The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result, most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Message Oriented Middleware for Library’s Metadata ExchangeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Library is one of the important tools in the development of science to store various intellectual properties. Currently most libraries are managed by standalone systems and are not equipped with data exchange facilities with other libraries for sharing information. Sharing of information between libraries can be done with integration metadata owned library. In this research, the integration architecture of metadata exchange is done with Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) technology. This MOM redeems the collection metadata that matches the standard Dublin Core format. In this research, database structure, MOM structure and set of rules to perform data sharing process. With the proposed MOM architectural design is expected to search process information between libraries will become easier and cheaper.
Researcher Reliance on Digital Libraries: A Descriptive AnalysisIJAEMSJORNAL
The digital library is an information technology that is structured as a digital knowledge resource, or can be alluded to a medium that stores information for a huge scope and is teamed up with the information the board gadget equipped for showing the information or information required by the client. Digital libraries can be extensively characterized as an information stockpiling and recovery frameworks that control digital information in the media (text, pictures, sound, static or dynamic) on the web. The main aim of this study is to study the awareness and using pattern of digital library by the researchers, to analyse the influence of digital library on researchers’ efficiency, analyse the purpose of using Digital Library Consortium, decide the effect of problems and motivational components of the digital library on the users, evaluate the satisfaction level of users with coverage of journals and perspectives on training and awareness programs and propose the available resources for effective utilization of the Digital Library.
Academic Linkage A Linkage Platform For Large Volumes Of Academic InformationAmy Roman
The document proposes a two-layered architecture for linking academic information at large scales. The first layer is a bibliography linkage system that identifies identical bibliographic records from a database of over 11 million research papers. The second layer is an author linkage system that links author names to a database of over 150,000 Japanese researchers, addressing name variations and disambiguation. An example analysis of coauthor relationships is also presented to demonstrate the linkage platform.
Integrating ict in library management design and development of an automated...Alexander Decker
1. The document discusses the development of an automated library management system for Cavendish University Uganda to improve their library services.
2. The current manual library system was deemed inefficient due to the growing number of students and resources. Services like book borrowing were difficult to manage and track.
3. An electronic library management system was developed using a prototyping method. The system allows for easier tracking of library users and resources, improved report generation, and more efficient searching of materials.
COLLABORATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHIC SYSTEM FOR REVIEW/SURVEY ARTICLESijcsit
This paper proposes a Bibliographic system intends to exchange bibliographic information of survey/review articles by relying on Web service technology. It allows researchers and university students
to interact with system via single service using platform-independent standard named Web service to add,
search and retrieve bibliographic information of review articles in various science and technology fields
and build-up a dedicated database for these articles in each science and technology field. Additionally,
different implementation scenarios of the proposed system are presented and described, andrich features
that offered by such system are studied and described. However, this paper explains the proposed system
using computing area due to the existence of detailed taxonomy of this area, which allows defining the
system, their functionalities and features provided.However, the proposed system is not only confined to
computing area, it can support any other science and technology area without any need to modify this
system.
Cloud web scale discovery services landscape an overviewNikesh Narayanan
Abstract
The impact of Internet and Google like search engines radically influenced the information behavior of Net Generation users. They expect same environment in library services such that all their required information make available in a single set of results through unified search across all the available resources. Libraries have been striving to respond to this challenge for years. Until recently, federated search technology of the past decade was the better attempt in this area to meet these user expectations. But federated search solution is marked by the drawbacks of its slowness as it searches each database on the fly. New Generation cloud based Library Web scale discovery technology is a promising entrant in this landscape. This Paper attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of Library Web Scale Discovery solutions by depicting various facets of Web Scale Discovery solutions such as its importance to Library field, their possible role as the starting point for research, content coverage, and finally analyses the competition at the discovery front by comparing the services of major players. The comparative analysis shows that all the major service providers are extending competitive features and services, but varies in some areas and the adoption choice depends on the concerned library’s preferences and the cost involved.
A SEMANTIC BASED APPROACH FOR KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND ACQUISITION FROM MULTIP...IJwest
This document describes a semantic-based approach for knowledge discovery and information extraction from multiple web pages using ontologies. It presents a model for storing web content in an organized, structured RDF format. Information extraction techniques and developed ontologies can then discover new knowledge with minimal time compared to manual efforts. The paper details two experiments applying this approach. Experiment 1 extracts staff profiles from web pages into RDF, discovering related research colleagues. Experiment 2 extracts student data from HTML tables into XML/RDF, enabling faster querying and analysis versus manual parsing. The approach effectively organizes unstructured web data for knowledge inference and acquisition.
This document outlines plans to develop systems and tools to support the University of Liverpool in meeting requirements for the upcoming Research Excellence Framework (REF), which will replace the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). It discusses developing an institutional repository for research publications, providing open access to publications, collecting metadata, and creating a searchable "oracle of research excellence." The library will work on migrating data from existing systems, tools for data collection, and redeveloping staff research profiles and other reports. This will help support REF requirements while also providing benefits like increased research visibility and funding.
Message Oriented Middleware for Library’s Metadata ExchangeTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Library is one of the important tools in the development of science to store various intellectual properties. Currently most libraries are managed by standalone systems and are not equipped with data exchange facilities with other libraries for sharing information. Sharing of information between libraries can be done with integration metadata owned library. In this research, the integration architecture of metadata exchange is done with Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) technology. This MOM redeems the collection metadata that matches the standard Dublin Core format. In this research, database structure, MOM structure and set of rules to perform data sharing process. With the proposed MOM architectural design is expected to search process information between libraries will become easier and cheaper.
Researcher Reliance on Digital Libraries: A Descriptive AnalysisIJAEMSJORNAL
The digital library is an information technology that is structured as a digital knowledge resource, or can be alluded to a medium that stores information for a huge scope and is teamed up with the information the board gadget equipped for showing the information or information required by the client. Digital libraries can be extensively characterized as an information stockpiling and recovery frameworks that control digital information in the media (text, pictures, sound, static or dynamic) on the web. The main aim of this study is to study the awareness and using pattern of digital library by the researchers, to analyse the influence of digital library on researchers’ efficiency, analyse the purpose of using Digital Library Consortium, decide the effect of problems and motivational components of the digital library on the users, evaluate the satisfaction level of users with coverage of journals and perspectives on training and awareness programs and propose the available resources for effective utilization of the Digital Library.
