Strings are arrays of characters that are null-terminated. They can be manipulated using functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp(). The document discusses initializing and reading strings, passing strings to functions, and using string handling functions to perform operations like copying, concatenating, comparing, and reversing strings. It also describes arrays of strings, which are 2D character arrays used to store multiple strings. Examples are provided to demonstrate reading and sorting arrays of strings.
The document discusses different types of arrays in C programming language. It defines an array as a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same data type. It describes one-dimensional, two-dimensional and multidimensional arrays. For one-dimensional arrays, it provides examples of declaration, initialization at compile-time and run-time. For two-dimensional arrays, it explains the memory layout and initialization syntax. It also lists some applications of arrays.
This document discusses different types of functions in C programming. It defines library functions, user-defined functions, and the key elements of functions like prototypes, arguments, parameters, return values. It categorizes functions based on whether they have arguments and return values. The document also explains how functions are called, either by value where changes are not reflected back or by reference where the original values are changed.
The document discusses strings in C programming. It defines strings as sequences of characters stored as character arrays that are terminated with a null character. It covers string literals, declaring and initializing string variables, reading and writing strings, and common string manipulation functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strcat(). These functions allow operations on strings like getting the length, copying strings, comparing strings, and concatenating strings.
The document discusses files and file operations in C/C++. It defines a file as a collection of bytes stored on a secondary storage device. There are different types of files like text files, data files, program files, and directory files. It describes opening, reading, writing, appending, and closing files using functions like fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), fclose(), etc. It also discusses random and sequential file access and modifying file contents using functions like fseek(), fread(), fwrite().
A string is a data type used in programming, such as an integer and floating point unit, but is used to represent text rather than numbers. It is comprised of a set of characters that can also contain spaces and numbers. For example, the word "hamburger" and the phrase "I ate 3 hamburgers" are both strings.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as self-contained blocks of code that perform a specific task. Functions make a program more modular and easier to debug by dividing a large program into smaller, simpler tasks. Functions can take arguments as input and return values. Functions are called from within a program to execute their code.
Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. Pointers in C are used to allocate memory dynamically at runtime and can point to data of any type such as int, float, char, etc. Pointers are declared with a * before the variable name and are initialized using the address operator &. Pointers can be used to pass arguments to functions by reference and can also point to elements within structures.
The document discusses different types of arrays in C programming language. It defines an array as a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same data type. It describes one-dimensional, two-dimensional and multidimensional arrays. For one-dimensional arrays, it provides examples of declaration, initialization at compile-time and run-time. For two-dimensional arrays, it explains the memory layout and initialization syntax. It also lists some applications of arrays.
This document discusses different types of functions in C programming. It defines library functions, user-defined functions, and the key elements of functions like prototypes, arguments, parameters, return values. It categorizes functions based on whether they have arguments and return values. The document also explains how functions are called, either by value where changes are not reflected back or by reference where the original values are changed.
The document discusses strings in C programming. It defines strings as sequences of characters stored as character arrays that are terminated with a null character. It covers string literals, declaring and initializing string variables, reading and writing strings, and common string manipulation functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strcat(). These functions allow operations on strings like getting the length, copying strings, comparing strings, and concatenating strings.
The document discusses files and file operations in C/C++. It defines a file as a collection of bytes stored on a secondary storage device. There are different types of files like text files, data files, program files, and directory files. It describes opening, reading, writing, appending, and closing files using functions like fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), fclose(), etc. It also discusses random and sequential file access and modifying file contents using functions like fseek(), fread(), fwrite().
A string is a data type used in programming, such as an integer and floating point unit, but is used to represent text rather than numbers. It is comprised of a set of characters that can also contain spaces and numbers. For example, the word "hamburger" and the phrase "I ate 3 hamburgers" are both strings.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as self-contained blocks of code that perform a specific task. Functions make a program more modular and easier to debug by dividing a large program into smaller, simpler tasks. Functions can take arguments as input and return values. Functions are called from within a program to execute their code.
Pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. Pointers in C are used to allocate memory dynamically at runtime and can point to data of any type such as int, float, char, etc. Pointers are declared with a * before the variable name and are initialized using the address operator &. Pointers can be used to pass arguments to functions by reference and can also point to elements within structures.
