The People’s Republic of China has made great achievements in improving health status over the past six decades, mainly due to the government’s commitment to health, provision of cost effective public health programmes, growing coverage of health financial protection mechanisms and investments in an extensive health-care delivery network.
THIS PPT IS ABOUT THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN CHINA MOSTLY STUDIED IN ECONOMICS.
THIS ALSO SHOWS YOU ABOUT THE INSURANCE POLICY AND GDP RATE AND MANY MORE
This document discusses universal health care in the United States and its potential effects on society. It first defines universal health care as a system that provides health insurance to all citizens. It then compares the systems in other countries like Canada, Great Britain, and Germany. In the US, over 45 million people are uninsured despite health care being declared a basic right. The document outlines several potential effects of universal health care on employment, government spending, households, and the economy. Both pros and cons are discussed. In conclusion, it states that most cannot afford treatment without insurance and increasing costs may raise the uninsured population.
The Republic of Korea HiT notes that economic development and universal health coverage through national health insurance has led to a rapid improvement in health outcomes. Overall, the health status of the Korean population is better than that of many other Asian countries. Reducing inequality in health coverage outcomes, strengthening primary health care and improving coordination between hospitals and long-term care facilities to meet the needs of the aged population are the challenges facing the Government.
The document summarizes the history and current state of Afghanistan's health care system. It describes how the system evolved from traditional healers in the 19th century to the establishment of medical schools and hospitals in the early 20th century. The system deteriorated during periods of war and conflict but is now focused on providing primary health services through various facilities like health posts, basic health centers, and district hospitals funded through public financing and donor assistance. Major health indicators still show high rates of mortality and low access to care.
Health Financing Functions: Risk PoolingHFG Project
Presentation by Dr. Elaine Baruwa, Abt Associates, at Haiti's International Conference on Access to Health Care for All in Haiti: Challenges and Perspectives for Funding, April 28-29, 2015, Haïti
The World Health Organization was founded on the principle of universal health coverage and achieving the highest level of health for all people. World Health Day on April 7th aims to inspire and guide countries toward achieving universal health coverage through a series of events in 2018. Currently half the world's population lacks access to needed health services, and countries need to extend coverage to one billion more people by 2023 to meet global targets. World Health Day will highlight the need for universal coverage and benefits it provides.
This document summarizes the public health situation in Thailand. It discusses the distribution of health resources, prevalence of major diseases, health research projects, education efforts, and national health policies. Some key points are:
- Healthcare resources are unevenly distributed between urban and rural areas.
- Major diseases like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes place a large burden on the population and healthcare system.
- Thailand aims to promote health security, self-care, and equal access to quality healthcare for all citizens through research, education, and decentralized healthcare management.
- The universal health coverage scheme has increased access to care but also faces challenges in budget allocation and long-term sustainability.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in healthcare aim to improve universal access, equity, and affordability of primary care through collaboration between government and private sectors. PPPs can help address India's shortage of healthcare professionals and facilities, which are disproportionately located in urban areas despite most of the population living rurally. Common forms of PPPs in India include contracting private providers for service delivery, outsourcing management of public facilities, health insurance schemes, and joint ventures. Successful PPPs require transparency, impartiality, value for money, integrated services, and financial viability to equitably meet public health goals through shared responsibilities between sectors.
THIS PPT IS ABOUT THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN CHINA MOSTLY STUDIED IN ECONOMICS.
THIS ALSO SHOWS YOU ABOUT THE INSURANCE POLICY AND GDP RATE AND MANY MORE
This document discusses universal health care in the United States and its potential effects on society. It first defines universal health care as a system that provides health insurance to all citizens. It then compares the systems in other countries like Canada, Great Britain, and Germany. In the US, over 45 million people are uninsured despite health care being declared a basic right. The document outlines several potential effects of universal health care on employment, government spending, households, and the economy. Both pros and cons are discussed. In conclusion, it states that most cannot afford treatment without insurance and increasing costs may raise the uninsured population.
The Republic of Korea HiT notes that economic development and universal health coverage through national health insurance has led to a rapid improvement in health outcomes. Overall, the health status of the Korean population is better than that of many other Asian countries. Reducing inequality in health coverage outcomes, strengthening primary health care and improving coordination between hospitals and long-term care facilities to meet the needs of the aged population are the challenges facing the Government.
The document summarizes the history and current state of Afghanistan's health care system. It describes how the system evolved from traditional healers in the 19th century to the establishment of medical schools and hospitals in the early 20th century. The system deteriorated during periods of war and conflict but is now focused on providing primary health services through various facilities like health posts, basic health centers, and district hospitals funded through public financing and donor assistance. Major health indicators still show high rates of mortality and low access to care.
Health Financing Functions: Risk PoolingHFG Project
Presentation by Dr. Elaine Baruwa, Abt Associates, at Haiti's International Conference on Access to Health Care for All in Haiti: Challenges and Perspectives for Funding, April 28-29, 2015, Haïti
The World Health Organization was founded on the principle of universal health coverage and achieving the highest level of health for all people. World Health Day on April 7th aims to inspire and guide countries toward achieving universal health coverage through a series of events in 2018. Currently half the world's population lacks access to needed health services, and countries need to extend coverage to one billion more people by 2023 to meet global targets. World Health Day will highlight the need for universal coverage and benefits it provides.
This document summarizes the public health situation in Thailand. It discusses the distribution of health resources, prevalence of major diseases, health research projects, education efforts, and national health policies. Some key points are:
- Healthcare resources are unevenly distributed between urban and rural areas.
- Major diseases like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes place a large burden on the population and healthcare system.