Academic Linkage A Linkage Platform For Large Volumes Of Academic InformationAmy Roman
The document proposes a two-layered architecture for linking academic information at large scales. The first layer is a bibliography linkage system that identifies identical bibliographic records from a database of over 11 million research papers. The second layer is an author linkage system that links author names to a database of over 150,000 Japanese researchers, addressing name variations and disambiguation. An example analysis of coauthor relationships is also presented to demonstrate the linkage platform.
Integrating ict in library management design and development of an automated...Alexander Decker
1. The document discusses the development of an automated library management system for Cavendish University Uganda to improve their library services.
2. The current manual library system was deemed inefficient due to the growing number of students and resources. Services like book borrowing were difficult to manage and track.
3. An electronic library management system was developed using a prototyping method. The system allows for easier tracking of library users and resources, improved report generation, and more efficient searching of materials.
COLLABORATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHIC SYSTEM FOR REVIEW/SURVEY ARTICLESijcsit
This paper proposes a Bibliographic system intends to exchange bibliographic information of survey/review articles by relying on Web service technology. It allows researchers and university students
to interact with system via single service using platform-independent standard named Web service to add,
search and retrieve bibliographic information of review articles in various science and technology fields
and build-up a dedicated database for these articles in each science and technology field. Additionally,
different implementation scenarios of the proposed system are presented and described, andrich features
that offered by such system are studied and described. However, this paper explains the proposed system
using computing area due to the existence of detailed taxonomy of this area, which allows defining the
system, their functionalities and features provided.However, the proposed system is not only confined to
computing area, it can support any other science and technology area without any need to modify this
system.
Cloud web scale discovery services landscape an overviewNikesh Narayanan
Abstract
The impact of Internet and Google like search engines radically influenced the information behavior of Net Generation users. They expect same environment in library services such that all their required information make available in a single set of results through unified search across all the available resources. Libraries have been striving to respond to this challenge for years. Until recently, federated search technology of the past decade was the better attempt in this area to meet these user expectations. But federated search solution is marked by the drawbacks of its slowness as it searches each database on the fly. New Generation cloud based Library Web scale discovery technology is a promising entrant in this landscape. This Paper attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of Library Web Scale Discovery solutions by depicting various facets of Web Scale Discovery solutions such as its importance to Library field, their possible role as the starting point for research, content coverage, and finally analyses the competition at the discovery front by comparing the services of major players. The comparative analysis shows that all the major service providers are extending competitive features and services, but varies in some areas and the adoption choice depends on the concerned library’s preferences and the cost involved.
A SEMANTIC BASED APPROACH FOR KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND ACQUISITION FROM MULTIP...IJwest
This document describes a semantic-based approach for knowledge discovery and information extraction from multiple web pages using ontologies. It presents a model for storing web content in an organized, structured RDF format. Information extraction techniques and developed ontologies can then discover new knowledge with minimal time compared to manual efforts. The paper details two experiments applying this approach. Experiment 1 extracts staff profiles from web pages into RDF, discovering related research colleagues. Experiment 2 extracts student data from HTML tables into XML/RDF, enabling faster querying and analysis versus manual parsing. The approach effectively organizes unstructured web data for knowledge inference and acquisition.
This document outlines plans to develop systems and tools to support the University of Liverpool in meeting requirements for the upcoming Research Excellence Framework (REF), which will replace the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). It discusses developing an institutional repository for research publications, providing open access to publications, collecting metadata, and creating a searchable "oracle of research excellence." The library will work on migrating data from existing systems, tools for data collection, and redeveloping staff research profiles and other reports. This will help support REF requirements while also providing benefits like increased research visibility and funding.
A Domain Based Approach to Information Retrieval in Digital Libraries - Rotel...University of Bari (Italy)
The current abundance of electronic documents requires automatic techniques that support the users in understanding their content and extracting useful information. To this aim, improving the retrieval performance must necessarily go beyond simple lexical interpretation of the user queries, and pass through an understanding of their semantic content and aims. It goes without saying that any digital library would take enormous advantage from the availability of effective Information Retrieval techniques to provide to their users. This paper proposes an approach to Information Retrieval based on a correspondence of the domain of discourse between the query and the documents in the repository. Such an association is based on standard general-purpose linguistic resources (WordNet and WordNet Domains) and on a novel similarity assessment technique. Although the work is at a preliminary stage, interesting initial results suggest to go on extending and improving the approach.
The document proposes creating a digital library at Anonymous University using the Dublin Core metadata standard and Greenstone digital library software. It recommends training library staff on Dublin Core, the controlled vocabularies LCNAF and DCT, and assigning roles for the project such as project manager, digital manager, curator, and digitization staff. It also outlines plans for metadata elements, training procedures, collection assessment, and ensuring quality control of the digital library materials and records.
Information Storage and Retrieval : A Case StudyBhojaraju Gunjal
Bhojaraju.G, M.S.Banerji and Muttayya Koganurmath (2004). Information Storage and Retrieval: A Case Study, In Proceedings of International Conference on Digital Libraries (ICDL 2004), New Delhi, Feb 24-27, 2004.
(Best Poster Presentation Award)
Implementing web scale discovery services: special reference to Indian Librar...Nikesh Narayanan
Web scale Discovery services arebecoming the widely adopted Information Retrieval solution in libraries across the world to connect its patrons with the relevant information they seek. In lieu with the world trend, Resources Discovery Solution implementation is gathering momentum in Indian libraries also.