A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow functions to modify variables in the caller and are useful for handling arrays and dynamic memory allocation. Pointers contain the address of the memory location they point to. Pointer variables can be declared to hold these memory addresses and can then be used to indirectly access the value at the addressed location.
Structures in C allow the user to define a custom data type that combines different data types to represent a record. A structure is similar to an array but can contain heterogeneous data types, while an array only holds the same type. Structures are defined using the struct keyword followed by structure tags and member lists. Structure variables are declared like other variables and members can be accessed using the dot operator. Arrays of structures and nested structures are also supported.
The document discusses various aspects of structures in C programming language. It defines a structure as a collection of variables of different data types grouped together under a single name. Structures allow grouping of related data and can be very useful for representing records. The key points discussed include:
- Defining structures using struct keyword and accessing members using dot operator.
- Declaring structure variables and initializing structure members.
- Using arrays of structures to store multiple records.
- Nested structures to group related members together.
- Pointers to structures for dynamic memory allocation.
- Passing structures, structure pointers and arrays of structures to functions.
Pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. It allows dynamic memory allocation and access of memory locations. There are three ways to pass arguments to functions in C++ - pass by value, pass by reference, and pass by pointer. Pass by value copies the value, pass by reference copies the address, and pass by pointer passes the address of the argument. Pointers can also point to arrays or strings to access elements. Arrays of pointers can store multiple strings. References are alternative names for existing variables and any changes made using the reference affect the original variable. Functions can return pointers or references.
An array is a collection of data that holds a fixed number of values of the same type. Arrays allow storing multiple values in a single variable through indices. There are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript, two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts like rows and columns, and multi-dimensional arrays can have more than two subscripts. Arrays can be initialized during declaration with values or initialized at runtime by user input or other methods. Elements are accessed using their indices and operations can be performed on the elements.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
This document provides an overview of common string functions in C including strcmp(), strcat(), strcpy(), and strlen(). It defines each function, explains what it is used for, provides the syntax, and includes examples of how each string function works in C code. Overall, the document is a tutorial on the most common string manipulation functions available in the standard C string library.
An enumeration (enum) is a user-defined type (same as structure) that represents a group of constants. typedef is a keyword used to create alias name for the existing datatypes.
The document presents information about functions in the C programming language. It discusses what a C function is, the different types of C functions including library functions and user-defined functions. It provides examples of how to declare, define, call and pass arguments to C functions. Key points covered include how functions allow dividing a large program into smaller subprograms, the ability to call functions multiple times, and how functions improve readability, debugging and reusability of code. An example program demonstrates a simple C function that calculates the square of a number.
Functions allow programmers to break programs into smaller, reusable parts. There are two types of functions in C: library functions and user-defined functions. User-defined functions make programs easier to understand, debug, test and maintain. Functions are declared with a return type and can accept arguments. Functions can call other functions, allowing for modular and structured program design.
This document discusses various data types in C programming. It covers primary data types like int, char, float, and void. It also discusses derived data types such as arrays, pointers, enumerated data types, structures, and typedef. For each data type, it provides details on usage, memory size, value ranges, and examples.
The document discusses Python data types. It describes the numeric data types integer, float, and complex which are used to represent numbers. Integer is a whole number without decimals, float has decimals, and complex numbers have real and imaginary parts. None is described as a null value. Strings are arrays of characters and can be indexed. Tuples and lists are ordered collections that can hold heterogeneous data types. Sets are unordered collections of unique items. Dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs that allow accessing values via keys.
The document discusses arrays, pointers, and arrays of pointers in C programming. It defines an array as a collection of homogeneous data items stored contiguously in memory that is declared using a data type, variable name, and size. It also provides the syntax for declaring and accessing array elements. The document then defines a pointer as a variable that stores the address of another variable and gives the syntax for declaring pointer variables. Finally, it defines an array of pointers as a linear sequence of memory locations that each represent a pointer and shows the syntax for declaring an array of pointers.
1. Arrays allow storing of multiple elements of the same data type under a single name. They can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or multi-dimensional. Strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character.
2. Common array operations include declaring and initializing arrays, accessing elements using indexes, and performing element-by-element operations. Strings have specialized functions for operations like length calculation, copying, comparison and concatenation.
3. Pointers allow working with arrays by reference rather than value and are useful for passing arrays to functions. Structures group together different data types under one name and unions allow storing different data types in the same memory space.