- Thailand aims to promote health security, self-care, and equal access to quality healthcare for all citizens through research, education, and decentralized healthcare management.
- The universal health coverage scheme has increased access to care but also faces challenges in budget allocation and long-term sustainability.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in healthcare aim to improve universal access, equity, and affordability of primary care through collaboration between government and private sectors. PPPs can help address India's shortage of healthcare professionals and facilities, which are disproportionately located in urban areas despite most of the population living rurally. Common forms of PPPs in India include contracting private providers for service delivery, outsourcing management of public facilities, health insurance schemes, and joint ventures. Successful PPPs require transparency, impartiality, value for money, integrated services, and financial viability to equitably meet public health goals through shared responsibilities between sectors.
This document discusses ways to improve the healthcare system in India. It addresses issues of affordability, accessibility, availability, acceptability, doctor-patient ratios, workforce, public-private partnerships, health insurance, and quality. The document provides 10 points on improving the system, including making healthcare more affordable through reasonable costs and free health camps, increasing accessibility through centrally located healthcare centers and mobile apps, ensuring availability of equipment and 24/7 doctors, and emphasizing acceptability through good doctor-patient communication. It also addresses increasing doctor ratios, growing the healthcare workforce, expanding public-private partnerships, improving health insurance to cover more needs, and enhancing quality through more professionals, better infrastructure and information technology, and improved research.
The document discusses India's National Health Policy and the importance of having an integrated Health Management Information System (HMIS). It outlines some key goals of the National Health Policy including reducing mortality from diseases like tuberculosis and malaria. It also identifies gaps in how health data is currently collected and used, noting that data is often incomplete, unreliable and not used by local planners. It argues that reforming the health information system to make it simpler and more valuable to frontline health workers could help improve service coverage and quality.
Japanese healthcare and its comparison with Indian healthcare systemDRx Anchal Sharma
The document provides an overview of the Japanese healthcare system and compares it to the Indian healthcare system. Some key points:
1. Japan has a universal healthcare system financed through taxes, where the government pays 70% of costs and patients pay 30%. This contrasts with India where out-of-pocket expenses account for 70% of costs.
2. Japan spends around 8.9% of its GDP on healthcare, significantly more than India's 4%.
3. The Japanese system aims to provide equal access to healthcare through mandatory health insurance, whereas health insurance is not mandatory in India.
4. Public health standards are higher in Japan relative to challenges in India with access to clean water, nutrition, and
Healthcare is a major part of every country's development platform. By healthcare we are in fact protecting the most important driver of development. Healthcare systems are primarily safe guarding the development core engine and are the best means of sustainable development.
This document provides an overview of Bangladesh's health system. It discusses the key building blocks of the health system including service delivery, human resources, health financing, and challenges. Some of the main points covered are:
- Bangladesh has a pluralistic health system consisting of public, private, NGO, and informal sectors.
- The main challenges include an overall shortage and skill imbalance of human resources, as well as low motivation and absenteeism in rural areas. Initiatives are underway to address these challenges through new training programs and incentives.
- Government health expenditure is about 1% of GDP and 4.45% of the national budget. Out-of-pocket expenses account for 63% of total health spending.
Report Dissemination on
Rationale
Urbanization and globalization has brought shift in the dietary pattern
Increased trend of western type high fat, high sugar and refined carbohydrates and low fiber diets by consuming packed foods, canned juices and soft drinks.
Non- communicable disease are “Silently” becoming a heavy burden for developing countries like Nepal.
Food intakes and Nutrition is the fore major modifiable determinant of chronic disease.
The occurrence of the Non-communicable disease can be prevented to the extent of 80 % simply by adopting good lifestyle like physical exercise, balanced diet and avoiding smoking and alcohol.
Research Objective
Primary goal of the study is to study the food habits of the children and adolescent of Kathmandu Valley.
Specific objective of the research
1. Identify the dietary pattern of the urban children and adolescent on junk foods and restaurant culture.
2. Analyze the effects of the economic and social status as well as peer pressure on food consumption pattern.
3. To indicate the possible risk factors for associated with food consumption pattern.
4. To develop a mechanism for addressing the need for more adequate food information system to maintain the food and nutritional situation of population.
Primary health care (PHC) aims to make essential health services universally accessible and affordable. It was introduced in 1978 with the goal of "Health for All" by 2000. PHC is defined by the WHO as essential care accessible to communities through their participation and affordable at every development stage. The key concepts are being accessible, acceptable, affordable, available, and accountable. PHC's strategies focus on strengthening infrastructure and training more health workers to expand rural services. Its objectives include reducing communicable diseases and mortality rates among infants and children.
Dr. Amol Deshmukh gave a seminar presentation on public private partnerships (PPPs) in hospital and healthcare services. The presentation covered:
1. An introduction to PPPs, including their use to address rising healthcare costs and demands on government budgets.
2. Common PPP models like service contracts, management contracts, leases, and concessions and how private partners are typically compensated.
3. Case studies of PPPs for healthcare services in India, including a voucher system for reproductive health and contracting private nursing homes.
4. Issues that can determine the success or failure of healthcare PPPs like developing strong legal and regulatory frameworks, addressing political challenges, and ensuring value for
Basic health issues and role of private healthcare System in PakistanDr Abdul Ghafoor
The document summarizes the structure of Pakistan's health care system and identifies basic health issues in the country. It notes that Pakistan has a poorly organized health structure without clearly defined roles for primary, secondary and tertiary care. It also highlights issues like the high cost of care, lack of health education, uncontrolled quackery, and the large role of the private sector in healthcare delivery, especially in urban areas of Sindh province. The private health sector in Sindh is described as varied without strong regulation, ranging from well-equipped hospitals to informal providers like general stores. The roles and responsibilities of both the government and private sectors are discussed to address gaps and improve healthcare access and quality in Pakistan.
