Réalisation d'un compilateur de mini langage - KhawarizmiBachir Benyammi
Un langage de programmation en arabe peut facilité la tâche aux élèves et aux lycéennes à comprendre et à appliquer les principes et les notions d’algorithmique et de la programmation.
L'idée est de développer un langage destiner à l'enseignement qui combine à la fois la facilité du Pascal (utilisation des mots naturels tel que Program, Read, Write, ..) et l'abréviation du langage C ({}, ||, &&, !, …).
Réalisation d'un compilateur de mini langage - KhawarizmiBachir Benyammi
Un langage de programmation en arabe peut facilité la tâche aux élèves et aux lycéennes à comprendre et à appliquer les principes et les notions d’algorithmique et de la programmation.
L'idée est de développer un langage destiner à l'enseignement qui combine à la fois la facilité du Pascal (utilisation des mots naturels tel que Program, Read, Write, ..) et l'abréviation du langage C ({}, ||, &&, !, …).
Overcoming WriterS Block For Your College Essays PersTony Lisko
Here are the key points about diagnostic imaging:
- X-rays use electromagnetic radiation to penetrate the body and create images of internal structures on film or screens.
- X-rays are useful for detecting abnormalities like broken bones, tumors, dental issues, and foreign bodies in a non-invasive way.
- Computed tomography (CT) scans combine X-rays with computer technology to produce more detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
In summary, diagnostic imaging techniques like X-rays and CT scans use radiation to safely visualize internal structures and detect any abnormalities without invasive procedures. CT provides especially detailed cross-sectional views enabled by computer processing.
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This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The website offers original, plagiarism-free assignments and allows customers to ensure their needs and expectations are met.
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The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized content.
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The document discusses the ancient Mesopotamian epic poem Gilgamesh, which contains one of the earliest known flood stories. It notes that flood narratives are found in many ancient civilizations and compares the story in Gilgamesh to the biblical story of Noah's Ark. However, it does not provide details from the copyrighted works without permission.
John Locke was an influential Enlightenment thinker whose ideas shaped modern concepts of liberty and government. He proposed that all people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that governments should protect these rights. If governments fail to do so, people have a right to rebel. Locke's view that people are born with a blank slate influenced the Declaration of Independence's phrase about the "pursuit of happiness." His ideas helped establish principles of equality, limited government, and individual freedom that formed the basis of Western liberal democracies.
How To Manage Stress Essay Ilustrasi. Online assignment writing service.Tony Lisko
The document provides instructions for how to request and receive help with an assignment from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The document promotes HelpWriting.net's writing services and assurances of original, high-quality work or a full refund.
This document discusses the conflict between privacy and security created by the use of airport body scanners. It notes that body scanners allow the detection of non-metal threats but produce images of passengers' naked bodies. While this raises privacy concerns, supporters argue it is necessary for security and the images are not stored or viewed by humans. The debate centers around balancing privacy and security in air travel.
New Vision Learning Home. Online assignment writing service.Tony Lisko
The document discusses the process for requesting and receiving writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Creating an account and providing contact information. 2) Completing a form with assignment details. 3) Reviewing bids from writers and selecting one. 4) Receiving the completed paper and authorizing payment if satisfied. 5) Requesting revisions to ensure needs are fully met. The document emphasizes HelpWriting.net's commitment to original, high-quality work and refunds for plagiarized content.
This document provides instructions for seeking writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The document emphasizes that original, high-quality content will be provided, with refunds offered for plagiarized work.
Personal And Educational Autobiography Essay ExaTony Lisko
The document provides information about anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It discusses how both disorders are characterized by distorted body image and issues with food intake. The document also notes that most who suffer from eating disorders are adolescent and young adult women. It explores some potential biochemical correlates of the disorders, including abnormal levels of hormones like serotonin in the brain that regulate appetite. Drugs that impact serotonin pathways are sometimes used to treat obesity and related issues.
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Stereotactic radiosurgery uses highly focused radiation to damage the DNA of tumor cells or abnormal blood vessels in the brain, causing them to stop reproducing and shrink over time, typically 18 months to two years for benign tumors or vessels and faster for malignant tumors. Unlike other radiation therapies, it does not remove the tumor but slowly reduces it through controlled cell death. The procedure works by precisely delivering high doses of radiation to a targeted area while avoiding exposure to surrounding healthy tissue.