A file is a collection of related data that a computer treats as a single unit. Files allow data to be stored permanently even when the computer is shut down. C uses the FILE structure to store attributes of a file. Files allow for flexible data storage and retrieval of large data volumes like experimental results. Key file operations in C include opening, reading, writing, and closing files. Functions like fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), fclose() perform these operations.
The document provides an introduction to data structures. It defines data structures as representations of logical relationships between data elements that consider both the elements and their relationships. It classifies data structures as either primitive or non-primitive. Primitive structures are directly operated on by machine instructions while non-primitive structures are built from primitive ones. Common non-primitive structures include stacks, queues, linked lists, trees and graphs. The document then discusses arrays as a data structure and operations on arrays like traversal, insertion, deletion, searching and sorting.
The document discusses arrays in C programming. It defines arrays as fixed-size collections of elements of the same data type that allow storing and processing large amounts of data. Arrays can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional or multi-dimensional. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to identify elements, while two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts to represent rows and columns. The document provides examples of declaring, initializing, and using one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays in C code.
This document discusses dynamic memory allocation in C. It explains that dynamic allocation allows memory to be allocated at runtime, unlike static allocation which requires defining memory sizes at compile time. The key functions covered are malloc() for allocating memory blocks, calloc() for arrays and structures, realloc() for resizing allocated blocks, and free() for releasing used memory to avoid memory leaks. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each function is used.
The document discusses C programming concepts including structures, unions, and data types. It covers defining and using structures, with examples of declaring structure variables, initializing members, accessing members, structure assignment, arrays of structures, and structures within structures. It also discusses defining and using unions, and provides an example union definition and memory allocation. The document is made up of multiple lectures on these topics presented in Busy Bee workshops.
1) The document discusses structures in C programming. A structure is a collection of variables of different data types grouped together under a single name.
2) Structures are defined using the struct keyword followed by the structure name and members. Multiple variables of a structure type can be declared. Members are accessed using the dot operator.
3) Pointers to structures can be declared like pointers to other variables. Structure members can also be accessed using pointers. Arrays of structures allow storing multiple structures in an array. Structures can be nested by defining a structure inside another structure.
A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow functions to modify variables in the caller and are useful for handling arrays and dynamic memory allocation. Pointers contain the address of the memory location they point to. Pointer variables can be declared to hold these memory addresses and can then be used to indirectly access the value at the addressed location.
Structures in C allow the user to define a custom data type that combines different data types to represent a record. A structure is similar to an array but can contain heterogeneous data types, while an array only holds the same type. Structures are defined using the struct keyword followed by structure tags and member lists. Structure variables are declared like other variables and members can be accessed using the dot operator. Arrays of structures and nested structures are also supported.
The document discusses various aspects of structures in C programming language. It defines a structure as a collection of variables of different data types grouped together under a single name. Structures allow grouping of related data and can be very useful for representing records. The key points discussed include:
- Defining structures using struct keyword and accessing members using dot operator.
- Declaring structure variables and initializing structure members.
- Using arrays of structures to store multiple records.
- Nested structures to group related members together.
- Pointers to structures for dynamic memory allocation.
- Passing structures, structure pointers and arrays of structures to functions.
Pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. It allows dynamic memory allocation and access of memory locations. There are three ways to pass arguments to functions in C++ - pass by value, pass by reference, and pass by pointer. Pass by value copies the value, pass by reference copies the address, and pass by pointer passes the address of the argument. Pointers can also point to arrays or strings to access elements. Arrays of pointers can store multiple strings. References are alternative names for existing variables and any changes made using the reference affect the original variable. Functions can return pointers or references.
An array is a collection of data that holds a fixed number of values of the same type. Arrays allow storing multiple values in a single variable through indices. There are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript, two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts like rows and columns, and multi-dimensional arrays can have more than two subscripts. Arrays can be initialized during declaration with values or initialized at runtime by user input or other methods. Elements are accessed using their indices and operations can be performed on the elements.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
This document provides an overview of common string functions in C including strcmp(), strcat(), strcpy(), and strlen(). It defines each function, explains what it is used for, provides the syntax, and includes examples of how each string function works in C code. Overall, the document is a tutorial on the most common string manipulation functions available in the standard C string library.