Considering the Indian Libraries scenario, this paper attempts to provide an overview of Library Web Scale Discovery solutions, its need in Indian Libraries, important parameters to be considered for evaluation of Discovery Services, essential factors to be considered prior to implementation, stages of implementation and finally some thoughts on post implementation analysis for measuring the success.
Internship report on dhaka university library 2015 (information science & lib...Jubair Al Mahmud
The document is an internship report submitted by a student for their BA (Honours) degree. It provides an overview of the internship conducted at the Dhaka University Library. The report includes acknowledgements, table of contents, 9 chapters covering the introduction, overview of the library, experiences in different sections like acquisition, processing, circulation etc. It also includes recommendations and conclusion. The objective was to gain practical experience of library activities and services through observation and participation in various sections of the central library.
An Internship report on dhaka university library 2015 (information science & ...Jubair Al Mahmud
The document is an internship report submitted by a student for their BA (Honours) degree. It provides an overview of the internship conducted at the Dhaka University Library. The report includes acknowledgements, table of contents, 9 chapters covering the introduction, overview of the library, experiences in different sections, recommendations and conclusion. The internship aimed to gain practical knowledge of library systems and services through observation and participation in various sections over a period of 30 working days.
Semantics-based clustering approach for similar research area detectionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The manual process of searching out individuals in an already existing
research field is cumbersome and time-consuming. Prominent and rookie
researchers alike are predisposed to seek existing research publications in
a research field of interest before coming up with a thesis. From
extant literature, automated similar research area detection systems have
been developed to solve this problem. However, most of them use
keyword-matching techniques, which do not sufficiently capture the implicit
semantics of keywords thereby leaving out some research articles. In this
study, we propose the use of ontology-based pre-processing, Latent Semantic
Indexing and K-Means Clustering to develop a prototype similar research area
detection system, that can be used to determine similar research domain
publications. Our proposed system solves the challenge of high dimensionality
and data sparsity faced by the traditional document clustering technique. Our
system is evaluated with randomly selected publications from faculties
in Nigerian universities and results show that the integration of ontologies
in preprocessing provides more accurate clustering results.
This document discusses transforming an e-Kanban business process, which is a vendor-managed inventory system, from the Web Ontology Language (OWL) to the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL). E-Kanban uses the Kanban system to manage material flows in manufacturing by having suppliers deliver parts just in time based on consumption rates. Transforming the e-Kanban process to BPEL formalizes the specification and allows for composition and coordination of activities. The transformation is done using the Simple Transformer (SiTra) framework, which uses Java for specifications to ease the learning curve compared to other tools. SiTra has a transformation engine that executes the transformations. This case study increases retrieved information from e
INTELLIGENT INFORMATION RETRIEVAL WITHIN DIGITAL LIBRARY USING DOMAIN ONTOLOGYcscpconf
A digital library is a type of information retrieval (IR) system. The existing information retrieval
methodologies generally have problems on keyword-searching. We proposed a model to solve
the problem by using concept-based approach (ontology) and metadata case base. This model
consists of identifying domain concepts in user’s query and applying expansion to them. The
system aims at contributing to an improved relevance of results retrieved from digital libraries
by proposing a conceptual query expansion for intelligent concept-based retrieval. We need to
import the concept of ontology, making use of its advantage of abundant semantics and
standard concept. Domain specific ontology can be used to improve information retrieval from
traditional level based on keyword to the lay based on knowledge (or concept) and change the
process of retrieval from traditional keyword matching to semantics matching. One approach is
query expansion techniques using domain ontology and the other would be introducing a case
based similarity measure for metadata information retrieval using Case Based Reasoning
(CBR) approach. Results show improvements over classic method, query expansion using
general purpose ontology and a number of other approaches.
A novel method for generating an elearning ontologyIJDKP
The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across
applications, enterprises, and community boundaries. The existing web applications need to express
semantics that can be extracted from users' navigation and content, in order to fulfill users' needs. Elearning
has specific requirements that can be satisfied through the extraction of semantics from learning
management systems (LMS) that use relational databases (RDB) as backend. In this paper, we propose
transformation rules for building owl ontology from the RDB of the open source LMS Moodle. It allows
transforming all possible cases in RDBs into ontological constructs. The proposed rules are enriched by
analyzing stored data to detect disjointness and totalness constraints in hierarchies, and calculating the
participation level of tables in n-ary relations. In addition, our technique is generic; hence it can be applied
to any RDB.
This document discusses enhancing the usability of the library system at CSIBER using QR codes. It describes the current library system, which uses a barcode system and OPAC to allow users to search for materials. The goal of the research is to integrate the third-party library system with the educational institute's website using QR codes to provide seamless library services. This would allow users to access library resources and information by scanning QR codes with their smartphones. The document reviews several related studies on using QR codes in academic libraries to improve access and promote resources.
Enhancing the Usability of Library System at CSIBER using QR Codeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
COST-SENSITIVE TOPICAL DATA ACQUISITION FROM THE WEBIJDKP
The cost of acquiring training data instances for induction of data mining models is one of the main concerns in real-world problems. The web is a comprehensive source for many types of data which can be used for data mining tasks. But the distributed and dynamic nature of web dictates the use of solutions which can handle these characteristics. In this paper, we introduce an automatic method for topical data acquisition from the web. We propose a new type of topical crawlers that use a hybrid link context extraction method for topical crawling to acquire on-topic web pages with minimum bandwidth usage and with the lowest cost. The new link context extraction method which is called Block Text Window (BTW), combines a text window method with a block-based method and overcomes challenges of each of these methods using the advantages of the other one. Experimental results show the predominance of BTW in comparison with state of the art automatic topical web data acquisition methods based on standard metrics.
A SEMANTIC BASED APPROACH FOR KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND ACQUISITION FROM MULTIP...csandit
This document describes a semantic approach to discover knowledge from multiple web pages using ontologies. It involves extracting information from web pages, structuring the data using RDF, and developing ontologies to represent relationships between concepts. The methodology extracts staff profiles from a college website, converts the data to RDF format, and uses the ontologies to identify similar staff members based on their research publications. Experiments demonstrate how semantic technologies can help organize web content and infer new knowledge.
