The golden ages of islamic civilization

Golden Ages
of Islamic civilization
Prepared by
shamjith km

? No great empire ever attempted to take the
Arabian peninsula !!
? Arabs were not part of history
? They were Bedouins, farmers, traders,...
? Mecca was the most important trade center

What changed Arabian peninsula??
The final Revelation from God to Humanity
The Glorious Quran...

“My choice of Muhammad to lead the list
of the world’s most influential persons
may surprise some readers and may be
questioned by others, but he was the only
man in history who was supremely
successful in both religiousand
secular levels.” - Micheal H Hart,` “The 100”
... and Life of Prophet Muhammed (saw)

Many people considers the Quran to be the
greatest work of Muslim literature, but we
must understand that Holy Qur’an is not a book
written by Prophet Muhammed (pbuh) or his
followers. Instead it is the REVELATION from
THE ALMIGHTY GOD.

People without the
knowledge of their past
history, origin and
culture is like a tree
without roots.

Read, in the name of your Lord; Who created. Created man
from a clot of congealed blood. Read, and your Lord is Most
Generous, Who taught knowledge by the pen. Taught
man what he did not know.
The first revealed verses in Holy Quran were

“The Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) said:
“God, His angels and all those in
Heavens and on Earth, even ants in
their hills and fish in the water, call
down blessings on those who
instruct others in beneficial
knowledge.” (Al-Tirmidhi)

“We (Allah) will show you
(mankind) our signs/patterns in the
horizons/universe and in yourselves
until you are convinced that the
revelation is the truth.” [Qur’an, 14:53]

History of science and civilization
( 600 CE – 1600 CE )

Factors behind the knowledge explosion
Inspiration of Glorious Quran and prophetic teachings
Uplifted social background
Greek and Roman books were translated to Arabic
Caliphs promoted learning and seeking knowledge
Universities were established

Education
 First known universities were in Damascus,
Cordoba, Tunisia and Morocco.
 Oldest university – University of Al-karouine,
Morocco,859 CE
 2nd oldest – Al Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt,
975 CE

Education
 Daar al-Hikmah – House of Wisdom – Cairo –
18,000 ancient books
 Bayt al-Hikmah – House of Wisdom – Baghdad
(Tartars destroyed books)
 Al-Hakam – Spain - 400,000 books
 Bani Ammaar – Tripoli – Libya - 1 million books

 Fore-father of Modern Algebra and Algorithm
 Used algebraic laws to formulate the rules of
inheritance as linear equations, which would
allow calculation of inheritance shares
• The word “algorithm” is derived from his name
Al-Khawarizmi (780 CE)

 Best work: Al jabar wa al mukaabila,
used as a reference text today also!!
 Developed trigonometric tables
containing sine functions
 Developed the calculus of two errors,
which led him to the concept of
differentiation.

His book on algebra “Hisab al-Jabr waal-
Muqabalah” (The Calculation of Integration and
Equation) was used until the 16th century as
the principal textbook of European
universities

Aided to announce arabic numerals, the
decimal position system, and the concept
of zero (6th century in India).

Leonardo pissano (fibonacci), an
Italian mathematician made a
reference to an older text as
“algebre et almuchabale” by
maumeht (Latin name of Muhammed ibn
moosa al khawarizmi)
P - 406

Ghiyath al-Din al- Kashani (CE 1324)
Figured a value of 2pi to sixteen decimal digits
of accuracy
“Miftah-ul-Hissab” or “The Calculators’ Key”; in
it he defined an algorithm for finding the
fifth root of any number

Abu Wafa Muhammad al-Buzanji (CE 940)
Solution of geometrical problems with
opening of the compass
Constructions of parabola by points
Geometrical solution of the equations
x4 = a and x4+3a = b.

Penned rich commentaries on Euclid and
al-Khwarizmi
A substantial part of today’s trigonometry can
be copied back to him.

Al Battani (776 CE)
Called as Albategnius in western books
Calculated solar years as 365 days, 5 hrs ,46
min, and 24 sec is very close modern estimates
First to replace the Greek chords by sine's
Introduced concept of cotangents and
furnished their tables in degrees

Jabir Ibn Haiyan (721-815 CE)
 Father of Chemistry
 Called as Geber in western texts
 Best works:- Kitaanul kimya, kitaabu
ssabeen
(Translated to latin: The book of Alchemy)

Invented 25 + laboratory instruments
 Introduced the term ‘Alkali’
 Discovered Acids - Sulfuric acid, Hydrochloric acid
and Nitric acid
 Discovered elements Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth

Contributions to
Medical Science

"There is no disease that Allah has
created, exceptthat He also has
created its treatment." (Sahih Al-Bukhari)

Al Zahrawi (11th century CE)
Called as Albucasis in western texts
Father of modern surgery
Invented many surgical instruments
Lived in Islamic Spain

Use of anesthesia in surgery
Use of cauterizing of wounds
The discovery that epidemics arise
from contagion through touch and air

Al Razi (9th century CE)
 Father of Pediatrics
First to differentiate smallpox from
measles and chickenpox in his Kitab
fi al-jadari wa-al-hasbah (The Book
of Smallpox and Measles)

“His writings on smallpox and measles
show originality and accuracy, and his essay
on infectious diseases was the first scientific
treatise on the subject.“
– The Bulletin of the World Health Organization (May 1970)
 Wrote: The Diseases of Children, the first book to
deal with pediatrics as an independent field of
medicine
 Best work: ‘Hawi’ – 9 volumes

Ibn Seena (980-1037 CE)
Called as Aviccenna in western texts
Father of medicine and clinical pharmacology
The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qānūn fī al-
ṭibb) is used by Medical Schools in East
and West for 500 years
 Mastered the natural sciences,
mathematics, philosophy and law.

