embedded system design. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
1. It defines embedded systems and lists their essential components as well as characteristics including low cost, low power usage, and small size.
2. It discusses the requirements of embedded microcontroller cores including memory, ports, timers, interrupts, and serial data transfer standards to interface with real-world peripherals.
3. It also covers embedded programming, real-time operating systems, example applications, and textbooks on embedded systems design.
This document discusses embedded systems and the MSP430 microcontroller. It begins with an introduction to embedded systems that defines them, lists their applications, and describes their classification based on generation and complexity. Next, it covers the typical features and architecture considerations of embedded systems, including the CPU, memory, I/O, and common peripherals. The document then discusses the MSP430 microcontroller family, providing details on the MSP430F2013 model, its memory map, CPU architecture and instruction set. It concludes with an overview of the variants in the MSP430 family.
NOR flash is attractive for storing programs on embedded platforms because:
- NOR flash allows reading at the byte level, making individual instruction fetches very fast (on the order of 120ns). This fast random read speed is important for program execution.
- In contrast, NAND flash only allows reading in larger page sizes like 512 bytes, so each memory access would involve reading a whole page, slowing down instruction fetching.
- While NOR flash has slower write speeds compared to NAND flash (on the order of 520ms for a full erase vs 3.5ms for NAND), program code is typically read-only after being written initially. So the slower write speed of NOR is not as critical as its fast random read capability
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems and Internet of Things. It discusses embedded systems, their characteristics, categories including stand-alone, real-time, networked and mobile systems. It also covers ARM processors, their architecture featuring RISC load/store architecture and features like reduced instruction set. Real-time scheduling algorithms like Rate Monotonic, Deadline Monotonic and dynamic algorithms like Earliest Deadline First, Least Laxity First are also summarized.
This document provides information about ARM Ltd and the ARM architecture. It discusses the history and founding of ARM, the basic operating modes and registers in the ARM architecture, the instruction sets and pipeline stages of various ARM processors, and the features of ARM Cortex processors like the Cortex-A8 and Cortex-A9.
Embedded systems contain processors designed to perform dedicated functions. They tightly integrate hardware and software to perform tasks like controlling quadcopters, engines, and satellites. Embedded systems have processors unlike general purpose CPUs in PCs. They are integral parts of larger systems. Microcontrollers are commonly used embedded systems that integrate a processor, memory, and I/O on a single chip. They include peripherals like timers, analog-to-digital converters, and communication protocols. The microcontroller acts as the brain that processes instructions from memory and transfers data through buses to peripherals and memory to control inputs and outputs.
The document discusses the ARM Cortex-M3 processor architecture. It describes key features of the Cortex-M3 such as its Harvard bus architecture, 3-stage pipeline, configurable interrupt controller, and optional components like the memory protection unit. It also covers the ARM instruction set architecture, including Thumb-2 instructions, conditional execution, registers, memory mapping, and data processing instructions.
The document provides information about the ARM processor architecture. It discusses the key aspects of ARM including:
- ARM uses a load-store architecture with fixed-length 32-bit instructions and 3-address instruction formats.
- The main differences between RISC and CISC are that RISC executes one instruction per clock cycle while CISC takes multiple cycles per instruction.
- ARM development tools include a C compiler, assembler, linker, debugger and emulator to allow cross-development for ARM systems.
The document discusses instruction sets and processor architectures. It provides details about the ARM and SHARC processors. ARM is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) used in consumer electronic devices due to its small size, low power consumption, and reduced complexity. It allows multiprocessing and has tightly coupled memory. SHARC is a digital signal processor (DSP) chip with on-chip memory, parallel processing capabilities, and support for integer and floating point operations. It uses a very long instruction word (VLIW) and has addressing modes for accessing external memory. The document also covers basic input/output programming and characteristics of I/O devices that interface with processors through registers.