An enumeration (enum) is a user-defined type (same as structure) that represents a group of constants. typedef is a keyword used to create alias name for the existing datatypes.
The document presents information about functions in the C programming language. It discusses what a C function is, the different types of C functions including library functions and user-defined functions. It provides examples of how to declare, define, call and pass arguments to C functions. Key points covered include how functions allow dividing a large program into smaller subprograms, the ability to call functions multiple times, and how functions improve readability, debugging and reusability of code. An example program demonstrates a simple C function that calculates the square of a number.
Functions allow programmers to break programs into smaller, reusable parts. There are two types of functions in C: library functions and user-defined functions. User-defined functions make programs easier to understand, debug, test and maintain. Functions are declared with a return type and can accept arguments. Functions can call other functions, allowing for modular and structured program design.
This document discusses various data types in C programming. It covers primary data types like int, char, float, and void. It also discusses derived data types such as arrays, pointers, enumerated data types, structures, and typedef. For each data type, it provides details on usage, memory size, value ranges, and examples.
The document discusses Python data types. It describes the numeric data types integer, float, and complex which are used to represent numbers. Integer is a whole number without decimals, float has decimals, and complex numbers have real and imaginary parts. None is described as a null value. Strings are arrays of characters and can be indexed. Tuples and lists are ordered collections that can hold heterogeneous data types. Sets are unordered collections of unique items. Dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs that allow accessing values via keys.
The document discusses arrays, pointers, and arrays of pointers in C programming. It defines an array as a collection of homogeneous data items stored contiguously in memory that is declared using a data type, variable name, and size. It also provides the syntax for declaring and accessing array elements. The document then defines a pointer as a variable that stores the address of another variable and gives the syntax for declaring pointer variables. Finally, it defines an array of pointers as a linear sequence of memory locations that each represent a pointer and shows the syntax for declaring an array of pointers.
1. Arrays allow storing of multiple elements of the same data type under a single name. They can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or multi-dimensional. Strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character.
2. Common array operations include declaring and initializing arrays, accessing elements using indexes, and performing element-by-element operations. Strings have specialized functions for operations like length calculation, copying, comparison and concatenation.
3. Pointers allow working with arrays by reference rather than value and are useful for passing arrays to functions. Structures group together different data types under one name and unions allow storing different data types in the same memory space.
A file is a collection of related data that a computer treats as a single unit. Files allow data to be stored permanently even when the computer is shut down. C uses the FILE structure to store attributes of a file. Files allow for flexible data storage and retrieval of large data volumes like experimental results. Key file operations in C include opening, reading, writing, and closing files. Functions like fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), fclose() perform these operations.
The document provides an introduction to data structures. It defines data structures as representations of logical relationships between data elements that consider both the elements and their relationships. It classifies data structures as either primitive or non-primitive. Primitive structures are directly operated on by machine instructions while non-primitive structures are built from primitive ones. Common non-primitive structures include stacks, queues, linked lists, trees and graphs. The document then discusses arrays as a data structure and operations on arrays like traversal, insertion, deletion, searching and sorting.
The document discusses arrays in C programming. It defines arrays as fixed-size collections of elements of the same data type that allow storing and processing large amounts of data. Arrays can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional or multi-dimensional. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to identify elements, while two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts to represent rows and columns. The document provides examples of declaring, initializing, and using one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays in C code.
This document discusses dynamic memory allocation in C. It explains that dynamic allocation allows memory to be allocated at runtime, unlike static allocation which requires defining memory sizes at compile time. The key functions covered are malloc() for allocating memory blocks, calloc() for arrays and structures, realloc() for resizing allocated blocks, and free() for releasing used memory to avoid memory leaks. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each function is used.
The document discusses C programming concepts including structures, unions, and data types. It covers defining and using structures, with examples of declaring structure variables, initializing members, accessing members, structure assignment, arrays of structures, and structures within structures. It also discusses defining and using unions, and provides an example union definition and memory allocation. The document is made up of multiple lectures on these topics presented in Busy Bee workshops.
1) The document discusses structures in C programming. A structure is a collection of variables of different data types grouped together under a single name.
2) Structures are defined using the struct keyword followed by the structure name and members. Multiple variables of a structure type can be declared. Members are accessed using the dot operator.