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This document outlines the steps to request and receive a custom paper writing service through the website HelpWriting.net. It describes registering for an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, reviewing writer bids and qualifications to select a writer, placing a deposit to start the writing, and reviewing and authorizing payment for the completed paper if satisfied. It notes the service provides free revisions and refunds for plagiarized or unsatisfactory work.
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The document provides instructions for creating an account on the HelpWriting.net site and requesting writing assistance. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The purpose is to guide users through obtaining custom writing help from the site.
The father is determined to protect his son at all costs in their journey across the desolate post-apocalyptic landscape. He teaches the boy vital survival skills and serves as his moral compass, urging him to retain his humanity in the face of hardship. However, the father's health is declining and he struggles with demoralizing thoughts, aware that his ability to shield the boy is limited. He carries a burden of guilt over uncertain past actions and whether he has done enough to safeguard their future. The father's love and sacrifice are the emotional core of the story, as he seeks
The document discusses driving while distracted and provides examples of common distractions. It notes that driving while distracted can endanger lives and outlines some of the risks, such as taking one's eyes off the road, hands off the wheel, and mind off the task of driving. The document suggests that driving requires full attention and notes some solutions like putting phones out of reach or designating a passenger to make calls to reduce distractions.
How To Write Report On Rese. Online assignment writing service.Tony Lisko
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete a form with assignment details and attach samples, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction and receive a refund for plagiarized work.
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This document summarizes and analyzes Judith Thomson's essay "A Defense of Abortion". It argues that Thomson uses strong analogies to challenge arguments for banning abortion based on the premise that life begins at conception. The summary defends Thomson's position, stating that her analogies make her argument difficult to criticize. It notes that Thomson uses three major analogies, including the famous "Violinist Analogy", to illustrate different scenarios where abortion would be considered acceptable even if fetal personhood is accepted. The document evaluates criticisms of Thomson's argument and concludes she has established abortion rights on the basis of her reasoning and use of compelling analogies.
The document discusses applying critical reading strategies to analyze a short story called "Victoria's Ugly Stain." It provides an opportunity to practice these skills on a piece of literature. Critical reading strategies allow readers to carefully analyze texts and consider things like themes, character development, plot points, language use, and more. The goal is to give the reader hands-on experience breaking down a story and evaluating its components through the lens of different reading techniques.
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This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
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The Towers of Babylon art series by Shirley Ye consists of 4 paintings and 2 sculptures that abstractly depict the dangers of urbanization and reference the biblical Tower of Babel. The works use distorted realities and heights to symbolize these themes. Overall, the series critically examines the issues of increasing urbanization through abstract and biblical references across different art mediums.
On apprend à :
Concevoir un gabarit HTML/CSS
Structurer le contenu textuel respectant les règles d'écriture pour le Web
Maîtriser les aspects juridiques concernant le désabonnement
Connaître les paramètres d'envoi d’une newsletter
Overcoming WriterS Block For Your College Essays PersTony Lisko
Here are the key points about diagnostic imaging:
- X-rays use electromagnetic radiation to penetrate the body and create images of internal structures on film or screens.
- X-rays are useful for detecting abnormalities like broken bones, tumors, dental issues, and foreign bodies in a non-invasive way.
- Computed tomography (CT) scans combine X-rays with computer technology to produce more detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
In summary, diagnostic imaging techniques like X-rays and CT scans use radiation to safely visualize internal structures and detect any abnormalities without invasive procedures. CT provides especially detailed cross-sectional views enabled by computer processing.
Compare And Contrast College And High School EsTony Lisko
This document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The website offers original, plagiarism-free assignments and allows customers to ensure their needs and expectations are met.
Best Markers For Drawing, Doodling And ColoringTony Lisko
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized content.
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The document discusses the ancient Mesopotamian epic poem Gilgamesh, which contains one of the earliest known flood stories. It notes that flood narratives are found in many ancient civilizations and compares the story in Gilgamesh to the biblical story of Noah's Ark. However, it does not provide details from the copyrighted works without permission.
John Locke was an influential Enlightenment thinker whose ideas shaped modern concepts of liberty and government. He proposed that all people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that governments should protect these rights. If governments fail to do so, people have a right to rebel. Locke's view that people are born with a blank slate influenced the Declaration of Independence's phrase about the "pursuit of happiness." His ideas helped establish principles of equality, limited government, and individual freedom that formed the basis of Western liberal democracies.