Review of current health service planning in Nepal from province to local levelMohammad Aslam Shaiekh
This document summarizes a review of health service planning in Nepal from the provincial to local levels. It describes the new federal system of government in Nepal with three tiers (federal, provincial, local). At the local level in Pokhara Metropolitan City, the findings show 41 health facilities serving 479,000 people. A top-down and bottom-up approach is used for health program and budget planning. At the provincial level, the Gandaki Province health directorate provides technical support to 11 districts. The challenges of implementing health planning under federalism include coordination between levels of government and building capacity of newly elected local bodies. Recommendations focus on collaboration, clarifying roles, training, and strengthening infrastructure and resources at the
Japan has a universal healthcare system that aims to provide affordable care to all. The government regulates medical fees to keep costs low for patients, who pay between 10-30% of fees out-of-pocket depending on income. Japan has seen tremendous growth in life expectancy over the last 50 years due to economic growth and public health programs like mass cancer screenings. The healthcare system is financed through a mix of public health insurance programs and is characterized by universal coverage and equal access to care.
This document outlines Uganda's Child Survival Strategy known as GOBI-FFF. [1] It provides key child mortality rate indicators showing a decline between 2006 and 2014/15. [2] It then discusses the main causes of child death in Uganda and outlines the components of the GOBI-FFF strategy: G (growth monitoring), O (oral rehydration salts), B (breastfeeding), I (immunization), F (family planning), F (food supplementation), and F (female literacy). [3] For each component, it provides some additional details on recommended practices.
This document provides an overview of healthcare financing in India. It begins with definitions of health care financing and outlines the key functions of accumulating, mobilizing, and allocating money for health needs. It then discusses the main mechanisms of healthcare financing globally and in India, including how money is raised through taxes, insurance contributions, and other means. It also addresses how funds are pooled and how health services are paid for. The document reviews India's current healthcare financing indicators and challenges, such as low public spending and high out-of-pocket costs. It concludes with initiatives by the Government of India and recommendations to improve healthcare financing in India.
The National Health Policy of India was last updated in 2002. A new 2017 policy was created to address changes in priorities, growth of the healthcare industry, rising costs, and increased fiscal capacity. The 2017 policy aims to prioritize, inform, clarify, and strengthen the government's role in shaping the healthcare system. It seeks to improve access, quality and lower costs while achieving universal health coverage and making quality care affordable for all Indians. The policy outlines goals, objectives, and quantitative targets across health status, system performance, and strengthening the system over the coming years. Challenges to achieving this include India's disease burden, costs of care, shortage of doctors and infrastructure, and need for private sector oversight.
The document summarizes healthcare financing in India. It discusses that healthcare financing aims to ensure access to health services. The key principles are generating revenue, pooling funds for cross-subsidization between rich/poor and healthy/sick, and purchasing efficient services. In India, healthcare is financed primarily through out-of-pocket payments by households, while government expenditure is low compared to other countries. Reforms like NRHM and RSBY aim to increase public allocation to healthcare. Challenges include expanding coverage with limited resources and improving spending efficiency.
Overview of the Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) of Childhood Illn...JSI
The document provides an overview of the Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) of Childhood Illness Task Force. The Task Force is a global association working to promote integrated community-level management of childhood illness. It includes multilateral agencies, bilateral agencies, NGOs, and academic institutions. The Task Force operates through a steering committee and secretariat to advocate for iCCM adoption, ensure access to best practices and tools, and provide a forum for experience sharing. It maintains a resource center, CCMCentral.com, which centralizes iCCM implementation tools and examples. The conclusion encourages joining the Task Force to access standards and resources, disseminate evidence, and network to shape the future of iCCM programs.
The Thailand HiT reports that sustained political commitment to the health of the population since the 1970s has resulted in significant investment in health infrastructure, in particular primary health care, district and provincial referral hospitals, and strengthened the overall functioning of the Thai health system. After Thailand achieved universal health coverage in 2002, public expenditure on health significantly increased from 63% to 77% and out-of-pocket expense was reduced from 27.2% to 12.4% of the total health spending in 2011.
The Cambodia HiT reports that the national health sector reforms initiated two decades ago have had a positive impact on Cambodia’s health sector. The country’s health status has substantially improved since 1993 and is on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal targets. Improving the quality of care is now the most pressing imperative in health-system strengthening.
This document discusses ways to improve the healthcare system in India. It addresses issues of affordability, accessibility, availability, acceptability, doctor-patient ratios, workforce, public-private partnerships, health insurance, and quality. The document provides 10 points on improving the system, including making healthcare more affordable through reasonable costs and free health camps, increasing accessibility through centrally located healthcare centers and mobile apps, ensuring availability of equipment and 24/7 doctors, and emphasizing acceptability through good doctor-patient communication. It also addresses increasing doctor ratios, growing the healthcare workforce, expanding public-private partnerships, improving health insurance to cover more needs, and enhancing quality through more professionals, better infrastructure and information technology, and improved research.
The document discusses India's National Health Policy and the importance of having an integrated Health Management Information System (HMIS). It outlines some key goals of the National Health Policy including reducing mortality from diseases like tuberculosis and malaria. It also identifies gaps in how health data is currently collected and used, noting that data is often incomplete, unreliable and not used by local planners. It argues that reforming the health information system to make it simpler and more valuable to frontline health workers could help improve service coverage and quality.
Japanese healthcare and its comparison with Indian healthcare systemDRx Anchal Sharma
The document provides an overview of the Japanese healthcare system and compares it to the Indian healthcare system. Some key points:
1. Japan has a universal healthcare system financed through taxes, where the government pays 70% of costs and patients pay 30%. This contrasts with India where out-of-pocket expenses account for 70% of costs.
