This document introduces a reference model for analyzing internet service provider (ISP) businesses and business relationships. The model defines basic roles that stakeholders can play, including consumer, service provider, connectivity provider, information provider, and end user. It also outlines two layers of services - the infrastructure layer involving network components, and the internet service layer. The reference model is intended to help describe ISP business models and relationships in detail beyond existing classifications.
This document proposes a framework for automatically bundling services to fulfill customer needs based on customer and supplier perspectives. A broker matches customer desires expressed through an ontology with supplier offerings also expressed in an ontology to dynamically establish business-to-customer relationships. The framework aims to bridge gaps in strategic service bundling and value co-creation within service networks by taking a business-oriented approach. The document outlines related work on automatic service composition and the problem of dynamically bundling multiple services to meet varying customer needs.
An Operating Guideline Approach To The SOAAndrea Erdman
This document proposes using operating guidelines to model service interactions in a service-oriented architecture (SOA). It introduces a formal model of workflow services called open workflow nets that can be composed to model interacting services. The paper suggests that providers publish an operating guideline describing all compatible requesters, rather than details of their own service. This allows brokers to efficiently match requesters to providers by checking if a requester's behavior is allowed by an operating guideline.
BBA 3331, Introduction to E-commerce 1 Course Learnin.docxShiraPrater50
BBA 3331, Introduction to E-commerce 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
4. Explain the four infrastructures influencing e-commerce strategy.
4.1 Discuss the origins and key technologies behind the Internet.
6. Examine the combination of variables that make up a site's architecture.
6.1 Explain the structure of the Internet.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit III PowerPoint Presentation
6.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit III PowerPoint Presentation
Reading Assignment
Chapter 3: E-commerce Infrastructure: The Internet, Web, and Mobile Platform
Unit Lesson
This unit’s lesson provides a wide overview of the Internet’s infrastructure. The unit begins with networking
and the Internet, and it also covers networking protocols, introduces key communication terms, and outlines
the links and switches that make data transport to and from the Internet possible.
Internet Infrastructure
E-commerce entrepreneurs need to have a good understanding of the infrastructure needed to run and
sustain their business models and organizational strategies. Entrepreneurs must be cognizant of the
infrastructure needed to sustain their businesses and how the Internet operates to adjust to the demands of
the e-commerce markets, but what is the Internet composed of?
The Internet is a complex set of public and private networks. The Internet includes hardware and software
components as well as services. The nuts and bolts of the Internet are comprised of distributed networks that
are connected to each other and offer applications and services. In other words, the public Internet is a set of
millions of worldwide computer networks interconnected to one another (Laudon & Traver, 2018). The figure
below depicts a company’s network connected to an Internet service provider (ISP). All devices in the Internet
infrastructure are referred to as hosts or nodes. Internet applications are services (e.g., e-mail) running in
hosts. Examples of programs running in hosts include websites and payment systems, which make e-
commerce possible.
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
E-commerce Infrastructure
BBA 3331, Introduction to E-commerce 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
These hosts or nodes use protocols to communicate with each other. These protocols control the flow and the
sending and receiving of information across the Internet. According to Stallings (1999), the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) are the central protocols used for communication within the
Internet. These protocols are jointly referred to as TCP/IP. Hosts or nodes, such as web servers or personal
computers (PCs), connect together in a local area network (LAN), which, in turn, connects to a local or
regional ISP (see Figure 1). These communication links used by hosts and routers in a LAN and their
connectivity to ...
Study on Use Case Model for Service Oriented Architecture Developmentijbuiiir1
The recent trends in the computer industry are the one and only thing i.e., web services. Because of the common availability and open technologies web services are relevant to all. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) helps organizations to transform their business processes for high performance by simplifying the underlying information systems. The most challenging aspect of building successful software applications is clearly understanding and specifying the requirements that an application must satisfy. Use case modeling is an increasingly popular approach for identifying and defining requirements for software applications of all types. Use cases describe the behavior of the system as its users interact with it. This approach helps to place the software requirements in the framework of a user doing some useful work with the system. This type of approach helps to map software requirements to the relevant enduser business processes, a very powerful concept. This paper presents how the relationship between use case model and Service oriented architecture
Study on Use Case Model for Service Oriented Architecture Developmentijwtiir
The recent trends in the computer industry are the one
and only thing i.e., web services. Because of the common
availability and open technologies web services are relevant to
all. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) helps organizations to
transform their business processes for high performance by
simplifying the underlying information systems. The most
challenging aspect of building successful software applications is
clearly understanding and specifying the requirements that an
application must satisfy. Use case modeling is an increasingly
popular approach for identifying and defining requirements for
software applications of all types. Use cases describe the
behavior of the system as its users interact with it. This approach
helps to place the software requirements in the framework of a
user doing some useful work with the system. This type of
approach helps to map software requirements to the relevant enduser business processes, a very powerful concept. This paper
presents how the relationship between use case model and
Service oriented architecture.
The SAHARA Model for Service Composition Across Multiple Providers (2002)Tal Lavian Ph.D.
The document discusses technical challenges in composing services across multiple independent service providers. It presents a classification of service composition models into cooperative and brokered models. The cooperative model involves distributed responsibility across interacting service providers, while the brokered model involves a single broker composing services and assuming responsibility for the end-to-end service. Key challenges addressed are trust management across providers, adapting to network and user dynamics, resource provisioning and management, and interoperability.
Web services have shown the potential to have a significant impact on the business, however, also shown
problems like automatic service discovery or service interoperability issue. Because of today’s wide
variety of services offered to perform a specific task, it is essential that users are guided in the eventual
selection of appropriate services. In this paper we present an extensive study of different selection
techniques towards advanced personalization of Web service selection. We propose the customization of
the user profile to support different steps of interaction with services and propose techniques to
personalize each subsequent step. Our main contribution is an algorithm featuring the expansion of
service requests by user-defined demands and wishes. Services not matching a user specification are
discarded on the fly and equally useful results of alternative services can be compared with respect to
user provided preferences. We also present a case study to evaluate our personalization techniques.
Study on Use Case Model for Service Oriented Architecture Developmentijcnes
The recent trends in the computer industry are the one and only thing i.e., web services. Because of the common availability and open technologies web services are relevant to all. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) helps organizations to transform their business processes for high performance by simplifying the underlying information systems. The most challenging aspect of building successful software applications is clearly understanding and specifying the requirements that an application must satisfy. Use case modeling is an increasingly popular approach for identifying and defining requirements for software applications of all types. Use cases describe the behavior of the system as its users interact with it. This approach helps to place the software requirements in the framework of a user doing some useful work with the system. This type of approach helps to map software requirements to the relevant endures business processes, a very powerful concept. This paper presents how the relationship between use case model and Service oriented architecture.
This document proposes a framework for automatically bundling services to fulfill customer needs based on customer and supplier perspectives. A broker matches customer desires expressed through an ontology with supplier offerings also expressed in an ontology to dynamically establish business-to-customer relationships. The framework aims to bridge gaps in strategic service bundling and value co-creation within service networks by taking a business-oriented approach. The document outlines related work on automatic service composition and the problem of dynamically bundling multiple services to meet varying customer needs.
An Operating Guideline Approach To The SOAAndrea Erdman
This document proposes using operating guidelines to model service interactions in a service-oriented architecture (SOA). It introduces a formal model of workflow services called open workflow nets that can be composed to model interacting services. The paper suggests that providers publish an operating guideline describing all compatible requesters, rather than details of their own service. This allows brokers to efficiently match requesters to providers by checking if a requester's behavior is allowed by an operating guideline.
BBA 3331, Introduction to E-commerce 1 Course Learnin.docxShiraPrater50
BBA 3331, Introduction to E-commerce 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
4. Explain the four infrastructures influencing e-commerce strategy.
4.1 Discuss the origins and key technologies behind the Internet.
6. Examine the combination of variables that make up a site's architecture.
6.1 Explain the structure of the Internet.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit III PowerPoint Presentation
6.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 3
Unit III PowerPoint Presentation
Reading Assignment
Chapter 3: E-commerce Infrastructure: The Internet, Web, and Mobile Platform
Unit Lesson
This unit’s lesson provides a wide overview of the Internet’s infrastructure. The unit begins with networking
and the Internet, and it also covers networking protocols, introduces key communication terms, and outlines
the links and switches that make data transport to and from the Internet possible.
Internet Infrastructure
E-commerce entrepreneurs need to have a good understanding of the infrastructure needed to run and
sustain their business models and organizational strategies. Entrepreneurs must be cognizant of the
infrastructure needed to sustain their businesses and how the Internet operates to adjust to the demands of
the e-commerce markets, but what is the Internet composed of?