This ppt covers the following topics
Software quality
A framework for product metrics
A product metrics taxonomy
Metrics for the analysis model
Metrics for the design model
Metrics for maintenance
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
This topic covers the following topics
Introduction
Golden rules of user interface design
Reconciling four different models
User interface analysis
User interface design
User interface evaluation
Example user interfaces
The document summarizes key concepts in project management, focusing on people, product, process, and project. It discusses establishing effective teams by focusing on stakeholders, team leaders with strong people skills, and software teams structured appropriately based on the problem. It emphasizes defining the product scope and decomposing problems into functionality and processes. Choosing the right process model and planning tasks is described. Signs of projects in jeopardy and using the W5 principle to establish a project definition and plan are also summarized.
This ppt covers the following topics
Introduction
The software component
Designing class-based components
Designing conventional components
Thus it covers Component level design
This ppt covers the following topics :-
Introduction
Design quality
Design concepts
The design model
Thus it covers design engineering in software engineering
This ppt explains about the FAQ's in software engineering and software engineer profession and ethics of software engineer.
Difference between the system engineer and software engineer.
This ppt covers the following topics:
Introduction
Data design
Software architectural styles
Architectural design process
Assessing alternative architectural designs
Thus it covers Architectural Design
The document discusses modular programming concepts in assembly language. It explains that large programming problems can be broken down into modules that are tested individually and then linked together. It outlines some issues that must be resolved for successful linking, such as data access permissions and external labels. The directives PUBLIC and EXTRN are described as ways to declare data, procedures, and labels that need to be accessed externally or are defined externally. The document provides examples of how to use these directives and assemble/link multiple modules into a single program.
The document discusses the architecture of the 8086 microprocessor. It describes the 8086 as a 16-bit processor that can access external memory using a 20-bit address bus. The 8086 uses memory segmentation to map the larger 20-bit physical addresses to the smaller 16-bit registers. Each segment is defined by a base address stored in a 16-bit segment register. The 20-bit physical address is calculated by combining the segment register value and offset. The document provides details on the various memory segments and addressing modes supported by the 8086 architecture.
This document discusses the hardware structure and pin configurations of the Intel 8086 and 8088 microprocessors. It describes the differences between the 8086 and 8088, including their data bus widths, instruction queues, and specific pin functions. The pin diagrams and functions of pins in both minimum and maximum modes are explained. Key concepts covered include address/data demultiplexing, bus cycles, control signals, clock generation, and interrupt handling. Wait states, direct memory access, and the roles of the bus controller IC and request/grant pins in maximum mode configurations are also summarized.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
2. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
TextBook
• ARM System Developer’s Guide ---Designing
and Optimizing System Software
– ARM 嵌入式系统开发 - 件 与 化软 设计 优
• AUTHOR
– Andrew N Sloss, Dominic Symes, Chris Wright
– 沈建华 译
• PUBLISHER
– 北京航空航天大学出版社, 2005
3. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
The Days of ARM
• ARM’s designers have come a long way from the first
ARM1 prototype in 1985.
• Over one billion ARM processors had been shipped
worldwide by the end of 2001.
– simple and powerful original design.
• In fact, the ARM core is not a single core, but a
whole family of designs sharing similar design
principles and a common instruction set.
– ARM7TDMI: one of ARM’s most successful cores.
» 120 Dhrystone MIPS (a small benchmarking program)
4. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Current and Future of ARM
• Cortext-M3
– Thumb-2 Instruction Set
• MPCore
– SMP(balanced), Cache consistency, L2 cache
– 1~4 ARM11
• OptimoDE technique
– Configurable VLIW, Co-work with ARM core
– MPEG4, H.264 algorithm
5. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Brief History of ARM Core
• 1985, First ARM (ARM1)
• 1995, ARM7TDMI
– Most successful ARM core
– 3-stage pipeline, 120 Dhrystone MIPS
• 1997, ARM9
– 5-stage pipeline
– Harvard (I+D cache), MMU (OS’s VM)
• 1999, ARM10
– 6-stage pipeline
– VFP(Vector Float Point) (7-stage pipeline)
• 2003, ARM11
– 8-stage pipeline
7. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Others
• StrongARM
– ARM + Digital Semiconductor
– Intel Patent
• Xscale
– 1GHz, V5TE
• SC100
– Security, Low Power
– ARM7TDMI, MPU
8. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Nomenclature of ARM
• E.g. ARM7TDMI
– T: Thumb
– D: JTAG
– M: Multiplier (extend)
– I: ICE
– E: Extend Instruction (above TDMI)
– J: Jazelle
– F: Float point
– S: Synthetic (soft core)
9. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
ARM, a RISC ?