2. Japan spends around 8.9% of its GDP on healthcare, significantly more than India's 4%.
3. The Japanese system aims to provide equal access to healthcare through mandatory health insurance, whereas health insurance is not mandatory in India.
4. Public health standards are higher in Japan relative to challenges in India with access to clean water, nutrition, and
Healthcare is a major part of every country's development platform. By healthcare we are in fact protecting the most important driver of development. Healthcare systems are primarily safe guarding the development core engine and are the best means of sustainable development.
This document provides an overview of Bangladesh's health system. It discusses the key building blocks of the health system including service delivery, human resources, health financing, and challenges. Some of the main points covered are:
- Bangladesh has a pluralistic health system consisting of public, private, NGO, and informal sectors.
- The main challenges include an overall shortage and skill imbalance of human resources, as well as low motivation and absenteeism in rural areas. Initiatives are underway to address these challenges through new training programs and incentives.
- Government health expenditure is about 1% of GDP and 4.45% of the national budget. Out-of-pocket expenses account for 63% of total health spending.
Report Dissemination on
Rationale
Urbanization and globalization has brought shift in the dietary pattern
Increased trend of western type high fat, high sugar and refined carbohydrates and low fiber diets by consuming packed foods, canned juices and soft drinks.
Non- communicable disease are “Silently” becoming a heavy burden for developing countries like Nepal.
Food intakes and Nutrition is the fore major modifiable determinant of chronic disease.
The occurrence of the Non-communicable disease can be prevented to the extent of 80 % simply by adopting good lifestyle like physical exercise, balanced diet and avoiding smoking and alcohol.
Research Objective
Primary goal of the study is to study the food habits of the children and adolescent of Kathmandu Valley.
Specific objective of the research
1. Identify the dietary pattern of the urban children and adolescent on junk foods and restaurant culture.
2. Analyze the effects of the economic and social status as well as peer pressure on food consumption pattern.
3. To indicate the possible risk factors for associated with food consumption pattern.
4. To develop a mechanism for addressing the need for more adequate food information system to maintain the food and nutritional situation of population.
Primary health care (PHC) aims to make essential health services universally accessible and affordable. It was introduced in 1978 with the goal of "Health for All" by 2000. PHC is defined by the WHO as essential care accessible to communities through their participation and affordable at every development stage. The key concepts are being accessible, acceptable, affordable, available, and accountable. PHC's strategies focus on strengthening infrastructure and training more health workers to expand rural services. Its objectives include reducing communicable diseases and mortality rates among infants and children.
Dr. Amol Deshmukh gave a seminar presentation on public private partnerships (PPPs) in hospital and healthcare services. The presentation covered:
1. An introduction to PPPs, including their use to address rising healthcare costs and demands on government budgets.
2. Common PPP models like service contracts, management contracts, leases, and concessions and how private partners are typically compensated.
3. Case studies of PPPs for healthcare services in India, including a voucher system for reproductive health and contracting private nursing homes.
4. Issues that can determine the success or failure of healthcare PPPs like developing strong legal and regulatory frameworks, addressing political challenges, and ensuring value for
Basic health issues and role of private healthcare System in PakistanDr Abdul Ghafoor
The document summarizes the structure of Pakistan's health care system and identifies basic health issues in the country. It notes that Pakistan has a poorly organized health structure without clearly defined roles for primary, secondary and tertiary care. It also highlights issues like the high cost of care, lack of health education, uncontrolled quackery, and the large role of the private sector in healthcare delivery, especially in urban areas of Sindh province. The private health sector in Sindh is described as varied without strong regulation, ranging from well-equipped hospitals to informal providers like general stores. The roles and responsibilities of both the government and private sectors are discussed to address gaps and improve healthcare access and quality in Pakistan.
Review of current health service planning in Nepal from province to local levelMohammad Aslam Shaiekh
This document summarizes a review of health service planning in Nepal from the provincial to local levels. It describes the new federal system of government in Nepal with three tiers (federal, provincial, local). At the local level in Pokhara Metropolitan City, the findings show 41 health facilities serving 479,000 people. A top-down and bottom-up approach is used for health program and budget planning. At the provincial level, the Gandaki Province health directorate provides technical support to 11 districts. The challenges of implementing health planning under federalism include coordination between levels of government and building capacity of newly elected local bodies. Recommendations focus on collaboration, clarifying roles, training, and strengthening infrastructure and resources at the
Japan has a universal healthcare system that aims to provide affordable care to all. The government regulates medical fees to keep costs low for patients, who pay between 10-30% of fees out-of-pocket depending on income. Japan has seen tremendous growth in life expectancy over the last 50 years due to economic growth and public health programs like mass cancer screenings. The healthcare system is financed through a mix of public health insurance programs and is characterized by universal coverage and equal access to care.
This document outlines Uganda's Child Survival Strategy known as GOBI-FFF. [1] It provides key child mortality rate indicators showing a decline between 2006 and 2014/15. [2] It then discusses the main causes of child death in Uganda and outlines the components of the GOBI-FFF strategy: G (growth monitoring), O (oral rehydration salts), B (breastfeeding), I (immunization), F (family planning), F (food supplementation), and F (female literacy). [3] For each component, it provides some additional details on recommended practices.
This document provides an overview of healthcare financing in India. It begins with definitions of health care financing and outlines the key functions of accumulating, mobilizing, and allocating money for health needs. It then discusses the main mechanisms of healthcare financing globally and in India, including how money is raised through taxes, insurance contributions, and other means. It also addresses how funds are pooled and how health services are paid for. The document reviews India's current healthcare financing indicators and challenges, such as low public spending and high out-of-pocket costs. It concludes with initiatives by the Government of India and recommendations to improve healthcare financing in India.