The Internet is a complex set of public and private networks. The Internet includes hardware and software
components as well as services. The nuts and bolts of the Internet are comprised of distributed networks that
are connected to each other and offer applications and services. In other words, the public Internet is a set of
millions of worldwide computer networks interconnected to one another (Laudon & Traver, 2018). The figure
below depicts a company’s network connected to an Internet service provider (ISP). All devices in the Internet
infrastructure are referred to as hosts or nodes. Internet applications are services (e.g., e-mail) running in
hosts. Examples of programs running in hosts include websites and payment systems, which make e-
commerce possible.
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
E-commerce Infrastructure
BBA 3331, Introduction to E-commerce 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
These hosts or nodes use protocols to communicate with each other. These protocols control the flow and the
sending and receiving of information across the Internet. According to Stallings (1999), the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) are the central protocols used for communication within the
Internet. These protocols are jointly referred to as TCP/IP. Hosts or nodes, such as web servers or personal
computers (PCs), connect together in a local area network (LAN), which, in turn, connects to a local or
regional ISP (see Figure 1). These communication links used by hosts and routers in a LAN and their
connectivity to ...
Study on Use Case Model for Service Oriented Architecture Developmentijbuiiir1
The recent trends in the computer industry are the one and only thing i.e., web services. Because of the common availability and open technologies web services are relevant to all. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) helps organizations to transform their business processes for high performance by simplifying the underlying information systems. The most challenging aspect of building successful software applications is clearly understanding and specifying the requirements that an application must satisfy. Use case modeling is an increasingly popular approach for identifying and defining requirements for software applications of all types. Use cases describe the behavior of the system as its users interact with it. This approach helps to place the software requirements in the framework of a user doing some useful work with the system. This type of approach helps to map software requirements to the relevant enduser business processes, a very powerful concept. This paper presents how the relationship between use case model and Service oriented architecture
Study on Use Case Model for Service Oriented Architecture Developmentijwtiir
The recent trends in the computer industry are the one
and only thing i.e., web services. Because of the common
availability and open technologies web services are relevant to
all. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) helps organizations to
transform their business processes for high performance by
simplifying the underlying information systems. The most
challenging aspect of building successful software applications is
clearly understanding and specifying the requirements that an
application must satisfy. Use case modeling is an increasingly
popular approach for identifying and defining requirements for
software applications of all types. Use cases describe the
behavior of the system as its users interact with it. This approach
helps to place the software requirements in the framework of a
user doing some useful work with the system. This type of
approach helps to map software requirements to the relevant enduser business processes, a very powerful concept. This paper
presents how the relationship between use case model and
Service oriented architecture.
The SAHARA Model for Service Composition Across Multiple Providers (2002)Tal Lavian Ph.D.
The document discusses technical challenges in composing services across multiple independent service providers. It presents a classification of service composition models into cooperative and brokered models. The cooperative model involves distributed responsibility across interacting service providers, while the brokered model involves a single broker composing services and assuming responsibility for the end-to-end service. Key challenges addressed are trust management across providers, adapting to network and user dynamics, resource provisioning and management, and interoperability.
Web services have shown the potential to have a significant impact on the business, however, also shown
problems like automatic service discovery or service interoperability issue. Because of today’s wide
variety of services offered to perform a specific task, it is essential that users are guided in the eventual
selection of appropriate services. In this paper we present an extensive study of different selection
techniques towards advanced personalization of Web service selection. We propose the customization of
the user profile to support different steps of interaction with services and propose techniques to
personalize each subsequent step. Our main contribution is an algorithm featuring the expansion of
service requests by user-defined demands and wishes. Services not matching a user specification are
discarded on the fly and equally useful results of alternative services can be compared with respect to
user provided preferences. We also present a case study to evaluate our personalization techniques.
Study on Use Case Model for Service Oriented Architecture Developmentijcnes
The recent trends in the computer industry are the one and only thing i.e., web services. Because of the common availability and open technologies web services are relevant to all. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) helps organizations to transform their business processes for high performance by simplifying the underlying information systems. The most challenging aspect of building successful software applications is clearly understanding and specifying the requirements that an application must satisfy. Use case modeling is an increasingly popular approach for identifying and defining requirements for software applications of all types. Use cases describe the behavior of the system as its users interact with it. This approach helps to place the software requirements in the framework of a user doing some useful work with the system. This type of approach helps to map software requirements to the relevant endures business processes, a very powerful concept. This paper presents how the relationship between use case model and Service oriented architecture.
Internet service provision_terminology_and_principlesInternet Society
14 February 2012 Presentation to the Net Neutrality Working Group of BEREC
Outline of the presentation:
Terminology
Internet, Internet Service, ISPs, IP-based services, Internet-based services
Simple rules for happy users
As simple as possible, but no simpler
Monitoring service provision
For the benefit of the end-users
For the benefit of the Internet
The document discusses the relationship between web services and primitive SOA. It defines web services as a technology framework that includes architectures, technologies, concepts and models. The key aspects of the web services framework are service descriptions using WSDL, SOAP messaging, and service registration/discovery using UDDI. Web services can take on different roles like service provider, requestor, or intermediary. The document also discusses different service models including business, utility, and controller services.
Dynamic Interface Adaptability in Service Oriented SoftwareMadjid KETFI
Dynamic Interface Adaptability in Service Oriented Software
M. Ketfi and N. Belkhatir
8th International Workshop on Component-Oriented Programming (WCOP'03),
Darmstadt, Germany, July 2003.
This document introduces the Unified Service Description Language (USDL), which aims to describe services from a business, operational, and technical perspective. USDL was created to address limitations in existing specifications that focus only on technical aspects and do not capture important business characteristics. The document outlines requirements for a service description language, discusses different types of service marketplaces, and presents an overview of the USDL metamodel which brings together business, operational, and technical views of a service.
This summarizes a research paper on recommending "long-tail" or less popular web services. It proposes a deep learning framework called DLTSR that uses stacked denoising autoencoders to better represent services from their descriptions. It also incorporates usage data from more popular services as feedback to improve content extraction. Additionally, it models developers' preferences instead of individual services to address data sparsity issues. The experimental results showed DLTSR outperformed baseline methods in recommending long-tail services.
Multiservice Delivery in Wireless Networks Managementrahulmonikasharma
A Wireless Sensor Network is a self-configuring set of connections of tiny sensor nodes communicate in the middle of themselves using radio signals, and deployed in measure to sense, observe and identify with the physical world.WSN provide a bridge between the real physical and virtual worlds. Allow the ability to observe the previously unobservable at a fine resolution over large spatiotemporal scales. A join that execute different than typical behavior (drop packets, scare routing system and save their assets by not ahead the other node packets) is identified as selfish node. The multiservice delivery between the source-destination pairs in distributed selfish wireless networks (SeWN), where selfish relay nodes (RN) expose their selfish behaviors. Research focus evaluating the trust of a node group and excluding selfish nodes for improving the network performance. In the network connectivity of selfish wireless networks (SeWNs) constituted by selfish nodes (SeNs). Source transfer the multi-service delivery to destination through Relay Node (RN). At the time of transfer, the selfish relay nodes expose their selfish behavior by doing dropping multiservice. In this environment, the network need to establish the connection between source and destination, for that source need to find the optimal path. Concept of Node selfishness management is constructed to manage the RN’sto manage the RN’s node-selfishness information (NSI). It includes the degree of node-selfishness (DeNS), the degree of intrinsic selfishness (DeIS) and the degree of extrinsic selfishness (DeES). DeNs determines in terms of RN’s historical behaviors, DeIS defines in terms of its available resources and finally DeES described by means of the employed incentive mechanism and the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. Over the spread node-selfishness administration, a path collection criterion is considered to select the most reliable and through path in terms of RNs’ DeISs precious by their accessible resources, and the optimal incentive are determined by the source to motivate forwarding multiservice of the RNs in the selected path. Simulation results show that this future model effectively manages the RNs’ NSI, and the most select path selection and the optimal incentives are determined.
EVALUATION OF COMPUTABILITY CRITERIONS FOR RUNTIME WEB SERVICE INTEGRATIONijwscjournal
T Today’s competitive environment drives the enterprises to extend their focus and collaborate with their business partners to carry out the necessities. Tight coordination among business partners assists to share and integrate the service logic globally. But integrating service logics across diverse enterprises leads to exponential problem which stipulates developers to comprehend the whole service and must resolve suitable method to integrate the services. It is complex and time-consuming task. So the present focus is to have a mechanized system to analyze the Business logics and convey the proper mode to integrate them. There is no standard model to undertake these issues and one such a framework proposed in this paper examines the Business logics individually and suggests proper structure to integrate them. One of the innovative concepts of proposed model is Property Evaluation System which scrutinizes the service logics and generates Business Logic Property Schema (BLPS) for the required services. BLPS holds necessary information to recognize the correct structure for integrating the service logics. At the time of integration, System consumes this BLPS schema and suggests the feasible ways to integrate the service logics. Also if the service logics are attempted to integrate in invalid structure or attempted to violate accessibility levels, system will throw exception with necessary information. This helps developers to ascertain the efficient structure to integrate the services with least effort.