How To Manage Stress Essay Ilustrasi. Online assignment writing service.Tony Lisko
The document provides instructions for how to request and receive help with an assignment from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The document promotes HelpWriting.net's writing services and assurances of original, high-quality work or a full refund.
This document discusses the conflict between privacy and security created by the use of airport body scanners. It notes that body scanners allow the detection of non-metal threats but produce images of passengers' naked bodies. While this raises privacy concerns, supporters argue it is necessary for security and the images are not stored or viewed by humans. The debate centers around balancing privacy and security in air travel.
New Vision Learning Home. Online assignment writing service.Tony Lisko
The document discusses the process for requesting and receiving writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Creating an account and providing contact information. 2) Completing a form with assignment details. 3) Reviewing bids from writers and selecting one. 4) Receiving the completed paper and authorizing payment if satisfied. 5) Requesting revisions to ensure needs are fully met. The document emphasizes HelpWriting.net's commitment to original, high-quality work and refunds for plagiarized content.
This document provides instructions for seeking writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The document emphasizes that original, high-quality content will be provided, with refunds offered for plagiarized work.
Personal And Educational Autobiography Essay ExaTony Lisko
The document provides information about anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It discusses how both disorders are characterized by distorted body image and issues with food intake. The document also notes that most who suffer from eating disorders are adolescent and young adult women. It explores some potential biochemical correlates of the disorders, including abnormal levels of hormones like serotonin in the brain that regulate appetite. Drugs that impact serotonin pathways are sometimes used to treat obesity and related issues.
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Stereotactic radiosurgery uses highly focused radiation to damage the DNA of tumor cells or abnormal blood vessels in the brain, causing them to stop reproducing and shrink over time, typically 18 months to two years for benign tumors or vessels and faster for malignant tumors. Unlike other radiation therapies, it does not remove the tumor but slowly reduces it through controlled cell death. The procedure works by precisely delivering high doses of radiation to a targeted area while avoiding exposure to surrounding healthy tissue.
Definition Essay Sample Term Paper OutlineTony Lisko
This document outlines the steps to request and receive a custom paper writing service through the website HelpWriting.net. It describes registering for an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, reviewing writer bids and qualifications to select a writer, placing a deposit to start the writing, and reviewing and authorizing payment for the completed paper if satisfied. It notes the service provides free revisions and refunds for plagiarized or unsatisfactory work.
College Essays About Music. College Essay About MusiTony Lisko
The document provides instructions for creating an account on the HelpWriting.net site and requesting writing assistance. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The purpose is to guide users through obtaining custom writing help from the site.
The father is determined to protect his son at all costs in their journey across the desolate post-apocalyptic landscape. He teaches the boy vital survival skills and serves as his moral compass, urging him to retain his humanity in the face of hardship. However, the father's health is declining and he struggles with demoralizing thoughts, aware that his ability to shield the boy is limited. He carries a burden of guilt over uncertain past actions and whether he has done enough to safeguard their future. The father's love and sacrifice are the emotional core of the story, as he seeks
The document discusses driving while distracted and provides examples of common distractions. It notes that driving while distracted can endanger lives and outlines some of the risks, such as taking one's eyes off the road, hands off the wheel, and mind off the task of driving. The document suggests that driving requires full attention and notes some solutions like putting phones out of reach or designating a passenger to make calls to reduce distractions.
How To Write Report On Rese. Online assignment writing service.Tony Lisko
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete a form with assignment details and attach samples, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction and receive a refund for plagiarized work.
Autumn Trees Writing Paper. Online assignment writing service.Tony Lisko
This document summarizes and analyzes Judith Thomson's essay "A Defense of Abortion". It argues that Thomson uses strong analogies to challenge arguments for banning abortion based on the premise that life begins at conception. The summary defends Thomson's position, stating that her analogies make her argument difficult to criticize. It notes that Thomson uses three major analogies, including the famous "Violinist Analogy", to illustrate different scenarios where abortion would be considered acceptable even if fetal personhood is accepted. The document evaluates criticisms of Thomson's argument and concludes she has established abortion rights on the basis of her reasoning and use of compelling analogies.