The National Health Policy of India was last updated in 2002. A new 2017 policy was created to address changes in priorities, growth of the healthcare industry, rising costs, and increased fiscal capacity. The 2017 policy aims to prioritize, inform, clarify, and strengthen the government's role in shaping the healthcare system. It seeks to improve access, quality and lower costs while achieving universal health coverage and making quality care affordable for all Indians. The policy outlines goals, objectives, and quantitative targets across health status, system performance, and strengthening the system over the coming years. Challenges to achieving this include India's disease burden, costs of care, shortage of doctors and infrastructure, and need for private sector oversight.
The document summarizes healthcare financing in India. It discusses that healthcare financing aims to ensure access to health services. The key principles are generating revenue, pooling funds for cross-subsidization between rich/poor and healthy/sick, and purchasing efficient services. In India, healthcare is financed primarily through out-of-pocket payments by households, while government expenditure is low compared to other countries. Reforms like NRHM and RSBY aim to increase public allocation to healthcare. Challenges include expanding coverage with limited resources and improving spending efficiency.
Overview of the Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) of Childhood Illn...JSI
The document provides an overview of the Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) of Childhood Illness Task Force. The Task Force is a global association working to promote integrated community-level management of childhood illness. It includes multilateral agencies, bilateral agencies, NGOs, and academic institutions. The Task Force operates through a steering committee and secretariat to advocate for iCCM adoption, ensure access to best practices and tools, and provide a forum for experience sharing. It maintains a resource center, CCMCentral.com, which centralizes iCCM implementation tools and examples. The conclusion encourages joining the Task Force to access standards and resources, disseminate evidence, and network to shape the future of iCCM programs.
The Thailand HiT reports that sustained political commitment to the health of the population since the 1970s has resulted in significant investment in health infrastructure, in particular primary health care, district and provincial referral hospitals, and strengthened the overall functioning of the Thai health system. After Thailand achieved universal health coverage in 2002, public expenditure on health significantly increased from 63% to 77% and out-of-pocket expense was reduced from 27.2% to 12.4% of the total health spending in 2011.
The Cambodia HiT reports that the national health sector reforms initiated two decades ago have had a positive impact on Cambodia’s health sector. The country’s health status has substantially improved since 1993 and is on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal targets. Improving the quality of care is now the most pressing imperative in health-system strengthening.
The document provides information on healthcare delivery in China. It begins with definitions of healthcare delivery systems and their components. It then provides demographic profiles of China and India, comparing various metrics like population size, density, health outcomes, expenditures, and common health problems. The profile sections of China and India are quite extensive. It also provides historical background on China's healthcare system, from the pre-revolutionary era to the establishment of the basic health insurance system in recent decades. It describes the key reforms to China's healthcare system over time that aimed to decentralize control and increase coverage. It outlines China's current universal healthcare system, which utilizes a mix of public health programs, primary care facilities, hospitals, and basic medical insurance schemes to cover
Indonesia has a mixed health system with both public and private provision of care. Key achievements include increased life expectancy and reductions in communicable disease rates. However, challenges remain such as the dual burden of disease, natural disasters, weak health information systems, and high out-of-pocket expenditures. Future prospects include expanding the use of telemedicine, incentivizing an even workforce distribution, and passing more legislation to clarify the health system framework.
The document outlines India's national health policy. It notes that while India has made progress on health outcomes, gaps remain between states and communities. It analyzes India's disease burden, health system challenges, and the growth of private healthcare. The policy aims to improve health systems, promote universal access to quality care without financial hardship, and leverage partnerships across sectors to achieve health equity and inclusion. It establishes principles of equity, universality, patient-centered care, inclusive partnerships, pluralism, and subsidiarity to guide the health system transition.
The health system of Bangladesh has undergone a number of reforms and has established an extensive health service infrastructure in both the public and private sectors during the past four decades. Bangladesh has achieved impressive gains in population health, achieving the Millennium Development Goal 4 target of reducing under-five child mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015, and improving other key indicators such as maternal mortality, immunization coverage, and survival rates from malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrhoea diseases.
The document summarizes key aspects of health sector reforms in India. It discusses reforms related to decentralization, human resources, financing, restructuring the health system, management information systems, community participation, quality assurance, convergence of programs, and public-private partnerships. The reforms aim to improve access to healthcare especially for rural and underserved populations through various policy changes introduced since the 1980s.
National health policy, population policy, ayushKailash Nagar
The document outlines key aspects of India's national health, population, and Ayush policies. It discusses the objectives and goals of the National Health Policy of 2002, including reducing infant and maternal mortality rates and increasing health spending. It also summarizes the National Population Policy of 2000, which aims to address unmet family planning needs and reduce total fertility rates. Finally, it provides an overview of the various policy prescriptions and strategies across these national policies.
The National Health Policy 2017 aims to raise public health expenditure to 2.5% of GDP to provide comprehensive primary health care through 'Health and Wellness Centers'. It envisions a larger package of assured primary care that includes services for non-communicable diseases, geriatrics, mental health, and palliative care. The policy also looks to improve regulatory standards for quality healthcare and reform regulatory systems to promote domestic manufacturing of drugs and devices as well as medical education.