EVALUATION OF COMPUTABILITY CRITERIONS FOR RUNTIME WEB SERVICE INTEGRATIONijwscjournal
T Today’s competitive environment drives the enterprises to extend their focus and collaborate with their business partners to carry out the necessities. Tight coordination among business partners assists to share and integrate the service logic globally. But integrating service logics across diverse enterprises leads to
exponential problem which stipulates developers to comprehend the whole service and must resolve suitable method to integrate the services. It is complex and time-consuming task. So the present focus is to have a mechanized system to analyze the Business logics and convey the proper mode to integrate them.
There is no standard model to undertake these issues and one such a framework proposed in this paper examines the Business logics individually and suggests proper structure to integrate them. One of the innovative concepts of proposed model is Property Evaluation System which scrutinizes the service logics and generates Business Logic Property Schema (BLPS) for the required services. BLPS holds necessary information to recognize the correct structure for integrating the service logics. At the time of integration, System consumes this BLPS schema and suggests the feasible ways to integrate the service logics. Also if the service logics are attempted to integrate in invalid structure or attempted to violate accessibility levels, system will throw exception with necessary information. This helps developers to ascertain the efficient structure to integrate the services with least effort.
EVALUATION OF COMPUTABILITY CRITERIONS FOR RUNTIME WEB SERVICE INTEGRATIONijwscjournal
T Today’s competitive environment drives the enterprises to extend their focus and collaborate with their business partners to carry out the necessities. Tight coordination among business partners assists to share and integrate the service logic globally. But integrating service logics across diverse enterprises leads to exponential problem which stipulates developers to comprehend the whole service and must resolve suitable method to integrate the services. It is complex and time-consuming task. So the present focus is to have a mechanized system to analyze the Business logics and convey the proper mode to integrate them. There is no standard model to undertake these issues and one such a framework proposed in this paper examines the Business logics individually and suggests proper structure to integrate them. One of the innovative concepts of proposed model is Property Evaluation System which scrutinizes the service logics and generates Business Logic Property Schema (BLPS) for the required services. BLPS holds necessary information to recognize the correct structure for integrating the service logics. At the time of integration, System consumes this BLPS schema and suggests the feasible ways to integrate the service logics. Also if the service logics are attempted to integrate in invalid structure or attempted to violate accessibility levels, system will throw exception with necessary information. This helps developers to ascertain the efficient structure to integrate the services with least effort.
Apps stores enGenerating Revenue for the Application Explosion: What's the Ri...Tyler Gillies
Network service providers are exploring new business models to generate revenue from applications and services on their networks. There is no single model that works for all providers, and the right approach depends on factors like business goals and market environment. Models range from provider-operated app stores to partnerships. Providers need to carefully consider how they will engage with developers and evaluate options by answering questions about revenue sources, customer relationships, developer support approaches and involvement levels. Examples demonstrate different models like SK Telecom's open store and Network provider "3's" partnership with Skype. Providers also need to appeal to developers by reducing costs and barriers while offering scale. Industry initiatives and partners can help providers transform their business models.
577Service Selection using Non-Functional Properties in MANETsidescitation
Mobile ad hoc networks are the ones which allow
mobile nodes to spontaneously form a network and share their
services. The dynamic environment of MANETs demands ser-
vice selection should not only based on functional properties
but also be driven by non-functional requirements. In this
paper we present a modelling method of Non-Functional prop-
erties. The degree of impact of the property on QoS may vary
so, we allow the application designer to define weight for each
property. The evaluation function for the properties cannot
be uniform as the type of the property may be Boolean, string
or numeric depending upon the nature of the property. We
define three different.
In this work, we present an economic model of computer networks that describes the in-teraction between Internet Service Providers (ISP ), customers and content provider. The competition between ISP s may be translated by the prices they require and the qualities of service (QoS) they offer. The customer demand for service from an ISP does not only de-pend on the price and quality of service (QoS) of the ISP , but it is influenced by all those offered by its competitors. This behavior has been extensively analyzed using game the-ory as a decision support tool. We interpret a non-neutral network when a content provider privileges ISP s by offering them more bandwidth to ensure proper QoS to support ap-plications that require more data transport capacity (voice over internet protocol (V OIP ) the live video streaming, online gaming). In addition, our work focuses on the price game analysis and QoS between ISP s in two cases: neutral network and non-neutral network. After showing the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium in terms of quality of service, we analyzed the impact of net neutrality on competition between ISP s. We also validated our theoretical study with numerical results, which show that the game has an equilibrium point which depends on all the parameters of the system.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in service-oriented architecture (SOA). It begins by stating the learning objectives which are to understand SOA concepts, the service lifecycle, enterprise service bus, business process management, and SOA architecture and message exchange patterns. It then discusses where SOA fits in IT, the types of services in SOA including basic, composed, and process services. It also covers enterprise service bus responsibilities and how business process management relates to SOA by breaking business processes down into individual services.
This document provides an overview of service oriented architecture (SOA) and directions for SOA. It introduces a conceptual framework for understanding software integration as different layers, from the communication layer to the presentation layer. It then evaluates existing SOA realization approaches like WS-* specifications, ebXML, semantic web services, and RESTful services based on this framework. The document concludes by outlining future directions in SOA to further simplify the problem of integration.
BBA 3331, Introduction to E-commerce 1 Course Learnin.docxaryan532920
This document discusses the four layers of infrastructure that support e-commerce businesses: network technology substrates, transport services and representation standards, middleware services, and client applications. It explains that each layer depends on the others and businesses must understand how changes at one layer can impact the others. The infrastructure must be able to support the business's value proposition and adapt to changes in technology, markets, and competition. Understanding these layers is key to building a solid infrastructure for a successful e-commerce business.
How Telecoms Can Adjust To The Reality Of The Digital EraComarch
'It is important to gently transition the technology into people’s everyday lives and get them used to the fact that their devices can now talk, something that wasn’t previously possible' - says Michiel Nuytemans, Comarch OSS Solution Manager.
How Telecoms Can Adjust To The Reality Of The Digital EraComarch
'It is important to gently transition the technology into people’s everyday lives and get them used to the fact that their devices can now talk, something that wasn’t previously possible' - says Michiel Nuytemans, Comarch OSS Solution Manager.
Download the article to learn how to provide service continuity in the era of more and more complex networks!
This document describes SWORD, a toolkit for composing web services. SWORD represents each service as a rule specifying its inputs and outputs. When a user wants to create a composite service, SWORD uses a rule engine to determine if it can be realized by composing existing services. If so, SWORD generates a composition plan specifying the sequence of services to invoke. SWORD has been implemented in a prototype and can compose information-providing services like those providing data about people, movies, etc. without requiring emerging standards like WSDL or SOAP.
The document is a whitepaper about using next generation policy management to maximize network value for network service providers. It discusses how next generation policy allows for dynamic, intelligent control over subscriber network usage and resources through subscriber-aware policies. It also discusses how next generation policy can be integrated with online charging systems to enable new monetization opportunities for service providers through real-time charging capabilities. Examples provided show how next generation policy allows for enforcing fair usage policies, tiered service controls based on various attributes, and upselling opportunities when usage thresholds are reached.
A service is defined as a discrete unit of business functionality that is available through a service contract specifying interactions between the service consumer and provider. The document discusses aspects and characteristics of services including modularity, encapsulation, and loose coupling. It also outlines common service patterns, types of services based on their purpose, and an enterprise perspective on implementing a service-oriented architecture.
Overcoming WriterS Block For Your College Essays PersTony Lisko
Here are the key points about diagnostic imaging:
- X-rays use electromagnetic radiation to penetrate the body and create images of internal structures on film or screens.
- X-rays are useful for detecting abnormalities like broken bones, tumors, dental issues, and foreign bodies in a non-invasive way.
- Computed tomography (CT) scans combine X-rays with computer technology to produce more detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
In summary, diagnostic imaging techniques like X-rays and CT scans use radiation to safely visualize internal structures and detect any abnormalities without invasive procedures. CT provides especially detailed cross-sectional views enabled by computer processing.
Compare And Contrast College And High School EsTony Lisko
This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The website offers original, plagiarism-free assignments and allows customers to ensure their needs and expectations are met.
Internet service provision_terminology_and_principlesInternet Society
14 February 2012 Presentation to the Net Neutrality Working Group of BEREC
Outline of the presentation:
Terminology
Internet, Internet Service, ISPs, IP-based services, Internet-based services
Simple rules for happy users
As simple as possible, but no simpler
Monitoring service provision
For the benefit of the end-users
For the benefit of the Internet
The document discusses the relationship between web services and primitive SOA. It defines web services as a technology framework that includes architectures, technologies, concepts and models. The key aspects of the web services framework are service descriptions using WSDL, SOAP messaging, and service registration/discovery using UDDI. Web services can take on different roles like service provider, requestor, or intermediary. The document also discusses different service models including business, utility, and controller services.