3) Pointers to structures can be declared like pointers to other variables. Structure members can also be accessed using pointers. Arrays of structures allow storing multiple structures in an array. Structures can be nested by defining a structure inside another structure.
This document provides an overview of the basic structure and components of a C program. It discusses the main parts including preprocessor directives like #include and #define, comments, data types, variables, statements, functions, and input/output functions like printf, scanf, getchar and putchar. It explains that a C program requires a main function and can declare global variables and functions. The document also covers format specifiers and escape sequences used with functions like printf.
This document discusses arrays in the C programming language. It begins by defining an array as a collection of elements of the same data type. It then covers key topics such as declaring and initializing one-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, accessing array elements using indexes, and performing input and output operations on arrays. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to declare, initialize, read from, and print arrays. The document serves as an introduction to working with arrays in C.
Structures in C allow grouping of different data types under a single name for convenient handling. A structure is declared using the typedef statement, specifying the structure name and members. Structures can be nested by including one structure as a member of another. Arrays of structures and pointers to structures can also be declared. Structures are commonly used with functions to organize related data.
The document discusses arrays in C language. It defines an array as a data structure that stores a collection of similar data types. An array is declared by specifying the data type, array name, and size/number of elements. Once declared, an array's size cannot be changed. Elements can be accessed via their index. Multidimensional arrays store elements in multiple dimensions and are accessed using two or more indices.
This document discusses strings in C programming. It explains that a string in C is an array of characters that ends with a null character. Common string functions like strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp() are presented for copying, concatenating, and comparing strings. The document also discusses declaring and initializing string variables, storing strings in memory, input/output of strings, and justification of strings using printf(). Library functions for manipulating strings from the string.h header file are described.
A string in C is an array of characters that ends with a null character '\0'. Strings are stored in memory as arrays of characters with the null character added to the end. Common string operations in C include declaring and initializing strings, reading strings from users, and built-in string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp().
Strings are arrays of characters that are null-terminated. They can be manipulated using functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp(). The document discusses initializing and reading strings, passing strings to functions, and using string handling functions to perform operations like copying, concatenating, comparing, and reversing strings. It also introduces arrays of strings as 2D character arrays for storing multiple strings. Examples are provided to read and sort names stored as an array of strings.
This document discusses strings in C programming language. It defines a string as an array of characters terminated by a null character. It explains how to declare and initialize strings, read and write strings, determine string length, concatenate strings, copy strings, compare strings, convert between strings and integers, and various string processing functions like reversing, converting case, etc. It provides examples of implementing these string operations both through character-wise processing and using predefined string header functions.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define the declaration C strings.
Compare fixed length and variable length string.
Apply strings for functions.
Define string handling functions.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
This document discusses handling of character strings in C programming. It covers declaring and initializing string variables as character arrays, reading strings from the terminal using scanf() and gets(), writing strings to the screen using printf() and puts(), performing arithmetic operations and comparisons on characters, concatenating strings, and commonly used string handling functions like strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp().
This document provides an introduction to strings in C programming, including defining strings as character arrays, initializing strings, inputting and outputting strings, and pointers and strings. It also covers common string library functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(), and strrev(). Finally, it includes examples of basic string programs demonstrating the use of these functions.
This document discusses strings in C programming. It defines strings as arrays of characters that end with a null terminator (\0). It explains how to initialize and print strings. Common string functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp() are described. The document contrasts strings and character pointers, noting strings cannot be reassigned while pointers can. Finally, it lists and briefly explains other standard string library functions.
C Programming Language is the most popular computer language and most used programming language till now. It is very simple and elegant language. This lecture series will give you basic concepts of structured programming language with C.
Array , Structure and Basic Algorithms covers key concepts like arrays, strings, structures, and algorithms. Arrays allow storing a collection of related data using a common name. Strings are arrays of characters that end with a null terminator. Structures group together different data types into one type for structured data. Algorithms specify the steps to solve problems and their complexity classifies efficiency.
This document discusses strings in C programming. It defines strings as arrays of characters ending with a null character. It covers declaring and initializing strings, the difference between character and integer values, string input/output functions like scanf and printf, and character handling library functions. It also provides examples of using strings, checking string length and converting strings to integers.