• Philosophy of RISC design
– Instruction
» RISC processor have a Reduced number of instruction
classes. These classes provide simple operations that can
each execute in a single cycle. The compiler or
programmer synthesized complicated operations (e.g. a
divide operation) by combine several simple instructions.
– Pipeline
» The processing of instructions is broken down into smaller
units (stage) that can be executed in parallel by pipelines.
There is no need for an instruction to be executed by a
mini-program (microcode) as on CISC processor.
– Register
» RISC have a large General Purpose Registers (GPR) set.
– Load/store architecture
» Separating memory access from data processing.
10. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
ARM, a RISC ?
• The ARM Design Philosophy
– There are a number of physical features that have
driven the ARM processor design:
» Low Power Consumption: Smallest Core;
» Limited Memory: High code density;
» Die density: Simple Hardware Executive Unit
– The ARM core is not a pure RISC architecture because
of the constraints of its primary application – the
embedded system.
• Simplicity favors regularity ?
– These design rules allow a RISC processor to be
simpler, and thus the core can operate at higher clock
frequencies.
11. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Instruction Set for
Embedded System
• The ARM instruction set differs from the pure RISC
definition in several ways
– make the ARM suitable for embedded application
» Variable cycle execution for certain instruction
• Not every ARM instruction executes in a single cycle.
» More complex instruction (inline barrel shifter)
• This expands the capability of many instructions to improve the core
performance and code density.
» Thumb 16-bit instruction set
• The Thumb instruction improve code density by about 30%.
» Conditional execution
• Improves performance and code density by reducing Branch.
» Enhanced instruction
• DSP instruction were added to the standard ARM instr-set to support
fast 16x16-bit multiplier operations and saturation.
13. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Units inside SoC
• SoC is an embedded device.
• We can separate the device into four main
components:
– ARM Processor: controls the embedded device.
» An ARM processor comprises a core (the execution
engine that processes instructions and manipulates
data), plus the surrounding components (MMU and
caches) that interface it with a bus.
– Controllers: coordinate important functional blocks (e.g.
interrupt and memory controllers)
– Peripherals: USB, LCD, etc.
– Bus: is used to communicate between different parts of
the device.
14. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
1.3.1 ARM Bus Technology
• Embedded systems use different bus technologies
than those designed for x86 PC.
– Embedded device use an on-chip bus
– Core is master who initiates a data transfer.
• A Bus has two architecture levels
– The First is a physical level that covers the electrical
characteristics and bus width (16, 32, or 64 bits).
– The Second level deals with protocol.– the logical rules
governing the communication between processor and peripheral.
• ARM seldom implements the electrical characteristics
of the bus, but it routinely specifies the bus
protocol.
15. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
1.3.2 AMBA
• AMBA Advanced Micro controller Bus Architecture
– 1996, it’s introduced and widely adopted as the on-chip bus
architecture for ARM processors.
– The first AMBA buses introduced were
» ASB : ARM System Bus, and
» APB : ARM Peripheral Bus
– Later, ARM introduced another bus design
» AHB: ARM High-performance Bus
• Using AMBA,
– peripheral designers can reuse the same design on multiple
projects (with different processor architecture).
– Plug-and-play
16. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
AHB
• AHB
– provides higher data throughput than ASB. Because
» It use a Centralized Multiplexed Bus Scheme
(rather than ASB’s bidirection bus).
» This change allows the AHB bus to run at higher
clock speed.
» 64/128 bits width.
• Two variations on the AHB bus
» Multi-layer AHB, and
• allows multiple active bus masters,
» AHB-Lite: only one master
17. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
1.3.3 Memory
• Memory is necessary
– An embedded system has to have some form of memory
to store and execute code.
• You have to consider
– price, performance, and power consumption
• Specific memory characteristics
– hierarchy, width, and type
18. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Memory Hierarchy
• Cache
– is used to speed up data transfer between Core and
Main Memory (DRAM);
• But,
– It makes the performance unpredicted;
– It doesn’t help Real-Time system response;
» Note that many small embedded systems do not
require the benefit of a cache.