Dynamic Interface Adaptability in Service Oriented SoftwareMadjid KETFI
Dynamic Interface Adaptability in Service Oriented Software
M. Ketfi and N. Belkhatir
8th International Workshop on Component-Oriented Programming (WCOP'03),
Darmstadt, Germany, July 2003.
This document introduces the Unified Service Description Language (USDL), which aims to describe services from a business, operational, and technical perspective. USDL was created to address limitations in existing specifications that focus only on technical aspects and do not capture important business characteristics. The document outlines requirements for a service description language, discusses different types of service marketplaces, and presents an overview of the USDL metamodel which brings together business, operational, and technical views of a service.
This summarizes a research paper on recommending "long-tail" or less popular web services. It proposes a deep learning framework called DLTSR that uses stacked denoising autoencoders to better represent services from their descriptions. It also incorporates usage data from more popular services as feedback to improve content extraction. Additionally, it models developers' preferences instead of individual services to address data sparsity issues. The experimental results showed DLTSR outperformed baseline methods in recommending long-tail services.
Multiservice Delivery in Wireless Networks Managementrahulmonikasharma
A Wireless Sensor Network is a self-configuring set of connections of tiny sensor nodes communicate in the middle of themselves using radio signals, and deployed in measure to sense, observe and identify with the physical world.WSN provide a bridge between the real physical and virtual worlds. Allow the ability to observe the previously unobservable at a fine resolution over large spatiotemporal scales. A join that execute different than typical behavior (drop packets, scare routing system and save their assets by not ahead the other node packets) is identified as selfish node. The multiservice delivery between the source-destination pairs in distributed selfish wireless networks (SeWN), where selfish relay nodes (RN) expose their selfish behaviors. Research focus evaluating the trust of a node group and excluding selfish nodes for improving the network performance. In the network connectivity of selfish wireless networks (SeWNs) constituted by selfish nodes (SeNs). Source transfer the multi-service delivery to destination through Relay Node (RN). At the time of transfer, the selfish relay nodes expose their selfish behavior by doing dropping multiservice. In this environment, the network need to establish the connection between source and destination, for that source need to find the optimal path. Concept of Node selfishness management is constructed to manage the RN’sto manage the RN’s node-selfishness information (NSI). It includes the degree of node-selfishness (DeNS), the degree of intrinsic selfishness (DeIS) and the degree of extrinsic selfishness (DeES). DeNs determines in terms of RN’s historical behaviors, DeIS defines in terms of its available resources and finally DeES described by means of the employed incentive mechanism and the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. Over the spread node-selfishness administration, a path collection criterion is considered to select the most reliable and through path in terms of RNs’ DeISs precious by their accessible resources, and the optimal incentive are determined by the source to motivate forwarding multiservice of the RNs in the selected path. Simulation results show that this future model effectively manages the RNs’ NSI, and the most select path selection and the optimal incentives are determined.
EVALUATION OF COMPUTABILITY CRITERIONS FOR RUNTIME WEB SERVICE INTEGRATIONijwscjournal
T Today’s competitive environment drives the enterprises to extend their focus and collaborate with their business partners to carry out the necessities. Tight coordination among business partners assists to share and integrate the service logic globally. But integrating service logics across diverse enterprises leads to exponential problem which stipulates developers to comprehend the whole service and must resolve suitable method to integrate the services. It is complex and time-consuming task. So the present focus is to have a mechanized system to analyze the Business logics and convey the proper mode to integrate them. There is no standard model to undertake these issues and one such a framework proposed in this paper examines the Business logics individually and suggests proper structure to integrate them. One of the innovative concepts of proposed model is Property Evaluation System which scrutinizes the service logics and generates Business Logic Property Schema (BLPS) for the required services. BLPS holds necessary information to recognize the correct structure for integrating the service logics. At the time of integration, System consumes this BLPS schema and suggests the feasible ways to integrate the service logics. Also if the service logics are attempted to integrate in invalid structure or attempted to violate accessibility levels, system will throw exception with necessary information. This helps developers to ascertain the efficient structure to integrate the services with least effort.
EVALUATION OF COMPUTABILITY CRITERIONS FOR RUNTIME WEB SERVICE INTEGRATIONijwscjournal
T Today’s competitive environment drives the enterprises to extend their focus and collaborate with their business partners to carry out the necessities. Tight coordination among business partners assists to share and integrate the service logic globally. But integrating service logics across diverse enterprises leads to
exponential problem which stipulates developers to comprehend the whole service and must resolve suitable method to integrate the services. It is complex and time-consuming task. So the present focus is to have a mechanized system to analyze the Business logics and convey the proper mode to integrate them.
There is no standard model to undertake these issues and one such a framework proposed in this paper examines the Business logics individually and suggests proper structure to integrate them. One of the innovative concepts of proposed model is Property Evaluation System which scrutinizes the service logics and generates Business Logic Property Schema (BLPS) for the required services. BLPS holds necessary information to recognize the correct structure for integrating the service logics. At the time of integration, System consumes this BLPS schema and suggests the feasible ways to integrate the service logics. Also if the service logics are attempted to integrate in invalid structure or attempted to violate accessibility levels, system will throw exception with necessary information. This helps developers to ascertain the efficient structure to integrate the services with least effort.
EVALUATION OF COMPUTABILITY CRITERIONS FOR RUNTIME WEB SERVICE INTEGRATIONijwscjournal
T Today’s competitive environment drives the enterprises to extend their focus and collaborate with their business partners to carry out the necessities. Tight coordination among business partners assists to share and integrate the service logic globally. But integrating service logics across diverse enterprises leads to exponential problem which stipulates developers to comprehend the whole service and must resolve suitable method to integrate the services. It is complex and time-consuming task. So the present focus is to have a mechanized system to analyze the Business logics and convey the proper mode to integrate them. There is no standard model to undertake these issues and one such a framework proposed in this paper examines the Business logics individually and suggests proper structure to integrate them. One of the innovative concepts of proposed model is Property Evaluation System which scrutinizes the service logics and generates Business Logic Property Schema (BLPS) for the required services. BLPS holds necessary information to recognize the correct structure for integrating the service logics. At the time of integration, System consumes this BLPS schema and suggests the feasible ways to integrate the service logics. Also if the service logics are attempted to integrate in invalid structure or attempted to violate accessibility levels, system will throw exception with necessary information. This helps developers to ascertain the efficient structure to integrate the services with least effort.
Apps stores enGenerating Revenue for the Application Explosion: What's the Ri...Tyler Gillies
Network service providers are exploring new business models to generate revenue from applications and services on their networks. There is no single model that works for all providers, and the right approach depends on factors like business goals and market environment. Models range from provider-operated app stores to partnerships. Providers need to carefully consider how they will engage with developers and evaluate options by answering questions about revenue sources, customer relationships, developer support approaches and involvement levels. Examples demonstrate different models like SK Telecom's open store and Network provider "3's" partnership with Skype. Providers also need to appeal to developers by reducing costs and barriers while offering scale. Industry initiatives and partners can help providers transform their business models.
577Service Selection using Non-Functional Properties in MANETsidescitation
Mobile ad hoc networks are the ones which allow
mobile nodes to spontaneously form a network and share their
services. The dynamic environment of MANETs demands ser-
vice selection should not only based on functional properties
but also be driven by non-functional requirements. In this
paper we present a modelling method of Non-Functional prop-
erties. The degree of impact of the property on QoS may vary
so, we allow the application designer to define weight for each
property. The evaluation function for the properties cannot
be uniform as the type of the property may be Boolean, string
or numeric depending upon the nature of the property. We
define three different.
In this work, we present an economic model of computer networks that describes the in-teraction between Internet Service Providers (ISP ), customers and content provider. The competition between ISP s may be translated by the prices they require and the qualities of service (QoS) they offer. The customer demand for service from an ISP does not only de-pend on the price and quality of service (QoS) of the ISP , but it is influenced by all those offered by its competitors. This behavior has been extensively analyzed using game the-ory as a decision support tool. We interpret a non-neutral network when a content provider privileges ISP s by offering them more bandwidth to ensure proper QoS to support ap-plications that require more data transport capacity (voice over internet protocol (V OIP ) the live video streaming, online gaming). In addition, our work focuses on the price game analysis and QoS between ISP s in two cases: neutral network and non-neutral network. After showing the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium in terms of quality of service, we analyzed the impact of net neutrality on competition between ISP s. We also validated our theoretical study with numerical results, which show that the game has an equilibrium point which depends on all the parameters of the system.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in service-oriented architecture (SOA). It begins by stating the learning objectives which are to understand SOA concepts, the service lifecycle, enterprise service bus, business process management, and SOA architecture and message exchange patterns. It then discusses where SOA fits in IT, the types of services in SOA including basic, composed, and process services. It also covers enterprise service bus responsibilities and how business process management relates to SOA by breaking business processes down into individual services.