The Solomon Islands HiT determines that the country’s health system has significant weaknesses but also considerable strengths. Despite the range and difficulty of issues facing policy-makers in the Solomon Islands, there have been significant achievements in health, including considerable progress in advancing population health status. The performance of the health system is positive, achieving high coverage, high satisfaction levels, and steady progress on health outcomes. Nonetheless, the country faces important health challenges that could undermine development gains made to date
The Kingdom of Bhutan has made great achievement in establishing and sustaining public financed and managed health system in the past five and a half decades. As enshrined in the Constitution, health services are free in the integrated traditional and allopathic medicines. The report also notes the epidemiological and health system challenges and the way forward to overcome in line with achieving SDGs.
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day 12.12.14, NepalDeepak Karki
This presentation is made on the first ever Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day 12.12.14 celebration in Nepal by Nepal Health Economics Association (NHEA).
Japan has made numerous achievements in health most notably the world’s highest life-expectancy in the past two decades, since its founding Universal Health Insurance System in 1961. However, ageing population with low-fertility rates, stagnating economy, increasing burden of NCDs and growing use of expensive technologies pose the critical challenges in service delivery and financial stability in health. Japan HiT reports current health system reforms undertaken and also recent discussion on paradigm shift to the new system as proposed in Japan Vision: Health Care 2035.
Implementing Rapid Medical Security reform in China: Importance of a Learning...IDS
A presentation by Zhenzhong ZHANG and Yunping WANG of the China National Health Development Research Center. This was given at a Future Health Systems Consortium organised event at the Global Symposium on Health System Research.
The document discusses health systems and financing. It begins by defining a health system as all actors, institutions, and resources that undertake health actions, with the primary intent of improving health. Not all policies that influence health are part of the health system. The document then discusses the goals of health systems, including improving health and ensuring financial contribution. It outlines the key functions of health systems as stewardship, financing, resource generation, and service delivery. The document emphasizes the importance of aligning financing with national health plans to avoid fragmentation. It also discusses concepts of coverage, effectiveness, and factors that influence health outcomes.
The document summarizes recommendations from the High Level Expert Group on achieving Universal Health Coverage in India. It discusses expanding health coverage to all citizens through a national health package, increasing public spending on health to 3% of GDP, strengthening primary healthcare and developing norms for facilities at each level of care. It also emphasizes improving human resources for health, community participation, and access to medicines. The overall vision is to ensure equitable access to quality health services for all Indians.
The document outlines the key aspects of India's National Health Policies from 1983 to 2017. It discusses the goals and objectives of each policy, which focused on strengthening primary healthcare, reducing disease burdens, and improving access to healthcare. The National Health Policy of 2017 aims to achieve universal health coverage and deliver affordable, quality healthcare for all. Its goals include reducing mortality rates and expanding coverage of health services by 2025. The policy also identifies priority areas like sanitation, nutrition, and reducing pollution to improve population health.
This document discusses predictive analytics in China and contains the following key points in 3 sentences:
It provides an overview of China's healthcare system challenges and reforms, the demand for predictive analytics to improve risk adjustment and medical management, and current limited applications of predictive models in China including disease risk prediction and small-scale DRG and spending prediction research studies. Data sources in China have coding and collection inconsistencies across regions that pose challenges for predictive modeling applications.
This document discusses predictive analytics in China and contains the following key points in 3 sentences:
It provides an overview of China's healthcare system and the demand for predictive analytics to address challenges like risk adjustment for rural healthcare budgets and risk-based physician payment systems. It also describes current limited applications of predictive modeling in China including disease risk prediction models and small-scale DRG feasibility studies not yet commercialized. Data sources and coding conventions used in China's healthcare systems are outlined along with opportunities and challenges for further development of predictive analytics.
Similar to APO People's Republic of China Health System Review (Health in Transition) (20)
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APO People's Republic of China Health System Review (Health in Transition)
1. Health Systems in Transition
People’s Republic of China
Health System Review
2. Health Systems in Transition: China Health System Review
2
Authors:
Qingyue Meng
Hongwei Yang
Wen Chen
Qiang Sun
Xiaoyun Liu
Editors:
Anne Mills
Viroj Tangcharoensathien
Suggested citation: Qingyue M, Hongwei Y, Wen C, Qiang S, Xiaoyun L. People's Republic of China Health System Review. Vol.5
No.7. Manila: World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2015.