• * Cache
– Elastic buffer (different speed between Core and Bus);
– Width adaptive (e.g., 32-bit Core vs. 16-bit BUS)
19. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Memory Types
• DRAM
– the most commonly used RAM for devices;
– Dynamic: need to have its storage cells refreshed and
given a new electronic charge every few milliseconds, so
you need to set up a DRAM controller before using the
memory.
• SRAM
– is faster than the more traditional DRAM (SRAM does
not require a pause between data access).
• SDRAM
– is one of many subcategories of DRAM.
– accessed pipelined, transferred in a burst.
20. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
1.3.4 Peripherals
• Embedded system that interact with the outside world
need some form of peripheral device.
– Peripherals range from a simple serial communication device to a more
complex 802.11 wireless device.
• All ARM peripherals are memory mapped – the programming
interface is a set of memory addressed register.
• Controllers are specialized peripherals that implement
higher level of functionality within an embedded system.
– Two important types of controllers are
» Memory Controller
» Interrupt Controller
• Normal IC
• Vectoring IC
– Priority
– Simple Interrupt Dispatch
21. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Memory Controllers
• Memory Controllers: Connect different
types of memory to the processor bus.
– On power-up a memory controller is configured in
hardware to allow certain memory device to be active.
These memory devices allow the initialization code to
be executed.
– Some memory devices must be set up by software.
» e.g. When using DRAM, you first have to set up
the memory timings and refresh rate before it can
be accessed.
22. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Interrupt Controller
• When a peripheral or device requires attention,
– it raise an interrupt to the processor.
• An interrupt controller
– provides a programmable governing policy
• There are two types of interrupt controller available for
the ARM processor
– Standard interrupt controller
» Sends an interrupt signal; Can be programmed to ignore or mask
an individual or set of devices.
» It’s interrupt handler determines which device requiring service.
– Vector interrupt controller (VIC)
» Associate a “priority” and a “handler address” to each interrupt.
» Depending on its type, VIC will either call the standard interrupt
exception handler (loading the handler address from VIC) or cause
core to jump to the handler for the device directly.
23. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Operating System
1.4 Embedded System Software
• An embedded system needs software to
drive it.
• There are four typical software components
required to control an embedded device.
» Each software component in the stack uses a
higher level of abstraction to separate the code
from the hardware device.
– Initialization Code (e.g. Boot loader)
– Operating System
– Device Drivers
– Application
Hardware
Initialization
Device
Driver
Application
24. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Initialization (BOOT) Code
• Initialization code (or boot code)
– takes the processor from the reset state to a state (where
the operating system can run).
» Configuring memory controller, caches
» Initializing some devices
» * Debug Monitor (replace OS in simple system)
• Three phases
– Initial hardware configuration
» Satisfy the requirements of the booted image
• e.g. re-organization of the memory map
– Diagnostics
» Fault identification and isolation
– Booting
» Loading an image and handing control over to the image
» The boot process may be complicated if the system must
boot different operating systems or different versions of
the same operating system.
26. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Operating System
• OS organizes the system resources
– peripherals, memory, and processing time
» With an OS controlling these resources, they can
be efficiently used by different applications running
within the OS environment.
• ARM processors support over 50 OSes
– Two main categories: RTOS, platform OS
» RTOS: guarantee response times to event
» platform OS: require MMU and tend to have
secondary storage (for large application).
• N.B., These two categories of OSes are not mutually
exclusive.
– ARM has developed a set of processor cores that
specially target each category.
27. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Applications
• The OS schedules applications
– code dedicated to handling a particular task.
• ARM processors are found in numerous
market segments, including
– networking, automotive, mobile and consumer devices,
mass storage, and imaging.
• In contrast, ARM processors are not found
in applications that require leading-edge
high performance.
28. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
1.5 Summary (1)
• Pure RISC is aimed at high performance
– But ARM uses a modified RISC design philosophy that also
targets
» good code density and low power consumption.