The document discusses applying critical reading strategies to analyze a short story called "Victoria's Ugly Stain." It provides an opportunity to practice these skills on a piece of literature. Critical reading strategies allow readers to carefully analyze texts and consider things like themes, character development, plot points, language use, and more. The goal is to give the reader hands-on experience breaking down a story and evaluating its components through the lens of different reading techniques.
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This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
Essay Writing Notes - The Oscillation BandTony Lisko
The Towers of Babylon art series by Shirley Ye consists of 4 paintings and 2 sculptures that abstractly depict the dangers of urbanization and reference the biblical Tower of Babel. The works use distorted realities and heights to symbolize these themes. Overall, the series critically examines the issues of increasing urbanization through abstract and biblical references across different art mediums.
On apprend à :
Concevoir un gabarit HTML/CSS
Structurer le contenu textuel respectant les règles d'écriture pour le Web
Maîtriser les aspects juridiques concernant le désabonnement
Connaître les paramètres d'envoi d’une newsletter
Formation M2i - 5 stratégies digitales innovantes pour booster la Qualité de ...M2i Formation
Nous vivons une époque où la digitalisation et l'évolution des méthodes de travail transforment notre quotidien professionnel en un véritable champ de bataille pour la concentration et l'excellence. Il est donc essentiel de replacer l'humain au cœur de la technologie et d'adopter des stratégies qui favorisent un travail épanouissant.
Voici les points que nous aborderons :
- Le bilan des actions QVCT en France : succès, limites et quelques échecs mémorables
- La digitalisation : miracle moderne ou cauchemar de la concentration ?
- Le Burn-out et le Brown-out : quand la qualité du travail devient mission impossible
- Les stratégies pour favoriser la concentration et le travail bien fait sans perdre la tête
- L'Intelligence Artificielle : libération des tâches routinières ou nouvelle forme d'aliénation ? Comment redécouvrir le goût du travail créatif et humain face à l'automatisation ?
Cette formation est destinée aux professionnels du Management et des Ressources Humaines prêts à interroger le bien-être et la productivité de leurs équipes de manière différente... et à affronter quelques vérités déconcertantes en chemin.
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Formation offerte animée à distance avec notre expert Srecko Grujanovic
Webinaire Cohésion - Optimisez vos communications par courriel et clavardageTechnologia Formation
Les courriels et le clavardage sont des moyens de communication formidables qui jouent des rôles clés dans les relations avec vos clients, vos collègues et vos partenaires d’affaires.
Cependant, il faut savoir se méfier de leur accessibilité et de leur instantanéité.
S’ils sont rédigés avec légèreté, nonchalance ou sous le coup de l’émotion, ils peuvent facilement avoir l’effet d’une bombe et nuire gravement à vos relations.
Ce webinaire animé par Sébastien Leblanc vise à vous offrir plusieurs astuces afin de vous aider à rédiger des courriels et communiquer par messagerie instantanée (“chat”) selon les meilleures pratiques.
Arabic Speech Recognition System Using CMU-Sphinx4
1. H. Satori et al.
1
Système de Reconnaissance Automatique de l’arabe basé sur CMUSphinx
H. Satori (1, 2)
, M. Harti (1, 2)
, and N. Chenfour (1, 2)
.
(1) : UFR Informatique et Nouvelles Technologies d'Information et de Communication B.P.
1796, Dhar Mehraz Fès Morocco.
(2) : Département de Mathématiques et Informatique, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 1796, Dhar
Mehraz Fès, Morocco
E-mail: hsnsatori@yahoo.fr
Abstract
In this paper we present the creation of an Arabic
version of Automated Speech Recognition System (ASR).
This system is based on the open source Sphinx-4, from
the Carnegie Mellon University. Which is a speech
recognition system based on discrete hidden Markov
models (HMMs). We investigate the changes that must
be made to the model to adapt Arabic voice recognition.
Keywords: Speech recognition, Acoustic model, Arabic
language, HMMs, CMUSphinx-4, Artificial intelligence.
Résume.
Dans ce travail nous allons réaliser un système de
Reconnaissance Automatique de la Parole (RAP) basé sur le
CMU Sphinx4. Ce dernier est un projet Open Source de
l’Université Carnegie Mellon. Nous allons démontrer
l’adaptabilité de ce système pour la reconnaissance de la
langue arabe.