A SEMANTIC BASED APPROACH FOR KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND ACQUISITION FROM MULTIP...cscpconf
The data from internet are dispersed in multiple documents or web pag-es. Most of them are not properly structured and organized. It becomes necessary to organize these contents in order to improve the search results by increasing the relevancy. The semantic web technologies and ontologies play a vital role in in-formation extraction and new knowledge discovery from the web documents. This paper suggests a model for storing the web content in an organized and structured manner in RDF format. The information extraction techniques and the ontologies developed for the domain together discovers new knowledge. The paper also proves that the
time taken for inferring the new knowledge is also minimal compared to manual effort when semantic web technologies are used while developing the applications.
A semantic based approach for knowledge discovery and acquistion from multipl...csandit
The data from internet are dispersed in multiple documents or web pag-es. Most of them are not
properly structured and organized. It becomes necessary to organize these contents in order to
improve the search results by increasing the relevancy. The semantic web technologies and
ontologies play a vital role in in-formation extraction and new knowledge discovery from the
web documents. This paper suggests a model for storing the web content in an organized and
structured manner in RDF format. The information extraction techniques and the ontologies
developed for the domain together discovers new knowledge. The paper also proves that the
time taken for inferring the new knowledge is also minimal compared to manual effort when
semantic web technologies are used while developing the applications.
The document discusses the next generation of integrated library systems moving towards modularity and outward integration. Key points are:
1) Future integrated library systems will be more modular, allowing components to be combined more flexibly like Lego blocks. This will enable linking between different systems rather than building monolithic systems.
2) Integration should focus outwardly, making library collections visible on the open web where users search. This allows pulling users from search engines into library resources.
3) A longer term vision sees a more coherent global system for discovery and delivery of information across open, loosely connected systems. Libraries play a role alongside other providers and search engines.
A scalable hybrid research paper recommender system for microaman341480
This document summarizes a hybrid recommender system used by Microsoft Academic to provide recommendations for over 160 million research papers. The system combines co-citation based recommendations, which analyze citation networks, and content based recommendations, which analyze paper metadata like titles and abstracts. It generates paper embeddings from text and clusters them to improve scalability. The recommendations are evaluated through a user study and made publicly available to facilitate further research.
Web scale Discovery services are becoming the most sought after solution for Libraries to connect its patrons with the relevant information they seek. Many studies show that these services are getting wide acceptance from users as well as Library staff and making revolution in Library Information retrieval arena. Given such broad implications, selecting a new discovery service for libraries is an important undertaking. Library professionals should carefully evaluate options to meet their goal of finding the best potential match for their library. This Paper attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of Library Web Scale Discovery solutions by depicting various facets of Web Scale Discovery, how it differs from federated searching and highlights the important parameters to be considered for taking an informed and confident decision on selecting discovery service.
An Improved Mining Of Biomedical Data From Web Documents Using ClusteringKelly Lipiec
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an improved method for mining biomedical data from web documents using clustering. Specifically, it develops an optimized k-means clustering algorithm to group similar biomedical documents together based on identifying relevant terms using the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). The approach aims to more efficiently retrieve relevant biomedical documents for users. It compares the proposed method to the original k-means algorithm and finds it achieves an average F-measure of 99.06%, indicating more accurate clustering of biomedical web documents.
Green Computing, eco trends, climate change, e-waste and eco-friendlyEditor IJCATR
This document discusses green computing practices and sustainable IT services. It provides an overview of factors driving adoption of green computing to reduce costs and environmental impact of data centers, such as rising energy costs and density. Green strategies discussed include improving infrastructure efficiency, power management, thermal management, efficient product design, and virtualization to optimize resource utilization. The document examines how green computing aims to lower costs and environmental footprint, and how sustainable IT services take a broader approach considering economic, environmental and social impacts.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in NigeriaEditor IJCATR
Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
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A Domain Based Approach to Information Retrieval in Digital Libraries - Rotel...University of Bari (Italy)
The current abundance of electronic documents requires automatic techniques that support the users in understanding their content and extracting useful information. To this aim, improving the retrieval performance must necessarily go beyond simple lexical interpretation of the user queries, and pass through an understanding of their semantic content and aims. It goes without saying that any digital library would take enormous advantage from the availability of effective Information Retrieval techniques to provide to their users. This paper proposes an approach to Information Retrieval based on a correspondence of the domain of discourse between the query and the documents in the repository. Such an association is based on standard general-purpose linguistic resources (WordNet and WordNet Domains) and on a novel similarity assessment technique. Although the work is at a preliminary stage, interesting initial results suggest to go on extending and improving the approach.
The document proposes creating a digital library at Anonymous University using the Dublin Core metadata standard and Greenstone digital library software. It recommends training library staff on Dublin Core, the controlled vocabularies LCNAF and DCT, and assigning roles for the project such as project manager, digital manager, curator, and digitization staff. It also outlines plans for metadata elements, training procedures, collection assessment, and ensuring quality control of the digital library materials and records.
Information Storage and Retrieval : A Case StudyBhojaraju Gunjal
Bhojaraju.G, M.S.Banerji and Muttayya Koganurmath (2004). Information Storage and Retrieval: A Case Study, In Proceedings of International Conference on Digital Libraries (ICDL 2004), New Delhi, Feb 24-27, 2004.
(Best Poster Presentation Award)
Implementing web scale discovery services: special reference to Indian Librar...Nikesh Narayanan
Web scale Discovery services arebecoming the widely adopted Information Retrieval solution in libraries across the world to connect its patrons with the relevant information they seek. In lieu with the world trend, Resources Discovery Solution implementation is gathering momentum in Indian libraries also.
Considering the Indian Libraries scenario, this paper attempts to provide an overview of Library Web Scale Discovery solutions, its need in Indian Libraries, important parameters to be considered for evaluation of Discovery Services, essential factors to be considered prior to implementation, stages of implementation and finally some thoughts on post implementation analysis for measuring the success.