This document provides an overview of service oriented architecture (SOA) and directions for SOA. It introduces a conceptual framework for understanding software integration as different layers, from the communication layer to the presentation layer. It then evaluates existing SOA realization approaches like WS-* specifications, ebXML, semantic web services, and RESTful services based on this framework. The document concludes by outlining future directions in SOA to further simplify the problem of integration.
BBA 3331, Introduction to E-commerce 1 Course Learnin.docxaryan532920
This document discusses the four layers of infrastructure that support e-commerce businesses: network technology substrates, transport services and representation standards, middleware services, and client applications. It explains that each layer depends on the others and businesses must understand how changes at one layer can impact the others. The infrastructure must be able to support the business's value proposition and adapt to changes in technology, markets, and competition. Understanding these layers is key to building a solid infrastructure for a successful e-commerce business.
How Telecoms Can Adjust To The Reality Of The Digital EraComarch
'It is important to gently transition the technology into people’s everyday lives and get them used to the fact that their devices can now talk, something that wasn’t previously possible' - says Michiel Nuytemans, Comarch OSS Solution Manager.
How Telecoms Can Adjust To The Reality Of The Digital EraComarch
'It is important to gently transition the technology into people’s everyday lives and get them used to the fact that their devices can now talk, something that wasn’t previously possible' - says Michiel Nuytemans, Comarch OSS Solution Manager.
Download the article to learn how to provide service continuity in the era of more and more complex networks!
This document describes SWORD, a toolkit for composing web services. SWORD represents each service as a rule specifying its inputs and outputs. When a user wants to create a composite service, SWORD uses a rule engine to determine if it can be realized by composing existing services. If so, SWORD generates a composition plan specifying the sequence of services to invoke. SWORD has been implemented in a prototype and can compose information-providing services like those providing data about people, movies, etc. without requiring emerging standards like WSDL or SOAP.
The document is a whitepaper about using next generation policy management to maximize network value for network service providers. It discusses how next generation policy allows for dynamic, intelligent control over subscriber network usage and resources through subscriber-aware policies. It also discusses how next generation policy can be integrated with online charging systems to enable new monetization opportunities for service providers through real-time charging capabilities. Examples provided show how next generation policy allows for enforcing fair usage policies, tiered service controls based on various attributes, and upselling opportunities when usage thresholds are reached.
A service is defined as a discrete unit of business functionality that is available through a service contract specifying interactions between the service consumer and provider. The document discusses aspects and characteristics of services including modularity, encapsulation, and loose coupling. It also outlines common service patterns, types of services based on their purpose, and an enterprise perspective on implementing a service-oriented architecture.
Overcoming WriterS Block For Your College Essays PersTony Lisko
Here are the key points about diagnostic imaging:
- X-rays use electromagnetic radiation to penetrate the body and create images of internal structures on film or screens.
- X-rays are useful for detecting abnormalities like broken bones, tumors, dental issues, and foreign bodies in a non-invasive way.
- Computed tomography (CT) scans combine X-rays with computer technology to produce more detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
In summary, diagnostic imaging techniques like X-rays and CT scans use radiation to safely visualize internal structures and detect any abnormalities without invasive procedures. CT provides especially detailed cross-sectional views enabled by computer processing.
Compare And Contrast College And High School EsTony Lisko
This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The website offers original, plagiarism-free assignments and allows customers to ensure their needs and expectations are met.
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The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized content.
015 Essay Example Buy College Essays Online 1858Tony Lisko
The document discusses the ancient Mesopotamian epic poem Gilgamesh, which contains one of the earliest known flood stories. It notes that flood narratives are found in many ancient civilizations and compares the story in Gilgamesh to the biblical story of Noah's Ark. However, it does not provide details from the copyrighted works without permission.
John Locke was an influential Enlightenment thinker whose ideas shaped modern concepts of liberty and government. He proposed that all people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that governments should protect these rights. If governments fail to do so, people have a right to rebel. Locke's view that people are born with a blank slate influenced the Declaration of Independence's phrase about the "pursuit of happiness." His ideas helped establish principles of equality, limited government, and individual freedom that formed the basis of Western liberal democracies.
How To Manage Stress Essay Ilustrasi. Online assignment writing service.Tony Lisko
The document provides instructions for how to request and receive help with an assignment from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The document promotes HelpWriting.net's writing services and assurances of original, high-quality work or a full refund.
This document discusses the conflict between privacy and security created by the use of airport body scanners. It notes that body scanners allow the detection of non-metal threats but produce images of passengers' naked bodies. While this raises privacy concerns, supporters argue it is necessary for security and the images are not stored or viewed by humans. The debate centers around balancing privacy and security in air travel.
New Vision Learning Home. Online assignment writing service.Tony Lisko
The document discusses the process for requesting and receiving writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Creating an account and providing contact information. 2) Completing a form with assignment details. 3) Reviewing bids from writers and selecting one. 4) Receiving the completed paper and authorizing payment if satisfied. 5) Requesting revisions to ensure needs are fully met. The document emphasizes HelpWriting.net's commitment to original, high-quality work and refunds for plagiarized content.
This document provides instructions for seeking writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The document emphasizes that original, high-quality content will be provided, with refunds offered for plagiarized work.
Personal And Educational Autobiography Essay ExaTony Lisko
The document provides information about anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It discusses how both disorders are characterized by distorted body image and issues with food intake. The document also notes that most who suffer from eating disorders are adolescent and young adult women. It explores some potential biochemical correlates of the disorders, including abnormal levels of hormones like serotonin in the brain that regulate appetite. Drugs that impact serotonin pathways are sometimes used to treat obesity and related issues.
Free Printable Staff Paper Free Printable Staff PaperTony Lisko
Stereotactic radiosurgery uses highly focused radiation to damage the DNA of tumor cells or abnormal blood vessels in the brain, causing them to stop reproducing and shrink over time, typically 18 months to two years for benign tumors or vessels and faster for malignant tumors. Unlike other radiation therapies, it does not remove the tumor but slowly reduces it through controlled cell death. The procedure works by precisely delivering high doses of radiation to a targeted area while avoiding exposure to surrounding healthy tissue.
Definition Essay Sample Term Paper OutlineTony Lisko
This document outlines the steps to request and receive a custom paper writing service through the website HelpWriting.net. It describes registering for an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, reviewing writer bids and qualifications to select a writer, placing a deposit to start the writing, and reviewing and authorizing payment for the completed paper if satisfied. It notes the service provides free revisions and refunds for plagiarized or unsatisfactory work.
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The document provides instructions for creating an account on the HelpWriting.net site and requesting writing assistance. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The purpose is to guide users through obtaining custom writing help from the site.
The father is determined to protect his son at all costs in their journey across the desolate post-apocalyptic landscape. He teaches the boy vital survival skills and serves as his moral compass, urging him to retain his humanity in the face of hardship. However, the father's health is declining and he struggles with demoralizing thoughts, aware that his ability to shield the boy is limited. He carries a burden of guilt over uncertain past actions and whether he has done enough to safeguard their future. The father's love and sacrifice are the emotional core of the story, as he seeks
The document discusses driving while distracted and provides examples of common distractions. It notes that driving while distracted can endanger lives and outlines some of the risks, such as taking one's eyes off the road, hands off the wheel, and mind off the task of driving. The document suggests that driving requires full attention and notes some solutions like putting phones out of reach or designating a passenger to make calls to reduce distractions.
How To Write Report On Rese. Online assignment writing service.Tony Lisko
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This document summarizes and analyzes Judith Thomson's essay "A Defense of Abortion". It argues that Thomson uses strong analogies to challenge arguments for banning abortion based on the premise that life begins at conception. The summary defends Thomson's position, stating that her analogies make her argument difficult to criticize. It notes that Thomson uses three major analogies, including the famous "Violinist Analogy", to illustrate different scenarios where abortion would be considered acceptable even if fetal personhood is accepted. The document evaluates criticisms of Thomson's argument and concludes she has established abortion rights on the basis of her reasoning and use of compelling analogies.
The document discusses applying critical reading strategies to analyze a short story called "Victoria's Ugly Stain." It provides an opportunity to practice these skills on a piece of literature. Critical reading strategies allow readers to carefully analyze texts and consider things like themes, character development, plot points, language use, and more. The goal is to give the reader hands-on experience breaking down a story and evaluating its components through the lens of different reading techniques.