This document discusses handling character strings in C. It covers:
1. How strings are stored in memory as ASCII codes appended with a null terminator.
2. Common string operations like reading, comparing, concatenating and copying strings.
3. How to initialize, declare, read and write strings.
4. Useful string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp() etc to perform various operations on strings.
Strings are used to represent text data in C. A string is an array of characters terminated by a null character. Strings can be initialized and declared in various ways, such as with a hardcoded string or array of characters. Common string functions include strlen() to get the length, strcpy() to copy one string to another, strcat() to concatenate strings, and strcmp() to compare two strings.
This document discusses strings in C++. It begins by explaining that strings are stored as character arrays terminated by a null character. It then covers declaring and initializing strings, accessing characters within strings, inputting and outputting strings using cin, gets(), and getline(), and comparing and copying strings. The document also discusses two-dimensional character arrays for storing arrays of strings. It provides examples of initializing, inputting, and displaying 2D string arrays.
This document discusses passing arrays to functions in C. It explains that to pass an array to a function, the array name is specified without brackets. The array size is usually also passed as a parameter to indicate the length of the array. Arrays are passed by reference, so any changes made to the array elements in the function affect the original array. It provides an example of a function prototype and definition that demonstrates passing and modifying an array.
The document discusses strings in C including how to declare, initialize, input, output, and manipulate strings using standard library functions as well as how to manage arrays of strings. It provides examples of declaring and initializing strings, using scanf and gets to input strings, common string manipulation functions like strlen and strcpy, and demonstrates how to work with arrays of strings such as storing and sorting a list of names.
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPURESC 111M Lec13.pptxAbhimanyuChaure
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This is an presentation of c programming language which is taught at indian institute of technology kanpur in first year first semester under bachelor of technology or bachelor of science.
1) A string is a one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null character. Strings are declared using char arrays or string literals.
2) There are two ways to declare and initialize strings in C: using a char array and specifying the size, or using a string literal which automatically inserts a null terminator.
3) Common string functions include strlen() to return the length, strcpy() to copy one string to another, strcat() to concatenate strings, and strcmp() to compare two strings.
This document discusses various computer arithmetic operations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division for signed magnitude and two's complement data representations. It describes the Booth multiplication algorithm, array multipliers for performing multiplication using combinational circuits, and the division algorithm. It also covers detecting divide overflow conditions.
The document provides an introduction to computer security including:
- The basic components of security such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
- Common security threats like snooping, modification, and denial of service attacks.
- Issues with security including operational challenges and human factors.
- An overview of security policies, access control models, and security models like Bell-LaPadula and Biba.
Cookies and sessions allow servers to remember information about users across multiple web pages. Cookies are small files stored on a user's computer that identify users and can store data to be accessed on subsequent page requests. Sessions use cookies to identify users and store temporary data on the server side to be accessed across multiple pages in one application, such as usernames or preferences. Both cookies and sessions must be started before any page output to ensure headers are sent before the page body.
This document discusses different aspects of functions in programming including declaring and calling functions, passing arguments to functions, and returning values from functions. It also covers variable scope. Some key points covered are declaring functions with and without arguments, specifying default values, returning single values or arrays from functions, and understanding variable scope and how it relates to the global and $GLOBALS keywords and array.
This document discusses various aspects of working with web forms in PHP, including:
1) Useful server variables for forms like QUERY_STRING and SERVER_NAME.
2) Accessing form parameters submitted to the server.
3) Processing forms with functions, including validating form data with techniques like checking for required fields and valid email addresses.
4) Displaying default values or error messages for form fields.
5) Stripping HTML tags from form inputs and encoding special characters for safe display.
The document provides examples of implementing each of these techniques.
The document discusses various programming concepts related to decision making and repetition in code including understanding true and false values, using if/elseif/else statements, equality and relational operators, logical operators, and using while and for loops to repeat code. Specific topics covered include evaluating booleans, making single and multi-line if statements, comparing different data types, negation, and printing select menus with loops.
This document discusses working with arrays in PHP. It covers array basics like creating and accessing arrays, looping through arrays with foreach and for loops, modifying arrays by adding/removing elements and sorting arrays. It also discusses multidimensional arrays, how to create them and access elements within them.
This document discusses text and numbers in programming. It covers defining and manipulating text strings using single or double quotes. Escape characters can be used inside strings. Text can be validated and formatted using various string functions like trim(), strlen(), strtoupper(), substr(), and str_replace(). Numbers can be integers or floats. Variables hold data and can be operated on with arithmetic and assignment operators like +, -, *, /, %, and .=. Variables can also be incremented, decremented, and placed inside strings.