The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qānūn fī al-ṭibb) is the most
famous single book in the history of medicine in both East
and West. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
 Describe the minute and graphic
description of different parts of the eye
 Discovered cerebellar vermis —which he
named "vermis“ and the caudate nucleus
 Hospitals starts to have separate wards for
patients of contagious diseases

ً‫ء‬‫ا‬َ‫ف‬ِ‫ش‬ ُ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬ َ‫ل‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ه‬‫ال‬ِ‫إ‬ ً‫ء‬‫َا‬‫د‬ ُ ‫ه‬‫اَّلل‬ َ‫ل‬َ‫ز‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬
The Prophet (‫)ﷺ‬ said, "There is no disease that Allah has
created, except that He also has created
its treatment."

Ibn Rushd (12th century CE)
 Known as Averroes
genius of encyclopaedic scope
 known in the West for being the grand
commentator on the philosophy of Aristotle

Ibn Al Naafis (12th century CE)
 Reputed physician and a renowned expert on shafi'i
school of jurisprudence
 Discover pulmonary blood circulation, which was
rediscovered three centuries later

Ibn Al-Nafis’ Al-Shamil fi al-Tibb was an encyclopedia
comprising 300 volumes, but it could not be
completed as planned due to his death.
 First to describe the constitution of lungs,
bronchi, and the coronary arteries
 Elaborated the function of the coronary
arteries as feeding the cardiac muscle

Contributions to
Geology and history

Al Idrisi (1100 CE)
 Expert in geology
 Plotted maps
‘The compilation of Al-Idrisi marks an era in the history of
science… (Idrisis’s) descriptions of many parts of the earth are
still authoritative. For three centuries geographers copied his
maps without alteration. The relative position of the lakes
which form the Nile, as delineated in his work, does not differ
greatly from that established by Baker and Stanley more than
seven hundred years afterwards…’
[S. P. Scott (1904), History of the Moorish Empire, pp. 461-2]

Ibn Battuta(1304-1369 CE)
 Covered over seventy five thousand miles.
 Turkey, Bulgaria, Russia, Persia, central Asia,...
 Rihla (journey), is filled with information on the
politics, social conditions, and economics of the places
he visited.

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406 CE)
 Father of Modern Sociology
 Did his work in Economy,
Anthropology and Political
Science
 Al-Muqaddamah
- An Introduction to History

Sinan ibn Thabit
Mathematician, astronomer, physician and historian

Al-Jazari
Laid basis of automated devices and mechanics
Father of Robotics
work : Al-Jâmi‘ Bayna'l-Ilm va'l-‘Amali An-nâfi fî Sinâ'ati 'l-Hiyal
(The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices)

Automat arbiter
for dispensing liquids
for drinking
Steam engines and internal combustion
engines, paving the way for automatic control
and other modern machinery.

Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039 CE)
 Founder of Optics
 Wrote - Book of Optics
 Explained rainbow scientifically

Excellent studeies on reflection and
refraction of light
 World’s First Scientist!!
 Formulated modern scientific method
• Observation
• Statement of problem
• Hypothesis
• Testing, Analysis, Interpretation
• conclusion, Publication of findings

“Scientific method and scientific skepticism as the most
influential idea of the second millennium! “(1000 CE – 1999 CE)
- Powers, Richard (April 18, 1999),
"Best Idea; Eyes Wide Open” [New York Times]

• We can say the idea behind camera is from
Ibn al-Haytham

Abual-Rihan Al-Beruni
Determined the specific density of 18 types of precious stones
He established the rule which stated that the specific density
of a body suits the volume of the water which makes it move
He also interpreted the exit of water from geysers and
artesian wells in light of the theory of communicating vessels
Shadow observations for the solution of various astronomical
problems

al-Khazini
1. Theory of Obliquity and Inclination
2. Theory of Impulse
Developed two theories in kinetics
Developed a device to determine the
specific gravity of liquids

Al-Khazini pointed out that air had weight
and power to boost things like air, adding
that the weight of the object in the air
weighs less than its actual weight and its
condensed weight depends on the density
of air. It is worth of note that these studies
concreted the way for the inventions of the
barometer (pressure measurement), air
vacuums and pumps among others.