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The Towers of Babylon art series by Shirley Ye consists of 4 paintings and 2 sculptures that abstractly depict the dangers of urbanization and reference the biblical Tower of Babel. The works use distorted realities and heights to symbolize these themes. Overall, the series critically examines the issues of increasing urbanization through abstract and biblical references across different art mediums.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
How to Create User Notification in Odoo 17Celine George
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8+8+8 Rule Of Time Management For Better ProductivityRuchiRathor2
This is a great way to be more productive but a few things to
Keep in mind:
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- Some days may require more work or less sleep, demanding flexibility in your approach.
- The key is to be mindful of your time allocation and strive for a healthy balance across the three categories.
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Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
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Using CRM module, we can manage and keep track of all new leads and opportunities in one location. It helps to manage your sales pipeline with customizable stages. In this slide let’s discuss how to create a stage or pipeline inside the CRM module in odoo 17.
How to stay relevant as a cyber professional: Skills, trends and career paths...Infosec
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A Reference Model For I
1. A Reference Model of
Internet Service Provider Businesses
Jörn Alt mann
Internet and Mobile Systems Lab
Hewlett-Packard Laboratories
19420 Homestead Road, MS 43UF
Cupertino, CA 95014
USA
jorn_altmann@hpl.hp.com
Abstract
This paper presents a reference model of Internet businesses that
facilitates the description of business models and business relationships of
Internet service providers (ISP). The model also helps to understand the value
proposition chain in the ISP market. The reference model is introduced by
defining the basic roles that a business can play on the Internet. These basic
roles are the building blocks of business models of ISPs and are essential to
analyze the business relationships between ISPs.
We also examine some ISP business models, in order to demonstrate
how ISPs address market niches by offering certain Internet services. The
provisioning of these Internet services requires that ISPs establish business
relationships with other ISPs. The analysis of these business relationships
reveals important aspects of their business models.
1 Introduction
The analysis of the Internet is not sufficient anymore if it is solely
based on the link state between routers (i.e. Internet topology analysis) ([1][4]).
There are two main reasons. First, the Internet is becoming an integrated
services network. More and more services are being introduced that require a
better-than-best-effort network service quality. That means, in addition to the
connectivity analysis, the performance of routes through the network has to be
checked and maintained. Second, the requirements of Internet businesses have to
be considered. The Internet has proliferated to a network that is trading products
and services, worth several billions of dollars. In order to expand such trade, it is
necessary to have an infrastructure in place, which facilitates such business
transactions. Information providers have to have a mean to communicate their
needs to network providers, which transmit the information on their network to
the consumer of the information provider. Only if this business relationship
works, customers will be satisfied with the delivered service.
Examining the business relationships between some Internet
companies, it becomes obvious that companies are already teaming up in order
to deal with these problems. For example, Exodus specializes in data center
services and reliable backbone services, helping other Internet companies to
lower the risk of downtimes of their online information services. Another
example is Akamai that supports content providers to speed up the content
delivery to their consumers.
In order to address these business needs, an understanding of the
business models of Internet companies is necessary. That means, beside the
analysis of the Internet topology, the analysis of the business relationships
between Internet companies as well as the value proposition of services is
essential.
Greenstein ([2]) stated in his work that the value proposition chain for
electronic commerce has not settled yet. Companies are still using different
strategies for approaching similar commercial opportunities. Greenstein
illustrated this situation by looking at the ISP market. He classified the ISPs into
four groups: access service, backbone service, communication service, and
consulting service. Lakelin, Martin, and Sherwood ([3]) give another ISP
classification. They classified ISPs according to the size (i.e. local, national, and
international) and the origin of the company (e.g. IT service, telecommunication
service, new, cable service). However, both approaches are not detailed enough
to express all the different ISP business models.
Therefore, we introduce a reference model that helps to describe
business models and business relationships between Internet service providers.
Based on that reference model, the place of Internet companies in the value
proposition chains can be examined. The examination can be used help to
determine where changes in the Internet have to take place in order to deal with
future business requirements.
The remainder of this article is organized as follows. In the second
section, the definition of roles that a company can play on the Internet is given.
A short description of how those different roles can be executed is presented in
the third section. The fourth section shows a model of possible business
relationships between Internet companies. In section five and six, some
examples of ISP business models are presented, demonstrating how existing
ISPs focus on certain market niches by adding value to a bundle of purchased
2. Internet services. Finally, we close our article by giving a short evaluation in the
last section.
2 Definitions of Roles of Stakeholders
A stakeholder on the Internet is defined as an abstract entity that could
take on one or more roles and run them as a business.
The role of a stakeholder on the Internet can be classified according to
different criteria. At the highest level of abstraction, the criterion is the position
of the stakeholder in a business transaction. The business transaction is defined
as the delivery of a service, which may or may not be free. Applying that, two
roles of stakeholders can be identified:
• Consumer: A consumer (also named Customer) uses a set of services
provided by one or more service providers. A consumer might be a person
or a corporation.
• Service Provider: The stakeholder in this role will provide services for
consumers. The type of service and the duration of the service might vary
widely. The service may or may not necessarily use the Internet.
According to this classification, a consumer can also be in the service
provider role, by reselling the service purchased (with or without adding value to
it). Similarly, a service provider can be a consumer of a service it sells. In
general, a stakeholder can always be in more than one role. It also might be that
a stakeholder takes on a certain role in one business relationship and does not in
another.
In order to distinguish those stakeholders in more detail, we classify the
stakeholders according to the type of service they provide or consume. We
suggest introducing two service layers reflecting two main types of services: the
Infrastructure Layer and the Internet Service Layer (see Figure 1).
2.1 Internet Service Layer
The stakeholders of the Internet service layer are characterized by
providing and consuming Internet services. An Internet Service is defined as a
service that can be provided on the Internet. At this level of abstraction, the
Internet service can be a network service (e.g. IP service, RSVP service) as well
as an information service (e.g. stock market quotes). According to the definition
of this layer, we determine three roles that a stakeholder of the Internet Service
Internet Service Layer
Financial
Service Provider
Connectivity
Service Provider
Information
Service Provider
End-User
Billing
Service Provider
Network Component
Service Provider
Infrastructure Layer
Figure 1. Service Provider Model
Layer can play. The roles are Connectivity Service Provider, Information
Service Provider, and End-User. Stakeholders, who belong to the connectivity
service provider or information service provider, are also called Internet Service
Providers. The roles are defined as:
• Connectivity Service Provider: A connectivity service provider is a
stakeholder who provides the means to forward IP data packets on its
network. A connectivity provider can be an access provider, a backbone
service provider, a data center provider, and an end-user network provider.
• Information Service Provider: The stakeholder in this role provides
services on top of the network services provided by the connectivity service
provider. An information service provider processes information and/or
supplies consumers with information. Application service providers, content
providers, Internet retailer, communication service providers, or market
place provider belong to this class of service provider.
• End-User: In contrast to the definition of a consumer, an end-user is a
consumer who does not resell a service, which it consumes.
3. In order to be able to describe the business relationship between
information service providers, connectivity service providers, and end-user, a
definition of roles within each of these groups of stakeholders is necessary.
2.1.1 Connectivity Service Provider
The connectivity service provider can be classified according to the
functionality of the IP network within the Internet. Therefore, we can distinguish
four types of connectivity service providers:
• End-User Network Provider: The stakeholder in this role can be the end-
user itself or a corporation. The end-user is responsible for the network (e.g.
a single PC or a LAN) or uses the network of a corporation she belongs to.
• Access Service Provider: An access service provider covers the ‘last mile’
between the end-user and the backbone, utilizing copper lines, fiber lines, or
radio technologies. The DSL provider (e.g. AOL) and the local telephone
companies (e.g. Pacific Bell or SBC), that provide the telephone line for
connecting to the Internet via modem, are access service providers. Other
examples of access service providers are mobile service providers (e.g.
Vodafone) or wire-less service providers (e.g. @speed).
• Backbone Service Provider: A backbone service provider connects access
providers to its high capacity network. Examples for backbone providers are
AT&T, MCI Worldcom, British Telecom, Global Crossing, Qwest, and
Level3.
• Data Center Provider: The role of this stakeholder is to provide a secure
facility to information provider, guaranteeing high reliability and
availability of their servers and high-speed connectivity to backbone
providers. Examples of this kind of service provider are Exodus and
Akamai.
2.1.2 Information Service Provider
Information service providers can be classified according to the kind of
information they deliver. We distinguish five different roles that a stakeholder
can take on:
• Application Service Provider: The service of an application service
provider comprises the lease of usage time of software applications they
own. The application software provider takes care of maintenance and
management of the software. Examples of such applications SAP and
FileMaker.
• Content Provider: Content providers collect, organize, and present
information. There are content providers as, for instance, Marketwatch and
CNN, which specialize on certain topics. Other content providers help
people to find information quicker (e.g. Yahoo).