This document provides an introduction and overview of PHP for beginners. It discusses PHP's use for building websites, how PHP code is run on web servers and accessed through browsers. It then highlights some key advantages of PHP like being free, cross-platform, and widely used. It demonstrates a basic "Hello World" PHP program and shows how to output HTML forms and formatted numbers. Finally, it outlines some basic rules of PHP programs regarding tags, syntax, whitespace, comments, and case sensitivity.
The document discusses capacity planning for a data warehouse environment. It notes that capacity planning is important given the large volumes of data and processing in a data warehouse. It describes factors that make capacity planning unique for a data warehouse, such as variable workloads and larger data volumes than operational systems. The document provides guidance on estimating disk storage needs, classifying and estimating processing workloads, creating workload profiles, identifying peak capacity needs, and selecting hardware capacity to meet needs.
Data warehousing involves assembling and managing data from various sources to provide an integrated view of enterprise information. A data warehouse contains consolidated, historical data used to support management decision making. It differs from operational databases by containing aggregated, non-volatile data optimized for queries rather than updates. The extract, transform, load (ETL) process migrates data from source systems to the warehouse, transforming it as needed. Process managers oversee loading, maintaining, and querying the warehouse data.
Search engines allow users to search the vast collection of documents on the web. They consist of crawlers that fetch web pages, indexers that analyze page content and links, and interfaces that allow users to enter queries. Crawlers add pages to an index by following links, and indexers create inverted indexes to map words to pages. When a query is searched, results are retrieved from the index and ranked based on relevance. PageRank is a key algorithm that ranks pages higher that receive more links from other highly ranked pages. While it effectively searches the large, diverse and dynamic web, search poses challenges in understanding ambiguous queries over an evolving collection.
Web mining involves applying data mining techniques to discover useful information from web data. There are three types of web mining: web content mining analyzes data within web pages, web structure mining examines the hyperlink structure between pages, and web usage mining involves analyzing server logs to discover patterns in user behavior and interactions with websites. Web mining has applications in website design, web traffic analysis, e-commerce personalization, and security/crime investigation.
Information privacy and data mining
The document discusses information privacy and data mining. It defines information privacy as an individual's ability to control how information about them is shared. It outlines the basic OECD principles for protecting information privacy, including collection limitation, purpose specification, use limitation, security safeguards, and accountability. It describes common uses of data mining like fraud prevention but also potential misuses that can violate privacy. The document also discusses the primary aims of data mining applications and five pitfalls like unintentional mistakes, intentional abuse, and mission creep.
The document discusses cluster analysis, which groups data objects into clusters so that objects within a cluster are similar but dissimilar to objects in other clusters. It describes key characteristics of clustering, including that it is unsupervised learning and the clusters are determined algorithmically rather than by humans. Various clustering algorithms are covered, including partitioning, hierarchical, density-based, and grid-based methods. Applications of clustering discussed include business intelligence, image recognition, web search, outlier detection, and biology. Requirements for effective clustering in data mining are also outlined.
Association analysis is a technique used to uncover relationships between items in transactional data. It involves finding frequent itemsets whose occurrence exceeds a minimum support threshold, and then generating association rules from these itemsets that satisfy minimum confidence. The Apriori algorithm is commonly used for this task, as it leverages the Apriori property to prune the search space - if an itemset is infrequent, its supersets cannot be frequent. It performs multiple database scans to iteratively grow frequent itemsets and extract high confidence rules.
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This document outlines a chapter on data preprocessing that discusses data types, attributes, and preprocessing tasks. It begins by defining data and attributes, then describes different types of attributes like nominal, binary, ordinal, and numeric attributes. It also discusses different types of datasets like records, documents, transactions, and graphs. The major section on data preprocessing outlines why it is important and describes tasks like data cleaning, integration, transformation, reduction, and discretization to prepare dirty or unstructured data for analysis.
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This document provides details about a course on data mining and data warehousing. The course objectives are to understand the foundational principles and techniques of data mining and data warehousing. The course description covers topics like data preprocessing, classification, association analysis, cluster analysis, and data warehouses. The course is divided into 10 units that cover concepts and algorithms for data mining techniques. Practical exercises are included to apply techniques to real-world data problems.