Internship report on dhaka university library 2015 (information science & lib...Jubair Al Mahmud
The document is an internship report submitted by a student for their BA (Honours) degree. It provides an overview of the internship conducted at the Dhaka University Library. The report includes acknowledgements, table of contents, 9 chapters covering the introduction, overview of the library, experiences in different sections like acquisition, processing, circulation etc. It also includes recommendations and conclusion. The objective was to gain practical experience of library activities and services through observation and participation in various sections of the central library.
An Internship report on dhaka university library 2015 (information science & ...Jubair Al Mahmud
The document is an internship report submitted by a student for their BA (Honours) degree. It provides an overview of the internship conducted at the Dhaka University Library. The report includes acknowledgements, table of contents, 9 chapters covering the introduction, overview of the library, experiences in different sections, recommendations and conclusion. The internship aimed to gain practical knowledge of library systems and services through observation and participation in various sections over a period of 30 working days.
Semantics-based clustering approach for similar research area detectionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The manual process of searching out individuals in an already existing
research field is cumbersome and time-consuming. Prominent and rookie
researchers alike are predisposed to seek existing research publications in
a research field of interest before coming up with a thesis. From
extant literature, automated similar research area detection systems have
been developed to solve this problem. However, most of them use
keyword-matching techniques, which do not sufficiently capture the implicit
semantics of keywords thereby leaving out some research articles. In this
study, we propose the use of ontology-based pre-processing, Latent Semantic
Indexing and K-Means Clustering to develop a prototype similar research area
detection system, that can be used to determine similar research domain
publications. Our proposed system solves the challenge of high dimensionality
and data sparsity faced by the traditional document clustering technique. Our
system is evaluated with randomly selected publications from faculties
in Nigerian universities and results show that the integration of ontologies
in preprocessing provides more accurate clustering results.
This document discusses transforming an e-Kanban business process, which is a vendor-managed inventory system, from the Web Ontology Language (OWL) to the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL). E-Kanban uses the Kanban system to manage material flows in manufacturing by having suppliers deliver parts just in time based on consumption rates. Transforming the e-Kanban process to BPEL formalizes the specification and allows for composition and coordination of activities. The transformation is done using the Simple Transformer (SiTra) framework, which uses Java for specifications to ease the learning curve compared to other tools. SiTra has a transformation engine that executes the transformations. This case study increases retrieved information from e
INTELLIGENT INFORMATION RETRIEVAL WITHIN DIGITAL LIBRARY USING DOMAIN ONTOLOGYcscpconf
A digital library is a type of information retrieval (IR) system. The existing information retrieval
methodologies generally have problems on keyword-searching. We proposed a model to solve
the problem by using concept-based approach (ontology) and metadata case base. This model
consists of identifying domain concepts in user’s query and applying expansion to them. The
system aims at contributing to an improved relevance of results retrieved from digital libraries
by proposing a conceptual query expansion for intelligent concept-based retrieval. We need to
import the concept of ontology, making use of its advantage of abundant semantics and
standard concept. Domain specific ontology can be used to improve information retrieval from
traditional level based on keyword to the lay based on knowledge (or concept) and change the
process of retrieval from traditional keyword matching to semantics matching. One approach is
query expansion techniques using domain ontology and the other would be introducing a case
based similarity measure for metadata information retrieval using Case Based Reasoning
(CBR) approach. Results show improvements over classic method, query expansion using
general purpose ontology and a number of other approaches.
A novel method for generating an elearning ontologyIJDKP
The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across
applications, enterprises, and community boundaries. The existing web applications need to express
semantics that can be extracted from users' navigation and content, in order to fulfill users' needs. Elearning
has specific requirements that can be satisfied through the extraction of semantics from learning
management systems (LMS) that use relational databases (RDB) as backend. In this paper, we propose
transformation rules for building owl ontology from the RDB of the open source LMS Moodle. It allows
transforming all possible cases in RDBs into ontological constructs. The proposed rules are enriched by
analyzing stored data to detect disjointness and totalness constraints in hierarchies, and calculating the
participation level of tables in n-ary relations. In addition, our technique is generic; hence it can be applied
to any RDB.
This document discusses enhancing the usability of the library system at CSIBER using QR codes. It describes the current library system, which uses a barcode system and OPAC to allow users to search for materials. The goal of the research is to integrate the third-party library system with the educational institute's website using QR codes to provide seamless library services. This would allow users to access library resources and information by scanning QR codes with their smartphones. The document reviews several related studies on using QR codes in academic libraries to improve access and promote resources.
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IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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A SEMANTIC BASED APPROACH FOR KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND ACQUISITION FROM MULTIP...cscpconf
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The data from internet are dispersed in multiple documents or web pag-es. Most of them are not
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ontologies play a vital role in in-formation extraction and new knowledge discovery from the
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Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 Model
1. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 7–Issue 10, 398-406, 2018, ISSN:-2319–8656
www.ijcat.com 398
Text Mining in Digital Libraries using OKAPI BM25 Model
Gesare Asnath Tinega1
Student SCIT,
JKUAT
Nairobi, Kenya
Prof. Waweru Mwangi2
Associate Professor SCIT,
JKUAT
Nairobi, Kenya
Dr. Richard Rimiru3
,
Senior Lecturer SCIT, JKUAT
Nairobi, Kenya
Abstract: The emergence of the internet has made vast amounts of information available and easily accessible online. As a result,
most libraries have digitized their content in order to remain relevant to their users and to keep pace with the advancement of the
internet. However, these digital libraries have been criticized for using inefficient information retrieval models that do not perform
relevance ranking to the retrieved results. This paper proposed the use of OKAPI BM25 model in text mining so as means of
improving relevance ranking of digital libraries. Okapi BM25 model was selected because it is a probability-based relevance ranking
algorithm. A case study research was conducted and the model design was based on information retrieval processes. The performance
of Boolean, vector space, and Okapi BM25 models was compared for data retrieval. Relevant ranked documents were retrieved and
displayed at the OPAC framework search page. The results revealed that Okapi BM 25 outperformed Boolean model and Vector Space
model. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Okapi BM25 model to reward terms according to their relative frequencies in a
document so as to improve the performance of text mining in digital libraries.