• Internet Retailer: A stakeholder in the role of an Internet retailer sells
products on the Internet. Examples for product retailers are Amazon.com
and Barnesandnoble.com.
• Communication Service Provider: The communication service provider
offers services like Internet telephony, email, web-site hosting, or fax.
Companies like Net2Phone, AOL, and efax.com belong to this group of
Internet service providers.
• Market Place Provider: A market place provider operates and maintains an
environment for service providers and consumers to offer, respectively,
request services. In both cases, consumers can easily evaluate services.
Examples of this kind of service provider BandX and RateXchange.
2.2 Infrastructure Layer
The infrastructure layer consists of all those providers that provide
service to stakeholders of the Internet service layer, but do not directly conduct
business in the Internet service layer. The service provided may or may not use
the Internet. Some of the stakeholders that belong to the Infrastructure layer are:
• Network Component Provider: A stakeholder in the network component
provider role owns network lines or computers, which it leases to other
stakeholders. This stakeholder is not involved in any kind of data
transmission.
• Financial Service Provider: A financial service provider provides a service
for completing the money transfer. An example for such a stakeholder is a
credit card company.
• Billing Service Provider: This stakeholder’s role is to provide a billing
service to stakeholders who outsource their billing of customers
3 Ways of Running a Role
Instead of provisioning the service themselves, stakeholders may just buy
and exploit existing services. Three different ways of service exploitation can be
distinguished: reselling services, adding value to services, and risk brokering
services. Stakeholders who run their business in one of these ways are classified
identical within the reference model as stakeholders with the same roles that
4. provision the service themselves. The way stakeholders run their roles is
indifferent to the reference model.
3.1 Reselling Services
A reseller of Internet services buys a service and sells the exact same
service to its customers under a different label. In many cases, the reseller is not
even involved in any kind of service operation or service maintenance.
3.2 Adding Value to Services
Value-added service providers add value to a service by modifying or
customizing a service for a certain customer group. The value-added service
provider might have purchased or provisioned the basic service. The service can
be of any kind, i.e. connectivity service or information service. An example of
such a service provider is a communication service provider who adds
portability support, tailored address directories, and/or authorization restriction
to a basic email service.
3.3 Risk Brokering Services
A risk broker typically creates an insurance service for customers,
which do not want to take the risk of changing prices or service qualities or the
risk of service availability. The Risk broker charges for this kind of service a
higher fee than the actual cost would be if no complications occur. The risk
broker acts like an insurance company. The risk broker might be in the role of a
connectivity service provider or an information service provider.
4 Model of ISP Business Relationships
The business relationship model describes possible relationships
between Internet stakeholders. Possible business relationships between the
connectivity service provider, the information service provider, and the end-user
are presented in Figure 2. The black arrows represent the direction of the service
delivery: ISPx → ISPy means ISPx delivers service to ISPy. The connectivity
service provider might provide services to the information service provider, the
end-user, and to other connectivity service provider. Information service
providers only offer services to end-user and other information service provider.
The end-user who does not resell services only consumes the services.
The interaction among each connectivity service provider is determined
by the functionality that they are offering in the Internet. The end-user’s network
is always connected to the access service provider’s network, whereas the access
service provider has at least one connection to the backbone. Data centers are
located within the backbone (see black arrows within the connectivity provider
box in Figure 2).
The information service providers are more flexible with regard to their
business relationship among each other. All kinds of relationships are possible
(represented by the circle in Figure 2).
Internet Service Provider
Information Provider
Connectivity Provider
End-User
Access Service Provider
Backbone Service Provider
Data Center Provider Application Service Provider
Content Provider
Internet Retailer
Communication Service Provider
End-User Network Provider Market Place Provider
Figure 2. Internet Service Layer
The business relationship is characterized by the flow of value between
stakeholders. The value flow is a combination of money flow and service flow.
However, the money flow has not to be present. For example, an ISP delivers a
service to a customer but does not get its revenue from this customer. Instead, its
revenue comes from selling advertisement space on its web site. Nevertheless, it
is necessary to exchange information about the service, in order to deliver the
service properly.
This information exchange can be classified into the following classes:
the exchange of charging information, the exchange of service provisioning
5. information, and the exchange of information about metered service (i.e.
quantity and quality of service). Three examples illustrate that. The exchange of
connection usage data might be necessary in order to collate accounting
information between a local telecommunication company (i.e. access service
provider) and a service bundling ISP if both share revenues (e.g. ISP market in
Great Britain). The exchange of modem pool blocking data is interesting for an
ISP in order to relate to overall QoS objectives. Metered IP traffic could be
exchanged between backbone providers in order to decide on possible terms of
interconnection agreements.
4.1 Money Flow
The revenue streams of ISPs vary widely. It is difficult to determine
whether and how much money is transferred between two stakeholders in a
business relationship. The direction of the money flow and the amount depends
mainly on the market power of the ISP, i.e. the size of the network, the number
of subscribers for the service, and the kind of service provided. However, in
order to get an overview about possible revenue streams, we give some
examples here:
• Backbone service providers get usage-based revenue from termination
agreements with access service providers: Access service providers charge
customers according to the time being connected to the network, and this
charge is split between the access service provider and the backbone service
provider.
• Revenue of an ISP with many subscribers might also come from agreements
with Internet retailer and content providers connected directly to the ISPs
network.
• Backbone providers’ revenue streams depend on the size of their backbone
network, the location of the network within the global network, and the
nature of the information flow over the interconnection point.
4.2 Example of the Value Flow between ISPs
An example of possible business relationships between a generic ISP
and other four stakeholders is shown in Figure 3. It is assumed that the generic
ISP offers free email service and backbone connectivity to its residential end-
users. End-users connect to the generic ISP’s modem pool by using the local
telephone service. The local telephone company is the access provider in this
scenario. In addition to this, the generic ISP is supposed to have one single
backbone connection to the rest of the Internet. The generic ISP also teamed up
with an Internet retailer for offering products to its customers.
The money flow of the generic ISP (shown in Figure 3) comes from the
termination fee from the local telephone company, the advertisement placed on
the its web-site from the Internet retailer, and the sales commission of the deals
done by the Internet retailer. Since the generic ISP owns and manages its own
network, it only has to pay for the backbone connectivity to the rest of the
Internet.
The service flow of the generic ISP is reverse to the money flow in this
example, except that there is an additional service flow to the generic ISP‘s
customer. The end-users are getting the backbone connectivity service for free.
End-user
Backbone
Provider
Generic
ISP
Internet
Retailer
Business Relationship
Backbone
Provider
Communication
Service Provider
Access
Provider
Stakeholder
Figure 3. Example of the business relationships of a generic ISP
5 Paradigms of ISP Business Models
This section presents five business models of actual Internet service
providers. After describing the business model of each company, we illustrate
their business relationships in the terminology of the reference model. However,
the illustration of the business relationships does not analyze the revenue
streams of those ISPs because of the reason mentioned in the previous
subsection. All data presented was gathered on May 1st
, 2000.
6. 5.1 Covad
Covad currently offers its Internet access services only in the USA,
focusing on the major metropolitan areas. The revenues are $66 million and the
market capitalization is $4189 million.
This company owns their own network, which includes an USA-wide
backbone and the hardware equipment collocated at the ILEC central offices.
As of May 1
st
, 2000, Covad offers two DSL services, targeted at
residential users and businesses. While the basic service comprises two choices
(608/128kbps and 1500/384kbps), the business-targeted service offers six
different choices between 144/144kbps and 1.1/1.1Mbps. The business services
are further differentiated with regard to the number of users supported. In
addition to this, Covad offers VPN service between company branches and
headquarters as well as between company network and employees. The data
between the Covad network and the company network is encrypted. However,
Covad does not sell its products directly to end-users. The companies customers
are Internet service provider like Mindspring / Earthlink.
In addition to this, Covad owns the subsidiary LaserLink.net that offers
services to set up a virtual Internet service provider. Covad manages and
administrates the network while the customer sells the service as its own
(wholesale business).
The roles of the company in the business relationship to information
provider are an access provider and backbone provider. In addition to this,
Covad takes on roles as an access provider, a backbone provider, and a
communication service provider in its wholesale business.
5.2 Mindspring / Earthlink
Mindspring is located in the USA and offers service in the USA and the
United Kingdom. Its market capitalization is $2400 million. The annualized
revenues of $1300 million are expected from 4.2 million subscriber accounts for
backbone connectivity service and 148000 web-hosting accounts.
The network used is leased from Sprint and PSInet. Only the dial-up
access sites in southern California are owned and operated by Mindspring /
Earthlink.
The Internet access services cover a wide range of access technologies
(e.g. dial-up modem, Frame-Relay, ISDN, or DSL) and access speeds. The price
for modem dial-up service depends on the number of hours that a user wants to
use the service. The prices on May 1st
, 2000 ranged from $6.95 for 5 hour/month
(each additional hour costs $2) to $26.95 for unlimited access. This service is
bundled with web space and a certain number of mailboxes.