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It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the creation of images and videos, enabling the generation of highly realistic and imaginative visual content. Utilizing advanced techniques like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and neural style transfer, AI can transform simple sketches into detailed artwork or blend various styles into unique visual masterpieces. GANs, in particular, function by pitting two neural networks against each other, resulting in the production of remarkably lifelike images. AI's ability to analyze and learn from vast datasets allows it to create visuals that not only mimic human creativity but also push the boundaries of artistic expression, making it a powerful tool in digital media and entertainment industries.
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This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
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Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 2)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
2. โข Strings are array of characters i.e. they are
characters arranged one after another in
memory. Thus, a character array is called
string.
โข Each character within the string is stored
within one element of the array successively.
โข A string is always terminated by a null
character (i.e. slash zero 0).
Introduction
3. โข Operations performed on character strings
include:
โ Reading and writing strings
โ Copying one string to another
โ Combining strings together
โ Comparing strings for equality
โ Extracting a portion of a string
Arrays and Stringsโฆ
4. โข A string variable is declared as an array of
characters.
โข Syntax:
char string_name[size];
โข E.g. char name[20];
โข When the compiler assigns a character string
to a character array, it automatically supplies a
null character (โ0โ) at the end of the string
5. โข Strings are initialized in either of the following two forms:
char name[4]={โRโ,โAโ,โMโ, โ0โ};
char name[]={โRโ,โAโ,โMโ, โ0โ};
char name[4]=โRAMโ;
char name[]=โRAMโ;
โข When we initialize a character array by listing its
elements, the null terminator or the size of the array
must be provided explicitly.
Initializing String Variables
R A M 0
name[0] name[1] name[2] name[3]
10. String handling functions
โข Strings need to be manipulated by
programmer.
โข It can be done manually but is time
consuming.
11. #include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char input_string[50];
int i=0, length=0;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter your text:t");
gets(input_string);
while(input_string[i]!='0')
{
length++;
i++;
}
printf("nThe length of your text is: %d character(s)", length);
getch();
}
Counting length of the string
12. #include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char copy[50], paste[50];
int i;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter your name (to copy):t");
gets(copy);
for(i=0;copy[i]!='0';i++)
{
paste[i]=copy[i];
}
paste[i]='0';
printf("nThe name is (pasted as):t");
puts(paste);
getch();
}
Copying one string to another
13. โข There are various string handling functions
define in string.h some of them are:
14. void main()
{
char input_string[50];
int length;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter your text:t");
gets(input_string);
length=strlen(input_string);
printf("nThe length of your text is: %d character(s)", length);
getch();
}
14
15. void main()
{
char copy[50], paste[50];
int i;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter your name (to copy):t");
gets(copy);
strcpy(paste, copy);
printf("nThe name is (pasted as):t");
puts(paste);
getch();
}
15
17. void main()
{
char str1[30],str2[40];
int diff;
clrscr();
printf("Enter first string:t");
gets(str1);
printf("nEnter second string:t");
gets(str2);
diff=strcmp(str1, str2);
if(diff>0)
printf("n%s is greater than %s by ASCII value difference %d", str1,
str2, diff);
else if(diff<0)
printf("n%s is smaller than %s by ASCII value difference %d", str1,
str2, diff);
else
printf("n%s is same as %s", str1, str2);
getch();
}
17
19. โข String is array of characters.
โข Thus an array of string is 2-D array of
characters.
โข E.g.
char names[5][10];
โข Here, names[5][10] means 5 names having 10
characters each.
19
Arrays of Strings
20. Classwork
โข WAP to read name of 5 persons using array of
strings and display them
โข WAP to sort name of 5 persons in alphabetical
order
21. void main()
{
char names[5][10];
int i;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter name of 5 persons:");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
scanf("%s", names[i]);
printf("nThe names are:");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("n%s", names[i]);
getch();
}
21
22. void main()
{
char names[5][10],temp[10];
int i, j;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter name of 5 persons:");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
gets(names[i]);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<5;j++)
{
if(strcmp(names[i], names[j])>0)
{
strcpy(temp, names[i]);
strcpy(names[i], names[j]);
strcpy(names[j], temp);
}
}
}
printf("nNames in ascending order:n");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
puts(names[i]);
getch();
}
22
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