Mots-clés: Reconnaissance de la parole, Modèle acoustique,
Langue arabe, HMMs, CMUSphinx-4, Intelligence artificielle.
1. Introduction
La Reconnaissance Automatique de la Parole (RAP)
est une technologie informatique permettant à un logiciel
d’interpréter une langue naturelle humaine. Elle permet à
une machine d’extraire le message oral contenu dans un
signal de parole. Cette technologie utilise des méthodes
informatiques des domaines du traitement du signal et de
l’intelligence artificielle [1]. Les applications qu’ont
peut imaginer sont nombreuse : aider les personnes
handicapées, contrôle vocal des machines, réservation
des vols, apprentissage d’autres langues, etc. [2].
Vue l’importance de la RAP, plusieurs systèmes ont
été développés pour la reconnaissance vocale, parmi les
plus connus: Dragon Naturally Speaking, IBM Via
voice, Microsoft SAPI et d’autre. Aussi, il y a des Open
Sources comme HTK [3], ISIP [4], AVCSR [5] et CMU
Sphinx [6-8]. Nous sommes intéressés à ce dernier qui
est un système basé sur les Modèles de Markov Cachés
(MMC), en anglais Hiden Markov Models (HMM) [9].
Nous avons constaté que le système de reconnaissance
de la parole CMU Sphinx 4 est librement disponible
(Open Source) et il est actuellement l’un des systèmes de
reconnaissance de parole les plus puissants. Le CMU
Sphinx permet à des groupes de recherche avec des
budgets modestes de développer et de conduire des
applications de recherches dans la reconnaissance de la
parole. Pour ces raisons et d’autres, nous avons choisi ce
système pour développer notre application pour la
reconnaissance de la langue arabe [10-11].
Notre travail s’inscrit dans le cadre général de la
RAP il est parmi les premiers travaux traitant la langue
arabe utilisant l’Open Source CMU Sphinx. Nous
présentons dans ce travail les bases de construction d’un
système de reconnaissance automatique de l’arabe
classique basée sur le CMU Sphinx4.
2. Présentation du CMU Sphinx 4
Sphinx est un projet lancé par l’université Carnegie
Mellon (CMU) dans le but de concevoir un
environnement pour la recherche dans le domaine de la
reconnaissance automatique de la parole. CMU Sphinx 4
est une librairie de classes et d’outils disponible en
langage de programmation Java. Cette librairie est
gratuite à télécharger, elle vice principalement à faciliter
la construction des systèmes de reconnaissance vocale.
CMU Sphinx-4 est un système de RAP basé sur les
Models de Markov Cachés (HMM). Il a été créé
conjointement par le groupe Sphinx à l’université CMU,
les laboratoires Sun Microsystems et Hewlett-Packard
company [12-14].
SphinxTrain est l’outil crée par CMU pour le
développement des modèles acoustiques. C’est un
ensemble de programmes et documentations pour
réaliser et construire des modèles acoustiques pour
n’importe quelle langue.
2.1. Architecture
2. H. Satori et al.
2
Sphinx-4 présente un ensemble d'outils de
reconnaissance vocale (voir figure 1) flexibles
modulaires et extensibles formant un véritable banc
d'essais et un puissant environnement de recherche pour
les technologies de reconnaissance automatique de la
parole.
.
Fig. 1: Architecture du CMU Sphinx-4.
• FrontEnd : découpe la voix enregistrée en différentes
parties et les prépare pour le décodeur. Il est responsable
de la génération des vecteurs caractéristiques
représentant les caractéristiques du signal vocal.
• Features : et utilisé pour estimer les paramètres du
modèle acoustique.
• Linguist : ou base de connaissances qui est
l’information qu’utilise le décodeur pour déterminer les
mots et les phrases prononcées, elle est composée de :
– Dictionary.
– AcousticModel : modèle acoustique, un modèle
statistique décrivant la distribution des données de
phonèmes.
– LanguageModel : un modèle de langage, il donne la
probabilité d’apparition d’un mot donné, basée sur des
connaissances tirées du Dictionnaire.
• SearchGraph : contient toutes les séquences de
phonèmes possibles basées sur le LanguageModel.
• Decoder : ou Décodeur qui est le coeur de Sphinx-4 ;
c’est lui qui traite les informations reçues depuis le
FrontEnd, il les analyse et les compare avec la base de
connaissances pour donner un résultat à l’application.