The web-site hosting service provides an environment for enterprises to
run a web site. The service comprises a fast reliable web server, POP email, CGI
scripts, web statistics reporting, storage, an allowance of a certain amount of
traffic to the web site (2Gbyte-6Gbyte; all additional traffic is charged at a rate
of 0.04 – 0.1 $/Mbytes), and an e-commerce software support. The web hosting
service is actually split-up into four sub-services in order to address the need of
different enterprises.
Regarding Mindspring / Earthling’s business relationship with the end-
user, the company takes on the roles as an access service provider, backbone
provider, and a communication service provider. The company is in the role of a
communication service provider because of its hosting services.
5.3 Exodus
Exodus focuses on the Internet data center market and owns a
worldwide backbone. Its data centers are located in Asia, Australia, North
America, and Europe (Sweden, United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, and
France). The annual revenues are 242 million and the market capitalization is
$16900 million.
Exodus’ services comprise the hosting of servers in a highly secure location,
featuring raised floors, temperature control system, seismically braced racks,
smoke detection, fire suppression system, motion sensors, and surveillance
cameras. In addition to this, there are redundant power supplies, multiple backup
power generators, and multiple fiber trunks coming into the data center. The
connection speed between the customer’s servers at the data center and the data
center network can be 10Mbps Ethernet, 100Mbps Fast Ethernet, or 1Gbps
Ethernet. Customers can also get multiple LAN connection in order to be fault
tolerant against network connection failures. Exodus charges either a flat rate or
a usage-based charge for those connections. In order to analyze the utilization of
the connections, Exodus provides customers with a bandwidth report, containing
detailed information about the line usage. In addition, it provides connectivity
reports to the main ISPs and route information of IP packets.
Beside the data center, Exodus owns a backbone that connects all data
centers redundantly, allowing single point-to-point fiber link failures. The
company also offers Internet access services at T1 speed (1.54Mbps) and DS3
speed (45Mbps) for a flat rate or usage-based rate. Especially, they connect the
customer’s offices with the data centers.
With regard to Exodus’ business with corporations, the company is in
the role of an access provider. However, the main business is their data centers
and backbone service.
7. 5.4 America On-Line Inc.
AOL is a worldwide operating corporation, providing service in the
United Kingdom (service name: AOL, Netscape Online), Germany (service
name: AOL and CompuServe), and France (service name: AOL). The total
customer base is 22 million. The current market capitalization is $132000
million and the revenues are approximately $4700 million.
AOL also bundles Internet connectivity services and information
services. The connectivity service is a resale of connectivity service of Sprint,
GTE Internetworking (formerly BBN Corporation), and MCI Worldcom
Advanced Networks. AOL itself does not own any networks. Instead, AOL
concentrates its efforts on providing content, retailing, and communication
services to their customers. AOL has more than 1000 e-commerce and content
partners. In many cases, AOL owns a stake in the partner’s company. The
company also wholly owns Digital City Inc (i.e. local content service provider),
ICQ (i.e. chat communication service provider), MovieFone Inc (i.e. movie
content service provider), and Spinner.com (i.e. music content service provider).
That means, revenues of AOL come from the resale of the connectivity service,
the advertisements placed on the AOL and Netscape Netcenter portal sites, and
their communication service tools (e.g. AOL Instant Messenger, Net2Phone).
The roles played by AOL are access provider, backbone provider,
communication service provider, Internet retailer, and content provider,
considering AOL’s business relationship with the end-user. The business
relationship with connectivity providers puts AOL in the role of an information
provider.
5.5 Akamai
Akamai is an Internet service provider that offers services to content
provider guaranteeing fast and reliable delivery of content to end-users. The
company is based in the USA but operates worldwide.
In order to be able to offer such a reliable and fast service, Akamai
distributed 4000 cache servers to the edge of the Internet worldwide, addressing
two issues. First, routing of content via various paths between their servers
becomes possible even if few parts of the network are congested or out of
service. To detect such network failures, real-time information about the
network is constantly analyzed by fault tolerance software. Second, servers are
always physically closed to end-users, resulting in short responds times to end-
users content requests and high bandwidth availability to the users computer.
This approach enables the delivery of contents with better quality than the best-
effort quality of today’s Internet.
Especially, Akamai focuses on certain content type. It offers streaming
media service, including live events, continuous broadcasts, and on-demand
media. Beside their server technology, Akamai uses forward error correcting
software and multiple copies of streams to guarantee the delivery of the content
to all their servers at the edges of the Internet.
Akamai has business relationships with content providers, backbone
provider, and access providers. The company has to rent space for their cache
servers in the central offices of the access provider and connect them to the
network of the access provider. It also has to connect their servers to several
backbone networks. The service agreement with content providers has to specify
the kind of content, which has to be cached. Akamai’s roles are a data center
provider and an application service provider. The company takes on the role of a
data center provider since it owns cache servers. Since the company runs
software to distribute the content, it is also in the role of an application service
provider.
6 Comparison of ISP Business Models
A recapitulation of the ISPs business models described in the previous
sections is given in the following table. It shows the roles X that each ISP takes
on with regard to their customers. (X) represents a role, which is run as a
reseller.
Role AOL Mindspring Covad Exodus Akamai
Access (X) (X) X (X) ---
Backbone (X) (X) X X ---
Data Center --- (X) --- X X
Application --- --- --- --- X
Content X and (X) --- --- --- ---
Retailer X and (X) (X) --- --- ---
Communication X X --- --- ---
Table 1. Summary of ISP roles
Considering these examples of ISP businesses, it becomes obvious that
today’s ISPs are focusing on certain roles they want to take on. For example,
8. Covad addresses the high-speed access market. Akamai and Exodus offer data
center services. Mindspring provide communication services for the residential
market. AOL delivers content services, communication services, and retail
services.
In addition to this, the business models of these ISPs can be
characterized even further by examining their customers, the addressed needs of
their customer, and the kind of service that they own. Covad sells its services
only to reselling ISPs like AOL and Mindspring. Exodus and Akamai are
addressing the need of information service providers to deliver their information
reliable and fast. Akamai offers specialized services for fast content and
streaming media delivery. Exodus offers a highly secured and reliable backbone
and data center service. Both companies‘ technology helps to provide better-
than-best-effort service on the Internet. AOL‘s and Mindspring’s customers are
residential end-users. Both companies’ basic service is access service and
backbone service. However, AOL focuses on the provision of content to
customers, which is owned by AOL or third party ISPs. Mindspring‘s
differentiating service is web site hosting. The following table summarizes these
facts (see Table 2).
AOL Mindspring Covad Exodus Akamai
Customer Residential
End-Users
Residential
End-Users
Business
Customers
Business
End-Users
Business
End-Users
Addressed
Needs of
Customers
Backbone
Connectivity
and Content
Backbone
Connectivity
and Hosting
Broadband
Access and
VPN
Reliable
Information
Delivery
Fast Content
and Streaming
Media Delivery
Roles
(Own
Services)
Content and
Communication
Web-Site
Hosting and
Communication
Access and
Backbone
Backbone and
Data Centers
Data Centers
Roles –
(Resell
Services)
Access and
Backbone
Access, Data
Center, and
Backbone
--- Broadband
Access
---
Table 2. Characterization of ISPs’ business models
Table 2 shows clearly that these ISPs go for certain market segments.
The ISPs distinguish themselves by addressing certain needs of customers. This
helps them to stay competitive. For example, since the merger between AOL and
Time Warner, AOL focuses even more on the content provision to their
customers. AOL intents to become a media player, offering all kind of
entertainment. Mindspring tries to attract customers by offering web site hosting
service services, which becomes more and more attractive to end-users. Covad is
in the broadband access market. Exodus and Akamai are focusing on the data
center market, although applying different technologies.
7 Conclusions
We introduced a reference model that helps to analyze business models
of Internet businesses. The model facilitates the description of business models
and business relationships of Internet service providers.
The reference model defines different kind of roles that an ISP can take
on in the Internet. The basic classes we distinguished are roles as a connectivity
service provider or an information service provider. Roles as a connectivity
service provider are end-user network provider, access service provider,
backbone service provider, and data center provider. The information service
provider roles are Internet retailer, content provider, application service
provider, communication service provider, and market place provider. Based on
the definitions of these roles, we defined a model of ISP business relationships.
In the second part of the paper, we used the model to analyze five ISP
businesses (AOL, Mindspring, Covad, Exodus, and Akamai). We showed how
these companies focus on certain market segments in the Internet service
provider market.
Our future work will use this model to analyze pricing plans of ISPs.
Especially, we want to investigate the impact of pricing plans on the value flow
as part of the ISP business relationships.
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