• The Key points in a RISC design philosophy are
– Reducing the complexity of instructions
» improve performance;
– Pipeline
» speed up instruction processing;
– Large register set
» store data near core;
– Load-store architecture;
29. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
1.5 Summary (2)
• The ARM design philosophy also incorporates
some non-RISC ideas
– Variable cycle execution on certain instruction
» save power, area and code size
– Barrel Shifter
» expand the capability of certain instructions
– Thumb 16-bit instruction set
» improve code density
– Conditional Executing Instruction
» improve code density and performance
– Enhanced Instructions: e.g. DSP
30. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
1.5 Summary (3)
• Hardware Components in ARM Processor
– Peripherals
» accessed via memory-mapped registers
– Controller (a special type peripheral)
» Higher-level functions: e.g. memory and interrupts.
– AMBA Bus
» connect the processor and peripherals
• Software Components
– Initialization Code
– Operating System
– Device Driver
– Application
31. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Data-path in ARM
• ALU
– Sources: Rn, Rm(shifted);
– Destination: Rd
• Shifter
– Helps to Extend the scope of data or
address
• Sign-extend
– LOAD data from Main memory
32. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Register in ARM
• Orthogonal Registers (ref. VAX, PDP-11)
– We say R0~R13 are orthogonal, for given instruction,
if it can use R0, then others can also be used.
• SPRs
– R13(sp), R14(lr), R15(pc)
• CPSR/SPSR
– Condition Codes: N, Z, C, V
– Interruption mask: I(IRQ), F(FIQ)
– Thumb Enable Bit
– Mode(5-bit)
33. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Instruction Sets in ARM
• Three Instruction Set (IS) in ARM
– ARM
– Thumb: 16-bit
– Jazelle(closed): 8-bit
» 60%: Hardware (JVM)
» 40%: Software
34. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Condition Codes
• N(egative), Z(ero), C(arry), Q(ov), V(signed
ov).
• EQ = Z, NE = z; HS = C, LO = c
• GE = NV or nv, LT = Nv or nV
35. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Pipeline
• ARM7
– 3 stages: Fetch, Decode, Execute
• More stages (deeper pipeline)
– means “More latency”, “More Dependence”
• ARM9 (+13% ARM7)
– 5 stages: FI, DI, EX, M, WB
• ARM10 (+34% ARM7)
– 6 stages: FI, Issue, DI, EX, M, WB
• ARM7 instruction runs on ARM9/10 ?
– Yes, same pipeline architecture as ARM7
36. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
About Pipeline
• Enable IRQ
– MSR: Clear CPSR’s I bit.
– IRQ is enabled only after MSR’s third stage (WB);
• PC
– PC always point to the Current “FIing” instruction;
– It’s a tricky for pipeline when calculating PC offset;
• When Branch or direct PC updating
– ARM core will flush the whole pipeline;
– ARM10: using Branch Predict Technology;
– When being IRQed: Instruction in EX will insist to
finish, other instructions will be flushed.
37. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Vector Table
• Reset
– the 1st instr. after power-up;
• Undef
– cannot be decoded;
• Soft
– SWI instruction being executed;
• Prefecth Abort (PABT)
– try to access invalid address for instruction;
• Data Abort (DABT)
– Try to access invalid address for data;
• IRQ
• FIQ
38. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
Core Extension
• Cache & TCM
– Unified vs. I/D
– TCM: fast SRAM, very near Core (unwired with AMBA)
• MM interface
– No MM: for simple embedded system;
– MPU(Memory Protect Unit): section protection;
– MMU: Translation table, Fine-grain protection;
• CP interface
– By Extend Instruction Set vs. CSR register;
– E.g.
» VFP instruction;
» CP15: cache, TCM and MMU via load/store like instr.
39. ARM 2007 liangalei@sjtu.edu.cn
ARM Instruction Set
• Data
– Data transfer(MOVE), Arith/Logic, CMP, MUL;
• Branch
– If-then-else
• Load/Store
• SWI
• MRS/MSR
– Status (CPSR or SPSR) <-> Register
– Coprocessor Instruction
» CDP (CP Data Processing), MRC/MCR, LDC/STC
• CONST load
• ARMv5E extension
• Condition Executed Instruction
– E.g. ADDEQ r0, r1, r2