Keywords: Online Public Access Catalogs, Relevance Ranking, Digital Libraries, Okapi BM25 Model, Text Mining, Information
Retrieval Models
1. INTRODUCTION
The internet and information technology evolution has
drastically transformed information development and access,
especially in the library sector thus disrupting the
functionality of libraries. As a result, majority of the libraries
have digitized their content in order to remain relevant and
exist in distributed networks [11]; [7]. Users are now using
Public Access Catalogs (OPAC) to search and retrieve
information from the digital library’s database [5]. Khiste,
Deshmukh & Awate [8] defined digital libraries as huge
collection of electronic information that can be accessed by
distributed users from different locations. In their study
Dwivedi; Sharma & Patel, defined OPAC as a library catalog
that displays a large collection of materials held by a database
in which users search to access the desired documents
available at a library by using in search terms such as the
author, title, subject/keyword, or date of publications of the
material [5]; [17].
However, studies reveal that digital libraries are still losing to
other online search engines such as Amazon despite the
efforts to transform library catalogs from traditional card
cataloging to digital cataloging using Open Public Access
Catalogs (OPACs). This is so because the results retrieved at
the library's OPAC catalog does not satisfy the users need.
Kumar & Vohra [9] explains that the majority of OPACs
requires exact search terms to perform relevancy ranking
otherwise they will display the 'no output/null retrieval in the
results section. Others simply rank the results using last
in/first out. The most cataloged items will show up ending up
not meeting the expectations of the user. The digital libraries’
OPAC use the Boolean model for information retrieval which
retrieves too many or too little of the documents. These causes
havoc to users when searching relevant results. It is therefore
in the interest of the researcher, to establish how to improve
search capabilities in the digital libraries by implementing the
Okapi BM25 algorithm in order to improve relevance ranking
in the online public access catalogs (OPACs) before the
results are displayed to the user. The Okapi BM25 model is
based on the term frequency, length normalization to improve
the relevance performance of the digital libraries especially
during retrieval.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Digitization
Information and communication technology (ICT) in libraries
and many organizations has led to the increase of soft data
and digitization of materials [10]. Materials are digitalized to
improve their online accessibility, sorting, transmission and
retrieval. Digitization refers to the process of converting print
media to the digital content for electronic storage, access, and
distribution among users [3]. The digitization process has
facilitated storage and enhanced ease manipulation of the
traditionally digitized content by researchers [25]. The process
has further decentralized information storage therefore
making information in the digital libraries readily accessible
from anywhere anytime around the globe.
2.1.1 OPAC catalog
Online public access catalog is one of the most important
tools that contain all the bibliographic collection of documents
stored in the digital library database [19]. The frequent use of
the internet among the researchers has slowed the usage of the
library catalogs since they lack most of web 2.0 features such
as relevancy ranking [12]. The huge unstructured and
amorphous data available in the digital library databases has
on the other hand made it difficult for developers to come up
with algorithms for enhancing successful information retrieval
that matches the user queries [3]. In their study Kumar &
Vohra [9] established that 12.5 % of the library users at Guru
Nanak Dev University found the OPAC catalogue to be slow
and complicated to use thus they needed help from librarians.
Current generations of library users are not satisfied with the
results that the catalog retrieves because they display either
too many or too little documents in a given search. The recent
developments of the newer catalogs by organizations outside
of libraries have resulted in vocal criticisms about the
capability of digital libraries especially on relevance ranking
[1].
2. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 7–Issue 10, 398-406, 2018, ISSN:-2319–8656
www.ijcat.com 399
2.3 Text mining
This paper adopts the definition of Talib et al [21] that defines
text mining as a type of indexing which aims at extracting
structured text data from unstructured text data. Text mining
process involves gathering, preprocessing, and text analysis of
document from various sources. These processes are carried
out to ensure user satisfaction when accessing structured data
from unstructured databases. Text mining techniques such as
information retrieval, classification, clustering and
categorization are thereafter used to ensure that data is
analyzed and generated correctly [27]. This paper will
however focus on the information retrieval (IR) approach
since it aims at retrieving relevant data to users from a large
library database.
2.4 Information Retrieval Process
The main objective of the OPAC catalog is to retrieve relevant
documents from a large library database so as to satisfy the
user information need. Information retrieval models are used
to perform the matching process between the library database
and the user query for retrieval. The three basic processes
involved in information retrieval include indexing, query
formulation and matching [13]. Indexing refers to the
document representation process. Query formulation also
known as indexing is done to by unique terms expressed by a
user while query evaluation also known as matching process
is done to estimate the level of relevance of a document to a
given query [4].
Figure 1 Information retrieval process
2.5 Information retrieval models
2.5.1 Boolean Model
It is an information retrieval model grounded on set theory to
determine the prospect of document retrieval. Boolean model
is an example of exact match model whereby the fate of the
documents retrieval is determined based on the type of
information stored in the database [14]. The model uses the
logical AND, OR, and Not operators to perform document
search in the library databases [23]. The AND operator
retrieves results that include all the keywords linked with the
operator while OR operator produces results that contain
either one or all the keywords used in the user query. The
NOT operator retrieves results that excludes the keyword
from the user query. The Boolean model is however criticized
of lack of relevance ranking when used in retrieval systems
such as the OPAC catalog. Boolean model also does not
support length normalization of the documents since it does
not use term weight such as term frequency and inverse
document frequency when retrieving documents from the
library database [2].
2.5.2 Vector Space Model (VSM)
This model was introduced to overcome the limitations of
Boolean model by assigning weights to term for better
matching. VSM presents text documents as vectors to find the
similarity between the documents stored in the database and
the user query using cosine similarity. Moreover, the model is
also used to find exact results with relevance ranking [17].