2.2. Installation
2.2.1 Sphinx-4
Sphinx-4 peut être téléchargé de l’internent soit sous
forme binaire soit sous forme source code [15]. Il a été
compilé et testé sur plusieurs versions de Linux et sur
Windows. L’exécution de Sphinx-4 demande des
logiciels supplémentaires qui sont :
• Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition 5.0 [16].
• Java Runtime Environement (JRE)
• Les différentes librairies qui composent Sphinx-4.
• Ant : L’outil pour faciliter la compilation en
automatisant les taches répétitives [17].
2.2.2 Sphinxtrain
SphinxTrain téléchargeable dont le lient se trouve dans
tools du site de CMU Sphinx[13].
Les différentes librairies qui composent SphinxTrain :
• ActivePerl : L’outil pour éditer des scriptes pour
SphinxTrain et permet de travailler dans un Unix-like
environnement pour Windows plateforme [18].
• Microsoft Visual Studio : Pour compiler les sources
en C afin de produire les Exécutables.
3. Reconnaissance de la langue arabe
La langue arabe est une langue sémitique, elle est
parmi les langues les plus anciennes dans le monde
[19].
L’arabe classique standard a 34 phonèmes parmi
lesquels 6 sont voyelles et 28 sont des consonnes [20].
Les phonèmes arabe se distinguent par la présence de
deux classes qui sont appelées pharyngales et
emphatiques. Ces deux classes sont caractéristiques des
langues sémitiques comme l’hébreu [20-22].
Les syllabes permises dans la langue arabe sont : CV,
CVC et CVCC. Où le V désigne voyelle courte ou
longue et le C représente une consonne [20].
La langue arabe comporte cinq types de syllabes classées
selon les trais ouvert/fermé et court/long. Une syllabe est
dite ouverte (respectivement fermée) si elle se termine
par une voyelle (respectivement une consonne). Toutes
les syllabes commencent par une consonne suivie d’une
voyelle et elles comportent une seule voyelle. La syllabe
CV peut se trouver au début, au milieu ou à la fin du mot
[22-25].
3.1 Corpus
Le corpus est constitué des dix premiers chiffres de
l’arabe classique de 0 à 9. Six locuteurs marocaines, 3
males et 3 femelles, sont invités à prononcer les dix
chiffres cinq fois. Le corpus comprend cinq répétitions
par chaque locuteur du même chiffre. Ainsi, le corpus
est constitué de 300 tokens (10 chiffres. 5 répétitions. 6
locuteurs).
Pendant l’enregistrement, chaque répétition a été
rejouée pour s’assurer que le chiffre entier a été inclus
dans le signal enregistré. Dans le tableau 1 sont donnés
certains paramètres d’enregistrement du corpus.
3. H. Satori et al.
3
Fig. 2: Spectrogramme du chiffre 4 ()أرﺑﻌﺔ locuteur 2
essai 2, généré par l’open source wavesurfer [26].
Paramètre Valeur
Echantillonnage 16 kHz, 16 bits
Wave format Mono, wav
Corpus 10 chiffres arabes
Locuteur 6 (3 males + 3 femelles)
Tableau 1: Paramètres d’enregistrement utilisés pour la
préparation du corpus Arabic digits.
3.2 Modèle acoustique (Acoustic model)
Le modèle acoustique est une représentation
statistique de l’image acoustique la plus significative
possible pour le signal vocale. Durant la phase
d’apprentissage, training, chaque unité acoustique ou
phonème est représentée par un modèle statistique
décrivant la distribution des données. Le signal parole
est transformé en une série de vecteurs de
caractéristiques (feature vectors) comprenant les
coefficients MFCC (Mel-Frequency Cepstral
Coefficients) [27].
Translittération
Alphabet
Symbole
Alef
ء
AA
Ba’
ب
B
Ta’
ت
T
Tha’
ث
TH
Ha’
ح
HH
Emphatique Kha’
خ
KH
Dal
د
D
Ra’
ر
R
Ayn
ع
AIN
Sin
س
S
Emphatique Sad
ص
SS
Lam
ل
L
Mim
م
M
Ha’
ﻩ
H
Waw
و
W
Ya’
ي
Y
Fatha
-
َ
A
Kasra
ِ
ـ
I
Entre kasra et fatha
ِ
ـ
E
Tableau 2: Symboles de phonèmes, utilisé pour Arabic
digits.