3. China: Socio-demographic profile
Overview of health system
Service delivery network
Governance and administration
Health financing
Infrastructure
Human Resources
Major reforms
Main findings
Progress made
Remaining challenges
Future prospects
3
Presentation outline:
This map is an approximation of actual country borders
Source: https://www.who.int/countries/chn/en/
4. 4
Socio-demographic profile
Area 9.6 million sq. km
3rd largest country by land area
Population • 1350.7 Million (2012)
• 51.8% Urban population
• 1.7 TFR (2012)
Life expectancy at
birth m/f
73.9/76.5 (2012)
GDP per capita: $10944.5 (PPP, current
international $)
HDI 19
Expenditure on
health % GDP
5.4 (2012)
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2014
Social demographics of China
5. 5
Mixed Health Financing/Universal Health Coverage
1.1. Health legislative system (financing, service delivery and health
supervision system)
2.2. Central Government control and regulation
3.3. Dominant public hospitals, including traditional medicine hospitals
4.4. Constitution includes the right of citizens to state assistance for
health care including disability and ageing
5.5. Basic public health equalization programme
Health system
1. Historical grassroots health facility focus
2. Growing private sector/NGO involvement
3. Social Health Insurance with UHC focus by 2020
6. Service delivery
Outpatient care:
PHC institutions offer services including basic medical, public health services to local
residents
Expensive medical equipment is concentrated in secondary and tertiary hospitals 117
expensive medical equipment pieces, compared to 0.47 in PHC institutions
Inpatient care
All three basic medical insurance systems cover inpatient expenses across rural and
urban areas
Inpatient and outpatient integration:
Hospitals offer both inpatient, outpatient and PHC services
Two way patient referral regulation launched in 2006, to promote higher tier medical
facility utilization when necessary
Patient pathways: Ineffective gate-keeping as two-way referral yet to be fully rolled out,
patients often self refer to hospitals resulting in overcrowding
6
7. 7
Central
• National Health and Family Planning Commission – lead health
development planning and administrative manager
Local (Provincial, Municipal, County)
• Service delivery, some funding
Other
• Professional Associations: CMA, NACTM – professional
management inc. in-service training, middleman between
workforce and government
• Private sector – actively promoted by government to encourage
more players in market
Governance and Administration
8. 8
Health Financing
Trends in health expenditure in China
Source: China National Health Development Research Center,
2014; World Health Organization NHA Indicators, 2013
• Tax-based, social health insurance,
private insurance and OOP payment
• Government health expenditure has
increased 37-fold from 1995-2012
• 3 basic medical insurances cover
95% of the population
• OOP payments decreased from 59%
in 2000 to 24.3% in 2012
• USD $241.5 billion was spent
between 2009-2011 with USD
$68.76 billion spent on URBMI and
NCMS
9. 9
Health Financing – Basic medical insurance schemes
3 basic insurance schemes
•95% population coverage
UEBMI (mandatory for urban employed)
URBMI (urban unemployed)
NRCMS (rural)
Financing
•UEBMI: employer/employee contributions
URBMI and NRCMS: premiums, government subsidy
Overall decrease in OOP payments from 59% to 34% in 2012
Breadth
•UEBMI: inpatient, outpatient, some pharmacies
URBMI and NRCMS: inpatient and limited catastrophic diseases
10. 10
Health Financing – Vulnerable groups
• Revenue-sharing, financial
transfer payment systems est.
to help vulnerable access
health insurance
• Government funded financial
assistance
• MFA target group: low-
income, covers OOP payments
for health insurance | 58.78m
beneficiaries
• Other assistance schemes
cover progressively severe
illnesses including Insurance
Program for Catastrophic
Diseases
MFA: Medical Financial Assistance for the Poor
NRCMS: New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme
URBMI: Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance
UEBMI: Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance
PMI: Private Medical Insurance
Financial Flows
11. Growth of health institutions in China Operational size of hospitals by bed numbers
Infrastructure
Source: MOH, 2013a Source: MOH, 2013a
• Hospitals numbers have grown 2.5 times to 23170 in 2012
• 53% of hospitals are in urban areas reflecting general population distribution
• 4.24 beds per 1000 population in 2012. An increase of 50% from 2007
• NDRC responsible for major infrastructure and private health-care institution development
• Local government funding for infrastructure accounted for 70% of total public fiscal expenditure
between 2009-2011
11
12. Human resources for Health
4.94 health professionals/1000
population
84.8% of health professionals in public
sector. No dual practice for physicians
Grassroots medical care in rural areas
delivered by ‘barefoot doctors’: short-
term training; public health care services
provided.
Historic periods of rapid health personnel
growth: over 100,000 annually in the
1950s, 150,000 in the 1970s and 1980s
and 200000 post-2005
Comprehensive medical education system
from pre-training to continued
professional development
12
Growth in total number of health professionals
Source: MOH, 2013a
Note: From 2007, health professionals do not include
apothecaries, inspectors or other types of technician
13. Early health system reforms
13
Centralized control
Communicable disease reduction
Rural and primary health care development
Barefoot doctors
Basic medical security system established
• Emphasis on grassroots care:
• 90% of all counties had medical
institutions by 1952
• Every village had at least 1 barefoot
doctor
• Free services to control communicable
diseases: smallpox and tuberculosis
• Centralized control: service cost, drug mark-
ups
• Initial medical security system: rural
cooperative, government and employee
insurances
China managed to build a basic health system between 1949-1979 despite low
economic development and limited resources
14. Initial reforms
1985
• Decentralization of financial and decision-making for public hospitals
1989
• Central role of user charges in financing emphasized
1992
• Greater autonomy for public hospitals, increasing user charge reliance
1994
• Combined risk pooling for government, employer/employee expenditure
1997
• Decision on re-establishment of rural CMS, UEBMI deepening
1998
• Implementing the UEBMI scheme nationally
2002
• Launch of NRCMS
13
15. Recent reforms
15
2003
• Shift to developmental aims including person-centred health care
2006
• Aim to establish basic health system for all
2006
• NRCMS refinement and planned expansion
2007
• URBMI established (National coverage of basic health insurance system achieved)
2009
• Aim of achieving UHC by 2020 set
2011
• Guidelines for establishing GP system
2012
• Deepening health reform during 12th 5 year plan
2013
• Essential medicine system reform, service industry
16. 16
Achievements and progress made
More than doubled life expectancy
Dramatic improvement in child and maternal health
indicators
Substantial decrease and control of major
communicable diseases
Universal population coverage via basic medical
insurance schemes
17. 17
Achievements and progress: Equity focused
reforms
Cross-government coordination
Universal population coverage
National essential medicines system
Addressing rural shortfalls
Focus on vulnerable groups
18. 18
Achievements and progress: Decreased OOPE
Change in OOP payments as a proportion of THE
Source: WHO and OECD, 2014
• Significant drop in OOP
expenditure from 59% in 2000 to
34% in 2012
• Government interventions
include greater health system
funding, expansion of social
health insurances
• Social welfare programs also set
up to address vulnerable groups,
e.g. poor
• Biggest decline in OOP payments
as proportion of THE in all of
Asia-Pacific
19. 19
Achievements and progress: Health Information Systems
• HIS development for hospital management, finance and pharmacy2000
• Post-SARs: Largest online reporting system for communicable diseases
set up. Online reporting mandatory: avg. reporting time decreased from
5 days to 4 hrs
2003
• HIS for MCH, immunization established
• NRCMS insurance funds managed online and in real time
11th Five Year Plan:
2006-2010
• Regional HIS development based on electronic medical records2009
• Three-tier platform covering national, provincial and country hierarchy
to strengthen HIS application across health system
12th Five Year Plan:
2011-2015
Timeline of achievements
20. 20
Achievements and progress: Family planning services
• Highly successful population control intervention since 1982
• Policies include controlling rapid population growth, reducing birth defects,
encouraging later marriages, later births, fewer babies, and famously ‘the one
child policy’.