VSM obtains relevance ranking and information retrieval
using document indexing, weighting of the indexed terms
using the TF-IDF and finally ranking the documents archives
as per the query comparability value [6]. The cosine similarity
of the VSM is calculated using the equation 1 below.
Where: dj represents the
total collection of documents, q signifies the user query, Wi,j is
the ith
term of a vector for document j, Wi,q= is the ith
term of
a vector for query q, and N= is the total number of keywords
in a given data set. The model, however, faces some major
drawbacks such as poor representation of long documents
which is as a result of repetitive use of terms. Moreover, Jain,
et al [29], established that the model has low sensitivity to
semantics. For instance the word “car” and “automobile” will
not give the same match if both words are found in same
document. A study by Yulianto et al [2], also revealed that
VSM is hard to understand and takes a lot of time to search
and match documents before retrieval.
2.5.3 Okapi BM 25 model
The Okapi Best Match 25 (BM25) model is a non-binary
model that was developed as part of the Okapi Basic Search
System in the TREC Conferences. Okapi BM25 is a
probabilistic model that is based on the probabilistic theory.
The model is a well-performed term weighting scheme that
retrieves its relevant results by incorporating the use of weight
term using TF-IDF, and length normalization of a given
document [22]. BM25 is a bag-of-words retrieval function
that ranks documents according to their relevant results.
Okapi BM25 not only considers the frequency of the query
terms but also the whole the length of the document under
evaluation [26].
2.5.3.1 TF-IDF Weighting of Okapi BM25 Model
In Okapi BM25, term frequency also termed as document
frequency shows the frequency of a query term in a document
for it to be considered to be relevant. Inverse Document
Frequency (IDF), on the other hand, is used to differentiate
between common words and uncommon words within a
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document. The simplest score for document d can be
illustrated in the equation 2.
Where: N is the total number of documents in a given corpus;
dft is the document frequency of a term.
is an element of a query.
TF-IDF considers short documents to have more weight than
long documents therefore; Okapi BM25 model outperforms
TF-IDF and vector space model by taking the average length
of each document separately using tuning parameters. Tuning
refers to the process by which one or more parameters are
adjusted upwards or downwards to achieve an improved or
specified result. The values of the tuning parameters are
determined empirically using a test collection of documents,
queries, and relevance judgments. K1 is set to 1.2 to control
term-frequency saturation since low values result in quicker
saturation while high values results in slower saturation. The
tuning parameter b is set to 0.75 to control field-length
normalization of a document. The Okapi BM25 model
calculates the retrieval status value of a given document in
order to determine the relevance of a document as shown in
equation 3.
Where:
Retrieval Status Value: relevancy scores of a
document.
N: represents documents in a given collection.
dft-the frequency of a query term in a document.
- t is an element of query q.
t- term
q- query
tf td : signifies the frequency of a term in document d
Ld (Lave): used to calculate the average document
length in the whole collection
k1: tuning parameter set to 1.2
b: tuning parameter set to 0.75
K3 tuning parameter is set to 2 in case the retrieval involves
long documents as shown in equation 4.
2.5.3.2 Example of OKAPI BM25 Model
Example query: “president lincoln”
tfpresident,q= tflincoln,q= 1
No relevance information: R= ri= 0
“president” is in 40,000 documents in the
collection: dfpresident= 40,000
“lincoln” is in 300 documents in the collection: dflincoln=300
The document length is 90% of the average length: dl/avg(dl)
= 0.9
We pick k1= 1.2, k2= 100, b= 0.75. Hence using the Okapi
BM formula illustrated at equation 2.13 the RSV of the query
is shown in table 1 below.
Table 1 Retrieval status values of Okapi BM25
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
This paper used a case study research design to generate
solutions for improving information retrieval in JKUAT
library. Experimental research was also used to manipulate
variables and determine their effect on the dependent variable.
This study involves manipulation of text mining technique
such as information retrieval to improve the OPAC catalog
used in digital library.
3.2 Model Design
A prototype was used to develop this model. Prototype model
was selected because it allows development, verification in
terms of performance, and reworking on the framework until
an acceptable prototype is finally achieved. The prototype
processes help to complete a given framework in the area of
study. The figure 2 below illustrates the OPAC model design
that was used for the development of the model.
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Figure 2 Opac Model design
3.3 OPAC framework Requirements
The front end of the proposed OPAC catalog was
implemented using HyperText Markup Language (HTML),
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Bootstrap, Laravel framework,
and JavaScript language. MySQL was used to develop the
database while server side programming of the OPAC system
was done by Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP).
3.4 Document Gathering
The study utilized secondary data from the Google search
engine and other online journals. The collected document
were pre-processed using Google to remove inconsistencies
such as tokenization, stop words and stemming before the
documents were downloaded to be populated to the database.
Different search queries were used to collect all the 300
documents that were used to create the database from online
journals such as strategic journal of business and change
management, scientific research an academic publisher, and
International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering
Survey among others. For instance, the query “Text mining
and digital library” was used as a user query using the search
engine and resulted in 10 articles were displayed on the first
page of the search engine. Seven documents that were found
in Portable Document Format were collected uploaded to the
database for further analysis shown in table 2. This process
was repeated until the collection of 300 documents was
achieved.
Table 2 Document gathering
3.5 Entity Relationship Diagram.
The database_item was populated with the 300 documents
collected as shown in figure 3. An Entity Relation Diagram
(ERD) that was used to create the database.
The database is made up of two entities namely administrator
and books. The entities use one to many relationships and
therefore, one administrator or a user can add many books to
the OPAC system. The user queries the database using either
of the attributes of the book entity.
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Figure 3 ERD of the Opac database
3.6 Stemming Process
Stemming seeks to reduce different grammatical forms of a
word like its noun, adjective, verb, adverb among others and
remove various suffixes from a word to get its common origin
[24]. This is done to the retrieval models so as to save time
and memory space. For example, the words user, usage, using,
and usability can be rooted in the word use. The process of
stemming helps a retrieval model to have exact matching
stems and increase their performance level especially in
document retrieval. This can be illustrated in figure 4.