Dans notre application l’ensemble de symboles
précèdent (voir tableau 2) a été utilisé pour
l’apprentissage des états HMM correspondant au modèle
acoustique de la démonstration Arabic_digits.
Le système doit savoir à quel HMM correspond
chaque variable (phonème). Ces informations sont
stockées dans un fichier appelé dictionnaire. Il permet de
faire une représentation symbolique pour chaque mot. Il
permet ainsi d’alimenter l’application Sphinxtrain pour
produire le modèle acoustique. L’apprentissage a été
faite en utilisant le dictionnaire représenté dans le
tableau 3.
0 SS E F R
1 W A A HH I D
2 AA I TH N A A N I
3 TH A L A A TH A H
4 AA A R B A AIN A H
5 KH A M S A H
6 S I T T A
7 S A B B AIN A
8 TH A M A A N I Y Y A
9 T I S AIN A
Tableau 3: Extrait du fichier dictionnaire de l’application
Arabic digits.
3.3 Modèle de langue (Language model)
Modèle de langue (Language model ou grammar
model) c’est un modèle qui défini l’usage des mots dans
une application. Chaque mot dans le modèle de lange
doit être dans le dictionnaire de prononciation. Le choix
d’un modèle de langue dépend de l’application, dans
certains cas il n’est pas facile, ce n’est pas le cas dans
notre démonstration arabic digits (voir fig. 3).
4. H. Satori et al.
4
/**
* JSGF Digits Grammar for Hello Arabic Digits example
*/
grammar arabicdigits;
public <arabicdigits> (0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9)* ;
Fig. 3 Extrait du fichier de grammaire de l’application Arabic
digits.
3.4. Configuration du système Sphinx 4
Un système de reconnaissance automatique de la
parole comme Sphinx 4 utilise deux éléments dépendant
du langue: Le modèle acoustique et le modèle de langue.
Dans notre application nous avons procédé à la
modification de ces deux modèles comme décrit
précédemment.
Le sphinx 4 doit être configuré en utilisant un fichier
xml. Ainsi le choix d’algorithmes, l’extraction et la
comparaison de vecteurs de caractéristiques et d’autres
aspects important pour la création d’un système de RAP
peuvent être personnalisé au besoin et au choix de
l’application considérée.
3.5 Résultas
Dans le but d’évaluer les performances de notre
système, nous l’avons testé pour diffèrent locuteurs. Des
personnes, des deux sexes, sont invitées à prononcer les
dix chiffres arabes de 0 à 9. Nous avons enregistré le
nombre de chiffres correctement reconnus, un taux
moyen de reconnaissance a été calculé (voir tableau 4 et
5).
Essai
1
Essai
2
Essai
3
Taux de
reconnaissanc
e
M1 9 8 9 86,66%
M2 8 9 9 86,66%
M3 8 8 9 83,33%
W1 9 8 8 83,33%
W2 8 8 8 80,00%
W3 9 9 8 86,66%
Table 4: Résultats du teste de l’application Arabic digits
pour des locuteurs individuels, où M désigne Homme et
W femme.
Taux de
reconnaissance
Nombre de
locuteurs
Locuteurs
85,56%
3
Male
83,34%
3
Femelle
Table 5: Taux de reconnaissance moyen pour des
locuteurs des deux sexes.
Les résultats sont très satisfaisants vu la taille de
notre corpus d’apprentissage qui est relativement petit. Il
est recommandé de faire l’apprentissage (training) avec
plus de 500 voix différentes [28] pour atteindre un taux
de reconnaissance de 100%. Nous n’avons pas utilisé un
corpus volumineux pour l’apprentissage, mais nos
résultats sont déjà encourageants.
4. Conclusion
Pour conclure, un système de reconnaissance
automatique de la langue a été conçu et adapté pour la
reconnaissance de la langue arabe. Le système a été basé
sur CMU Sphinx-4 de l’Université Carnegie Mellon.
Une application, a été présentée pour démonter
l’adaptabilité de ce système pour la langue arabe.
Dans les perspectives, nous projetons d’étendre
l’application pour un large vocabulaire de la langue
arabe. Aussi, la réalisation d’un système pour la
reconnaissance du dialecte marocain.
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