• Intervention measures to reduce birth defects include government support for
annual physical examinations targeting women of childbearing age screening for
major diseases. 104 million women served in 2012
• Population implications
• TFR has dramatically decreased: 5.43 to 1.6 between 1971 and 2012
• World population reaching 7 billion delayed by 5 years
• National level implications: Economic development, higher quality of life, eliminating
poverty, conserving the environment and natural resources
21. 21
Achievements and progress: Intersectoral collaboration
National Patriotic Health Campaigns
‘Health in all policies’
Long history of multisectoral
collaboration
• NHFPC often jointly coordinates through equal
cooperation with other departments, e.g.
Ministry of Agriculture.
• Areas of cooperation include: food safety,
occupational health, pro-poor health
programmes
• ‘Patriotic health campaigns’ are delivered by
cross-sector agency utilized to promote health
nationally across public health, sanitation,
disease control and treatment.
• ‘Health in all policies’ focuses on environmental
impacts on health. Now used for development
of healthy cities
22. 22
Achievements and progress made: Vaccines and pharmaceuticals
• China can produce and supply all of its
vaccine needs. It is now the world’s biggest
vaccine-producer.
• Smallpox and newborn tetanus eradicated
in China
• Domestic drug production valued at $256
billion USD
• Challenges:
• Pharmaceuticals account for: 50.3%
of outpatient costs, 41.1% of
inpatient costs
• Drug safety and irrational drug use
are still key issues
Vaccines
Output: 1 billion doses
per year
Vaccines to protect
against 15
communicable
diseases provided free
Medicines
All medical institutions
nationally have their
own pharmacies
National Essential
Medicines policy
23. 23
• NCDs: 85% of 10.3 annual deaths and 70% of total disease burden
• 260m+ NCD patients in China
• Risk factors:
• High smoking rate (54% of male adults, aged 18-69)
• Low exercise rate among adults and high per-capita salt and cooking oil intake
• Ageing population: 8.7% of population older than 65
Remaining challenges: NCDs and risk factors
Major risk factors for NCDs
Source: China Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012b
24. 24
• Socioeconomic differences: rural areas have lower levels of economic development,
health input and demand
• Leading causes of mortality are converging between rural and urban areas (select
figures below)
Implications
• Human resources, bed concentration skewed to urban areas
• Higher financial inequity in rural areas, including health access
• Higher rates of infant and maternal mortality in rural areas
Remaining challenges: Geographic disparities
Rural-Urban Causes of death in China
Source: weighed proportions of and cause-specific mortalities in urban and rural populations based on information in China Health Statistical Yearbooks
25. 25
• Equipment is mainly funded by local governments
• On average, there were 2.87 pieces of expensive equipment in higher-level facilities in 2012
but none in primary healthcare institutions
• Primary health care institutions only have 1 piece of equipment between two facilities. A lack
of technicians may also mean underutilization of these.
• Major medical equipment is lacking: 3 MRIs, 9.4 CT and 0.7 PETs per million people
Remaining challenges: Growing demand for technology
Average number of pieces of medical equipment in one health institution, 2012
Source: MOH, 2013a
26. 26
• Health-care professionals with higher education (19.1%) are more likely to be in urban areas compared to rural
areas (5.9%)
• Lack of qualified health professionals and high turnover slows down primary healthcare institution development
Remaining challenges: Human resources
Viet Nam Thailand
South
Africa
Philippines Japan India China
Doctors 1.224 0.298 0.758 1.153 2.1 0.65 1.456
Nurses 1.006 1.524 0 6 11.5 1 1.512
Dentists 0 0.065 0.192 0.564 0.74 0.08 0.039
Pharmacists 0.324 0.117 0.369 0.886 2.153 0.541 0.26
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Number of health personnel per 1000 population,
selected countries
Source: WHO,
World Health
Statistics, 2013
Note: Data on
Dentists in Viet
Nam and Nurses
in South Africa
not provided
27. 27
Remaining challenges: Migrant health
Up to 236 million floating
migrants
Eligibility for health insurance
tied to registered geographic
zone
Migrants forced to pay full cost
up-front, delayed reimbursement
– higher OOP payments
• Rapid industrialization, urbanization: large
population movement from rural to urban
areas
• ‘Hukou’ or place of registration dictates
access to social welfare, inc. health to
geographic zone
• Lack of insurance coverage: full up-front
payments, 15-25% lower reimbursement
• Targeted interventions: NEPHSS providing
peasant workers and children access to
free public health services| URBMI
developing policies to create continuity of
care
28. 28
Future prospects: China 2020
UHC
establishment
2020
Harmonize
insurance
schemes
Coordinate
reform
components
Person-
centred,
primary care
focused
system
Speed up
public
hospital
reform
Strengthen
Human
Resources
and HIS
Encourage
NGO
investment
29. Based on the Health Systems in Transition
People’s Republic of China Health Systems Review, 2015
29