Figure 4 Stemming output
3.7 Routing
All the OPAC framework routes are registered within
the app/routes.php file. This file tells the php framework
(laravel) the URIs it should respond to and the associated
controller that will give it a particular call.
3.8 Search and matching process
The user uses the search box that was created at the front end
to query the database for the results to be processed by the
information retrieval models. Tokenization of the documents
is done to remove inconsistencies such as commas, full stops
among others. Matching is done before the results are
displayed to the user. It seeks to compare the user query
against the indexed documents. This result in a ranked list of
documents that will be used by the users in search of the
information they need. The Boolean Model, Vector Space
Model and the Okapi BM25 were utilized for this study.
Retrieved results were displayed on the performance basis of
each model. The fact that VSM and Okapi BM25 rank their
results qualified them to be effective ranking models as
compared to Boolean model. The following code was used for
search query and matching process
//boolean search
foreach($books as $book){
$keywords = explode(',', $book->title);
foreach($phrases as $phrase){
if(stripos(json_encode($keywords), $phrase) !== false){
if(in_array($book, $items)){
} else {
array_push($items, $book);
}
}
}
}
//vector space
$vectoritems = array();
$books = Book::all();
foreach($books as $book){
$keywords = explode(',', $book->abstract);
foreach($phrases as $phrase){
if(stripos(json_encode($keywords), $phrase) !== false){
if(in_array($book, $vectoritems)){
} else {
array_push($vectoritems, $book);
} } }
//okapi
$okapiitems = array();
$books = Book::all();
foreach($books as $book){
$keywords = explode(',', $book->keywords);
foreach($phrases as $phrase){
if(stripos(json_encode($keywords), $phrase) !== false){
if(in_array($book, $okapiitems)){
} else {
array_push($okapiitems, $book);
}
}
}
}
3.9 Database connection Code
The front end and the back end of the OPAC system were
connected to produce the results through the database
connection. The following PHP code was used to connect
MySQL and select item-database
<?php
$mysqli= new ,mysql (“localhost”, “username”, “ password”,
“dbname”);
?>
When the above code connects MySQL and selects item
database the user queries can now be used at the search page
to display the results.
3.10 Retrieved Relevant Documents
The improved OPAC catalog is then used to retrieve relevant
documents from the database. The retrieved relevant
documents are then displayed at the catalog for the users to
view, use and compare the performance of each information
retrieval models used.
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4. PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION
OF RESULTS
4.1 OPAC Results
Once the user has installed PHP software (Xampp) in the
computer Apache and MySQL module are turned on as shown
in figure 5 below.
Figure 5 Xampp Control Panel
The user opens any browser and enters the
url:http.localhost/opac/public/users/login The following
screen will appear for the user to enter his or her email
address and a password to access the system.
Figure 6 Opac framework
The OPAC framework displays the figure below once the user
logs in the details. This can be illustrated in figure 7 below.
Figure 7 Opac framework search display
When the user hits the search button the following results are
observed as illustrated in the figure 8 below
Figure 8 Search Display
When the user searches for example the query “Information
System” the three models displayed the following results as
shown in figure 9.
Figure 9 users enters a query" information
technology
The results of the search entered by the user in figure 9 results
to the retrieval of relevant documents from each model. The
first page of the retrieved was screenshot as shown in figure
10. The Okapi BM 25 model retrieved documents by
calculating the retrieval status value of each relevant
document. Vector Space Model calculates the cosine
similarity of each document that was found to match the user
query was calculated while Boolean model retrieved just the
book title and the author name only.
Figure 10 Retrieved documents
4.2 Tests for Performance
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Evaluation of the OPAC information retrieval framework
performance was done and tested using precision and recall.
The Boolean model was left out because it does not retrieve
relevant results to the user. Vector space model and Okapi
BM25 were tested to proclaim the best model among the two
since their retrieval was based on relevancy. This was done
using the sample of three queries that was implied on the two
models at the same time. The improved digital library's OPAC
catalog allowed the users to search the catalog and sort the
results by relevance ranking using the three models where the
most relevant results are displayed at the top of the page.
Precision is the fraction of relevant results retrieved from the
total number of documents stored in the library database to
meet the information need of the user. Zuva & Zuka [28],
pointed out that poor performance of the models displays low
values while high performance of the models results with high
values. This can be calculated as shown in equation 5
Recall denotes the fraction of the relevant documents in the
collection returned by the system for use. This can be
calculated using the recall formula as shown in equation 6
Precision and recall calculation for query 1: Information
Systems
Table 3 Query 1- Information technology
Precision and recall for query 2: data mining in the digital
libraries today
Table 4 Query 2- data mining in the digital libraries
today
Precision and recall calculation for query 3: Challenges facing
the digital libraries especially in information retrieval
Table 5 Query 3- Challenges facing the digital
libraries especially in information retrieval
5. CONCLUSIONS
This paper’s literature review exposes a vocal dissent on the
use of OPAC in many digital libraries, especially with its
complex search mechanisms. Although recent developments
of the search capability of the OPAC have been enhanced,
still OPAC is criticized for lack of relevance ranking in its
search capability [16]. This paper concludes that Okapi BM
25 model can be used in information retrieval in the digital
library's OPAC catalogue. A term with a high relative
frequency within a document is more representative and
relevant in the document characterization and ranking. Based
on this research and analysis, the Okapi BM25 model is
proposed to reward terms according to their relative
frequencies in a document. From the results obtained, it is
clear that the Okapi BM25 model which is integrated with
relative term frequency information, document length
normalization and tuning parameters significantly
outperforms the Boolean Model and Vector Space Model on
most of the representative data collections. It is a novel
approach to combine the concept of relative term frequency
with fundamental weighting functions in probabilistic
information retrieval systems to increase performance of the
model for retrieval results in the OPAC. The OPAC
framework is accurate and applicable according to specified
requirements.
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