DISCOVERING THE LAWS OF MOTION
This fact acknowledged in the whole world and in all
scientific references till the beginning of the twentieth
century when a group of contemporary physicists, most
prominent Professors of Mathematics examined these laws.
They checked the accessible body of Islamic manuscripts in
this field and came up with the fact that Muslim scientists
were the first to discover these laws.
Is Isaac Newton laid laws of motion ???

All what Newton did was to collect what had been
written on these laws and formulated them in a
mathematical form.
Setting bias and mere theoretical speech aside,
the efforts of Muslim scientists are crystal clear.
They are recognized in their manuscripts which
had been written seven centuries before the
birth of Newton.

THE FIRST LAW OF MOTION
Avicenna in his book “Insinuations and Notices”
(Isharat wa Tanbihat) identified the same law in his
own words “You know if the object is left
unaffected by external influence, it remains
as it is”.
“In the absence of force, a body either is at rest or
moves in a straight line with constant speed”.
- Newton

THE SECOND LAW OF MOTION
“A body experiencing a force F experiences an acceleration a
related to F by F = ma, where m is the mass of the body.
Alternatively, force is proportional to the time derivative of
momentum”.
- Newton
“The solidest power transfers fast and takes a
short time. The stronger power leads to the faster
the power and the shorter the time. If the power
does not decrease, the speed does not decrease,
either”.
“The Considered in Wisdom” (Al-Moatabar fil Hikma).
- Hebattullah bin Malaka Al-Baghdadi

THE THIRD LAW OF MOTION
“Every action has a reaction which is equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction”.
- Newton
“In the wrestling arena, everyone has a force
practiced against the other. If one of them
retreated, this does not mean that his power
disappears, but this retreated power still exists,
because without it the second one would not
need it to influence the first one”.
- Hebattullah bin Malaka Al-Baghdadi

“The circle pulled by two equal forces until it stops
in the middle, it is taken for granted that each
forces has practiced an action that obstructs
the other”.
Imam Fakhr El-Din Al-Razi
The Eastern Disciplines in Theology and Natural Sciences
(Al-Mabaheth Al-Mashrikayyah fi Illm Al-Illaheyyat wa Al-Tabi’yyat)

"The moving object is encountered by an
obstruction, and if this forces remains, this
moving object retreats in the opposite
direction in the same speed practiced by the
first object and according to the power of
obstruction”
Ibn Al-Hayytham, “The Scenes”

Muslim Printing Before Gutenberg
In 15th century Gutenberg devise a printing press,
firstly. but printing itself, that is, making multiple
copies of a text by transferring it from one raised
surface to other portable surfaces (especially paper) is
much older.
The Chinese were doing it as early as the 4th century,
and the oldest dated printed text known to us is from
868: the Diamond Sutra, a Chinese translation of a
Buddhist text now preserved in the British Library[1]

What is much less well known
is that, little more than 100
years later, Arab Muslims were
also printing texts, including
passages from the Qur'an. They
had already embraced the
Chinese craft of paper making,
developed it and adopted it
widely in the Muslim lands [2].

Astronomical Clock of Taqi Al-Din
Before the 16th century, clocks were considered
too inaccurate for measuring celestial
movements. Where Ptolemy failed to succeed
in, Taqī al-Dīn planned to build an astronomical
clock that would measure time with great
regularity in fulfillment of the wish of the Sultan at
the time.

Using mathematics, he designed three
dials which showed the hours, degrees and
minutes. In his clock, he incorporated the use
of several escapements, an alarm, the striking
trains that sounded at every hour, the visual
relationship between the sun and the moon,
the different phases of the moon, the devices
that indicated the time for prayers and the
dials that showed the first day of the
Gregorian months.

Our past was bright
Wake up,
Start learning
Guide the present
Do dua
Change the Ummah through education

ISLAMIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
To create Awareness in the Ummah of the
crisis of ideas. This involves enlighten the
Ummah about the place and methodologies of
the crisis of Islamic thought in the perspective of
its cultural and civilizational existence.

Islamization of Knowledge is the correct
solution for our problem. It seems
Islamization of Knowledge is very much
essential to be established because it will
dirt free the contemporary corrupted
knowledge which is believed as the main
reasons of Muslims’ fall.

ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ع‬ َ‫ك‬ُ‫ل‬َ‫ـ‬‫ئ‬‫ـ‬ْ‫َس‬‫أ‬ ِِ‫ّن‬ِ‫إ‬ َّ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬‫َل‬‫أ‬ً‫ا‬‫ع‬ِ‫اف‬َ‫ن‬ ً‫ا‬‫م‬،
‫ا‬ً‫ق‬ْ‫ز‬ِ‫ر‬َ‫و‬َ‫ق‬َ‫ـ‬‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ ً‫ال‬َ‫م‬َ‫ع‬َ‫و‬ ،ً‫ا‬‫ب‬ِِ‫ي‬َ‫ط‬ً‫ال‬َّ‫ب‬
O Allah, I ask You for beneficial knowledge,
goodly provision and acceptable deeds
(Sunan Ibn Majah, English reference : Vol. 1, Book 5, Hadith 925)
After subah prayer

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The golden ages of islamic civilization

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